Thomas Mann was born in 1718 in Hertford County, NC. He owned almost 4,000 acres of land in Edgecombe County at the time of his death in 1792. The collection spans 1745, 1752, and 1910 including a land grant to Thomas Mann from George II, a plat map of a servey of Nann's property, State Fair entry flags, and various fragmented documents. The strength of the collection is Thomas Mann's legacy.
Search Collection Guides
1,538 Results
Showing 1216 - 1230 for Daily Reflector, June 1, 1909
Alston Ramsay Papers
#0332Papers (1927-1962, 1974) including correspondence, clippings, photographs, copies of an annual, 2 crewbooks, speeches, programs, citations and menus reflecting career.
This photograph album documents campus life during Mary Cottman's years attending the Missionary Training Institute (later renamed Nyack College) in Nyack, New York, between 1934 and 1937.
Administrative records of The William E. Laupus Health Sciences Library includes papers, publications, and photographs.
During the Civil War, Abijah Hollis of New Hampshire served with the 45th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers as a second lieutenant in Company B under Colonel Charles R. Codman with heavy involvement in the North Carolina campaign, and in the 56th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers. This collection consists of a typescript entitled STORIES OF THE WAR, FROM PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS AND DIARIES, For My Children, A. Hollis, West Concord, N.H., January, 1884, and a transcriptrion by the donor with photographs; photocopies of official "carded medical records" for Hollis (1863-1864); copies of photographs of Hollis in uniform during the Civil War taken while stationed in New Berne (now New Bern), North Carolina, in his Union uniform with captain bars, in 1908-1910; and copies of photographs of Hollis's wife Harriette, his U.S. cartridge case, and his belt buckle used during the Civil War.
S.B. Taylor Papers
#0178Papers (1870-1923) consisting business ledgers of a general store, a treasurer's report, a map and eight essays.
Moseley Family Papers
#0944Documents and cassette recordings relating to John Epps Teel's military service as an enlisted man in the 359th Infantry Regiment, 90 Infantry Division, United States Army, in the Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes, Rhineland, and Central European campaigns during World War II.
Professional and personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, press releases, reports, and miscellany for the period 1944 through 2011, bulk dates 1962 to 1982, related to the career of Janice Hardison Faulkner at East Carolina University, with the Democratic Party in North Carolina and as the holder of several high level positions in North Carolina government.
Paul V. Randolph Papers
#0680Papers (1819-1820, 1887-1907, 1950) including correspondence, travel journal, grade sheets, picture post cards, tobacco receipts, school attendance book, autograph book and miscellaneous related to the Randolph family in Halifax County, N.C. The travel journal (1819-1820) documents a journey by foot from Norfolk, Va., to Alabama. Ledger books (1912-1930) document accounts for the Randolph Store Co. in Enfield, N.C. .
Steamer Olive Collection
#1050Lorena Kelly Papers
#0208Papers (1921-1979) consisting of correspondence, newsletters, diaries, mission reports, travel narratives, etc.
George Bryan Papers
#0055Papers (1767-1912) including correspondence, court order, indenture, will and legal papers, financial papers, etc. of Craven County planter and businessmen, Revolutionary War militia leader and his descendants.
Sarah Bunn Collection
#1277This collection consists of the family records, photographs, and genealogy records collected by Sarah Westray Bunn of Elizabeth City, North Carolina. She was an East Carolina Teachers' College 1936 graduate and served in the Army Nurse Corps from 1941 to 1966. Included are genealogy notes concerning the Lewis, Suggs, Speight, Powell, Harrison, and Exum families of Eastern N.C.; late 19th century and 20th Century photographs; correspondence (1905-1998); an 1847 book of children's poetry; clippings; genealogy charts; and a tombstone rubbing.
Personal Name Filters
- Wright, Stuart, 1948- 105
- Wright, Stuart, 1948---Correspondence 24
- Lennon, Donald R. 20
- Albright, Alex 12
- Rives, Ralph Hardee 12
- Valentino, Carmen D. 9
- Dembo, Jonathan, 1948- 8
- Elmore, Martha G. Little 8
- Sparrow, W. Keats (Wendall Keats), 1942-2009 8
- Flowers, John Baxton, III, 1942- 6
- Hooker, William Howard 6
- Kammerer, Roger E. 6
- Wright, Wilbur, 1867-1912 6
- Tate, Allen, 1899-1979 5
- Unknown 5
- Warren, Robert Penn, 1905-1989 5
- Brabner, Ian 4
- Ciardi, John, 1916-1986--Correspondence 4
- Elmore, William E. "Mickey" 4
- Helms, Jesse 4
- Robinson, Lorraine Hale 4
- Sauter, Dale 4
- Scott, Ralph L. 4
- Wright, Orville, 1871-1948 4
- Ammons, A. R., 1926-2001 3
- Anonymous 3
- Atkins, Alison Hearne 3
- Carr, Elias, 1839-1900 3
- Ciardi, John, 1916-1986 3
- East, John P. 3
- Garrett, George, 1929-2008--Correspondence 3
- Homann, Johann Baptist, 1663-1724 3
- Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963 3
- Kittrell, William B. (William Beau), 1937- 3
- Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865--Assassination 3
- Lindsay, Neill, Mr. 3
- Ransom, John Crowe, 1888-1974 3
- Rives, Ralph Hardee--Correspondence 3
- Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962 3
- Smiley, John Stevenson "Steve", Sr. 3
- Steelman, Joseph F. 3
- Vance, Zebulon Baird, 1830-1894 3
- Vaughan, Uriah, 1813-1890 3
- Wooten, Frank M. (Frank Marion), 1916- 3
- York, Maurice C. 3
- unknown creator 3
- Abernethy, Sarah Alva All 2
- Arrington, Asa Wayne 2
- Aycock, Charles B. (Charles Brantley), 1859-1912 2
- Baker, Robert W. 2
- Bell, Madison Smartt 2
- Bellin, Jacques Nicolas, 1703-1772 2
- Bellis, Vincent J., 1938- 2
- Bolívar, Simón, 1783-1830 2
- Brewster, Lawrence 2
- Brooks, Cleanth, 1906-1994 2
- Browning, Robert M., 1955- 2
- Bryan, William D., Jr. 2
- Cable, Michael 2
- Cain, Frances 2
- Clark, Walter, 1846-1924 2
- Cobourn, Alston 2
- Codman, Charles R. (Charles Russell), 1829-1918 2
- Collins, Donald E. 2
- Core, George 2
- Core, George--Correspondence 2
- Costagliola, Francesco 2
- Crews, Harry, 1935-2012 2
- Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889 2
- Davis, Louis Poisson, 1883-1978 2
- Deal, Ralph C. 2
- Dennard, David C. (David Charles), 1946- 2
- Dillard, Richard, Sr., -1887 2
- Dixon, Arminius Gray--Correspondence 2
- Dixon, Richard Dillard, 1888-1952 2
- Dixon, Samuel Bobbitt, 1961- 2
- Doak, Frances Renfrow, 1887-1974 2
- Douglass, Frederick C., active 1889-1897 2
- Eberhart, Richard, 1904-2005 2
- Eberhart, Richard, 1904-2005--Correspondence 2
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 2
- Elmore, William E., 1944- 2
- Ervin, Sam J., Jr. (Sam James), 1896-1985 2
- Everett, Mary 2
- Fields, Milton 2
- Flannagan, Eric G. 2
- Forrest, J. Thomas 2
- Gerritsz., Hessel, approximately 1581-1632 2
- Gilpin, John Wallace 2
- Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885 2
- Greenbacker, John E., 1917-2005 2
- Greene, William M. A., 1920-2007 2
- Grimes, Bryan, 1828-1880 2
- Grimes, John Wharton, Sr. 2
- Hall, Damika L. 2
- Hardy, Michael C. 2
- Hayler, Robert W. 2
- Helms, Jesse--Correspondence 2
- Hoey, Clyde Roark, 1877-1954--Correspondence 2
- Hotchkiss, Stuart T., 1913-2001 2
Corporate Name Filters
- United States. Navy--Officers 72
- United States. Army--Military life 39
- United States. Navy--Military life 39
- United States Naval Academy--Alumni and alumnae 22
- East Carolina University--Faculty 20
- Democratic Party (N.C.) 16
- Confederate States of America. Army--Military life 14
- United States. Navy--Officers--Interviews 14
- United States Naval Academy--Students 13
- United States. Navy--Officials and employees 12
- Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, Inc. 11
- W.E. Laupus Health Sciences Library 11
- North Carolina (Battleship : BB-55) 10
- United States Naval Academy 10
- Between The Covers--Rare Books, Inc 9
- United States. Naval Reserve 9
- Denning House Antiquarian Books & Manuscripts 8
- United States Navy B-1 Band 8
- United States. Army. American Expeditionary Forces 8
- United States. Navy 8
- Country Doctor Museum (Bailey, Nash County, N.C.) 7
- United States. Navy--Officers--Correspondence 7
- United States. Navy--Submarine forces 7
- East Carolina Teachers College--Students 6
- East Carolina University--Students 6
- Murfreesboro Historical Association (Murfreesboro, N.C.) 6
- Ten Pound Island Book Company 6
- United States. Army--Officers 6
- Broadfoot Publishing Company 5
- Democratic Party (U.S.) 5
- East Carolina Teachers College--History 5
- East Carolina University 5
- East Carolina University--Alumni and alumnae 5
- East Carolina University--Employees 5
- East Carolina University--Periodicals 5
- North Carolina. General Assembly. House of Representatives 5
- United States. Marine Corps--Officers 5
- United States. Naval Reserve--Officers 5
- United States. Navy--African American troops--Interviews 5
- United States. Navy--Sea life 5
- University of North Carolina (1793-1962)--Students 5
- Confederate States of America. Army--Recruiting, enlistment, etc. 4
- Democratic National Committee (U.S.) 4
- East Carolina Alumni Association 4
- East Carolina Teachers College--Administration 4
- East Carolina University--Administration 4
- East Carolina University--History 4
- East Carolina University. Board of Trustees 4
- Greenville High School (Greenville, N.C.) 4
- Littleton Female College 4
- Merrimack (Frigate) 4
- Methodist Protestant Church (U.S. : 1830-1939). North Carolina Conference 4
- Oklahoma (Battleship) 4
- Pitt County Memorial Hospital 4
- Republican Party (N.C.) 4
- United States. Army. Air Corps 4
- United States. Army. Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 45th (1862-1863) 4
- Arizona (Battleship) 3
- British-American Tobacco Co. (China)--Employees 3
- Democratic Party (N.C.)--History--19th century 3
- East Carolina College--Faculty 3
- East Carolina Teachers College--Faculty 3
- East Carolina Teachers Training School--History 3
- East Carolina Teachers Training School--Students 3
- East Carolina University--Buildings 3
- East Carolina University. Department of Athletics--Records and correspondence 3
- End of the Century Book Club (Greenville, N.C.) 3
- Kitkun Bay (Ship) 3
- Methodist Protestant Church (U.S. : 1830-1939) 3
- North Carolina Farmers' Alliance 3
- North Carolina Railroad Company 3
- North Carolina Wesleyan College 3
- North Carolina. General Assembly. Senate 3
- Pitt County Medical Society 3
- Rotary Club (Greenville, N.C.) 3
- United States. Army Air Forces 3
- United States. Army--African American troops 3
- United States. Coast Guard 3
- United States. Marine Corps--Military life 3
- United States. Naval Reserve. Women's Reserve 3
- United States. Navy--African American troops 3
- United States. Navy--Aviation 3
- United States. Navy--Petty officers 3
- United States. Navy--Records and correspondence 3
- United States. Navy. Asiatic Fleet 3
- United States. Navy. Pacific Fleet 3
- Yorktown (Aircraft carrier : CV-10) 3
- AbeBooks 2
- Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company 2
- Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Company 2
- Bowdoin (Ship) 2
- Carolina Christian College (Ayden, N.C.) 2
- Charles A. Stafford (Ship) 2
- Charles Apfelbaum, Rare Manuscripts & Archives 2
- Confederate States of America. Army. North Carolina Infantry Regiment, 7th 2
- Confederate States of America. Army. North Carolina Infantry Regiment, 8th 2
- Contentnea Primitive Baptist Association 2
- Coral Sea (Aircraft carrier) 2
- Democratic Party (N.C.)--History--20th century 2
- East Carolina College--History 2
Family Name Filters
- Clark family 3
- Carpenter family 2
- Hardison family 2
- Humber family 2
- Moore family 2
- Proctor Family 2
- Robinson family 2
- Spragins family 2
- Sutton family 2
- Taylor family 2
- Whitehurst family 2
- Windley family 2
- Amis family 1
- Arthur family 1
- Augustus Moore Family 1
- Austin family 1
- Ballance family 1
- Barnhardt family 1
- Batts family 1
- Bellamy family 1
- Bettencourt family 1
- Braswell family 1
- Brock Family 1
- Brooks family 1
- Brownrigg family 1
- Bryan family 1
- Bulloch family 1
- Burgess Family 1
- Bushall family 1
- Butler Family 1
- Carr Family 1
- Caveness Family 1
- Chauncey family 1
- Coffield (Family : Edgecombe County, N.C.) 1
- Commander family 1
- Cook family 1
- Cooper family 1
- Croom family 1
- Davenport family 1
- Deal family 1
- Edwards Family 1
- Edwards, Lewis Swan, Family 1
- Ellis family 1
- Elmore family 1
- Fearing family 1
- Ficklen Family 1
- Fowle family 1
- Galloway Family 1
- Garland Family 1
- Garrenton Family 1
- Garrett (Family) 1
- Gay family 1
- Getsinger family 1
- Gooding family 1
- Grady (Family : Duplin County, N.C.) 1
- Grady family 1
- Grimes family 1
- Grimsley family 1
- Hackett family 1
- Hammond, Alfred Franklin I-III (Jones and Craven Counties, North Carolina) 1
- Hamner family 1
- Hardee family 1
- Harvey family 1
- Hollowell family 1
- Holt Family 1
- Hughes family 1
- Hunter family 1
- Irwin Family 1
- Jenkins family 1
- John Gideon Taylor family 1
- Jones family 1
- Lamb family 1
- Lancaster family 1
- Lasitter family 1
- Lockey family 1
- Lutterloh Family 1
- Mallison family 1
- Mann family 1
- Martha Gregory Brown family 1
- McCall family 1
- McLean family 1
- Meeks family 1
- Mewborn Family 1
- Monk (Family : Farmville, N.C.) 1
- Morton family 1
- Moseley family 1
- Murphey (Family : Craven County, N.C.) 1
- Myers family 1
- Noble family 1
- O'Hagan family 1
- O'Toole family 1
- Ormond family 1
- Ott-Lundin Family 1
- Pace Family 1
- Person Family 1
- Philips Family 1
- Pittman family 1
- Pringle family 1
- Puryear family 1
- Ramsay family 1
Topic Filters
- World War, 1939-1945--Naval operations, American 66
- World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American 57
- World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Pacific Ocean 34
- Authors, American--20th century 30
- Poets, American--20th century 21
- Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), Attack on, 1941 17
- World War, 1939-1945 16
- World War, 1914-1918--Personal narratives, American 15
- World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Pacific Area 14
- World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations, American 12
- World War, 1914-1918 11
- Destroyer escorts 9
- Politicians--North Carolina 9
- Prisoners of war--United States 9
- Soldiers--Diaries 9
- Education, Higher--North Carolina--History 8
- Lawyers--North Carolina--Greenville 8
- Novelists, American--20th century 8
- Prisoners of war--Japan 8
- Soldiers--United States--Correspondence 8
- World War, 1914-1918--Personal narratives 8
- World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives 8
- Church records and registers--North Carolina--Greenville 7
- College students--North Carolina--Greenville 7
- Destroyers (Warships)--United States 7
- Guadalcanal, Battle of, Solomon Islands, 1942-1943 7
- Logbooks--United States 7
- Slavery--North Carolina 7
- Agriculture--North Carolina 6
- Book clubs (Discussion groups)--North Carolina--Greenville 6
- Education, Medical 6
- Missionaries--China 6
- Political campaigns--North Carolina--History--20th century 6
- Soldiers--United States--Diaries 6
- Tobacco industry--North Carolina--Greenville 6
- Women--Societies and clubs 6
- World War, 1914-1918--France 6
- World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Normandy 6
- African American musicians--Interviews 5
- College presidents--North Carolina--Greenville 5
- Critics--United States 5
- Deeds--North Carolina--Pitt County 5
- Education--North Carolina--Pitt County 5
- Governors--North Carolina--Election 5
- Medicine--Formulae, receipts, prescriptions 5
- Prohibition--North Carolina 5
- Railroads--North Carolina 5
- Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877) 5
- Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 5
- Soldiers--North Carolina--Correspondence 5
- Tobacco industry--China 5
- Women authors, American--20th century 5
- World War, 1914-1918--Campaigns--Western Front 5
- World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Atlantic Ocean 5
- World War, 1939-1945--Japan 5
- World War, 1939-1945--Naval operations--Submarine 5
- Argonne, Battle of the, France, 1918 4
- Authors, American--North Carolina--20th century 4
- Bonds--Confederate States of America 4
- Capitulations, Military--Japan 4
- Deeds--North Carolina--Lenoir County 4
- Enslaved persons--North Carolina 4
- Kinston, 1st Battle of, Kinston, N.C., 1862 4
- Military offenses--United States 4
- Motion pictures--North Carolina--Greenville 4
- Naval discipline--United States 4
- Poets, American--North Carolina 4
- Political campaigns--North Carolina 4
- Politicians--North Carolina--History--20th century 4
- Primitive Baptists--North Carolina--Pitt County 4
- Prisoners of war--Germany 4
- Soldiers--Confederate States of America--Correspondence 4
- Taxation--North Carolina 4
- Tobacco industry--North Carolina 4
- Tobacco--North Carolina 4
- Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American 4
- Whitehall, Battle of, Seven Springs, N.C., 1862 4
- Women missionaries--China 4
- World War, 1914-1918--Medical care 4
- World War, 1914-1918--Naval operations 4
- World War, 1914-1918--Trench warfare 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations, Japanese 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Amphibious operations 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Japan--Okinawa Island 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Philippines 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Solomon Islands--Guadalcanal 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Economic aspects 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Maps 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons, Japanese 4
- World War, 1939-1945--Propaganda 4
- Anti-submarine warfare 3
- Authors, American--Kentucky--20th century 3
- Authors, American--North Carolina 3
- Baptists--Missions--China 3
- Bible records--North Carolina--Pitt County 3
- Deeds--North Carolina 3
- Deeds--North Carolina--Craven County 3
- Deeds--North Carolina--Edgecombe County 3
- Deeds--North Carolina--Martin County 3
Geographic Name Filters
- North Carolina--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 48
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Personal narratives 39
- North Carolina--Genealogy 27
- Pitt County (N.C.)--Genealogy 21
- North Carolina--Politics and government--20th century 20
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 20
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Personal narratives, Confederate 20
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Campaigns 17
- Virginia--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 14
- New Bern (N.C.)--History, Military--19th century 13
- China--Description and travel 11
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Desertions 11
- North Carolina--Social life and customs--19th century 10
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Equipment and supplies 10
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Prisoners and prisons 10
- Lenoir County (N.C.)--Genealogy 9
- Virginia--Genealogy 9
- Craven County (N.C.)--Genealogy 8
- Greenville (N.C.)--History 8
- North Carolina--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Personal narratives 8
- North Carolina--Politics and government--1865-1950 8
- Pitt County (N.C.)--History 8
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Participation, African American 8
- Beaufort County (N.C.)--Genealogy 7
- Greene County (N.C.)--Genealogy 7
- Halifax County (N.C.)--Genealogy 7
- North Carolina--History 7
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Economic aspects 7
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Naval operations 7
- Washington (N.C.)--History, Military--19th century 7
- North Carolina--Politics and government--1951- 6
- North Carolina--Politics and government--19th century 6
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Hospitals 6
- Washington (N.C.)--History 6
- China--Social life and customs--20th century 5
- Edgecombe County (N.C.)--Genealogy 5
- Greenville (N.C.)--Photographs 5
- North Carolina--Social life and customs--20th century 5
- Roanoke Island (N.C.)--History--Capture, 1862 5
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Blockades 5
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Casualties 5
- Baltimore (Md.)--Description and travel 4
- Congo (Democratic Republic)--Description and travel 4
- Edgecombe County (N.C.)--History 4
- Kinston (N.C.)--History, Military--19th century 4
- North Carolina--History--1775-1865 4
- North Carolina--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Economic aspects 4
- North Carolina--Politics and government 4
- Richmond (Va.)--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 4
- Southern States--Social life and customs--19th century 4
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Social aspects 4
- United States--Politics and government--20th century 4
- Alaska--Description and travel 3
- Carteret County (N.C.)--Genealogy 3
- China--Politics and government--20th century 3
- Chowan County (N.C.)--Genealogy 3
- Confederate States of America--Social conditions 3
- Congo (Democratic Republic)--Social life and customs 3
- Craven County (N.C.) 3
- England--Description and travel 3
- Europe--Description and travel 3
- Georgia--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 3
- Goldsboro (N.C.)--History, Military--19th century 3
- Greenville (N.C.)--Race relations 3
- Halifax County (N.C.)--History 3
- Hiroshima-shi (Japan)--History--Bombardment, 1945 3
- Japan--Description and travel 3
- Jones County (N.C.)--Genealogy 3
- Lenoir County (N.C.) 3
- Martin County (N.C.)--Genealogy 3
- Nagasaki-shi (Japan)--History--Bombardment, 1945 3
- New Bern (N.C.)--History 3
- North Carolina--Description and travel 3
- North Carolina--Economic conditions--20th century 3
- North Carolina--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Campaigns 3
- North Carolina--Maps 3
- Pasquotank County (N.C.)--Genealogy 3
- Perquimans County (N.C.)--Genealogy 3
- Petersburg (Va.)--History--Siege, 1864-1865 3
- Philadelphia (Pa.)--Description and travel 3
- Pitt County (N.C.)--Maps 3
- Seven Springs (N.C.)--History, Military--19th century 3
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--African Americans 3
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Claims 3
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Destruction and pillage 3
- United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Medical care 3
- United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783 3
- Virginia--Description and travel 3
- Virginia--Social life and customs--19th century 3
- Warren County (N.C.)--Genealogy 3
- Australia--Description and travel 2
- Bath (N.C.)--History 2
- Bellair Plantation (N.C.) 2
- Bladen County (N.C.)--History 2
- Brazil--Description and travel 2
- Camp Lee (Va.) 2
- Camp Upton (N.Y.) 2
- Carteret County (N.C.)--History 2
- Chile--Description and travel 2
- China--Economic conditions--1912-1949 2