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North Carolina Libraries
LIBRARY - PERIQBICALS
change-resi stant EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY
organization of them
all is the North Carolina
Library Association.
It is our very own
| immovable object.
Ruth M. Katz, 1987
(|
�,�
Spring 1987
President
PAULINE MYRICK
Box 307
Carthage, NC 28327
(919) 947-2763
First Vice-President/
President-Elect
PATSY J. HANSEL
Cumberland County Public
Library
300 Maiden Lane
Fayetteville, NC 28301
(919) 483-1580
Second Vice-President
ROSE SIMON
Dale H. Gramley Library
Salem College
Winston-Salem, NC 27108
(919) 721-2649
Secretary
DOROTHY W. CAMPBELL
School of Library and
Information Science
North Carolina Central
University
Durham, NC 27707
(919) 683-6485
Treasurer
NANCY CLARK FOGARTY
Jackson Library
University of North Carolina
Greensboro, NC 27412
(919) 334-5419
Director
ARIAL A. STEPHENS
Richard H. Thornton Library
P.O. Box 339
Oxford, NC 27565
(919) 693-1121
Director
BENJAMIN F. SPELLER, JR.
School of Library and
Information Science
North Carolina Central
University
Durham, NC 27707
(919) 683-6485
Past President
LELAND M. PARK
Library of Davidson College
Davidson, NC 28036
(704) 892-2000
ALA Representative
KIETH C. WRIGHT
Dept. of Library Science and
Educational Technology
University of North Carolina-
Greensboro
Greensboro, NC 27412
(919) 334-5100
NCLA EXECUTIVE BOARD
1985-1987
SELA Representative
JERRY THRASHER
Cumberland County Public
Library
Fayetteville, NC 28302
(919) 483-8600
Editor, NORTH CAROLINA
LIBRARIES
FRANCES BRADBURN
Gateway Plaza
2431 Crabtree Boulevard
Raleigh, NC 27604
(919) 733-2864
SECTION/ROUND TABLE CHAIRS
ChildrenTs Services
REBECCA TAYLOR
New Hanover Co. Public
Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
(919) 763-3303
College and University
ELIZABETH H. SMITH
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27834
(919) 757-6692
Community and Junior College
MARY AVERY
Learning Resources
Rowan Technical College
P.O. Box 1595
Salisbury, NC 28144
(704) 637-0730
Documents
JANET M. ROWLAND
Forsyth County Public
Library
660 West Fifth Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
(919) 727-2220
Junior Members Roundtable
STEPHANIE ISSETTE
Atlantic Christian College
Wilson, NC 27893
(919) 237-3161
N.C. Association of School
Librarians
HELEN TUGWELL
North Central Regional
Education Center
P.O. Box 21889
Greensboro, NC 27420
(919) 334-5769
Public Libraries
NANCY MASSEY
Hyconeechee Regional
Library
P.O. Drawer E
Yanceyville, NC 27379
(919) 694-6241
Reference and Adult Services
JEAN S. AMELANG
New Hanover Co. Public
Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
(919) 395-0449
Resources and Technical
Services
APRIL WREATH
University of North Carolina
Greensboro, NC 27412
(919) 379-5781
Round Table for Ethnic
Minority Concerns
SYLVIA SPRINKLE-HAMLIN
Forsyth County Public
Library
660 W. Fifth Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
(919) 727-2556
Round Table on the Status of
Women in Librarianship
MARY McAFEE
Forsyth County Public
Library
660 W. Fifth Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
(919) 727-2264
Trustees
J. A. oJAKE� KILLIAN
P.O. Box 143
Peachland, NC 28133
(704) 272-8375
Adams Primary School, Wilson. Pic. 78
American Association of School
Librarians.
Access to resources and services in the
school library media program: An
interpretation of the Library Bill of
Rights. 143
American Library Association.
Confidentiality of library records in
school library media centers: An
explanation of confidentiality of
library records statutes and American
Library Association policy. 142
Intellectual Freedom Committee.
Suggested procedures for
implementing policy on confidentiality
of library records. 128
Library Bill of Rights. 114
Midwinter meeting ALA Council report.
1/24/87. 48
Angelou, Maya. Delivers opening address
of 1987 Biennial Conference. pic. 176
To speak at NCLA Biennial
Conference. pic. 38
Anno, Mitsumasa. Creates poster for
ChildrenTs Book Council. pic. 205
Anspaugh, Sheryl, and Lubans, John Jr.
Management teaching: Its theory and
Practice. 64-66
Anthony, Robert, comp. New North
Carolina books. 219-224
Baker, Sharon L. How should we train
adult services professionals for public
library work? 76-78
Ballentine, Rebecca. See Book Reviews
(Walser).
Barefoot, Martha Bagby. Legislative
efforts in North Carolina for women
and minorities. 7-9
Beagle, Don. Receives RTSS Doralyn
Hickey Best Article award. pic. 174
Bearwald, Mark, pic. 175
Bell, Mertys W. Receives NCLA Life
Membership. pic. 170
Bibliographies.
P woe issue for librarians. 10-
Book Reviews.
Allcott, John V. The campus at Chapel
Hill: Two hundred years of
architecture. Reviewed by Jerry C.
Cashion. 97
Banner, Leslie. A passionate preference.
The story of the North Carolina School
Index to
North Carolina Libraries
Volume 45, 1987
Compiled by Gene Leonardi
of the Arts. Reviewed by Elizabeth
Bramm Dunn 156-157
Black, Earl, and Black, Merle. Politics
and society in the South. Reviewed by
Michael Hill. 223-224
Byerly, Victoria. Hard times cotton mill
girls: personal histories of womanhood
and poverty in the South. Reviewed by
Eileen McGrath, 158-159
Chappell, Fred. The Fred Chappell
reader. Reviewed by Anna Donnally.
154
Claiborne, Jack. The Charlotte Observer:
Its time and place, 1869-1986.
Reviewed by Harry W. McKown. 96-97
Couch, Ernie, and Couch, Jill. North
Carolina trivia. Reviewed by Maurice
C. York. 97
Crutchfield, James A., ed. The North
Carolina almanac and book of facts.
Reviewed by Maurice C. York. 97
Donald, David Herbert. Look homeward:
A life of Thomas Wolfe. Reviewed by
Joseph M. Flora. 95-96
Edgerton, Clyde. Walking across Egypt.
Reviewed by Julie Coleman. 222
Flynt, Candace. Mother love. Reviewed
by Gloria Colvin. 220-221
Furgurson, Ernest B. Hard right: The rise
of Jesse Helms. Reviewed by Michael
Hill. 40
Gibbons, Kaye. Ellen Foster. Reviewed by
Margaretta Yarborough. 159-160
Gingher, Marianne. Bobby RexTs greatest
hit. Reviewed by Julie W. Coleman. 41-
42
Hairston, Peter W. The Cooleemee
Plantation and its people. Reviewed by
James O. Sorrell. 221-222
Hallowell, Barbara G. Cabin, A mountain
adventure. Reviewed by David C.
Taylor. 220
Hoffman, Paul E. Spain and the Roanoke
voyages. 224
Holloway, Betsy. Heaven for beginners:
Recollections of a Southern town.
Reviewed by Sue Lithgo. 157-158
Humber, John L. Backgrounds and
preparations for the Roanoke voyages,
1584-1590. 224
McCorkle, Jill. Tending to Virginia.
Reviewed by Rex E. Klett. 219-220
Moore, Bill. Two on the square, Reviewed
by Elizabeth White. 155-156
Newton, Suzanne. A place between.
Reviewed by Diane Kessler. 42-43
Randall, John D. The Hatterask incident.
Reviewed by Nancy Lee Shires. 154-
155
Roe, Charles E. A directory to North
CarolinaTs natural areas. 224
Russell, Anne, Megivern, Marjorie, and
Coughlin, Kevin. North Carolina
portraits of faith: A pictorial history of
religions. Reviewed by Walter Alan
Tuttle. 40-41
Society of American Archivists. Archival
and manuscript repositories in North
Carolina: A directory. 224
Spignesi, Stephen J. Mayberry, My
hometown: The ultimate guidebook to
AmericaTs favorite TV small town. 224
Stumpf, Vernon O. Josiah Martin, The
last royal governor of North Carolina.
Reviewed by William S. Powell. 42
Walser, Richard, and Malone, E.T.Jr.
Literary North Carolina: A historical
survey, revised and enlarged. Reviewed
by Rebecca Ballentine. 43-44
Webb, Mena. Jule Carr: General without
an army. Reviewed by Gary Freeze. 158
Zug, Charles G. III. Turners and burners:
The folk potters of North Carolina.
Reviewed by Anna Dvorak. 222-223
Bracy Pauletta B. See Miller, Marilyn L.
Bradburn, Frances B. From the Editor. 3
Burgin, Robert. See, Speller, Benjamin F.
Jr.
Cameron, Annette. pic. 78
Cashion, Jerry C. See Book Reviews
(Allcott).
Charlotte-Mecklenburg County Public
Library. Wins SELA 1984-86
Outstanding Library Program Award
competition. 16
Chen, Ching-chih. Libraries in the new
information age. 186-193. pic. 186
ChildrenTs Book Council. Offers reading
encouragement poster series. pics. 6,
20. Offers National ChildrenTs Book
Week poster and information. 113,
126, 135, 141
CHURCH AND SYNAGOGUE LIBRARY
ASSOCIATION. North Carolina
Chapter offers membership
information. 135
Clark, Betty S. Receives NCLA and SIRS
Intellectual Freedom awards. pic. 175
Coleman, Julie W. See Book Reviews
(Edgerton) (Gingher).
Colvin, Gloria. See Book Reviews (Flynt).
Cotten, Alice R., comp. New North Caro-
lina books. 40-44, 95-97, 154-160
Davalos, Felipe. Creates poster for
ChildrenTs Book Council. pic. 205
Winter 1987"235
Index
Davis, Martha. Receives NCLA Life
Membership. pic. 170
Deaths.
Hickey, Doralyn. obit., 174
Johnson, Leonard. obit., 173
Donnally, Anna. See Book Reviews
(Chappell).
Dorsey, Patric G. Receives NCLA
Honorary Membership. pic. 170-171
Dunn, Eliazbeth Bramm. See Book
Reviews (Banner).
Dvorak, Anna. See Book Reviews (Zug).
Flake, Donna. Online searching with a
microcomputer. 87-93
Flora, Joseph M. See Book Reviews
(Donald).
Flowers, Janet L. Starting a
church/synagogue library: A checklist.
216-218
Forsyth County Public Library, Winston-
Salem. pic. 201
Freeze, Gary. See Book Reviews (Webb).
Friday, William C. Receives NCLA
Honorary Membership. pic. 171
Gaddis, Dale W. The female public library
director and her governing board. 27-
30. Receives NCLA and SIRS
Intellectual Freedom awards. pic. 175
Gilster, Paul. New network connects
businesses with state libraries. 148-149
Goodman, Fred E. Goodbye, patrons ...
Hello, customers. 206-209
Govern, James J. Survey of North Caro-
lina public library use statistics, 1983-
84, 31-35
Hansel, Patsy J. From the President. 168-
169. pic. 177. Wins Ray Moore award.
174
Hickey, Doralyn J. RTSS oBest Article�
award named in honor. obit., 174
Hill, Michael. See Book Reviews (Black),
(Furgurson).
Hodges, Gerald G. Interpreting the
Library Bill of Rights for elementary
and secondary schools. 144-147
Hopkins, Lee Bennett. An author looks
at censorship. 133-135
Johnson, Leonard. obit., 173
Jones, John W. Letters to the Editor. 52-
53
Justice, Ila Taylor. Receives NCLA Life
Membership. pic. 171
Katz, Ruth M. New opportunities, new
choices: Some observations about
libraries in North Carolina. 21-26
Kessler, Diane. See Book Reviews
(Newton).
Klett, Rex L. See Book Reviews
(McCorkle).
Krug, Judith F. Intellectual freedom in
the 1980s. 118-120
236"Winter 1987
Lanier, Gene D. Intellectual freedom"
That neglected topic. An introduction.
115-117. pic. 175
Leonardi, Gene. pic. 174
Lesko, Matthew. New frontiers for
information sources and information
gathering. 202-205. pic. 202
Letters to the Editor. 52-54, 169
oLibraries: Spread the news.� NCLA
Biennial Conference. Preliminary
program. 98-100. To be held in
Winston-Salem. 38-39
Lindsey, Marjorie Wilkins. Author of
article on proposed State Documents
Depository System. 9. Letters to the
Editor. 53-54. Receives NCLA Life
Membership. pic. 171-172
Lithgo, Sue. See Book Reviews
(Holloway).
Long, Sarah P. The effect of face-front
book display in a public library. 150-
153
Lubans, John Jr. See Anspaugh, Sheryl.
McDonald, Frances M. Intellectual
freedom policies and current school
practices. 137-142
McGinn, Howard. Receives Ray Moore
award. 174
McGrath, Eileen. See Book Reviews
(Byerly).
McKown, Harry W. See Book Reviews
(Claiborne).
Miller, Marilyn E. Interlibrary loan in the
North Carolina Information Network:
the impact of oselective users� on a
net-lender university library. 210-215
Miller, Marilyn L., and Bracy, Pauletta B.
Library education for childrenTs
services in North Carolina. 73-75
Myrick, Pauline F. From the President, 3-
4, 50-51, 112-113. pic. 177
New Public library standards for North
Carolina, an introduction. 106-107
Nichols, Elizabeth Dickinson. The impact
of library automation"A public
librarianTs perspective. 194-201. pic.
194
North Carolina Library Association.
Archives Committee.
Requests association official records.
215
North Carolina General Assembly.
House Bill 724. An act relating to
confidentiality of library user records.
128
Biennial Conference, 1987.
Awards and resolutions. 170-176
Conference Committee. pic. 177
Conference information. 38-39
Conference preliminary program. 98-
100
Meeting reports. 225-226
Table Talks. pic. 212
Vendor exhibits. pic. 184
College and University Section.
Biennial Conference program. 226
Committee Chairmen, 1987-1989. 233-
234
Constitution and Bylaws. 229-231
Documents Section.
Biennial Conference program. 225
Depository System Committee helps to
pass North Carolina state agencies
depository law. 147
Executive Board, 1985-1987. pic. 175
Executive Board, 1987-1989. 232-233
Executive Board. Minutes.
10/22/86. 45-47
2/6/87. 103-105
4/24/87. 161-162
4/25/87. 162-163
7/24/87. 227-228
Junior Members Round Table.
Biennial Conference program. 225-226
North Carolina Association of School
Librarians.
Videotape of Richard PeckTs
convention address available. 26
Public Library Section.
New public library standards for
North Carolina, an introduction. 106-
107
Reference and Adult Services Section.
Biennial Conference program. 226
Resources and Technical Services
Section.
Biennial Conference grant available.
16
Names oBest Article� award in honor
of Doralyn J. Hickey. 174
Round Table on Ethnic Minority
Concerns.
Biennial Conference program. 225
North Carolina State Library
Commission.
Appointees and NCLA representatives.
234
Over to you: Letters to the Editor. 52-54,
169
Parrish, Nancy B. Pay equity"An issue
for librarians. A summary and selected
bibliography. 10-16
Paynter, David M. Letters to the Editor.
53
Pearl, Patricia D. Letters to the Editor.
169
Peck, Richard. Addresses NCASL
convention. pic. 26
Phillips, Craig. Receives NCLA Honorary
Membership. pic. 172
Pittman, Pamela. pic. 209
Powell, William S. See Book Reviews
(Stumpf)
Prelutsky, Jack. Speaks to NCLA
ChildrenTs Services Section. pic. 199
Query, Eunice. See Johnson, Leonard,
obit.
Sanders, F. David. Humanism vs. its
detractors. 121-127
Saye, Jerry D. The organization of
information curricula. 58-62
Schmidt. C. James. Intellectual freedom
and technology: Deja vu? 129-130
Shearer, Kenneth D. Getting our ducks
in a row: Research and North
CarolinaTs libraries. 67-69
Shires, Nancy Lee. See Book Reviews
(Randall).
| Simon, Rose. Computer tells books where
to go: A BASIC program for shifting
collections. 36-37
Simont, Marc. Poster for 1987 Natioal
ChildrenTs Book Week. pic. 135
Smith, Duncan. The limits of library
school: A North Carolina
reconciliation. 83-85
Sorrell, James O. See Book Reviews
(Hairston).
Southeastern Library Association.
Nomination form for 1988 Rothrock
award. 132
1. The index is alphabetized letter by letter.
2. Articles are indexed by the first-named author, with cross references
when they have no author.
3. Book reviews are listed alphabetically under the heading
Speller, Benjamin F. Jr., Educating North
Carolina librarians and information
professionals: An introduction. 55-57
Speller, Benjamin F. Jr., and Burgin,
Robert. Library education in a
telecommunications environment: A
North Carolina perspective. 70-72
Sprinkle-Hamlin, Sylvia, and Worrell,
Myra K. Are ethnic minority public
librarians becoming an endangered
species? A look at fourteen public
library systems in North Carolina. 18-
20
Stewart, Alva. Letters to the Editor. 54
Suggs, Bill. pic. 201
Summers, F. William. Libraries and the
Constitution. 178-184. pic. 178
Tafuri, Nancy. Streamers for 1987
National ChildrenTs Book Week. pic.
141
Taylor, David C. See Book Reviews
(Hallowell)
Thrasher, Jerry A. Letters to the Editor.
53
Trillin, Calvin. Addresses NCLA 1987
Biennial Conference. pic. 176
Guidelines for Using the Index
To
North Carolina Libraries
Index
Tucker, Mae Suellen. Receives NCLA Life
Membership. pic. 172
Tuttle, Walter Alan. See Book Reviews
(Russell).
Weldon, Jean. Introduction. 5-6
Westbrooks, Allegra Marie. Receives
NCLA Life Membership. 172-173
White, Elizabeth. See Book Reviews
(Moore).
Worrell, Myra K. See Sprinkle-Hamlin,
Sylvia.
Wright, Kieth C. Educating librarians
about service to special groups: The
emergence of disabled persons into
the mainstream. 79-82
Yarborough, Margaretta. See Book
Reviews (Gibbons).
York, Maurice C. See Book Reviews
(Couch), (Crutchfield).
Youmans, Mary. pic. 209
Zelinsky, Paul O. Designs Change Your
Mind frieze for 1987 National
ChildrenTs Book Week. pic. 126
Names beginning with oMc� and oMac� precede all other entries under the letter oM.�
from co-authors up to the number of two. Titles are indexed only
Book Reviews by the author of the book being reviewed. ReviewersT names
follow each book title, preceded by the phrase oRev. by.� Each reviewer's name is also listed separately, with a cross reference to Book
Reviews, followed by the name of the aut!
4. Bibliographies are arranged alphabetic
hor of the book in parentheses.
ally by title under the heading Bibliographies, with separate author entries.
5, Editorials are arranged alphabetically by title under the heading Editorials, with a cross reference from the name of the editor.
6. Death and memorial notices are listed alphabetically under the heading Deaths, with a separate entry under the name of the
deceased.
7. Alllibrary organizations are entered under their full names. Material on the substructures of these organizations, such as committees,
round tables, etc., is listed alphabetically under the organization name. (F\
committees, and round tables of NCLA, see North Carolina Library Association.)
8. All acronyms are filed in alphabetical order, not at the beginning of each letter.
9. Public libraries are entered under the proper name of the library,
~or example, for material on the activities, officers, reports,
not of the city (e.g. Davidson County Public Library, Lexington).
10. All other libraries are entered under the name of the parent institution, if appropriate, or under their own names (e.g. North
Carolina State University, D.H. Hill Library).
11. Reprints of speeches are entered with no designation that they have previously been presented to the public. However, abbreviated
summaries of speeches have the designation (Report of Speech).
12. Reports of papers not printed in full are designated (Paper).
13. The abbreviations opic.,� oobit.,� obibl.� and ocomp.,� are used to identify pictures, obitu:
aries, bibliographies, and compilers.
|
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Winter 1987"237
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238"Winter 1987
th cAIOINO
(OIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THEME ARTICLES
ISSN 0029-2540
5 Introduction, Jean Weldon
7 Legislative Efforts in North Carolina for Women and
Minorities, Martha B. Barefoot
10 Pay Equity: An Issue for Librarians. A Summary and
Selected Bibliography, Nancy B. Parrish
18 Are Ethnic Minority Public Librarians Becoming an
Endangered Species?, Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin and
Myra K. Worrell
21 New Opportunities, New Choices: Some Observations
About Libraries in North Carolina, Ruth M. Katz
27 The Female Library Director and her Governing Board,
Dale W. Gaddis
ARTICLE
31 Survey of North Carolina Public Library Use Statistics,
1983-1984, James J. Govern
36 Computer Tells Books Where to Go: A BASIC Program for
Shifting Collections, Rose Simon
FEATURES
3 From the Editor
3 From the President
38 oLibraries: Spread the News�: 1987 Conference to be Held
in Winston-Salem.
40 New North Carolina Books
45 NCLA Minutes
48 ALA Midwinter Report
Cover: Ruth M. Katz, oNew Opportunities, New Choices: Some Advertisers: Baker and Taylor, 2; Ebsco, 4; H. W. Wilson, 17.
Observations about Libraries in North Carolina�, North Carolina
Libraries 45 (Spring, 1987): 25.
Volume 45, Number 1 Spring 1987
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2"Spring 1987
Exalting Learning
and Libraries
NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
From The Editor
North Carolina Libraries invites your
comments. Yes, the Editorial Board of North
Carolina Libraries is requesting and encour-
aging your response to articles appearing in
this journal or to specific concerns of North
Carolina librarians. In order to make this
Possible, we will inaugurate with the Summer
1987 issue a column entitled Over to You.
This will be a letter-to-the-editor type for-
Mat. Please address and sign with your name
and position all correspondence to: Frances
B. Bradburn, Editor, North Carolina Librar-
tes, 2431 Crabtree Boulevard, Raleigh, N.C.
27604. We reserve the right to edit all letters
for length and clarity. Whenever time per-
mits, persons most closely related to the
issue under discussion will be given an
opportunity to respond to points made in
the letter. Deadline dates will be the copy
deadlines for the journal: February 10, May
10, August 10, and November 10.
We hope that you will participate in and
enjoy this new forum for ideas and concerns.
Frances B. Bradburn, Editor rl
Leesa aaaaaaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaal
From the President
Our forty-seventh biennium of the North
Carolina Library Association is rapidly moving
towards the close of the two years, 1985-1987. So
Many fine things continue happening to exalt
learning and libraries and many exciting activities
are being planned in the sections and committees
to see that it happens.
Governmental Relations Chair Bill Bridgman
and his committee are busy planning for the thir-
teenth National Legislative Day in Washington on
April 7 as well as for frequent contacts with our
representatives in Raleigh. With many new mem-
bers in our national and local legislative represen-
tation, it becomes evident that we must provide
them with objective facts, timely information and
Creative ideas needed for making intelligent deci-
Slons. These and all members must be informed of
the positive effects of federal legislation at the
8rassroots levels. They need to know the impact of
the legislation on what happens to the users. Is
there documented evidence available of the posi-
tive impact on the users and their learning? The
People who create and fund library programs are
Concerned that what they do is making a differ-
�,�nce for the folks and voters back home. We must
tell them about what is happening. Keep in touch
with your section chair and/or Bill Bridgman.
Share pertinent information and the good news
with them very soon.
According to Archives Chair Maury York, the
committee has completed an inventory of the
NCLA records housed at the State Library. They
are now in the process of deciding how these
records should be weeded, organized and stored
in the recently purchased acid-free folders and
document cases. It is their plan to turn over the
records now in the State Library to State Archives
in 1987. They will then be free to perfect a reten-
tion-disposition schedule for current records.
From the Intellectual Freedom Chair Gene
Lanier and committee comes the news that, while
committee members could cite a few encouraging
efforts in dealing with controversies, they agreed
that the bulk of the activity during the previous
months has been in favor of restricted access and
limited individual choice. During the December 5
committee meeting a longtime friend of intellec-
tual freedom and of libraries in particular, Repre-
sentative George Miller shared his thoughts with
them about the 1987 climate in Raleigh. He indi-
cated that there would probably be little direct
action on the First Amendment issues during the
coming session but warned that those groups
recently concerned with the obscenity legislation
might well turn their attention to the public
schools. Be prepared to deal with challenges
should the need arise.
In another legislative matter, the Documents
Section is asking for a collaborative effort to oPut
the Public Into State Publications.� Following up
1987 Spring"3
on its belief that, in the words of Justice Hugo
Black, oThe effective functioning of a free govern-
ment like ours depends largely on the force of an
informed public opinion,� the North Carolina
Documents Depository Chair Pat Langelier and
her committee have put together a plan urging
legislative support of a bill that will improve the
flow of information from state agencies to the
citizens of North Carolina. Our NCLA, the Ameri-
can Library Association and other public interest
groups have expressed their support. For the bill
to pass your support is necessary. Write your
Senator and Representative, voice your concern
and explain how you believe the bill will affect
you. For more information read Marjorie W. Lind-
seyTs article published in Popular Government
(Fall 1986) entitled, oState Documents: Proposed
Statewide Depository System.�
Plans are well underway for the NCLA fall
conference in Winston-Salem. Patsy Hansel, Presi-
dent Elect and Chair of the Conference is hard at
work with her committee and promises us that
this one will be the best ever. Sections are firming
up their plans for meetings and exhibitors are
being contacted. General session speakers will
soon be announced. Of special interest to all is a
session sponsored by the Round Table on Ethnic
Minority Affairs, the Public Library Section and
the Round Table on the Status of Women in
Librarianship. You will not want to miss this ses-
sion nor the speaker, Maya Angelou, one of the
foremost contemporary black authors. She is best
known for her autobiographical best-seller, J
Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.
Make your plans now to attend the entire
Biennial Conference, October 28-30, 1987, Win-
ston-Salem. If you need help to pay fees and
expenses for speakers for programs at the
October T87 Conference, LSCA Continuing Educa-
tion Grants will be available for sections, commit-
tees or roundtables of NCLA. Contact Jean Welch
or Audrey Pines at the State Library, 109 East
Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27611 (919/733-2570) if
you have questions. The deadline for grant appli-
cations is April 30.
Our January 23 NCLA Executive Board Meet-
ing became the February 6 meeting due to the
abundant snow along I-85 and West. As your sec-
tion chairs reported, it became evident that your
representatives are giving careful, diligent and
serious thought to the Futures Committee Report.
There is concern that everyone should have an
opportunity for input if desired. We urge you to
speak through your section chair or directly to
the NCLA President. It is obvious that we must
find answers to many questions that surfaced
4"Spring 1987
during our deliberations. We want you to have
plenty of thinking time before any final decisions
are made. This is your organization and you need
to decide its future. Please give it your best
thoughts.
Deliberations will continue at the Spring
Workshop, April 24-25 at Greensboro College. The
Executive Board will hold its business meeting on
April 24, 7:00 - 9:00 p.m. and a called meeting to
discuss your input and to clarify the recommen-
dations will begin the next morning, April 25. Six
of your elected officers will lead the discussion of
each recommendation. They are: (1) Establish-
ment of Association Goals, Dr. Ben Speller; (2)
Employment of a Management Firm, Nancy Clark
Fogarty; (3) Structure of NCLA, Jerry Thrasher;
(4) Establishment of Publications Committee,
Arial Stephens; (5) Changes in Dues, Dr. Rose
Simon; and (6) Change to Annual Elections and
Annual Conferences, Dr. Kieth Wright.
The day of April 25 will also be an important
time for committees to meet and make plans for
the October conference and other activities dur-
ing the next several months. Sections and the
Executive Board must find time to work towards
the wrap-up of the biennium.
More information and details for the Spring
Workshop will follow.
I look forward to seeing you April 24-25 at
Greensboro College. Our hostess is Susan Squires.
Pauline F. Myrick, President al
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Introduction
Jean Weldon, Guest Editor
As we approach the twenty-first century, the
Social issues concerning us are the same as those
of a century ago: breakdown of the family and the
changing roles of women. Changes in womenTs
roles have brought about a different perception of
women in the labor force.! Whether they are sin-
gle, divorced, widowed or a single parent, women
are becoming an increasingly large portion of the
work force, and paid employment is a major con-
cern. For men as well as for women, earnings are
crucial for financial support. Despite the similari-
ties between menTs work and womenTs work, sig-
nificant differences exist, particularly in earn-
ings.2
In this issue of North Carolina Libraries,
Nancy B. Parrish examines pay equity for librar-
ians and concludes with a bibliographical essay.
Martha Barefoot presents a history of legislative
effort for women and minorities in North Carolina
and discusses what our state legislators are doing
to further the rights of women and minorities in
this state. Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin and Myra Wor-
rell report the results of a survey of fourteen pub-
lic library systems in North Carolina to identify
the number of ethnic minorities in professional
Positions. The authors based their selection of the
fourteen systems on the ethnic population in the
respective counties. Ruth Katz assesses librarian-
Ship and indicates issues that need immediate
attention. As director of a public library, Dale
Gaddis comments on strategies she uses with her
Soverning board.
One might find it interesting to look at the
Status of women in librarianship from a historical
Perspective. Contemporary feminists point to the
family-wage ideology and the numerous problems
it has caused in the struggle for equality. The
family-wage ideology emerged in the first half of
the nineteenth century when womenTs wages
Were considered a supplement (pin money) to
family income and women presumably did not
have to earn an income to support a family. This
Powerful ideology had an enormous impact on
defining the relationship between men, women
and work.
Bog hs
Jean Weldon is serials librarian at Duke University, Durham,
and a member of the North Carolina Libraries editorial
ard.
Gender roles are learned early and affect the
way we behave, make decisions, and view our-
selves as well as the way we view others. The pre-
valence of sex roles is well established in the
literature.T Historically, certain occupations have
been identified with one sex to the extent that all
members are commonly associated with the
characteristics of that sex. Teachers, nurses and
librarians work in professions which have been
sex-typed as female. Within these professions,
however, are certain functions not commonly
associated with the sex role that dominates the
profession. Generally, management is not per-
ceived as a female work role; consequently, even
though female librarians outnumber male, women
are not usually identified with the membership of
library executive suites.®
Prior to Melvil Dewey's 1886 lecture entitled
oLibrarianship As a Profession for College-Bred
Women,� librarianship was primarily a male pro-
fession. By 1920, the situation had changed signi-
ficantly in that ninety per cent of all librarians
were women.� By 1960, women represented eighty-
six per cent of elementary school teachers and
librarians and ninety-eight per cent of nurses.
Among librarians, male participation has been
increasing more rapidly than female.T The King
Research study of Library Human Resources
acknowledges womenTs increasing participation
in the labor force. As librarians remain in the
labor force longer than previously, fewer openings
will become available; however, as women move
into other professions such as law and medicine,
their proportion of the profession may become
smaller.® In her interview with Allen Veaner,
Marianne Scott, newly appointed director of the
National Library of Canada, says oWomen are
doing better everywhere, not just in librarianship.
This combination of a changing environment and
changing attitudes is part of a larger trend ....
What it really means is that better administrators
will evolve because appointees will, in effect, be
drawn from a larger pool, a double pool, because
it will include top males and top females.�°
Nevertheless, women must contend with sex
stereotypes. Although librarianship is sex-typed
as a female profession, management is stereo-
typed as male. Much of the research that has been
1987 Spring"5
done on women managers suggests that there is
very little difference between male managers and
female managers in terms of attitude, motivation
and behavior.!! Interviews with recently ap-
pointed library administrators indicate, however,
that managerial styles of men and women do
differ. Sharon Rogers states, oI think more women
in high-level administrative posts will change the
character of organizational relationships and
patterns, and the change will require a revolution
in the administration of the organization.�
References
1. Reskin, Barbara F. and Heidi, I. Hartmann, eds. WomenTs
Work, MenTs Work: Sex Segregation on the Job. Washington, D.C::
National Academy Press, 1986, p. 1.
2. Ibid, p. 4.
3. May, Martha. oBread Before Roses: American Workingmen,
Labor Unions and the Family Wage,� in Milkman, Ruth, ed.
Women, Work and Protest: A Century of U.S. WomenTs Labor
History. Boston: Routledge & K. Paul, 1985, p. 15.
4. Bowman, G., N. B. Worthy and S. A. Greyer, oAre Women Exec-
utives People?,� Harvard Business Review 43 (1965), pp. 14-45;
Fox, Mary Frank and Sharlene Hesse-Biber. Women at Work.
Palo Alto, Calif: Mayfield Pub. Co., 1984; Macoby, Eleanor and
Carol Jacklin. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford, Calif:
READING TIME ENCORE! is the title of the ChildrenTs Book
CouncilTs newest year-Tround reading encouragement pro-
gram. Full-color, 11%� x 17� posters by Petra Mathers for
FatherTs Day (on the left) and Molly Bang for Birthdays (on
the right) are part of a humorous and thoughtful eight-poster
set that includes two posters each by Molly Bang, Eileen
Christelow, Petra Mathers, and Hans Wilhelm. For a brochure
that includes prices and ordering information, and shows the
posters in full-color, send a 22¢-stamped, self-addressed,
#10 envelope to CBC, 67 Irving Place, New York, NY 10003.
go for it!
use your library
6"Spring 1987
Stanford University Press, 1974; OTLeary, Virginia E. oSome Atti-
tudinal Barriers to Occupational Aspirations in Women,� Psy-
chological Bulletin 81 (November 1974); Schwartz, E.G. The Sex
Barrier in Business. Atlanta: Georgia State University Press,
1971; Terborg, James R. oWomen in Management: A Research
Review,� Journal of Applied Psychology 62 (June 1977), pp. 647-
664,
5. Irvine, Betty Jo. Sex Segregation in Librarianship: Demo-
graphic And Career Patterns of Academic Library Administra-
tors. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985, p. 3.
6. Dewey, Melvil. oLibrarianship As A Profession for College-Bred
Women: An Address Delivered Before the Association of Colle-
giate Alumnae on March 13, 1886.� Boston: Library Bureau,
1886.
7. Fennell, Janice C. oThe Woman Academic Library Administra-
tor: A Career Profile,� in Heim, Kathleen M. The Status of Women
in Librarianship. New York: Neal-Schuman, 1983. p. 207.
8. Irvine, p. 4.
9. Library Human Resources: A Study of Supply and Demand.
A Report Prepared for the National Center for Education Statis-
tics and the Office of Libraries and Learning Technologies, by
King Research Inc. Chicago: American Library Association,
1983, p. 6.
10. Veaner, Allen B. oWomen At the Top: An Interview With
Marianne Scott, New Director of the National Library of Can-
ada,� American Libraries 16 (January 1985), p. 19.
11. Harriman, Ann. Women/Men/Management. New York:
Praeger, 1985, p. 194.
12. Brandehoff, Susan. oSpotlight on Women Managers,� Ameri-
can Libraries, 16 (January 1985), p. 22. al
~Artsy MOLLY BANG.
Legislative Efforts in North Carolina
for Women and Minorities
Martha Bagby Barefoot
As members of a profession whose member-
Ship is still predominantly female, a profession
ever vigilant of the minority point of view, it is
important for North Carolina librarians to have a
Clear picture of what our state legislators have
done in the past and are doing currently to
further the rights of women and minorities in this
State.
Although our current concerns may be tied
more closely to issues of the workplace, such as
the owage gap,� flextime, and daycare, it is useful
to remember that concerns for women and
minorities in earlier years were focused on such
basic societal needs as freedom, the right to own
property, the right to vote and, for blacks, the
right to move freely in the world without those
terrible barriers known as oseparate but equal
facilities,�
Today, in North Carolina (as well as in other
States) we are looking at ways to equalize the dis-
Crepancies in pay and insurance coverage, ways
to prevent single parent families from slipping
further into poverty, and ways to encourage and
enhance minority/female participation in the
Predominantly male business enterprises in the
State.
How well North Carolina does in these areas
May depend in part on how well and in what ways
the earlier gains were achieved. A quick review of
the history of legislative efforts in the state for
Women and minorities may offer us some clues.
It will probably come as no surprise to the
readers of this article that early legislative efforts
well North Carolina for blacks clearly had as their
Intent the separation from, and control of, the
Slave population and the small number of free-
Men living in the state, by whites. There were no
legislative efforts that could be considered posi-
tive ones until 1865 when the General Assembly
Tatified a bill prohibiting slavery.
Examples of early laws range from the comi-
Cal to the heartbreaking. Members of the 1850-51
legislature ratified oan act to prevent more effec-
eee Gye 5%
Martha Bagby Barefoot is Circulation and Interlibrary Loan
Librarian, Law Library, The University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514.
tively the corruption of the slave population,�! an
act whose intent was to prohibit whites from play-
ing any card games or games of chance with
slaves. The penalty for such a crime was to be set
at the discretion of the court and could be either
a fine or a period of imprisonment not to exceed
six months.
The laws passed by the General Assembly
grew more and more repressive as the country
moved closer to civil war. The sale of liquor to
blacks except for proven medicinal purposes was
prohibited in 1858; the assumption of guilt was
automatic since the state was not required to
prove that the liquor had been purchased without
a medical certificate.
On December 24, 1852, the legislature ratified
a bill which proclaimed that the ostealing, taking
or conveying away of slaves� was against the law
and set the penalty for such an offense as odeath
without benefit of clergy,� and in December of
1856 the North Carolina legislators disenfran-
chised blacks completely.
Although the legislature ratified a bill in
October of 1865 prohibiting slavery, the bright
future promised by the triumph of the Union for-
ces never materialized for blacks in North Caro-
lina, and in fact, the sectional and racial hatred
perpetrated by Reconstruction caused divisive-
ness in the state until the middle of the twentieth
century.
The General Assembly of 1866 passed legisla-
tion which was an attempt to liberalize the former
oppressive limits on black freedoms. Although
less restrictive than some of the other southern
oBlack Codes,� it did not give blacks the right to
vote and it did not give equal legal rights to blacks
and whites.
The rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1860Ts
prompted the 1871 legislature, composed of
young and inexperienced but reform-minded leg-
islators, to pass a law prohibiting secret political
organization; but unfortunately, little resulted
from their prohibition. There was still terror for
blacks and dissension and disruption for whites.
For the next thirty years, little was done spe-
cifically by the state legislature to further the pro-
1987 Spring"7
cess of equality for races. Any progress made by
blacks was the result of federal efforts and tended
only to exacerbate the problems of divisiveness
and hatred already set in place by the efforts of
the Reconstructionists.
In the late 1890Ts, there was an increase in
political activity by blacks. Federally enfran-
chised, many blacks had become local office
holders and in some cities such as Wilmington
they were a large, prosperous and powerful
group. Such power was frightening to many
whites in North Carolina, and the campaign of
1900 was a particularly bitter, hate-filled one.
Many blacks ochose� not to vote and the conserva-
tive Democrats regained control of the state legis-
lature and immediately proposed a constitutional
amendment, later passed by the 1901 General
Assembly, to disenfranchise blacks a second time.
From 1900 until the civil rights movement of
the early 1960Ts, there was in North Carolina a
long, slow, legislated decline into the infamous
oseparate but equal facilities� present in all the
other southern states. In 1907, the legislators
passed oAn act to provide for the separate
accommodations of white and colored passengers
upon street cars, and for other purposes.� In 1909
an act was ratified providing for the separation of
whites and ocoloreds� in state prisons, and in 1915
to ensure racially separated health care the legis-
lature decreed that ocolored nurses� must be
hired to care for ocolored patients.�
The efforts made by the North
Carolina legislature for
women have had almost as
dismal a history as that for
blacks...
Unfortunately, North CarolinaTs early reluc-
tance to grant civil rights did not magically
change during the turmoil of the campaigns for
voting and other civil rights such as integration of
schools and public facilities during the mid-twen-
tieth century. It was not until 1970 that the provi-
sion for separate but equal educational facilities
was removed from the state constitution, and
although a federal civil rights bill was passed by
the U.S. Congress in 1957 to protect minority vot-
ing rights, North Carolina did little to change
practices which had been in effect for half a cen-
tury. It would take lunch counter sit-ins, wide-
spread demonstrations and once again, a federal
statute (The Civil Rights Act of 1964) to bring
about a change in the situation for blacks in the
state.
8"Spring 1987
The efforts made by the North Carolina legis-
lature for women have had almost as dismal a
history as that for blacks if one approaches the
situation from a twentieth century feminist point
of view. If however, one looks at them in the con-
text of their setting, some of the laws, if not
advanced, are at least comforting in that many
were attempts to provide social and some finan-
cial support for women and children who were
the victims of difficult social situations.
In 1852, the court petitioned by a woman for
the granting of a divorce was empowered by an
act of the General Assembly to decree oreasonable
and sufficient alimony ... for the support and
maintenance of herself and family, pending the
said suit.� The 1866-67 legislature guaranteed
married women one third interest in all the prop-
erty of her husband despite any oalienation by the
husband� and, even if the manTs property were
forfeited by debt, her one third was to remain
hers and protected from any loss due to his
indebtedness. Paternal it is, but it is also the
beginning of acknowledgement of a wife's rights to
property that is her own.
Until the turn of the century and slightly
beyond, the statutes enacted by the legislature
concerning women were uniformly paternalist"
concerned with the paying of pensions to widows
of confederate soldiers and with providing pro-
tection to women from abortion, ocarnal knowl-
edge by fraud,� and oseduction, under promise of
marriage.�
By 1913 the legislators saw fit to extendT
slightly the legal rights of married women, allow-
ing them to personally recover damages from
physical injuries done to them, but those same
legislators ratified oan act to protect female tele-
phone operators� making it a crime to use lewd,
vulgar or profane words when using any tele-
phone equipment. The 1913 General Assembly
also enacted a statute which stated that women
could hold certain positions on some educational
boards as long as those positions were not to be
filled by an election, i.e. women could be ap-
pointed but not elected. But for women, the signi-
ficant event of this legislative session was a
non-event: the General Assembly did not ratify
the bill which was to give women the right to vote.
A female suffrage bill was introduced into
each succeeding legislature, and only after the
Nineteenth Amendment had become effective in
1920 did the state make reluctant provision for
the registration and voting of women. The state
legislators had in fact voted against ratification of
the amendment earlier in the 1920 extra session;
but the amendment was ratified by the Tennessee
Legislature the day after it was defeated in the
North Carolina General Assembly, and the Ten-
nessee vote gave the amendment the required
three-fourths majority. North Carolina did not
ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until the
1970's.
It is apparent that, even
today, the legislators of North
Carolina are waiting for fed-
eral guidance or pressure on
many of the issues that are of
current importance to women
and minorities.
During the 1930Ts the North Carolina legisla-
tors passed laws which regulated the number of
hours females could be asked to work, and during
the 40Ts and 50Ts extended employment and
retirement benefits to all state employees, an
ever-growing portion of whom were female. In
1963, the U.S. passed the Equal Pay Act; although
North Carolina has enacted a Fair Employment
Practices Law which covers the public sector, it
has not to date adopted an Equal Pay Act. In
1972, the U.S. Senate approved the Equal Rights
Amendment; in 1982, the North Carolina legisla-
ture voted not to ratify the Constitutional
Amendment, thereby ensuring its ultimate defeat.
It is clear from this mini-history that North
Carolina has not in any cause been ofirst off the
mark� in its legislative support for women and
minorities and in fact, in all issues of vital societal
Importance, including civil and voting rights, the
State came late and reluctantly into the fold, often
Without a legislative enactment. One should, of
course, not assume that all individual legislators
Were or are unconcerned about the social issues
of the day, but it is evident that the number of
concerned individuals was obviously smaller than
the number of those who were not.
It is apparent that, even today, the legislators
of North Carolina are waiting for federal guidance
or pressure on many of the issues that are of cur-
rent importance to women and minorities. The
1985 General Assembly passed during its closing
days in July 1986 three enactments intended to
bring North Carolina into compliance with the
oChild Support Enforcement Amendments of
1984,�2 passed by the U.S. Congress. One act was
to establish guidelines for child support pay-
ments, one was to provide for the expediting of
child support cases, and the third was to provide
for withholding from wages and other income for
child support payments.
Current efforts for women and minorities
center around the Legislative Research Commis-
sion Committee on WomenTs Needs, which was
established in 1983. The committeeTs charge was
to study othe entire range of the economic, social
and legal problems and needs of the women of the
state of North Carolina.� Following only a few of
the recommendations (spousal and child abuse
programs, job training, extension of flextime
options, increased aid to families with dependent
children) presented in the committeeTs report to
the 1985 General Assembly would start North
Carolina on the way to much needed reforms in
the equalizing of rights for all the people of the
state. Unfortunately, most of the legislative pro-
posals presented by that committee have been
postponed indefinitely, but the committee has
been asked to continue its study and to present
another report to the 1987 General Assembly.
It has been made clear to us that North Caro-
lina legislators have often moved slowly in the
past in some of the more liberal social legislation
of the times, but as minority and female partici-
pation in the state legislature grows, we may be
hopeful that legislative activism will grow as well;
and that instead of waiting for federal statutes to
dictate the solution to social problems, our state
legislators will quickly respond to the needs and
rights of its citizens whatever their race or sex.
References
1. All session laws have been directly quoted from official
volumes of the North Carolina session laws; years of passage are
mentioned in the text of the paper.
2. Public Law 98-378.
3. North Carolina Legislative Research Commission. WomenTs
Needs: Report to the 1985 General Assembly of North Carolina,
Raleigh, N.C. (1984), p.i a
State Documents
Depository System
An explanation of the proposed State Docu-
ments Depository System and its purpose are fea-
tured in an article by Marjorie W. Lindsey, oState
Documents: Proposed Statewide Depository Sys-
tem�, in the fall 1986 issue of Popular Govern-
ment, pp. 8-11. This bill is being introduced in this
session of the legislature. Your input and concern
can be expressed by writing or contacting your
local representative. al
1987 Spring"9
Pay Equity"An Issue For Librarians
A Summary and Selected Bibliography
Nancy B. Parrish
A number of studies have shown that in spite
of affirmative action legislation"the Equal Pay
Act and the Civil Rights Act"a significant gap
continues to exist between the earnings of males
and females. According to Nancy Perlman (1983),
in 1982 women were earning on the average
between fifty-nine and sixty-four cents for each
dollar earned by men"a forty per cent wage dif-
ferential. Evidence from pay equity studies indi-
cates that the wage gap is related to occupational
segregation of women into only a few of the avail-
able occupations. In addition, the salaries of men
and women in the traditionally female-dominated
jobs are artificially depressed"meaning that
wages are lower than they would be if the jobs
had been historically held by men. Librarianship
is an example of one of these female-dominated
occupations.
Pay equity is a method for evaluating jobs to
determine whether wages are artificially de-
pressed and to compare the value of dissimilar
jobs according to requirements of effort, skill,
responsibility, and working conditions. Salaries
are set based upon job characteristics. According
to Steinberg and Haignere (1984), othe policy of
equal pay for work of comparable worth has
evolved to rectify the wage discrimination that is
a by-product of occupational segregation� (p. 17).
Opponents of pay equity contend that the wage
gap is not based upon sex discrimination but
upon differences between males and females in
education, work experience, job choice, and social
convention (Thompson, 1985). However, the find-
ings of a 1981 National Research Council study
indicate that only a small part of the wage differ-
ential can be attributed to these factors (Treiman
& Hartmann, 1981).
Opposition to pay equity usually focuses on
three arguments. The first is that dissimilar jobs
cannot be compared for establishing salaries"
the apples and oranges argument. This argument
appears to have little value, however, since for
years private and governmental employees have
been setting wage rates based upon job evalua-
Nancy B. Parrish is information services librarian, Stanly
County Public Library, Albemarle, NC 28001.
10"Spring 1987
tions of dissimilar jobs (Perlman, 1983). A second
argument is that pay equity interferes with the
free market system of wages determined by
supply and demand. Again, however, examples of
manipulation of the free market system are fre-
quently seen in our capitalistic society"for
example in the bail-out of Chrysler and Lockheed
and in restrictions on the import of Japanese
autos (Steinberg & Haignere, 1984). A third
argument by pay equity opponents is that the cost
of implementing a new system would be so exten-
sive as to create economic chaos. However, Perl-
man (1983) indicates that, when pay equity has
been implemented, the costs have not devastated
the state or local economy. Usually any retro-
active payments are paid over a period of two to
three years. According to William Agee, former
chairman of the Bendix Corporation, oraising
womenTs wages would increase their purchasing
power and, consequently help strengthen the
nationTs economy� (WomenTs Work, 1984, p. 8).
Thus, while the opposition argues forcefully, there
is evidence to question the validity of their argu-
ments. Goodyear (1986) encourages librarians to
continue their pursuit to make pay equity a reali-
ty"oOur quest for equal pay in the nationTs librar-
ies should not be deterred by such arguments,
however. We should, instead, look forward to suc-
cessful implementation of a wage scale that
rewards librariansT true worth� (p. 9).
Certain events in the past few years have
contributed to strengthening the support for pay
equity. In 1980, the International Union of Elec-
trical Workers and Westinghouse reached a set-
tlement when a court ruled that the union could
sue under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. This
agreement is important because a pay equity vio-
lation was affirmed for significantly dissimilar
jobs which were considered comparable in worth
(WomenTs Work, 1984). The often cited oCounty of
Washington, Oregon vs. Gunther� ruling provided
encouragement for pay equity suits, when in 1981
the Supreme Court provided a broader interpre-
tation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act although
it did not rule on pay equity specifically. This deci-
sion oestablished the groundwork for ... argu-
ments that an existing federal antidiscrimination
law ... is broad enough to consider allegations of
Wage discrimination that the Equal Pay Act
(1963) cannot address� (Rubin, 1985, p. 8). Per-
haps the most publicized pay equity case has been
the twelve-year battle between Washington State
and state employees represented by the American
Federation of State, County, and Municipal
Employees (AFSCME). In 1983, a U.S. District
Court Judge ruled that the state had violated
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and ordered an
immediate wage increase. The state appealed to
the 9th Circuit Appeals Court which reversed the
1983 decision. Finally in December 1985 an out-
of-court settlement was reached. The agreement
Provides for the worth of jobs to be measured in
terms of skill, effort, training, education, respon-
sibility, and working conditions. Pay equity in-
Creases of 2.5% were granted but no retroactive
Pay was included (oWashington State Settles Dis-
pute,� 1986).
According to a recent article in Show-Me-
Libraries, only four states have not initiated any
Consideration of the pay equity issue. oBy May
1985, 10 states had passed legislation establishing
Pay equity as a goal in the public and private sec-
tor� (oOn Pay Equity,� 1986, p. 5).
... a Significant gap continues
to exist between the earnings
of males and females.
Some events of the 1970Ts and 1980Ts point to
the activities of librarians in state and local initia-
tives. Galloway and Archuleta (1978) note that
librarians in San Francisco conducted a study of
Sex and wage discrimination, and that San Diego
bublic librarians filed a suit against the city. In
Fairfax County, Virginia, public library employees
filed charges with the EEOC after studies in 1975,
1980, and 1981 indicated wage inequities between
�,�ntry level librarians and other entry level profes-
Sionals. A 1983 pay study in Jersey City, New Jer-
Sey, which compared librarians with sixteen job
Classes of city employees, revealed a twenty-one
Per cent wage differential (oAnnouncements Lit-
igation,� 1984).
On the national level, The American Library
Association (ALA) has undertaken an advocacy
role. ALA was a founding member of the National
Committee on Pay Equity, which was established
im 1980 after the National Pay Equity Conference.
Tn 1984 the Executive Board of ALA approved the
�,�stablishment of a Commission on Pay Equity to
recommend future ALA action and to provide
increased visibility to comparable worth issues in
the library profession (oNew Groups to Address
Pay Equity,� 1984). The ALA Office for Library
Personnel Resources (OLPR) has also been active
in gathering and making available information
about equity. Resource materials including bibli-
ographies and data on library-related pay equity
cases can be obtained from OLPR, and a publica-
tion entitled oPay Equity: Comparable Worth
Action Guide� is being prepared by that office
(oOn Pay Equity,� 1986).
The present status of the pay equity issue
reflects both losses and gains during 1985. Long-
term implications of unfavorable decisions remain
to be determined. The EEOC, composed entirely
of Reagan appointees, announced that it will no
longer assist women whose wage discrimination
complaints are based upon comparable worth. In
addition, the Civil Rights Commission rejected the
principle of comparable worth as a method to
close the wage gap (Evans, 1985).
In North Carolina, a reversal by the General
Assembly means that a pay study of this stateTs
job system has been indefinitely postponed. This
pay equity study had been authorized in 1984,
with a Pay Equity Advisory Committee created by
the legislature. A letter from Governor James
Martin to U.S. Congressman William Cobey indi-
cates that the General Assembly reconsidered
this legislation and terminated the study in April
1985. His letter indicates that the concerns lead-
ing to this reversal were the cost to implement
pay equity, interference with market rates, and
private enterpriseTs fear of government wage set-
ting"the same three arguments used by past
opponents of pay equity (Congressional Record,
1985, August 1, p. H7124).
However, the concept of pay equity received
some support in 1985. At the federal level, Sena-
tor Alan Cranston and Representative Mary Rose
Oakar introduced pay equity bills in the 99th
Congress, similar to those introduced in the 98th
session. The Federal Equitable Pay Practices Act
of 1985, HR 3008, which passed the House of
Representatives in October 1985 authorizes an
eleven-member commission to contract for an
eighteen-month study of the federal job system.
The bill has been sent to the Senate Committee on
Governmental Affairs which is already consider-
ing the Senate version of the bill, $.5. A similar
situation occurred in the 98th Congress when pay
equity legislation was passed in the House of
Representatives but not in the Senate (Congres-
sional Record, 1985, October 9, pp. H8521-H8560).
Donna Alexander of Congressman Howard Co-
bleTs office indicated in a recent phone conversa-
1987 Spring"11
tion that discussion of the bill has not been
scheduled on the committee calendar as of June
6, 1986.
Successful implementation of pay equity pro-
grams has also occurred at both the state and
local government levels. Librarians were reci-
pients of pay equity wage adjustments in several
locations last year. In Los Angeles, public librar-
ians succeeded in negotiating a new contract
which grants special pay equity adjustments of
twelve per cent over the next two years to 326
librarians. The librarians had prepared a salary
survey and filed discrimination charges with
EEOC (oLos Angeles Librarians,� 1985). Pay equity
increases negotiated with the city of Chicago by
the AFSCME will be paid to librarians and other
library personnel. Increases were also negotiated
in Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York, Connect-
icut, and San Francisco (oPay Equity Gallops,�
1986).
Although pay equity initiatives have been
successful in some states and localities, efforts
must continue so that librarians and others in
female-intensive occupations can be equitably
compensated for their work. Young people can
hardly be encouraged to enter the profession as
long as wages remain artificially depressed. Most
of the success in pay equity has occurred with the
aid of employee unions. The ALA Commission on
Pay Equity and the OLPR should continue to pro-
vide information and resources especially for
librarians who have no access to union assistance.
... When pay equity has been
implemented, the costs have
not devastated the state or
local economy.
Bibliography
Books
Comparable worth: Issue for the 80Ts: a con-
sultation of the U.S. Commission on Civil
Rights, June 6-7, 1984. Washington, DC: The
Commission [CR1.2:C73/3 v. 1&2] °
The consultation was held to provide the Com-
mission with the opportunity to hear from
experts on the subject and to engage in discus- _
sions with them. Vol. 1 contains papers submitted
by participants. Both sides of the issue are
represented, as well as background on the devel-
opment of the concept. Vol. 2 records the pro-
ceedings of the consultation.
12"Spring 1987
The earnings gap between men and women.
(1979). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Labor, WomenTs Bureau. [L36.102:Ea7/2/
979]
Presents data regarding factors which contribute
to continuing the wage gap between men and
women. Indicates that the prime factor is the
occupational segregation of women into low-pay-
ing occupations and into lower status jobs in
higher-paying occupations. Based upon 1977 sta-
tistics.
Gold, M. E. (1983). A dialogue on comparable
worth. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press. [HD6061.2.
U6G64 1983]
Arguments for and against information about
various aspects of comparable worth are pres-
ented in the format of a debate between an advo-
cate and a critic.
Hearings before the United States Equal Em-
ployment Opportunity Commission on job
segregation and wage discrimination.
(1980). Washington, DC: The Commission.
[Y3.Eq2:2J57/6]
Includes statement by Margaret Myers, Director,
Office of Library Personnel, ALA"pp. 602-611.
Hearings were held April 28-30, 1980. Four librar-
ians submitted written testimony (not included in
print edition).
Heim, K. and Phenix, K. (1984). On account of sex,
an annotated bibliography on the status of
women in librarianship, 1977-1981. Chi-
cago: ALA. [Z682.4.W65H44 1984]
Provides brief annotations for articles and books,
government reports and hearings for the years
covered. Comparable worth is included as a topic
in subject index.
Johansen, E. (1984). Comparable worth: The
myth and the movement. Boulder, CO: West-
view Press. [HD6061.2.U6J64 1984]
Presents the development of the comparable
worth movement in historical, social and political
contexts. Examines methods used to implement
pay equity practices in setting salaries. Extensive
bibliography. Chronological summary of federal
and state events between 1951 and 1984.
Norwood, J. L. (1982). The female-male earning
gap: A review of employment and earnings
issues. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. [L2.71:673 ]
Statement presented at the Pay Equity Hearings
9-16-82. Summarizes changes since 1960 in the
participation of women in the work force.
Increased labor force participation has not
increased the economic status of women and
especially families maintained by females. At all
entry levels of educational achievement womenTs
median earnings lag behind menTs earnings"
about a 40% wage gap.
Remick, H. (Ed.). (1984). Comparable worth and
wage discrimination. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press. [HD6061.2.U6C44 1984]
Papers presented by authors who orepresent a
broad spectrum of perspectives on the issue� (p.
X) provide information about the origins of com-
Parable worth and other aspects of attempting to
implement the principle.
Treiman, D. J. & Hartmann, H. I. (Eds.). (1981).
Women, work, and wages: Equal pay for jobs
of equal value. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press. [HD6061.2.U6W65]
Summary of findings related to the wage gap
between males and females. Report prepared by
Committee on Occupational Classification and
Analysis, Assembly of Behavioral and Social
Sciences, National Research Council. The commit-
tee and subsequent report were a response to
requests from the Department of Labor and
EEOC for an examination of issues involved in
comparable worth.
University of California. Library Affirmative
Action Program for Women Committee.
(1971). A report on the status of women
employed in the library of the University of
California, Berkeley, with recommendations
for affirmative action. [Z682.3.C37 |
This study, conducted to determine inequities in
Status between men and women employed in the
Berkeley General Library, provided additional
evidence of wage depression in female-dominated
Occupations. The report contains specific recom-
mendations for correcting inequities. These can
Serve as a guide for other libraries.
Women in the workforce: Pay equity. (1984).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office. [Y4.Ec7:W84/8]
Statements of witnesses at a hearing before the
Joint Economic Committee of Congress, April 10,
1984. Includes information related to the 1981
National Research Council study, the Washington
State discrimination case, and National Commit-
tee on Pay Equity.
WomenTs work: Undervalued, underpaid: A
report on pay equity. (1984). Washington,
DC: National Commission on Working Wo-
men. [HD6061.2.U6D440 1984]
Examines one aspect of job discrimination against
Women"unequal pay. Outlines the history of
unequal pay. Discusses factors responsible for the
wage gap between men and women. Describes
strategies to deal with wage discrimination"leg-
islation, litigation, negotiation, public education,
and job evaluation systems.
Articles
oAnnouncements, litigation.� (1984). WomenTs
Rights Law Reporter, 8, 3-4.
Reports that the Fairfax County Public Library
Employees Association filed charges with the
EEOC against Fairfax County, VA. The complaint
charged wage discrimination on the basis of sex.
Studies in 1975, 1980, and 1981 showed inequities
between the wages of entry level librarians and
entry level professionals in other county depart-
ments. Also reports that a pay study in Jersey
City, NJ, in December, 1983, showed that wages of
library workers were 21% lower than other city
employees.
Buchele, R. & Aldrich, M. (1985). oHow much dif-
ference would comparable worth make?�
Industrial Relations, 24, 222-233.
Describes a study to determine whether the
implementation of comparable worth would help
to close the wage gap between males and females.
Findings and implications"comparable worth
would significantly reduce the wage gap; would
improve the efficiency of the labor market; and
the principle does not violate the laws of supply
and demand.
oComparable worth laid low by equal opportunity
agencies.� (1985). Library Journal, 110, 28.
Indicates that EEOC ruled that it will no longer
aid women who use comparable worth as a basis
for sex discrimination cases. Previously, the Civil
Rights Commission rejected the theory of com-
parable worth.
oComparable worth movement goes on despite
setback.� (1985). American Libraries, 16,
606.
Reports the September 1985 overruling of a fed-
eral judgeTs decision that Washington State had
discriminated against female employees. The re-
versal by the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals
came just as bargaining sessions between em-
ployees and the State were to begin.
oComparable worth scores in Washington and
Chicago.� (1986). American Libraries, 17, 92-
94.
Library technicians will benefit from the settle-
ment of the twelve-year comparable worth battle
in Washington State. In Chicago, librarians and
library clerks will receive comparable worth pay
1987 Spring"13
increases in a settlement between the employees,
the union and the city.
Congressional Record. (1985). Proceedings and
debates of the 99th Congress, first session,
131, S595-S611.
Statements by Senator Alan Cranston before the
US. Senate describing the Pay Equity Act of 1985
(S.5) which he had introduced on 1-3-85. The bill
was referred to the Senate Committee on Govern-
mental Affairs. Includes significant background
information about the development of the con-
cept, important court cases and summarizes
Congressional action in the 98th Congress.
Congressional Record. (1985). Proceedings and
debates of the 99th Congress, first session,
131, H5750, H6671, H7118-H7136, H8521-
H8560.
These sections trace the development of H.R.
3008, The Federal Equitable Pay Practices Act of
1985, through passage in the House on October 9,
1985. The bill provides for the establishment of a
commission to contract for a study to determine
whether Federal pay and job classification sys-
tems are consistent with current law which pro-
hibits discrimination on the basis of sex, race and
ethnicity. The bill has been referred to the Senate
Committee on Governmental Affairs.
Evans, G. (1985, June 16). oEEOC rejects role in
adjudging comparable pay.� The Chronicle of
Higher Education, pp. 1,14.
In its first ruling on comparable worth EEOC, now
T all Reagan appointees, voted unanimously not to
aid women who use comparable worth as the
basis of wage discrimination complaints. These
individuals will be required to file lawsuits. This
decision was reported to be independent of the
US. Civil Rights CommissionTs rejection of the
principle of comparable worth.
Federal equitable pay practices act of 1985. House
of Representatives report 99-232, July 29,
1985. [Y1.1/8:99-232]
Report from House Committee on Post Office and
Civil Service recommending passage of H. R. 3008.
Summarizes committee action by Subcommittee
on Compensation and Employee Benefits in the
97th, 98th, and 99th Congresses related to similar
legislation.
Feldberg, R. L. (1984). oComparable worth:
Toward theory and practice in the United
States.� Signs Journal of Women in Culture
and Society, 10, 311-328.
Contends that ocomparable worth has radical
implications because it initiates an end to
womenTs economic dependency and questions the
14"Spring 1987
market basis of wages� (p. 313). Discusses the his-
tory of low wages for women in the U.S., the the-
ory and practice of comparable worth, and the
implications of the concept. Relates wage discrim-
ination to the high rate of poverty among female-
headed households.
Galloway, S. & OTNeill, J. (1985). oComparable-
worth adjustments: Yes comparable worth
adjustments: No.� American Libraries, 16,
92-94.
Presents opposing viewpoints on the merits of
comparable worth as a way to close the wage gap
between males and females.
Galloway, S. & Archuleta, A. (1978). oSex and
salary: Equal pay for comparable work.�
American Libraries, 9, 281-285.
Describes differences in two wage setting meth-
ods"prevailing wage and job evaluation analysis
(comparable worth). The first method perpetu-
ates existing discriminatory patterns when new
salaries are set. The second evaluates jobs based
on relative difficulty and salaries are set based
upon this analysis. Suggests possible courses of
action for librarians in their effort to achieve pay
equity.
Goodyear, M. L. (1986). oLibrarians and pay
equity.� Show-Me-Libraries, 37, p. 7-9.
Summarizes the economic argument against pay
equity and points out the fallacies of this opposi-
tion.
oHouse authorizes comparable-worth study.�
(1985, October 11). The Washington Post, p.
A25.
Reports passage of a bill in the House of Repre-
sentatives to establish an 11 member commission
and authorize an eighteen-month study of the
federal job system, to determine disparities in
wages between men, and women and minorities.
Ingwerson, M. (1985, June 19). oPay equity for jobs
held by women: How states and cities put it
into practice.� Christian Science Monitor, p.
4,
Reports results of collective bargaining between
American Federation of State, County, and
Municipal Employees and the city of Los Angeles
to settle lawsuits. Over the next 3 years the city
will raise wage scales of 3900 employees in clerical
and library jobs. This victory was won without a
comparable worth study as an impetus for the
adjustment.
Josephine, H. (1982). oAll things being equal: Pay
equity for library workers.� Wilson Library
Bulletin, 57, p. 300-303.
Describes several pay equity initiatives involving
librarians. Provides addresses for obtaining infor-
mation about pay equity.
oLos Angeles librarians win pay equity victory.�
(1985). American Libraries, 16, 368-370.
The LA Public Library LibrariansT Guild suc-
ceeded in negotiating a new contract which
grants 326 librarians special pay equity adjust-
ments of 12% over the next 2 years. Librarians
had prepared a salary survey and filed discrimi-
nation charges with EEOC. They had attempted
to negotiate for pay equity adjustments for 12
years.
Martinez, A. & Martinez, J. (1979). The compar-
able worth study. Personnel in Libraries, ed.
K. Nyren. New York: R. R. Bowker. (Library
Journal Special Report #10), p. 43-57.
Discusses the comparable worth method for eval-
uating jobs for the purpose of establishing salar-
ies. This method differs from prevailing wage rate
method in that it can determine whether female-
dominated jobs are undervalued.
Miller, S. (1984). oThe incomparable problems of
comparable worth.� ConsumersT Research,
67, 20-21.
Summarizes arguments against comparable
worth.
oNew groups to address pay equity and service to
minorities.� (1984). American Libraries, 15,
498.
ALA President Josey announced that the Execu-
tive Board of ALA approved the establishment of
a Commission on Pay Equity to give increased vis-
ibility to comparable worth issues within the
library profession, access existing ALA activities
and policies on pay equity and consider related
projects.
oOn pay equity.� (1986). Show-Me-Libraries, 37, p.
5-7.
Summarizes the activities of ALA organizations"
Office for Library Personnel Resources and Com-
Mission on Pay Equity"to provide resources
about the issue of pay equity for librarians.
oPay equity gallops across America in 1985.�
(1986, December/January). National Now
Times, p. 2.
Reports advances made during 1985 related to
Pay equity in spite of attacks by the current
administration. Washington State employees"
Out of court settlement negotiated"no retro-
active pay included. Chicago"union negotiated
Pay equity wage increase for city workers includ-
ing librarians and other library personnel. Pay
�,�quity increases were negotiated by unions in Los
Angeles, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York,
Connecticut, and San Francisco. In Philadelphia a
suit was filed against the city.
Perlman, N. (1983). oPay equity.� North Carolina
Libraries, 41, 211-219.
Defines comparable worth and describes occupa-
tional segregation as one factor in the wage gap
between men and women. Mentions strategies to
bring about pay equity. Summarizes arguments
against the practice.
Richey, W. (1985, June 19). oNew fury over pay
scales for women.� Christian Science Moni-
tor, p. 3.
Reports statement by Claudia Wayne. Executive
Director of National Committee for Pay Equity
responding to EEOC decision that federal law
does not require pay equity for jobs of comparable
worth.
Rubin, M. (1985). oEqual pay for work of compar-
able worth: The role of research in shaping an
equity strategy.� WomenTs Studies Quarterly,
13, 8-15.
Points out the contribution of research to the
success in pay equity thus far. Research has pro-
vided a baseline of information and is one stra-
tegy to use along with litigation, job evaluation,
organizing, bargaining, and public education"a
strategy which can be carried out by womenTs
studies groups.
be superperson
use your library
1987 Spring"15
Steinberg, R. & Haignere, L. (1984). oNow is the
time for pay equity.� ConsumersT Research,
67, 17-20.
Describes the principle of pay equity. Mentions
events which led to the development of the con-
cept. Discusses the use of job content analysis and
job evaluation to determine whether or not pay
equity in operating in a company. Answers Oppo-
sition arguments.
Thompson, R. (1985). oWomenTs economic equity.�
Editorial Research Reports, 1, 335-356.
Summarizes the status of various issues related to
economic equity for women, one of which is com-
parable worth. Mentions court cases and legisla-
tion. Includes information about arguments pro
and con.
oWashington State settles dispute over pay
equity.� (1986, January 2). New York Times, p.
Al5.
Washington State and state employees union
have settled their 12 year dispute without a
Supreme Court appeal by the union. Provisions of
the settlement include salary increases of at least
2.5% and the worth of different jobs will be mea-
sured according to skill, effort, training, educa-
tion, responsibility, and working conditions.
WomenTs Rights Law Reporter, 8, (1984).
Entire issue devoted to comparable worth. Most
articles discuss implications of major pay equity
cases and review developments.
©1986 Nancy B. Parrish Greensboro, North Carolina
EditorTs Note: This article was prepared in the spring of 1986.
The information is current to that point. In July 1986 the ALA
Commission on Pay Equity held a conference and subsequently
has generated several books and articles which are not included
in the bibliography. élll
Charlotte-Mecklenburg
Public Library Wins Award
oThe Imaginative Spirit"Charlotte-Mecklen-
burgTs Literary Heritage,� described in the winter
1986 issue of North Carolina Libraries, won first
place in the Southeastern Library Association
Outstanding Library Program Award competition
for 1984-86. The article by Julian Mason was
entitled o~The Imaginative Spirit-"A Public
Library Focuses on Local Writers,� pp. 234-239.
16"Spring 1987
RTSS Grant for the NCLA
Biennial Conference
The purposes of the grant are to encourage
(1) membership in NCLA and RTSS, (2) attend-
ance at NCLA Biennial Conferences, and (3) par-
ticipation in RTSS activities.
The grant will be for $250.00 to finance
attendance at the next Biennial Conference of
NCLA. Membership in NCLA and RTSS are
required upon acceptance of the grant.
The grant will be awarded without regard to
sex, age, or type of library.
Criteria for Selection
1. At least part of the applicantTs current work-
must involve an aspect of technical services:
acquisitions, cataloging, classification, resources,
collection development, preservation of library
materials, or related activities.
2. The applicant must not have attended an
NCLA Biennial Conference previously.
3. The applicant must work in North Carolina.
4. The applicant must demonstrate financial
need.
5. The completed application form must be neat
and intelligible.
6. The applicant must secure work leave appro-
val as appropriate.
Conditions of Grant Acceptance
1. The recipient must provide confirmation of
acceptance in writing to the chairperson of the
Resources and Technical Services Section.
2. The recipient must be a member of, or join,
NCLA and RTSS.
3. The recipient must attend the entire Biennial
Conference and all RTSS functions and will assist
with RTSS programs if requested by the Executive
Committee.
4. The recipient must notify the chairperson of
the section, and return the grant funds if the
terms of the grant cannot be met.
The selection of the grant recipient will rest
solely with the RTSS Executive Committee. In the
absence of qualified applicants, no grant will be
awarded.
For application forms, write to: Michael
LaCroix, Director of Library Services, Ethel K.
Smith Library, Wingate College, Wingate, N.C.
28174. Deadline for applying: July 1, 1987. a
AMERICAN SONGWRITERS
by David Ewen
Ready 489pp. ISBN 0-8242-0744-0 LC 86-24654
$50 U.S. and Canada, $60 other countries.
Covering 400 yeas of musical history, this book
provides detailed biographies of 146 of America's
outstanding popular composers and lyricists, from
Stephen Foster to Bruce Springsteen, covering all
the major styles" ragtime, minstrelsy, Tin Pan
Alley, Broadway, rock, jazz, blues, country &
western, and soul.
BARNHART DICTIONARY OF ETYMOLOGY
Edited by Robert K. Barnhart
Spring 1987 1,200pp. approx. ISBN 0-8242-0754-9
Price to be announced.
A major work of scholarship for the general market,
this new reference book provides etymologies fora
core vocabulary of 20,000 English words, including
several thousand new words that have never before
been treated in an etymological dictionary.
THE FLANNEL BOARD STORYTELLING BOOK
by Judy Sierra
Spring 1987 192pp. approx.
$30 tent. U.S. and Canada, $35 tent. other countries.
This complete guide to flannel board SES SaNe eta a
the
contains stories, poems, and songs from aroun
world, as well as over 200 patterns for yeccg:
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to storytelling shows how to make and arrange
flannel boards and story figures. Bibliography
included.
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY YEARBOOK 1986
Ready 704pp. ISSN 0084-9499
$42 U.S. and Canada, $52 other countries.
An invaluable addition to the reference collection
for researchers, teachers, students, and librarians,
the 1986 Yearbook cumulates, in one hardbound
volume, all the articles and obituaries in the 11
monthly issues of Current Biography, and offers an
index to all articles that have appeared since 1980.
PRESENTING READER'S THEATER
Plays and Poems to Read Aloud
by Caroline Feller Bauer
Illustrations by Lynn Gates Bredeson
April 1987 256pp. approx.
$35 tent. U.S. and Canada, $40 tent. other countries.
Anew ey roach to storytelling for pre-schoolers
and children in early grades, this book adapts
almost 50 stories and poems into easy-to-read, 5 to
20 minute plays for up to 15 readers. An introduc-
tion offers useful wits on casting, rehearsing, and
developing oral skills.
WORLD FILM DIRECTORS
Edited by John Wakeman
Spring 1987 2 Volume Set, each volume 1000pp. approx.
Price to be announced.
An important contribution to the literature of film,
this popephival dictionary provides sketches of
420 of the greatest directors from around the world.
The sketches mun from 2,000 to 8,000 words, and
each entry contains a filmography, bibliography,
and list of published screenplays.
The. \
H.W.Wilson
Company
950 University Ave., Bronx, NY 10452
HOW TO USE THE READERST GUIDE VIDEO
Spring 1987 18 minutes approx. Color/VHS/Hi-Fi
$49 U.S. and Canada, $59 other countries with a subscription
to Readers'Guide or ed ReadersT Guide
($69/$79 without a subscription).
Anew video that makes teaching and learnin
the use of ReadersT Guide and Abridged Re s
Guide easy and enjoyable, this color production
offers a step-by-step introduction on how to use
ReadersT Guide with the periodicals holdings and
other reference materials of the library.
VERTICAL FILE INDEX
Expanded with New "Current Topics" Section
Now expanded to include up-to-date references to
prone articles covering the issues behind today's
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1987 Spring"17
Are Ethnic Minority Public Librarians
Becoming an Endangered Species?
A Look at Fourteen Public Library Systems in North Carolina.
Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin and Myra K. Worrell
The public library system in North Carolina
has undergone major changes and improvements
in the last twelve years. Some of these changes
have included on-line databases, computerized
circulation systems, and the use of networking to
improve library services. Even though there have
been technological advances, there are still more
changes in the areas of recruitment and person-
nel development that need to be addressed. The
administrations of larger library systems (ie,
those which serve populations of at least 75,000)
are dominated by white males. According to the
1980 census, twenty four per cent of North Caro-
linaTs population is ethnic/minority. Consequent-
ly, there should be a concern that few ethnic/
minorities in these systems are in policy-making
positions which can affect the future of public
library services.
This concern was expressed on a national
level in 1974 when the Black Caucus of the Amer-
ican Library Association conducted a survey of
twenty-four leading libraries throughout the Uni-
ted States. Twenty-two libraries responded and of
the twenty-two, ten were public libraries which
served large ethnic/minority communities. The
combined total of professional librarians em-
ployed by the ten systems was 2,383. Of that
number only 185 were ethnic/minority.!
This article is based on a study conducted by
the authors, the purpose of which was to look at
fourteen North Carolina county and regional pub-
lic library systems, the demographics of the popu-
lations they serve, and the number of professional
ethnic/minority librarians they employ. The study
focused on systems which serve a population of
75,000 or more, whose local ethnic/minority popu-
lation is 20% or more, and whose staff consists of
five or more librarians holding the M.L.S. degree.
This study also determined the existence of affirm-
ative action programs in the fourteen library sys-
tems, and considered future trends in employ-
Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin is associate director and Myra K. Wor-
rell is head of childrenTs outreach for the Forsyth County Pub-
lic Library System, Winston-Salem, NC.
18"Spring 1987
ment and/or upward mobility for professional
ethnic/minority librarians in their systems.
Thirteen questionnaires were mailed to library
directors. Twelve responded. In addition, six
other systems were contacted by telephone. The
libraries which responded were Central Regional,
Craven-Pamlico-Carteret Regional, Chapel Hill
Municipal, Charlotte-Mecklenburg County, Cum-
berland County, Durham County, Forsyth County,
Gaston-Lincoln Regional, Guilford County, Hyco-
neechee Regional, Neuse Regional, New Hanover
County, Onslow County, Pitt County, Rockingham
County, Rowan County, Sandhills Regional, and
Wake County. Only those library systems which
met the criteria were included in the study.
The questionnaire asked for the following
information:
@ Number of professional librarians em-
ployed by the library system.
@ Number of professional ethnic/minorities
employed by the library system.
© Number of professional librarians in top
and middle management.
@ Number of professional ethnic/minority
librarians in top and middle management.
© Outlook for upward mobility and/or pro-
motion of ethnic/minorities.
© Whether or not a written affirmative action
policy exists in the system.
The combined total of professionals employed
by the fourteen systems is two hundred fifty-two,
of which twenty-nine are ethnic/minorities. One
hundred twenty-five of the two hundred fifty-two
professionals are in middle management. Seven-
teen of those are ethnic/minorities. There are for-
ty-one professionals in top management and
three are ethnic/minorities. (See Table I.)
Findings recorded on Table I reflect the dis-
proportionate number of professional ethnic/
minority librarians employed in North Carolina in
1986. It is obvious that the level of employment of
ethnic/minority librarians has remained rela-
tively unchanged compared to the findings of the
1974 ALA Black Caucus Survey. That survey
reported that twelve years ago the Durham
County Public Library employed fifteen profes-
sional librarians, four of whom were ethnic/mi-
norities. In 1986 there are twenty-five profession-
al were librarians in the system, six of whom are
ethnic/minorities. Fifteen of these professionals
are in middle management, and four of the fifteen
are ethnic/minorities. In top management there
were two professional librarians in 1974 and one
was ethnic/minority. In 1986 there are six profes-
sional librarians in top management and one is
ethnic/minority. Durham County Public reported
to the ALA survey in 1974 that the outlook for
upward mobility and promotion of ethnic/minor-
ities was good.2 However twelve years later it
appears that the outlook is not as good. Accord-
ing to the library director, the fact that opportun-
ities seem to come infrequently for all profes-
sionals and the lack of turnover may account for
a dimmer outlook.
Studies have shown a gradual decline in the
number of ethnic/minorities graduating from
accredited library schools. Three-fourths of the
respondents who participated in this study felt
that there is a paucity of applications received
from ethnic/minorities who hold the M.LS.
degree. According to the director of Wake County
Public Library in his response to the study's ques-
tionnaire, vacancies are advertised in national
Publications, on the state level, and in all library
schools east of the Mississippi. However, the
response of ethnic/minorities remains low. Other
directors indicated that salaries are not attrac-
tive enough to draw top ethnic/minority candi-
dates.
All of the participants in the study expressed
a desire to employ more professional ethnic/
minority librarians in their systems. In spite of the
fact that there is an apparent lack of professional
ethnic/minority applicants, several of the library
systems indicated that they are seeking ways to
address this concern. Seven of the fourteen sys-
tems surveyed have written affirmative action
policies. Several directors foresee employment
and upward mobility of ethnic/minorities through
expansion of facilities and creation of new posi-
tions. Some indicated that they employ ethnic/
minorities in paraprofessional positions. Forsyth
County, Wake County, Neuse Regional, and New
Hanover County stated that they currently have
in their employ paraprofessionals who are pursu-
ing the M.LS. degree. The administrations of these
libraries encourage and support the efforts of
these employees. Upon completing their degrees,
the status of the paraprofessionals may be
upgraded to that of professional librarian.
In reviewing the data of this survey it is evi-
dent that the key to solving the problem of the
shortage of ethnic/minority public librarians is
not beyond our reach. All of the in favor of
employment of ethnic minority librarians if quali-
fied applicants could be found. However, the
authors feel that library administrators should be
actively involved in recruiting ethnic/minority
librarians for their systems. Ethnic/ minority
librarians already employed by a system could
possibly serve as resources for attracting like
candidates. Most of the systems surveyed indi-
cated that they wanted only superior ethnic/
minority candidates; however, it is difficult to find
TABLE I.
1986 Survey of N.C. Public Library Systems
aE ttEtEttSy SSS
eee ee ee
Total No. of
% Minority of Professionals
Library System Population Served* In System ©
Central Regional 21.0 8
Charlotte-Mecklenburg 27.9 46
C-P-C Regional 22.0 7
Cumberland County 36.0 23
Durham County 37.3 25
Forsyth County 25.0 40
Guilford County 26.0 26
Hyconeechee Reg. 25.0 5
Neuse Regional 40.0 11
New Hanover Co. 22.3 9
Pitt County 35.0 6
Rockingham Co. 20.9 9
Sandhills Reg. 32.0 tf
Wake County 23.2 30
Total No.
of Minority Total Management Total No. of Minorities
Professionals In System In Management
In System Middle Top Middle Top
0 ti ~I 0 0
"f 23 6 6 0
0 4 3 0 0
1 9 4 0 0
6 15 6 4 1
7 18 4 3 it
2 10 4 1 0
1 3 1 1 0
2 4 2 1 ih
0 3 5 0 0
0 5 1 0 0
0 4 I 0 0
0 6 1 0 0
3 14 2 1 0
*Source: North Carolina State Government Statistical Abstract. Fifth Ed., 1984.
a eee
1987 Spring"19
superior applicants even among the dominant
ethnic population. The authors suggest that it is
possible to hire the average ethnic/minority
applicant and develop him or her into a superior
employee by providing quality work experiences
and exposure to exemplary mentors.
According to Dr. Benjamin Speller, Dean of
the School of Library and Information Sciences,
North Carolina Central University, oPractitioners
need to be more concerned about recruitment
issues than they have been historically. The major
effort for recruitment must be made by those in
the profession who are close to sources of poten-
tial librarians"school librarians, college and uni-
versity librarians and public librarians. All major
FOURTH-OF- JULY
SEF Ye hi Bat
sections, roundtables and committees of the
North Carolina Library Association should have
as one of their top priorities active participation
in the process of recruitment, admissions, enroll-
ment, and education of minority librarians. This
action would insure quality library and informa-
tion service for all citizens of North Carolina and
increase everyone's quality of life as well.�
References
1. EJ. Josey, oAffirmative Action for Blacks and Other
Minority Librarians,� Negro History Bulletin 38 (June 1975):
423-27.
2. Ibid.
3. Dr. Benjamin Speller, Jr., oMinority Representation in
Librarianship: Some Problematic Facts,� REMCO Newsletter 3
(Winter 1987):4-5. a
April Fools Day
A ~Tead all ©
About if
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Full-color, 11%� x 17� posters by Eileen Christelow for the Fourth of July (on the left) and by Hans Wilhelm for April FoolTs Day (on
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full-color, send a 22¢-stamped, self-addressed, #10 envelope to CBC, 67 Irving Place, New York, NY 10003.
20"Spring 1987
EE
New Opportunities, New Choices:
Some Observations About Libraries
in North Carolina
Ruth M. Katz
a
This article is one personTs assessment of
librarianship and the issues that need attention
now. It is not a review of the literature. The focus
is North Carolina, but readers should generalize
to other states and regions whenever their per-
sonal experience suggests that is appropriate.
Some of the changes suggested may not seem like
they would benefit women and minorities but, in
our profession, all changes directly or indirectly
affect these groups. If I exaggerate slightly and
use other literary devices to make my points, I
know that readers will be understanding and
patient.
Concerns about employment, legislation, and
other topics relating to the participation of
women and minorities in society continue to
attract scholarly, media, and political attention in
this country. The range of topics addressed in this
issue of North Carolina Libraries is evidence of
the continuing concern. Evidence of interest
abounds at the national level and in North Caro-
lina. Evidence of action is somewhat more diffi-
cult to detect.
Key Terms and Concepts
It is useful to begin with definitions of terms
that will further clarify what this article is about.
oMinority� is a word that I think frequently is mis-
used. Minority is a relative term, relative to what-
ever the majority is. In librarianship, men are a
minority group. For our purposes, minority
groups include Blacks, Native Americans, Hispan-
ics, Asians and Pacific Islanders, persons with
visual, hearing, motor or mental impairments,
and veterans. This definition may be unsatisfac-
tory because some ethnic, racial, and cultural
groups are not present in large numbers in North
Carolina and because of the other groups in-
cluded in the definition.
A newer and more helpful concept is that of
representativeness which, if applied in North
Ruth M. Katz is director of Joyner Library, East Carolina Uni-
versity, Greenville, N.C.
Carolina libraries, suggests that our work force
should be representative of the diverse popula-
tion in our state and region and therefore, repre-
sentative of the clientele we serve. Civil service
and other public sector units cannot claim organ-
izational responsiveness without a representative
work force. Affirmative action to achieve repre-
sentativeness can be effective. These ideas and
others about the concept of representativeness in
the civil service and its relation to equal oppor-
tunity and affirmative action are discussed in a
thought-provoking article by Nesta Gallas."
One additional term should be clarified.
oChange� is not only a positive concept but also a
prerequisite to organizational responsiveness.
Employees in libraries and other organizations
often talk about the desirability of a stable work
situation as if this were the equivalent of eternal
peace and security. In fact, a stable organization
is one that is changing at approximately the same
rate as the factors in its environment (e.g. in the
economy, the population) and as its competition
(e.g. other municipal departments, computer cen-
ters). An organization that does not change is not
stable; it is out of touch and losing ground quickly.
How nice for those old-timers who like to remind
us that the more things change the more they
remain the same, at least in relation to one
another.
Obstacles to the ObserverTs Work
By now it should be clear that I believe that
representativeness and change are necessary to
maintain responsive, effective and stable library
organizations. How are we doing in North Caro-
lina? I do plan to answer the question but want to
address two general problems that tend to
impede analysis and progress. First, we do not
have very much data about personnel resources
in North Carolina libraries. We tend to know the
gender of the directors and top administrators
because their names appear in directories. This is
useful information to which I will refer subse-
quently in a later section of the article; but the
1987 Spring"21
greatest chance for representativeness comes
from the bottom of the organization and not from
the top. We need to know something about the
people who have been hired, during 1985 and
1986 for example, and how they compare in sev-
eral ways with those who retired or otherwise left
the organization during that same time period
and with those who remain with the organization.
This analysis would give us good data about the
likelihood of change and its direction and, per-
haps, is a better indicator of affirmative action as
practiced by a library's current leadership than
are data for the entire library staff, many of whom
may have been employed there for decades.
Because the largest number of library em-
ployees are not librarians but rather paraprofes-
sionals and other technical and support per-
sonnel, we need to include this large and valuable
group in our data collection. At a time when the
North Carolina Office of State Personnel (OSP)
and its Pay Systems Task Force are recommend-
ing changes in the pay plan to reflect the oprevail-
ing labor market(s) with which the state com-
petes for employees,� we have no data to offer
and no basis for knowing whether library staff
members are likely to fare poorly or well when
such data are available. Keep in mind that the
Office of State Personnel sets salaries for library
support staff employed by the sixteen University
of North Carolina System campuses and for
employees of the Division of State Library. The
likelihood exists that the Office of State Personnel
will collect data about library salaries in munici-
palities, private universities and corporations and
use this to the possible detriment of another
group of library staff members. Can we not find
library staff who think it is important to study
municipal and state civil service systems in North
Carolina so that we can make our feelings known
about the adequacy of job specifications and pay
grades?
Change is not only a positive
concept but also a prerequi-
site to organizational respon-
siveness.
A second general problem is that the continu-
ing emphasis on otypes� of libraries is counter-
productive because libraries vary as much or
more by size than they do by type. In a multitype
library environment, the emphasis can be on facil-
ities, services, collections, personnel, and the
like"areas in which both change and representa-
tiveness are more likely to occur and to be mea-
22"Spring 1987
surable. In North Carolina, we have talked about
multitype networks and we are implementing a
state network, but commitment to the concept is
lacking. As always, lack of commitment indicates
lack of profession-wide consensus on goals, and
the result is lack of funding.
It probably is helpful and only slightly risky to
look at progress toward representativeness and
change among basic types of libraries and library-
related organizations in North Carolina. Those
readers who are research-oriented and looking
for a model or a continuum are bound to be dis-
appointed with the level of analysis that follows.
First, the Good News
The good news is that university libraries and
school libraries appear to be taking the lead in
library development in North Carolina. As noted
above, the matter of representativeness, as I have
defined the term, is difficult to assess because
data are not readily available. This is not to say
that each university and school system does not
collect data about its staff or would not make
such data available if requested to do so.
If we expand the concept of representative-
ness as I would like to do, we would look at the
filled professional positions in each library and
ask some of the following questions: How many
librarians have had experience working in states
other than North Carolina? How many have
worked in more than one type of library? How
many different library schools are represented
among the MLS graduates on the staff? Are there
any staff members who were born in a country
other than the United States? Are there Black
employees on the professional or the support
staff who are from New Jersey or the Midwest (for
example) as well as from North Carolina or Geor-
gia? If we look only at university library directors,
then progress will be hard to detect. Among the
six largest University of North Carolina System
libraries and the two largest private university
libraries, only one is directed by a woman. (Hope-
fully, the number will double by the time this arti-
cle appears in print.) At the assistant/associate
director and department/branch head level, the
mix is increasingly good, and women, but not
Blacks, are well represented. For appointments
made within recent memory (about five years),
the quality of the appointees appears to be very
high.
Among the historically or predominantly
Black institutions, judgments about library devel-
opment can be made by watching two key factors:
the qualifications of a recently appointed director
and the representativeness of the library staff. At
present, only four of eleven Black institutions
have female library directors. While the private
Black colleges appear to be in a continuous strug-
gle to remain in operation, the five institutions
that are part of the University of North Carolina
System are doing very well; four of them have new
libraries or library expansions under construc-
tion or in the planning stage. Library development
at these schools bears watching.
Representativeness among school librarians
can be assumed because the group is so large in
number. Because each library is small, the most
practical units for analysis would be all the librar-
ians in a school district, the eight Regional Educa-
tion Center school media program consultants,
and all the librarians (other than those at the
regional centers) employed by the State Depart-
ment of Public Instruction (SDPI). The qualifica-
tions and the number of school librarians will
continue to increase through the efforts of SDPI,
the North Carolina Association of School Librar-
ians (NCASL), and the State Legislature.
How ironic that academic librarians, so often
thought to be elitest in attitude, and school librar-
ians, often ignored by their professional col-
leagues working in other settings, should be
leader of the library pack! These two groups are
acting as if multitype library cooperation and
networking are both real and desirable.
The universities, especially the sixteen Uni-
versity of North Carolina campuses and Duke
University, will soon have operational online
catalogs and circulation systems. Their biblio-
graphic files are included in the North Carolina
Online Union Catalog where they will be accessi-
ble to librarians and library users at many smaller
libraries through dial access. High schools in the
Charlotte/Mecklenburg County School System
use OCLC for cataloging and their holdings are
included in the statewide network. High schools
in several areas of the state have expressed inter-
est in terminal access to the online catalog at a
nearby University of North Carolina campus.
These activities are happening at a time when
proposals for school-college partnerships are
being put forward by education critics and
planners. In this state, a recent report about the
professional preparation of teachers makes sev-
eral recommendations for strengthening the rela-
tionship between the public schools and teacher
education programs.T Libraries are not men-
tioned in the report, but any librarian reading it
will find much to think about in terms of work to
be done. Our own literature is addressing the
same topic, especially as it becomes increasingly
clear that each school library cannot hope to have
the resources needed to support fully the profes-
sional needs of teachers and other school per-
sonnel, the increasingly complex and compre-
hensive curriculum requirements of the Basic
Education Plan, and the necessary range of biblio-
graphic instruction programs. Academic libraries
open ninety hours or more weekly with special-
ized collections, staff with expertise in many sub-
ject areas, and a full range of facilities are
valuable partners for school libraries, especially
high school libraries. The benefit to the academic
libraries will come from sharing ideas and expe-
riences and from working with colleagues who are
knowedgeable about curriculum materials and
about teaching.
Other areas of mutual interest to school and
academic libraries are the increasingly creative
uses of microcomputers for library management
and instruction and for listing and scheduling
films and other audiovisual materials and equip-
ment, programs for gifted and talented students,
and a willingness to experiment with electronic
mail and telefacsimile services. Shared interests
make shared staff development programs possi-
ble"a real boon to librarians not located in the
major metropolitan areas.
Approaching Good News
The more visible and stronger leadership role
for the Division of State Library should be good
news for North Carolina librarians. The State
Librarian has used every opportunity to fill open
positions in such a way that representativeness
among the staff is increasing. Recent hires have
come from good experience in other parts of the
country and from several different library schools.
Best of all, the organization is becoming more
functional with less emphasis on type-of-library
consulting. Also contributing to improving the en-
vironment for multitype library cooperation are
efforts to include school and academic library
participants in various networking efforts while
these are still in a planning or pilot project stage
of development. Meetings with representatives of
the University of North Carolina Library Directors
Council (an advisory group for the Vice President
for Academic Affairs), with OCLC officials, and
with SDPI Media and Technology Services staff
have, I think, produced both the good will and the
broad political base necessary for legislative
approvals and appropriations. Greater State
Library involvement in projects that show co-
operation among state agencies and benefits to
many parts of the state enhances the reputation
of the Division and the Department of Cultural
Resources in the minds of elected officials. Prog-
1987 Spring"23
ress of this kind should not be underestimated.
If there is one group of State Library activi-
ties that never seems to change, evolve, or other-
wise inch forward, it is those activities concerned
with public libraries. The problem is that, in North
Carolina, public libraries apparently are defined
narrowly as being municipal (city, county) librar-
ies. The federal government defines opublic li-
brary� much more broadly to mean oa library that
serves free of charge all residents of a community,
district, or region, and receives its financial sup-
port in whole or in part from public funds.� This
broader definition seems to include school, aca-
demic, and community college libraries located
within publicly supported systems and institu-
tions. Consider this. Citizens in need of materials,
facilities, or subject expertise are more interested
in getting what they need from the most conven-
ient source in which they have confidence. They
donTt care about jurisdictional disputes, e.g. you
canTt come to my library because it is paid for by
the higher education system and therefore serves
only college students, faculty, and staff. (What
about the spouse of the faculty member? Will the
local opublic� library and the college split the cost
of providing service to this person?)
The continuing emphasis on
o~types�T of libraries is coun-
terproductive.
The point that I am trying to make is that it is
contradictory for the State Library to promote
multitype library cooperation while, at the same
time, continuing to direct a considerable amount
of its attention and money to city and county
libraries. Perhaps the worst example of this prac-
tice is the publication FLASH! which the State
Library sends to opublic� libraries only. Direct
requests to be added to the mailing list have been
turned down. In FLASH! and/or in Tar Heel
Libraries are announcements that indicate that
information about grant programs, books with-
drawn from the State Library and the like will be
sent to opublic library directors� or will be avail-
able to o public libraries.� Other libraries want this
information too, perhaps to suggest a joint proj-
ect idea to a reluctant public library director. The
time has come, I think, for the State Library to
support libraries that (a) serve a broader range of
users than their expected type-of-library clien-
tele, (b) serve as a resource for other libraries and
(c) participate in regional (bring back the ZOCs!)
and/or statewide multitype cooperative projects.
Staffing at the State Library should be redirected
24"Spring 1987
accordingly. We need collection specialists and
facilities planners, not consultants who arrive in a
community that has a dozen libraries and visit
only one.
Some of the News is Bad
If readers have any sympathy at all for the
view that one weakness of the State Library is its
historical commitment to being the Division of
Public Libraries, then perhaps there will be no
violence in response to the suggestion that city
and county public libraries are the biggest obsta-
cle to multitype library networks, to new roles for
the State Library and to library progress in North
Carolina generally. Strong words, I know.
Public libraries appear to lag behind other
types of libraries in terms of representativeness. It
is well known that only one of the seven largest
public libraries in North Carolina has a woman as
director. I suspect that many senior public librar-
ians at the assistant/associate director and
department/branch head levels havenTt ever
crossed the state line to work in another library.
Many have made only lateral moves within the
state or have been in the same job for fifteen years
or more. Surely most people reach a plateau in
each job they hold, a point beyond which no sub-
stantial learning takes place and no new chal-
lenges are found. Absence of change is as bad for
people as it is for organizations. At the very least,
upward mobility of younger librarians is limited,
and the best of the new professionals may leave
North Carolina for another state. Without ade-
quate information about the characteristics of
library staffs, it is unknown whether minorities
and other persons representative of the clientele
served are present in reasonable numbers among
public library staffs. As with academic libraries,
the more visible public library positions do not
seem to have the level of representativeness that
would benefit our profession.
Without question, public libraries contribute
greatly to the cultural, social and educational life
in our state. Their staffs work under sometimes
difficult financial and political constraints to
respond to the needs of their communities. I do
think, however, that there are three groups (for
lack of a better word) associated with municipal
public libraries that affect progress toward a
more cooperative statewide library environment.
These groups are trustees, Friends (especially the
Statewide group), and the Public Library Direc-
tors Association. These groups, I think, promote
public libraries to the extent that there is a nega-
tive effect on other libraries and on community
attitudes toward multitype library cooperation.
Trustees rightly advise and support the library in
its local area, but some trustees are overly enthu-
Siastic in persuading local officials, businesses,
and legislators to support projects that benefit
Only one library and, even that, on a temporary
basis. At the state level, some of the pork barrel
allocations to public libraries may do more harm
than good. If a local library cannot exist without a
few thousand dollars obtained each year by a
helpful state legislator, then that community's
need and support for the library must be very
Weak.
Friends of the Library groups do a very good
Job for the public and academic libraries they
Support. It is the state and national organizations
that concern me because they were founded to
promote municipal libraries. Although some state-
Wide Friends groups are changing to a broader
emphasis, I continue to believe that libraries can
do without them. The American Library Associa-
tion also has made several efforts to help publicly
funded libraries obtain support from business
and industry and from other sources. Whether or
not these have been fully or partially successful, I
think that they serve mainly to distract attention
from the need for strong, ongoing state and local-
level funding support for publicly funded librar-
ies. A library ofriend� must do more than raise
Money. Raising consciousness about library staff-
ing and the need for services to all segments of the
community would be a very friendly gesture.
Perhaps someone can explain why there is a
Public Library Directors Association. IsnTt the
Public Libraries Section of NCLA adequate for the
needs of public librarians, whatever their job
titles?
A Candidate for Change
Surely the most change-resistant organiza-
tion of them all is the North Carolina Library
Association. It is our very own immovable object.
If there is such a thing as imitation representa-
tiveness, NCLA has it. Rotating the presidency
among type-of-library candidates is not only a
contrived mechanism, but it also suggests that
Natural selection doesnTt work, that the size of the
talent pool in each category doesnTt matter, and
that outstanding professional librarians must be
interested in and knowedgeable about only the
type of library in which they are presently
employed. The rotation system is especially offen-
Sive because of the two-year term of office. Pre-
Sumably, when a public librarian becomes presi-
dent of NCLA, there cannot be another president
from a public library for at least six years (eight if
4 special libraries section is added) even though
the number of public librarians in North Carolina
is large. Lack of representativeness is evident in
other ways. Consider NCLA committee assign-
ments. Why have some committees been chaired
by the same person for long periods of time?
Surely we have enough talent in the state to give
new people a chance. Why have some people
served on as many as five committees in a particu-
lar biennium when other members have never
been invited to serve? Consider NCLA round
tables. Many readers will remember how recently
the NCLA leadership expressed the opinion that
there was no need for round tables concerned
with women in librarianship and with ethnic
minorities.
Only one of the seven largest
public libraries in North
Carolina has a woman as
director.
The Futures Committee of NCLA presented a
series of recommended changes to the NCLA
Executive Board last fall. The Committee report
has been sent to all members for their review. The
report is very good and the changes recom-
mended are the most basic changes needed to
give NCLA new life. Nevertheless, early reports are
that there is much resistance to change and much
misinformation about the implications of the
Futures Committee report. Not all of the present
NCLA Board members are working in support of
the needed changes. Perhaps it is inevitable that
some of the people in charge now want to stick
with the system that put them in charge. Mean-
while, some of the sections have good leadership
and good programs. They continue to serve their
members and, except for financial matters, they
have little reason to be involved with the NCLA
superstructure.
Unsung but Heroic Participants
Special libraries in North Carolina are not
mentioned as a group because so many of them
are small and/or associated with a university
library. All of the health sciences librarians are
active in cooperative efforts and in professional
activities. Representativeness for this group and
for the private sector health industry libraries is
managed by a minority group of sorts, librarians
having one or more degrees in the sciences. The
large special libraries associated with federal
government agencies have participated in state-
level activities when these were compatible with
1987 Spring"25
agency mission and funding. Individual librarians
give generously of their time in working with
library education programs and in service on
committees. Private sector special librarians usu-
ally are receptive to inquiries about a role in net-
working if placing their collection records in a
public file is not required.
The community and technical college librar-
ies and learning resource centers are fortunate to
have employed some of the most outstanding
librarians and library managers in the state. How
these fine and talented people are able to triumph
in such difficult work environments is a puzzle to
me. Surely community college librarians operate
in the most political, most poorly supported
(institution and state agency level), and most
undermanaged organizational settings in all of
North Carolina. Nevertheless, some individual
librarians have brought their institutions and
their staffs into valuable roles in multitype library
activities, e.g. the Western North Carolina Library
Association, the Cape Fear Region libraries. In the
east and northeast, some of the community and
technical colleges have provided a base for off-
campus degree programs offered by East Carolina
University and other universities, often without
adequate support from the universities they
serve. These relationships should strengthen as
the value of the community college collections are
more widely recognized, a process that will accel-
erate now that most of the bibliographic records
from community college collections are part of
the North Carolina online union catalog.
The Observer Concludes
Without change and without representative-
ness in staffing, there is not enough energy avail-
able to get needed work done in libraries and in
communities. All libraries have high visibility in
whatever organizational setting they are in; the
examples they provide with their staffing pat-
terns, quality of management and planning, and
statewide perspective will benefit our profession
as well as other agencies of local, county and state
government. Local officials and state legislators
will be as impressed with our broader view of our
mission as we think they are with our narrower
one.
References
1. Gallas, Nesta M. oRepresentativeness: A New Merit Principle.�
Public Personnel Management Journal. vol. 14, no. 1. Spring
1985. p. 25-31.
2. N.C. Office of State Personnel. Report of the Pay Systems Task
Force. October, 1986. 15 p + attachments. (unpublished as of
January 1987).
3. The Board of Governors of the University of North Carolina.
The Education of North CarolinaTs Teachers. A Report to the
26"Spring 1987
North Carolina General Assembly. From the Task Force on the
Preparation of Teachers. November 14, 1986. 78 p.
4. oLibrary Services and Construction,� U.S. Code, Title 20, pt.
351a(5). 1982 ed. a
Richard Peck
Videotape Available
The videotape of Richard PeckTs address to
the North Carolina Association of School Librar-
iansT convention on October 24 is currently avail-
able. Send request, shipping address, and check
for $15.00 to NCASL, Carol Southerland, 1902
Oxford Road, Kinston, NC 28501. All
Richard Peck discusses Are You in the House Alone? with one
of the many school media coordinators who were fortunate to
have the opportunity to chat with the noted author during the
T NCASL convention in Winston-Salem last October.
The Female Public Library Director
and Her Governing Board
Dale W. Gaddis
How do female administrators fare with
governing boards? What are the disadvantages of
being a female administrator competing for ade-
quate funding and recognition for a growing and
Vital organization? Are there ways to overcome
the problem of being a woman in this environ-
ment?
Personally, I do not like to think in terms of
gender differences, but prefer to think in terms of
individual differences and the strengths and weak-
nesses of a particular individual in a given situa-
tion. Perhaps I fear that talking about what I
Perceive as gender differences will encourage the
Persistence of stereotyping all men and women
according to these perceived differences. It seems
to me that all situations and administrators are
different and success in a given situation is not
dependent on whether one is male or female.
Rather, it depends on how well one understands
the situation; oneTs own weaknesses and strengths
in dealing with the situation; and on how well one
utilizes the strengths of others to supplement
OneTs own strengths, and compensate for oneTs
Weaknesses.
Upon examining certain facts relating to
North Carolina public libraries, one begins to sus-
pect, however, that there are disadvantages in
being a female director of a public library. Forty of
the seventy-two state funded public library sys-
tems are directed by women. Only two of these
directors are among the ten highest paid direc-
tors in the state and only five are among the
twenty highest paid. If one ranks libraries by the
Population served, again only two of the top ten
libraries are directed by women. Ranked accord-
ing to size of budget, only one library among the
top ten is directed by a woman. On the other
hand, if the libraries are ranked according to per
Capita operating support, seven of the top ten are
directed by women.
What does all of this mean? Without further
research one can only suppose why so few women
direct the large systems. It is relatively clear that
because women are not in these jobs, they there-
fore do not command the higher salaries paid by
Dale W. Gaddis is director of the Durham County Public
Library, Durham, NC.
those systems. The high per capita support for
libraries directed by women may indicate that
women are effective at developing support for
their libraries and do not have (or they are able to
overcome) the disadvantages they often are pre-
sumed to have in that effort.
What are these presumed disadvantages?
Generally speaking, women are often pre-
sumed by themselves as well as by their governing
boards, superiors, and colleagues not to be as
competent as men in financial and technical
areas.
Women are smaller physically, and generally
do not have a commanding presence. They are
often presumed to be soft, easily cowed, and not
make a fuss if not given what they request.
Women are thought to be emotional, not logi-
cal, reasonable. Men generally are presumed
uncomfortable dealing with women as equals.
Consequently, as women have entered the tradi-
tional male strongholds in business and manage-
ment, they have had difficulty breaking into the
communication networks developed by men when
women were the extreme minority in these fields.
WomenTs work traditionally has not been
valued as highly as menTs. oWomen can get by for
less, because there is someone else supporting
them� has, until recently, been the excuse.
When I was selected to replace George Linder
as director of the Durham County Library, I had
some real fears that I would not be able to main-
tain support for the library, both because I was a
woman and because of my particular personality
which I felt would work against me in my efforts
to maintain that support. George Linder was a
real fighter for the library; he attacked library
support issues as if he were going into battle. I
knew that I could not work that way; my person-
ality and talents would not support that ap-
proach. But I was not sure that my approach
would be successful, and even had the fear that
perhaps I was being selected by the County Man-
ager for the position because he knew I would not
fight in the same way and because he felt that he
could control me.
With regard to the supposed disadvantages
of being a woman, I knew I was competent in
1987 Spring"27
financial and technical areas. One advantage I
had always had growing up was good aptitude in
mathematics and logic. From my years in elemen-
tary school, I can remember enjoying competing
(particularly with boys) to win math contests or
to receive the highest grades in the class.
Although I did not pursue a technical education, I
have always felt myself competent to understand
the technical aspects of a problem. The only prob-
lem I have encountered is that women are not
assumed to have this competency, so it is neces-
sary to demonstrate it or get an accepted author-
ity to confirm it. Men on the other hand are often
not required to demonstrate their competence,
although in many cases, I have found that they
should be.
I am short. I am quiet. I am noncombative. To
fight successfully for the library, I must compen-
sate for these feminine characteristics or learn to
use them to my advantage.
I have found that the avenues for communi-
cation with male colleagues and superiors are not
as open to women as they are to other men. A
business lunch or breakfast seems to be much
more possible when the participants are of the
same sex. Poker games are great times for estab-
lishing rapport if one wishes to become one of the
boys but I just cannot bring myself to do that. The
most prestigious and powerful civic clubs in Dur-
ham have persisted as dictated from the national
level in excluding women from their membership
rolls. This is perhaps the biggest disadvantage I
have found in being a female administrator of a
significant community organization. In Durham,
most male County department heads and male
heads of cultural and educational organizations
belong to Rotary or Kiwanis Clubs, as do the
influential male business leaders of the commun-
ity. By not being able to belong, not only are my
contacts not as easily established but the library
does not have the visibility with business leaders
that it otherwise might. My predecessor is still
active in Kiwanis and maintains the library's high
profile there. When he first retired, he tried to get
male librarians on the staff to join the club to
maintain the continuity of support that Kiwanis
had provided over the years. To put it bluntly, this
galled the heck out of me.
Fortunately, in Durham, I have not encoun-
tered the undervaluing of womenTs work that
often occurs elsewhere. George Linder set the
stage for higher salaries for the library director
and for library employees generally. He demanded
a high salary (for the time) when he came to Dur-
ham, and this salary was maintained by him
through a County reclassification and salary
28"Spring 1987
study done in the early 70's. Throughout his
career, he fought hard for librariansT salaries.
Because of my longevity with Durham County, I
was able to maintain the salary level for the direc-
torTs position when I came into the position. By
the time a new reclassification study was done in
1985, comparable worth and pay equity had
become issues so that the new classification for
the library directorTs position was put on a par
with the CountyTs finance director. We have
recently had a merit pay plan put into effect, with
the prospect of future across the board raises fad-
ing out of existence. Although future raises are to
be based on an objective rating system, subjective
judgment does enter into the awarding of the
raises. It will be interesting to watch to see what
effect if any this process will have on pay equity.
A
-.. Success in a given situation
is not dependent on whether
one is male or female.
ness
How can one maintain support for oneTs
organization in spite of the disadvantages of being
female? Rosabeth Moss Kantor in her book, Men
and Women In The Corporation, claims that
power is an important factor in achieving
managerial success. She defines power as othe
ability to get things done, to mobilize resources, to
get and use whatever it is that a person needs for
the goals he or she is attempting to meet.� Power
is generated within the structure of oneTs job and
is not a specific personality characteristic.
How does one generate this power? I have
thought quite a bit about this problem because of
my own fears that I would not be successful in
developing a strong power base, and have devel-
oped the following list of principles and guidelines
that I try to follow. The suggestions that I have to
offer are valid for both men and women. Although
supposedly women have unique disadvantages in
the battle for gaining support for their organiza-
tionsT programs, I have seen many men struggle in
that same battle.
1. Know yourself. What are your strengths
and weaknesses? Do your weaknesses become
strengths in certain situations and vice versa?
What situations? Analyze what you can do to miti-
gate the effect of your weaknesses, your disadvan-
tages in a particular situation.
2. Know your governing body. If possible, get
to know them personally. Attend functions where
they will be present. Read the newspaper reli-
giously to keep up with what they are doing. Make
the most out of meetings you attend to learn all
you can about them.
County Commissioner meetings can be te-
dious to attend, but I love to go to them. I only go
when I have to, but when I am there I watch and
listen very carefully to all that is going on. I want
to know what people are asking for and how the
Commissioners respond to their requests. I watch
how these people make their requests and I try to
correlate their methods and approaches to the
CommissionersT responses. I want to know why
the Commissioners give some people a very hard
time while they respond to others enthusiastically
and cordially. I look for individual differences
among the Commissioners; what are their favorite
causes, what are their favorite bones to pick, who
are their friends, what are their alliances, what
kinds of arguments or presentations sway them.
3. Identify the individuals who will influence
the decisions of the governing body, educate them
to the libraryTs needs, and win their support.
In Durham, the previous County Manager
looked to the Finance Director for advice regard-
ing most issues facing the library. If the library did
not have the Finance Director's support, there
was little chance of winning the support of the
County Manager who in turn was the key to win-
ning support from the County Commissioners.
When the library administration made the deci-
sion to recommend that SOLINET/OCLC be used
for cataloging and retrospective conversion, the
Finance Director and County Data Processing
Director were taken to Greensboro to see the sys-
tem up and running and to talk with their coun-
terparts in Greensboro. Once they were educated
in this way, they provided unconditional support
to the libraryTs recommendation, which then was
accepted by the County Manager and the Com-
missioners.
Power is generated within the
structure of oneTs job and is
not a specific personality
characteristic.
4. Sell yourself as the expert on library busi-
ness. Prepare your reports and requests thor-
oughly, and present them in a clear and precise
manner. Know the answers to questions. If you do
not know the subject thoroughly, bring your staff
experts with you to provide the answers. If you
cannot provide the answer at the meeting, admit
that you do not know and follow up the next day
with the answer. Do not answer questions that
were not asked and be sure to answer the ques-
tions that are asked. Do not waffle.
5. Be sure you have touched all bases
required in your situation. If your library is a
department of local government, be sure you have
contacted all other departments which require
input or whose support is either required or
desired by the governing body. Except in extreme
circumstances when there may be a confronta-
tion between your Library Board and the County
or City Manager, do not go to the governing body
without the support of both your Board and the
Manager. In those extreme circumstances, let the
Board make the request or presentation. I have
found that the governing body in Durham will not
act if all parties who may potentially be involved
in the results of the action have not been con-
sulted.
6. Build the trust of those whose support you
will require by maintaining open communications
and giving your support when it is appropriate as
well as requesting it.
7. Create opportunities to educate your
governing body and to thank them for their sup-
port.
For the last several years we have invited the
County Commissioners, Manager, and Library
Board to join us for lunch. One year, the lunch
was hosted by the library division heads and the
Board, and the Commissioners were given a tour
of the main library including the behind the
scenes activities. Since that year, the Commis-
sioners have been invited to join the entire staff
for lunch on Staff Development Day, and to take
part in a limited way in the training activities (for
example, vendor demonstrations of automated
circulation systems).
8. Operational rules often change in local
government with change in management and
change in elected officials. Be aware of the
changes and how they affect your situation;
whenever possible, use the new rules to your
advantage.
9. Garner public support, particularly sup-
port from those on whom elected officials depend.
Make sure the elected officials know there is pub-
lic support for your program or request. Use your
Library Board and Friends groups to contact offi-
cials personally, particularly if you do not have
regular personal contact yourself.
I realized this past year the extreme impor-
tance of this step in winning support of the
governing body when the library attempted and
failed to get new branch libraries on a major bond
issue to fund county capital improvement proj-
ects. Although I was complimented on my pre-
sentation to the Commissioners regarding the
libraryTs capital improvement needs, no one spoke
1987 Spring"29
out in support of the requests at the public hear-
ing. As a result, the library's requests remained
low on the priority list and were not included on
the bond issue. On the other hand, when only two
individuals spoke out in support of another low
priority item, that item was immediately moved to
a high priority position.
10. Use the library to sell itself. Develop pro-
grams and services which will appeal to a broad
segment of the community and which will attract
people who will become spokespersons for the
library. Use your staff to maintain a high profile
for the library in the community through their
involvement on interagency councils and regular
contacts with other community institutions and
businesses.
11. When you are successful in getting sup-
port from your governing body for your request,
follow through and do what you said that you
would do, and report back to the governing body
the results of your efforts.
READER
; AS DESIGNATED BY CONGRES
oLD RATHER BE READING�
BOOKMARKS 100-200 @$10 per 100
300-900 @$ 7 per 100
1,000 or more @$ 4 per 100
BUMPERSTICKERS 100-1000 @$15 per 100
1,000-5,000 @$10 per 100
5,000-10,000 @ $9.50 per 100
SHOPPING BAGS 25-75. = @$10 per 25
(plastic) 100-1,000 @ $30 per 100
Over 1,000 @$19.50 per 100
Same as Bumperstickers
10-90 @ $5.25 per 10
(50 sheets each) 100-900 @ $4.75 per 10
Over 1,000 @ $9.50 per 100
TOTAL ENCLOSED
sje
ais
om
zis
Ss /=
si?
30"Spring 1987
| WANT TO SPREAD THE GOOD WORD ABOUT
PREPAID ORDERS PLEASE.
Make Checks Payable & Mail To:
ssociation of American Publishers
ept IRBR/CB
20 East 23rd Street
ew York, N.Y. 10010
=
=
So
nA
=
12. If you are not successful, do not give up.
If your needs persist and your ideas are good,
sometimes the only way to convince a governing
body is to keep going back again and again. Do,
however, reevaluate your request each time to see
if there are alternate ways to reach the same goal
which might be successful.
Summary
Although there may be disadvantages in
being a female administrator in the effort to gain
support from a governing body for the libraryTs
program, these disadvantages do not necessarily
preclude a female director from being successful
in that effort. The key is understanding what
those disadvantages are and developing a stra-
tegy for overcoming them. The female director
must have a clear understanding of herself and of
the problem with which she is confronted, and
she must take the steps to identify and utilize all
resources that might be available to assist in the
effort. al
HD [LRA THER {] BE hill I
a OW) ANCeLT |
IS ON BOOKMARKS, I
BUMPERSTICKERS, |
SHOPPING BAGS AND MORE |
FOR ALL YOUR
LITERACY PROMOTIONS |
IN 1987.
oI'D RATHER BE READING�
IS JOINTLY SPONSORED BY
THE ASSOCIATION OF I
AMERICAN PUBLISHERS AND |
THE CENTER FOR THE BOOK
IN THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.
BOOKS.
12) 689-8920
Survey of North Carolina Public
Library Use Statistics, 1983-84
James J. Govern
This survey of library facilities attempts to
update and expand a similar survey completed by
David Paynter of the New Hanover County Public
Library whose findings were published in the Fall
1984 issue of North Carolina Libraries. In his
Survey covering fiscal year 1982-83, Mr. Paynter
surveyed branch library service in six large
county public library systems in North Carolina.
The current survey, covering fiscal year 1983-84,
Was expanded to include all county and regional
Public library facilities in North Carolina in an
effort to provide information and draw compari-
Sons on library service at these different library
facilities.
Three differing groups made up of like library
systems are profiled: large county systems,
medium to small county systems and the regional
library systems. The responding library systems
included among the large counties, Charlotte-
Mecklenburg, Cumberland, Durham, Forsyth, Guil-
ford, New Hanover and Wake; small counties,
Bladen, Brunswick, Burke, Cabarrus, Franklin,
Granville, Harnett, Haywood, Henderson, John-
ston, Madison, McDowell, Pender, Pitt, Robeson,
Rockingham, Rowan, Scotland, Wayne and Wilson;
regionals, Albemarle, Central North Carolina,
East Albemarle, Hyconeechee, Nantahala and
Pettigrew. Since this is a statistical look at library
Service, the study cannot measure or in any way
analyze the quality of service in these public
libraries, but simply documents the quantity of
that service.
Tables 1 and 2 include results for branch
libraries within large and small county systems.
The regional facilities are included, but it should
be noted that in fact only some of these facilities
are branch libraries. It should be pointed out also
that some main libraries function more like a
branch than a main library"Wake CountyTs Olivia
Raney Public, for example. The per capita calcula-
tions for the individual facilities used those popu-
lation statistics supplied in the survey. System per
Capita figures are based on total county popula-
tion statistics.
Se
James J. Govern is librarian of the Clemmons Branch of the
Forsyth County Public Library System.
The Survey Questionnaire
A form asking for various information was
sent to all county public libraries and all regional
systems in North Carolina. Thirty-two of sixty-six
systems responded, for a return rate of 49%. A
copy of the form is appended.
Only out-of-library circulation figures were
used in calculating the circulation statistics. Ref-
erence figures do not include directional transac-
tions. Programming figures reflect library-spon-
sored, in-library program attendance. Bookmobile,
adult outreach, childrenTs outreach or other out-
reach services and activities are not covered in
this survey. Personnel budget figures include
salary only.
The categories calculated from the data pro-
vided for comparisons were circulation per staff,
circulation per staff dollar, circulation per capita,
circulation per book budget dollar, circulation per
programming attendance, reference per staff, ref-
erence per staff dollar, reference per capita, ref-
erence per book budget dollar, reference per
programming attendance, collection turnover
rate and per dollar expenditure effectiveness rat-
ing.
The effectiveness rating category is simply a
measure of the amount of output (as measured
by the sum of circulation, reference and pro-
gramming statistics) provided for each dollar of
input (as measured by the sum of book budget
and personnel budget categories).
Because of the difficulty in standardizing the
concepts of total service units and total dollars of
input, the aforementioned definition of input and
output was selected. The bulk of what libraries do
is circulate books, provide information and offer
programming events"output. Seventy-five per
cent of the average public library budget in North
Carolina consists of personnel and book budget
monies"input. Hence, this effectiveness rating
simply means that for each dollar invested in a
library (personnel + book budget), there is some
corresponding figure of output (circulation + ref-
erence + programming attendance) by which you
can measure the effectiveness of a library facility
or system. This pinpoints those qualities or com-
1987 Spring"31
TABLE I.
Table I contains averages for various categories for library facilities within the three differing groups of libraries surveyed. This table
excludes information for main libraries within the large and small systems but includes all facilities within the regionals.
Caaereeeereeeeeeeeeere reer Se S SSS SS SS
Adult Circulation
Juvenile Circulation
Total
Paperbacks as % of Circulation
Personnel Budget
Book Budget
# of Professional Staff
# of Nonprofessional Staff
# of Temporary Staff
Building Square Footage
Hours Per Week
Reference Transactions
Directional Transactions
Adult Programming
Attendance
Juvenile Programming
Attendance
Population
Registered Borrowers
Collection Size
# of Periodicals
Large Small Regionals
63,738 9,704 23,379
27,119 5,198 12,864
90,857 14,903 36,243
27 23 ial:
56,164 10,284 32,982
22,475 6,555 17,117
56 10 53
2.83 94 2.21
52 05 .30
3,657 1,552 6,455
55 25 43
11,753 1,183 4,589
10,495 1,707 5,951
12 8 24
210 270 631
135 23 85
3,056 740 2,242
19,475 4,572 13,736
6,158 1,398 5,248
21,046 7,901 27,150
2 17 62
LP RESUS SECS RES ERR RSENS SR SSS BE LETS BER ETT AER A Ei ISI I REE I
binations of characteristics which make for a
highly cost effective library service.
It is assumed that the most service provided
for the least amount of money is what is meant by
effectiveness. However, the findings reported do
not attempt to say that those library facilities and
systems at the top of the lists are obetter� libra-
ries than those appearing at the bottom. As pre-
viously mentioned, this statistical survey deals
with numbers and quantity of service, not quality.
Observations Based on the Tables
Those buildings with higher circulation per
staff also circulate more books per hour. This
tendency is present among all three types of
libraries surveyed: large, small and regional facili-
ties.
Among branches, there is a much wider
range of circulation per staff in the large systems
than in the small to medium-sized systems. This
is due in part to the fact that the branches within
the larger systems simply circulate more books.
With the circulation of more books comes the
probability of this causing a wider variance
among those branches in their circulation per
staff statistics.
Paperbacks on average account for twenty-
seven per cent of the circulation within branches
in the large county systems, twenty-two per cent
within branches in the small and medium county
systems and eleven per cent in the regional facili-
ties. Although the survey did not request such fig-
32"Spring 1987
ures, my guess is that not five per cent of book
budget money is spent directly on paperbacks in
most of these systems, since so many of us rely on
gift books to supply the bulk of these collections in
branches. I would also guess that the difference in
the circulation percentages (27%, 22% and 11%)
can be explained by the number of paperbacks
available for circulation. On average there are
more paperbacks available in the branches within
the larger systems, and this accounts for those
facilities circulating more paperbacks as a per-
centage of their overall circulation than facilities
within the other two types of systems.
Those facilities with high circulation per staff,
reference per staff and per dollar effectiveness
ratings have higher collection turnover rates. The
busier the staff, the busier the collection. This
holds for large, small and regional facilities.
The small to medium-sized systems circulate
substantially fewer books per staff member and
field fewer reference questions per staff, yet they
provide their services as effectively in terms of
dollars as do the larger systems. This may be so
because of the increased cost of running a larger
library as opposed to a small to medium-sized
library system. More and usually higher salaries,
increased administrative expenses and higher
book budget expenditures per capita account for
this difference. Also, because of this difference,
main libraries in the small to medium-sized sys-
tems tend to operate more effectively than their
counterparts in the larger systems. Branch facili-
ties in the two differing types of systems operate
on a par in terms of dollars per output.
There does not appear to be any correlation
between circulation per capita and reference per
Capita in the regionals and small to medium-sized
systems. There is a slight tendency in the larger
systems for facilities with higher circulation per
Capita figures to also have higher reference per
Capita statistics. Does this mean that two of the
Major functions of public libraries"circulating
books and answering reference questions"are
not related statistically? That is, do population
areas seek library service for either one or the
Other but seldom both? Do some facilities push
One service over the other? There is also no corre-
lation between circulation per staff and reference
per staff in all three groups of libraries. That is,
those facilities with higher circulation per staff
figures do not as a rule have higher reference per
Staff statistics. There also appears to be no corre-
lation between circulation per staff dollars and
reference per staff dollars. Those buildings with
higher circulation per staff dollar numbers do not
always have higher reference per staff dollar sta-
tistics. Once again, do some facilities push,
develop or fund one service to the detriment of
the other? Can service areas be said to be charac-
teristically information seekers or book readers?
Facilities within the large county systems
that have high circulation per staff statistics tend
to have higher circulation per capita statistics.
This is not true for the regional systems or the
medium to small county systems.
Those systems that allocate more book
budget dollars per capita tend to have higher cir-
culation per capita statistics. Book budget dollars
Spent per capita, income per capita and the level
of educational attainment are the most impor-
tant factors in determining circulation per capita
in the larger systems. The more affluent and
higher educated the service population, the bus-
ier the library.
There is no correlation between the income
per capita and the amount of book budget dollars
spent per capita in the large county systems and
regionals. There is a slight correlation in those
smaller systems between income per capita and
Programming in branch
libraries must stand on its
own merit as a service
deemed appropriate and
necessary to library service,
and not as a device to spur
circulation.
book budget expenditures per capita. With income
per capita being one of the ways to measure the
demand for library service, those systems with
higher income per capita statistics should attempt
to meet the demand with higher book budget dol-
lars per capita.
The higher the circulation per staff, the
higher the effectiveness rating"except in one
case where a very high book budget does not
translate into circulation, reference and pro-
gramming statistics. It remains to be seen if such
a large book budget will over time increase circu-
lation proportionately in order to cause an
increase in the overall effectiveness rating score.
By and large, the higher rated facilities and sys-
tems tend to have a personnel budget to book
budget ratio of around four to one. The findings
seem to show that if you go much higher"for
instance, the case of one large library with one
book budget dollar for every ten personnel dollars
TABLE II.
Table II contains additional calculated results for the three groups of public library systems. This table excludes statistics for main
library facilities and includes information for branches only within the large and small systems but includes all facilities within the
regional systems. It should be noted that only some of the facilities within the regional systems are branch libraries.
A
Circulation per Staff
Circulation per Staff Dollar
Circulation per Capita
Circulation per Book Budget Dollar
Circulation per Programming Attendance
Reference per Staff
Reference per Staff Dollar
Reference per Capita
Reference per Book Budget Dollar
Reference per Programming Attendance
Book Stock Turnover Rate
Per Dollar Effectiveness Rating
Registration as % of Population
Large Small Regionals
20,227 14,246 12,740
1.58 1.50 1.10
4.31 4.45 3.04
5 5.71 3.83
47 58 34
2,793 842 1,430
22 09 14
63 .28 37
68 38 49
7 3.10 3
3.73 2.38 1.66
1.23 1.33 84
31 30 38
1987 Spring"33
"or much lower"one book budget dollar for
every two personnel budget dollars in another
large library's case"your chances are less that
you will score well in a per dollar effectiveness
rating. Does this study indicate that a personnel
budget to book budget ratio of four to one is the
most desirable? What I think it says is that if you
donTt have at least a four to one ratio or lower,
your library tends to become less effective. A
higher ratio simply means that you're not getting
the books and a lower ratio means that you might
be getting more than you really need, or more
than your staff can effectively handle.
One of the things shown by looking at Table 3
is the wide variance among the four largest coun-
ties in the relationship between the amount of
book money spent per capita and its outcome, or
circulation per capita. These four systems serve
strikingly similar population areas in terms of per
capita income and median years of school com-
pleted"two very important socio-economic vari-
ables when considering circulation or the poten-
tial for circulation. Yet, thirty-six cents per capita
in one library nets about three circulations per
capita (or twelve cents per circulation) while over
two dollars allocated per capita in another library
accounts for just over five circulations per capita
(or forty cents per circulation). This shows how
far a small amount of book budget money per
capita may go as well as how expensive it can be
in terms of book budget dollars per capita to
generate circulations per capita.
There must be a point at which more book
budget money becomes less effective. One could
TABLE III.
Table III lists selected information for all libraries included in the survey. Main library statistics are included.
|RSS EP TA A VA a ETSI PB ESR SF GE PE SN SE BES
Circulation Per Median Yearsof Income Per Book Budget $ Total
a Capita School Completed Capita Per Capita Boak Budget Circulation
Henderson 5.94 12.40 10,521 1.13 70,000 367,449
Haywood 5.94 12.10 9,028 1.52 71,397 279,818
McDowell 444 11.60 8,459 1.38 50,000 160,709
Pender 7 Mh 11.80 7,443 1.49 34,000 63,104
Wilson 2.75 11.80 10,079 80 51,000 174,453
Cabarrus 2.73 11.90 10,368 97 86,842 243,355
Brunswick 2.56 12.00 7,570 .90 35,000 99,721
Madison 2.44 10.80 6,972 64 11,098 42,280
Bladen 2.42 11.30 6,930 1.30 39,900 74,605
Pitt 2.40 12.30 8,864 1.45 135,794 224,278
Rowan 2.36 11.90 9,906 61 62,000 238,792
Scotland 2.35 11.70 8,158 1.41 47,000 78,063
Burke 2.33 11.50 9,077 bl 37,615 172,142
Wayne 2.28 12.20 8,469 74 72,000 222,597
Franklin 2.16 11.30 7,736 72 22,256 66,286
Johnston 2.09 11.60 8,175 25 17,830 151,366
Granville 1.84 11.40 7,806 1.01 35,500 64,741
Harnett 1.63 11.70 7,355 38 23,100 100,129
Robeson 1.26 11.20 6,715 87 90,474 130,528
Large Systems
Wake 5.08 12.90 12,759 2.21 694,002 1,600,031
Charlotte 4.66 12.70 12,863 .90 377,970 1,949,610
New Hanover 4.83 12.50 9,951 1.11 119,250 411,194
Durham 3.72 12.60 11,523 2.07 322,914 580,489
Greensboro 3.25 12.50 11,930 1.03 329,200 1,037,971
Forsyth 2.99 12.40 12,682 36 90,800 743,937
Cumberland 2.06 12.50 8,772 81 204,219 517,760
Regional Systems
Pettigrew 4.03 11.25 8,631 82 33,500 164,734
Nantahala 3.53 11.06 6,652 1.70 56,865 118,215
East Albemarle 2.87 12.00 8,111 1.06 64,636 174,514
Central NC 1.95 12.10 9,957 81 109,000 262,346
Albemarle 1.29 10.90 7,934 64 49,332 99,469
Hyconeechee 1.23 12.10 8,659 63 81,768 159,270
gn SS
34"Spring 1987
look at it in the same way as personnel dollars.
There certainly is a point below which output is
hindered"too few staff to handle the load"caus-
ing a facility to become less effective. There is also
a point at which a facility becomes less cost effec-
tive when a personnel budget becomes too high"
too many people with too little to do. The same
must hold for book budgets. That is, there is a
point below which a book budget hinders effec-
tiveness by not allowing the library to supply
enough books to meet demand or the potential
demand. There must also be some corresponding
upper limit beyond which a service area canTt
absorb an increasing number of books, causing a
lowering of a libraryTs cost effectiveness; or, too
many book budget dollars with too little to do.
The problem could also be having too little staff to
provide backup for the increased book budget.
All of the larger county systems operate
branch facilities which have high per dollar effec-
tiveness ratings with high circulation per staff
and reference per staff statistics. They also have
facilities with very low per dollar effectiveness rat-
ings and very low circulation per staff and refer-
ence per staff statistics (except one, which is
small in terms of square miles and has only two
branches). It is my assumption that these systems
all have branch facilities which should probably
be closed, consolidated, have staff shifted to bus-
ier branches, or have services or hours cut back.
The reasons for not doing so are many and varied.
There does not appear to be any relationship
between program attendance and book circula-
tion or reference statistics. That is, those facilities
with high circulation or reference statistics do not
always have high program statistics and conver-
sely those facilities that circulate few books and
answer few reference questions donTt always have
low programming statistics. Programming in
branch libraries must stand on its own merit as a
service deemed appropriate and necessary to
library service, and not as a device to spur circu-
lation. This non-relationship between program-
ming and circulation also holds for main library
facilities.
There is a correlation between level of educa-
tional attainment, income per capita and avail-
able book budget per capita money with output,
or circulation, reference and programming servi-
ces per capita. The large county systems serve
populations in a range from 107,222 to 418,071
people. The level of educational attainment as
reported by census information is within half
grade"between 12.4 and 12.9. With proportion-
ately equal book budgets (book budget per cap-
ita) similarly proportionate output could be
expected in those systems with similar income
per capita and education level statistics. This
should hold for the medium to small systems and
regionals. That is, like population areas should
respond similarly given proportionately equal
input.
I would like to thank all who labored to supply the data to be
analyzed for this study. Some of the statistics asked for are not
readily available in most systems and I appreciate the time
and effort spent by those who took the time to compile that
information. This study was very much a collaboration. I wish
to thank my collaborators"David Paynter and Patsy Hansel.
REA A
Instructions for the Preparation
of Manuscripts
for North Carolina Libraries
RA aN EE SE
1. North Carolina Libraries seeks to publish articles, book
reviews, and news of professional interest to librarians in
North Carolina. Articles need not be of a scholarly nature,
but they should address professional concerns of the library
community in the state.
2. Manuscripts should be directed to Frances B. Bradburn, Edi-
tor, North Carolina Libraries, Central Regional Education
Center, Gateway Plaza, 2431 Crabtree Boulevard, Raleigh,
N.C. 27604.
3. Manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate on plain white
paper measuring 8%"x11�".
4. Manuscripts must be double-spaced (text, references, and
footnotes). Manuscripts should be typed on sixty-space lines,
twenty-five lines to a page. The beginnings of paragraphs
should be indented eight spaces. Lengthy quotes should be
avoided. When used, they should be indented on both
margins.
5. The name, position, and professional address of the author
should appear in the bottom left-hand corner of a separate
title page.
6. Each page after the first should be numbered consecutively
at the top right-hand corner and carry the authorTs last
name at the upper left-hand corner.
7. Footnotes should appear at the end of the manuscript. The
editors will refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 13th edi-
tion. The basic forms for books and journals are as follows:
K Keyes Metcalf, Planning Academic and Research Library
Buildings New York: McGraw, 1965), 416.
Susan K. Martin, oThe Care and Feeding of the MARC
x Format,� American Libraries 10 (September 1979): 498.
8. Photographs will be accepted for consideration but cannot
be returned.
9. North Carolina Libraries is not copyrighted. Copyright rests
with the author. Upon receipt, a manuscript will be acknowl-
edged by the editor. Following review of a manuscript by at
least two jurors, a decision will be communicated to the writ-
er. A definite publication date cannot be given since any
incoming manuscript will be added toamanuscript from
which articles are selected for each issue.
Issue deadlines are February 10, May 10, August 10, and
November 10.
1987 Spring"35
Computer Tells Books Where To Go:
A BASIC Program for Shifting Collections
Rose Simon
Shifting a sequence of volumes from one set
of shelves to another, more numerous set, calls for
some careful preliminary calculating. Usually, one
counts the number of shelves currently occupied
by the volumes to be shifted; measures the
amount of space left on each shelf; and counts the
number of shelves to be occupied in the new dis-
tribution. Given the length of the shelves (36�), it
is a matter of determining how many linear
inches are occupied by the volumes and dividing
that figure by the number of shelves in the new
set. This produces the approximate number of
inches of books which should be placed on each
onew� shelf to fill the entire set.
For an occasional expansion, these arithmet-
ical manipulations can be carried out with a sim-
ple calculator. The librarian doomed to shift the
stacks frequently, however, could save a lot of
trouble by using a computer program. One exam-
ple of such a program, written in BASIC on an
Apple II+ micro, is printed below. It is by no
means an example of sophisticated programming;
but if entered into a micro and saved to disk, it
can be used to produce two useful pieces of
information: (1) the approximate number of
inches to be filled with books in each onew� shelf;
and (2) the current location of the book which
should be the last one placed in a face (i.e., half-
range) of new shelving. It is worthwhile to use
these volumes as tentative markers. Failure to fin-
ish filling a face with a book somewhere near the
marker provides a clear warning that the shift is
drifting off course. Without timely adjustment,
there could be several empty shelves at the end of
the set, or (worse yet) several linear feet of books
left over.
10 DIM E(1200), Q(60), W(60)
20 INPUT oHOW MANY SHELVES HAVE BEEN
MEASURED? �;N
40 INPUT oHOW MANY RANGE FACES ARE
TO BE FILLED �;F
50 FORJ=1TOF STEP 1
55 PRINT oHOW MANY SHELVES IN FACE �;
Al faa ae ae
60 INPUT Qi)
Rose Simon is Director of Libraries at Salem College, Win-
ston-Salem, N.C. and associate editor of North Carolina
Libraries.
36"Spring 1987
65
70
80
90
100
105
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
195
200
210
250
255
260
265
270
280
300
310
312
315
320
325
330
338
339
340
350
360
999
M=M+ QW)
NEXT J
PRINT oNUMBER OF SHELVES TO BE
FILLED= �:M
FOR|=1toN STEP 1
PRINT oHOW MANY INCHES OF SPACE
ON SHELF I; 2�
INPUT E(\)
S=S+E()
NEXT |
PRINT oTOTAL EMPTY SPACE
MEASURED=�:S;o INCHES�
T=N* 36
PRINT oTOTAL SPACE AVAILABLE ON
MEASURED SHELVES= �.T:o# INCHES�
B=T-S
PRINT oNUMBER OF INCHES OF BOOKS
TO BE DISTRIBUTED= �:B
K=B/M
C =INT (100 * K+ .5) / 100
PRINT oEACH NEW AREA SHELF SHOULD
HOLD �;C;o INCHES OF BOOKS�
FORJ=1TOF STEP 1
PRINT oJ= "sJ
W(J) = C * Qi)
PRINT oW(J)= �;W(J)
IF J=1 THEN X = 1
IF J1 THEN X=!1+1
FOR|=X TON STEP 1
U=U+ (86 - E(l)) + V
V=0
L=U-W()
IF U W(J) THEN V = INT (100 * L+ .5) /
100
IF V0 THEN U=0
IF V0 THEN PRINT oEND FACE "su;
WITH BOOK LOCATED �;V;o INCHES FROM
RIGHT ON SHELF �;|
IF V 0 THEN GOTO 360
R=INT (U/C +.5)
IF |=N THEN PRINT oLAST BOOKS
PLACED ON SHELF �;R;o IN FACE �;J
NEXT |
NEXT J
END
Some lines in the program require a bit of
explanation. Line 10, for example, will require dif-
ferent quantities inside each pair of parentheses.
E(1200) reflects the maximum number of shelves
to be filled; if you plan to fill 1756 shelves, I
recommend typing in E(1800) rather than E(1200).
Q(60) indicates that no face in the new area con-
tains more than 60 shelves. If yours contain 77
shelves, then type Q(80). Use the same number for
W: W(80).
Line 20 is asking how many shelves are cur-
rently occupied by the books to be shifted. Lines
40 and 55 pertain to the shelving in the new area.
Those who are comfortable with programming
may opt to type a different statement in line 105:
READ E(l). This would require you to put each
To enroll as a member of the association or
to renew your membership, check the appro-
priate type of membership and the sections or
roundtables which you wish to join. NCLA
membership entitles you to membership in one of
the sections or roundtables shown below at no
extra cost. For each additional section, add $4.00
to your regular dues.
NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
O New membership 0 Renewal 0 Membership no.
Name
First Middle Last
Position
Business Address
City or Town State Zip Code
Mailing Address (if different from above)
Join NCLA
CHECK TYPE OF DUES:
C SPECIAL-Trustees, paraprofessional and support staff, non-
Mail to: Nancy Fogarty, Treasurer, NCLA, P.O. Box 4266, Greensboro, N.C. 27404
measurement of empty space into the program as
a data statement. Starting with line 361, type the
line number, a space, the word DATA, space, and
the number of inches of space (to the nearest half
inch) measured on the shelf. If you are emptying
more than 638 shelves, omit the 999 END state-
ment and keep going. Whether you use INPUT E()
or READ E(|) in line 105, it is essential that you
enter the space measurements for the old shelves
in the order the books will be shifted. In most
cases, this means in call number order. The differ-
ence between using INPUT and READ is notable:
with INPUT you will have to start all over again if
you make an error; with READ you can correct an
error without losing the rest of your data. al
Return the form below along with your check
or money order made payable to North Carolina
Library Association. All memberships are for two
calendar years. If you enroll during the last quar-
ter of a year, membership will cover the next two
years.
salaried persons, retired librarians, library school students,
oFriends of the Library,� and non-librarians ........- $15.00
O LIBRARIANS"earning up to $12,000.............- $22.00
CO LIBRARIANS"earning $12,000 to $20,000 ......... $30.00
CO LIBRARIANS"earning over $20,000 .........-.+.- $40.00
CO CONTRIBUTING"Individual, Association, Firm, etc. inter-
ested in the work of NCLA ..........eeeeeeeeeeres $50.00
CO INSTITUTIONAL"Same for all libraries........-+- $50.00
CHECK SECTIONS: One free; $4.00 each additional.
O ChildrenTs O Trustees 1 WomenTs Round Table
O College O Public OEthnic Minorities RT
0 Documents O Ref. & Adult
O Jr. College ORTSS (Res.-Tec.)
OONCASL (School) 0 JMRT
AMOUNT ENCLOSED $.
1987 Spring"37
oLibraries: Spread the NewsT:
1987 Conference to be Held
in Winston-Salem
Start spreading the news! The 1987 North
Carolina Library AssociationTs Biennial Confer-
ence is coming soon to Winston-Salem. oLIBRAR-
IES: SPREAD THE NEWS?� is the theme for the
conference, scheduled October 28-30.
Featured speakers for this yearTs conference
are Maya Angelou and Calvin Trillin. Conference
programs are being planned to address the major
issues in North Carolina librarianship. oTable
Talks� will be something new at this NCLA Con-
ference. In oTable Talks� specific issues in librar-
ianship are aired in round table discussions. This
allows conference participants to become more
involved in the issues so important to our profes-
sion.
The Round Table For Ethnic Minority Con-
cerns (REMCO) has worked hard to bring Maya
Angelou to the 1987 NCLA Conference to be a
featured speaker. The Round Table on the Status
Maya Angelou will be one of the featured speakers at this
yearTs NCLA Conference to be held in Winston-Salem
October 28-30.
38"Spring 1987
of Women in Librarianship and the Public Library
Section are co-sponsoring her appearance with
REMCO. Ms. Angelou, who resides in Winston-
Salem, is one of todayTs most popular speakers.
Ms. Angelou has been a singer, educator, dancer,
historian, lecturer, actress, producer, editor,
songwriter and playwright. In the sixties, at the
request of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., she became
the Northern Coordinator for the Southern Chris-
tian Leadership Conference. Though her formal
education ended with high school, Ms. Angelou
has received numerous honorary doctorates, as
well as the Chubb Fellowship from Yale. In 1981
she was appointed the first ReynoldTs Professor of
American Studies at Wake Forest University.
Librarians are certainly familiar with her
literary accomplishments, which include, J Know
Why the Caged Bird Sings and the latest All GodTs
Children Need Traveling Shoes. In addition to her
five autobiographical best sellers, she has pub-
lished four books of poetry. Her articles have
appeared in such publications as The New York
Times, Redbook, and Cosmopolitan. Maya Ange-
lou has been seen on local and network television
numerous times. In 1976 she was accorded the
Ladies Home Journal award oWoman of the Year
in Communication� and was among the maga-
zineTs oTop 100 Most Influential Women.� Audio-
visual librarians will note that she won the CINE
Golden Eagle Award for her PBS film oAfro-Amer-
ican in the Arts.� Her book, I Know Why the Caged
Bird Sings, was a two-hour CBS television special.
oI can tell you why I had trouble reading Cal-
vin TrillinTs first novel, Runestruck,� New York
TimesT book reviewer Christopher Lehmann-
Haupt wrote. oThe print wouldn't hold still
because the book made me shake so with laugh-
ter.� Runestruck is just one of the many novels,
short stories, articles and essays written by sati-
rist and observer Calvin Trillin, who will also
speak at the 1987 NCLA biennial conference.
Since 1963 Mr. Trillin has been a staff writer for
the New Yorker. Mr. Trillin writes a syndicated
column which appears in the Winston-Salem
Journal as well as in other North Carolina news-
papers. He has written columns for the Nation
and was, at one time, a reporter for Time maga-
zine. One of his most famous series for the New
Yorker was oU.S. Journal,� which was published as
a book in 1971.
Mr. TrillinTs other works include An Educa-
tion in Georgia (1964), and American Fried
(1974), Killings (1984) and With All Disrespect
(1985).
Of his essays, critic John Seelye wrote oHis
journalistic instincts lead him to the freaks and
follies of American life, those grotesques which
the tradition of Mark Twain, Sherwood Anderson,
and Ernest Hemingway have told us are symbolic
of the quality of American life.�
Calvin TrillinTs observations and comments
on American life are both witty and stimulating.
Mr. Trillin is a much sought after speaker and we
are very fortunate to have him at the 1987 NCLA
Convention.
The last NCLA Conference to be held in Win-
ston-Salem was in 1983. Veterans of that confer-
ence will find some changes in the Twin Cities. A
new hotel, the Winston Plaza, is now open.
Located next to the Hyatt Hotel, the Winston
Plaza is connected to the Convention Center
Complex via a skywalk.
The M.C. Benton, Jr. Convention and Civic
Center has been doubled in size and features
state-of-the-art amenities for conventioneers. Ex-
hibits and meetings will be located in the new
wing of the Center.
Downtown revitalization has progressed
since the conference's last visit in 1983. New res-
taurants can be found in the Mercantile Plaza
located next to the Stevens Center for the Per-
forming Arts. Mercantile Plaza not only has a
number of specialty restaurants for dining or
snacking, but a number of convenient shops. And
speaking of shopping and browsing, the Craft
Shop of Piedmont Craftsmen has been relocated
downtown, right next to the Winston Plaza and
Hyatt Hotels.
If you enjoy art galleries, be sure to visit the
Sawtooth Center at Winston Square to see fea-
tured exhibits. Mercantile Plaza, the Craft Shop of
Piedmont Craftsmen, and Winston Square are all
within walking distance of the Convention Center.
Start spreading the news! The 1987 Biennial
Conference promises to be the best ever. Nation-
ally known speakers Maya Angelou and Calvin
Trillin highlight the program. A barbeque dinner
will kick off the festivities Wednesday evening,
October 28. Programs of sections, round tables
and committees as well as oTable Talks� will
address the important issues of North Carolina
librarianship. Winston-Salem is ready to welcome
you with more accommodations, shops and res-
taurants than ever before. Make your plans now. i]
Join NCLA
To enroll as a member of the association or
to renew your membership, check the appro-
priate type of membership and the sections or
roundtables which you wish to join. NCLA
membership entitles you to membership in one of
the sections or roundtables shown below at no
extra cost. For each additional section, add $4.00
to your regular dues.
Return the form below along with your check
or money order made payable to North Carolina
Library Association. All memberships are for two
calendar years. If you enroll during the last quar-
ter of a year, membership will cover the next two
years.
NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
O New membership O Renewal OO Membership no.
Name
First Middle Last
Position
Business Address
City or Town State Zip Code
Mailing Address (if different from above)
CHECK TYPE OF DUES:
0 SPECIAL-Trustees, paraprofessional and support staff, non-
salaried persons, retired librarians, library school students,
oFriends of the Library,� and non-librarians ......... $15.00
O LIBRARIANS"earning up to $12,000.............. $22.00
0 LIBRARIANS"earning $12,000 to $20,000 ......... $30.00
O LIBRARIANS"earning over $20,000 ...........++. $40.00
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ested in the work of NCLA. 01... is. c esse senceees $50.00
0 INSTITUTIONAL"Same for all libraries........... $50.00
CHECK SECTIONS: One free; $4.00 each additional.
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AMOUNT ENCLOSED $
Mail to: Nancy Fogarty, Treasurer,
NCLA, P.O. Box 4266, Greensboro, N.C. 27404
1987 Spring"39
New North Carolina Books
Alice R. Cotten, Compiler
Ernest B. Furgurson. Hard Right: The Rise of
Jesse Helms. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.,
1986. 302 pp. $18.95. ISBN 0-393-02325-7.
The first full-length study of the life and
career of Jesse Helms appears as the power and
influence wielded by North CarolinaTs senior sena-
tor begins to wane. The bookTs author, Ernest B.
Furgurson, no doubt would welcome recent set-
backs at the polls encountered by HelmTs political
machine, the Congressional Club, and the loss of a
Republican majority (and thereby committee
chairmanships) in the U.S. Senate.
Furgurson, a native Virginian, is the Washing-
ton bureau chief of the Baltimore Sun and a syn-
dicated columnist. His first book was a biography
of William B. Westmoreland. A fascination since
childhood with southern demagogues drew him
to his present subject, a man he describes as othe
most outspoken, unyielding hard-liner in the
nation"in or out of office, wearing any political
label.�
As models for his book, Furgurson looked to
Richard RovereTs scathing portrayal of Joseph
McCarthy and Marshall FradyTs demolition job on
George Wallace. In important respects, Furgur-
sonTs work is less distinguished than either of
these now classic political biographies. The
author and subject share similar backgrounds,
being Southern Baptists who went into news-
paper work. Despite that, Furgurson fails to iden-
tify what grounded HelmsTs ideological develop-
ment, citing only oa burning need to get
even"with Yankees, blacks, outsiders, infidels.�
On the subject of HelmsTs racial views, Fur-
gurson is devastating, offering a careful analysis
of his use of jokes and code words. His WRAL-TV
editorials, which Furgurson plumbs to good
effect, offered oimplicit approval� to the Ku Klux
Klan and John Birch Society by linking integra-
tion with communism. Yet, according to the
author, Helms was nothing if not consistent,
opposing the Martin Luther King holiday on the
same grounds twenty years later.
In studying a contemporary political figure,
Furgurson was dependent primarily on inter-
views and the newspaper record. Although he
40"Spring 1987
talked briefly with Helms and associates such as
Thomas Ellis, Furgurson did not have full access
or cooperation. Thus he relied on his contacts in
North Carolina, which he identifies as oprobably
the best newspaper state in America.� Many read-
ers will be familiar with HelmsTs record as
revealed through newspaper accounts. On the
other hand, FurgursonTs real intent may have
been to explain Helms to a national audience.
Nevertheless, this is an important book, vital to all
library collections in the state.
Michael Hill, North Carolina Division of Archives and History.
Anne Russell and Marjorie Megivern, with Kevin
Coughlin. North Carolina Portraits of Faith: A
Pictorial History of Religions. Norfolk: The
Donning Company, 1986. 243 pp. illus. $25.00
ISBN 0-89865-454-8 (5659 Beach Blvd., Norfolk,
VA 23502)
Reading North Carolina Portraits of Faith
once will not quench the urge to pick it up again °
and continue learning about the neighbors who
go to another church. Looking through the pic-
tures of generations of believers who together
have woven the tapestry of North CarolinaTs cul-
tural history will only increase oneTs curiosity
about the people behind the walls of the church
buildings we ride by daily. Russell, Megivern, and
Coughlin have provided a generous sample of the
religious culture of North Carolina, a sample
which might help to explain to those who do not
know us well how our state can seem so different
from others around us. We are a composite peo-
ple, created out of many different strands of
humanity that found their way here, sometimes
on their way elsewhere, and then stayed. In this
book we find out what was deepest in the hearts
of many of our recent ancestors as well as in the
hearts of the original settlers.
Neither of the authors is a professional reli-
gionist, nor clergy, and the absence of a particular
denominational point of view is a welcome change
from writings which even when presenting a var-
iety of churches, manage to press one denomina-
tion to the front. The difficult task of getting
started into the book was taken up by organizing
the narrative and pictures by denomination and
religion and presenting them more-or-less chron-
ologically as they appeared in North Carolina.
This is a pictorial history. The text of each
chapter attempts to set the visual impressions in
a verbal, historical context. It is hardly possible,
however, to answer detailed questions about
many decades of a churchTs complex history in
the few paragraphs allowed by the format of this
beautifully printed book. In some cases the com-
plexity of this task overwhelmed the pages
allowed. The index guides the reader to almost
every photograph, though some on the same page
may be listed generically.
North Carolina Portraits of Faith will sur-
prise the reader, both unpleasantly and plea-
santly. One who is very well aware of the details of
the history of oneTs own denomination will be able
to find omissions and misunderstandings in the
text. But it seems clear after more than one read-
ing that dry facts are not the purpose of this book.
Some facts are more important than others in
capturing the flavor of a history, and the authors
cannot be faulted for missing any that loom high-
est in the mind of a particular reader. Not even
the collaboration of the distinguished persons
listed in the acknowledgments can assemble the
precise proportion of fact and interpretation to
please everyone. The pleasant surprise, and
indeed almost a breathtaking one, is the sudden
interruption of the reading by the idea that this is
not a textbook on the history of religions in North
Carolina. It is not a reference work to be sought
after for single details. It is a mural, a story-telling,
a family-reunion kind of narrative with pictures, a
family album with all the relativesT words cap-
tured once and for all in the text, their proportion
of fact to interpretation of fact differing with each
part of the oclan� that is presented.
Stereotypes are shattered, and then genuine
images put in their places, as religious groups are
pictured in their worship settings. The images of
the faithful at prayer, weddings, or other high
moments of their lives envelop the reader in-
escapably in the group being pictured. No longer
can othey� just be othem.�
go for it!
use your library
New North Carolina Books
North Carolina is portrayed here, and suc-
cessfully so, from the point of view of the authorsT
quest for the religious aspects of the essence of its
people. Add North Carolina Portraits of Faith to
those others on a reference list of essential books
to explain North Carolina to both native Tar Heels
and to others.
Walter Alan Tuttle, National Humanities Center, Research Tri-
angle Park.
Marianne Gingher. Bobby RexTs Greatest Hit.
New York: Atheneum, 1986. 308 pp. $17.95. ISBN
0-689-11769-8.
oTake Highway 21 from Greensboro and
ride about fifteen miles"until all the good
rock stations fade out ... Orfax, North
Carolina. Bird Sanctuary. Population 3,127,
only I think they must have counted in the
cows, too. ItTs not a bad town, really. Just
plain. The smell of meat loaf is always in the
air ... By the time I was sixteen I looked
around at people who'd made their lifelong
homes in Orfax, and I was at a loss as to
how they'd stuck it out.� (p. 67)
Marianne GingherTs first novel leaves no room
for doubt as to her genuine North Carolina roots.
Crafting characters and locales with the keen eye
and discerning ear of one who possesses the gift
of creating living fiction, Mrs. Gingher sounds as if
she has spent her entire life observing and record-
ing life in a North Carolina trailer park circa 1960.
She in fact grew up in Greensboro, attended
Salem College and the University of North Caro-
lina at Greensboro, taught writing at the Univer-
sity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and
currently resides in Greensboro.
Bobby RexTs Greatest Hit is a joy from page
one. Beginning with a series of letters as a way of
introducing both characters and situation, the
novel immediately compels the reader to become
immersed in Pally ThompsonTs world. Pally is per-
haps the most believable, life-like heroine to be
found in recent Southern fiction. Neither she nor
her idiosyncrasies are larger, more grotesque
than real life, and her Southern-ness is right on
the mark recognizable without the slightest hint
of ridicule or caricature. PallyTs observations of
the citizens and events of Orfax exhibit a quick,
curious mind filled with questions whose answers
are sometimes not to be found in her limited
experiences of small-town life, and her ponder-
ings are thoughtful and observant without being
artifically profound and wise beyond her years.
Fortunately, Pally is not the only excellent
characterization in the novel. The reader will be
1987 Spring"41
New North Carolina Books
delighted with Pallys mother, her best friend
Shilda, and a cast of townspeople with personali-
ties as close to real life as have been found on a
page. The lives in this town of Orfax, where
omostly you just waited for something to happen.
And usually it happened to somebody else,� are
chronicled as if being told by a life-long friend,
detail for detail, but only those that really matter.
And when something does really happen, one so
clearly understands why Pally says oYou wanted
to disappear in Orfax, you wanted to blend in.
Otherwise you were notorious.� Pally suffered her
small-town notoriety at the hands of hometown-
boy-made-good Bobby Rex Moseley, sixties rock-
n-roll sensation, and things were never quite the
same in Orfax after his hit song oPally Thompson�
hit the charts.
Bobby RexTs Greatest Hit is not a novel librar-
ians will purchase solely because of its North
Carolina roots. Reviews in popular national peri-
odicals will create demand, and word-of-mouth
praise will unquestionably make it an often-
requested title in public libraries. Ms. GingherTs
first effort is well worthy of such praise"it is an
absorbing reading experience.
Julie W. Coleman, Thruway Branch, Forsyth County Public
Library.
Vernon O. Stumpf. Josiah Martin, The Last
Royal Governor of North Carolina. Durham:
Carolina Academic Press for the Kellenburger
Historical Foundation, 1968. 252 pp. $19.75. ISBN
0-89089-305-5. (P.O. Box 8795, Durham 27707)
Josiah Martin, a native of Dublin, Ireland, and
from a prominent Anglo-Irish family with impor-
tant connections in the British Isles as well as in
the West Indies and on the North American main-
land, was educated privately. At nineteen he
entered the army, rose to the rank of lieutenant
colonel, but sold his commission after thirteen
years to begin a career in government. Through
family connections, he was appointed governor of
North Carolina to succeed William Tryon upon
the latterTs appointment to the governorship of
New York.
In New Bern on August 12, 1771, the thirty-
four-year-old Martin took office. His colony had
recently passed through the crisis brought on by
the hated Stamp Act and had been divided over
the problems of the Regulators. Tryon had led the
militia at the Battle of Alamance just prior to his
departure. Martin faced a colony ready for revo-
lution over a variety of local problems as well as
causes from abroad.
42"Spring 1987
Martin was, as the subtitle of this book indi-
cates, the final royal governor of North Carolina.
As such his own personality played a key role. He
was thoroughly loyal to the crown and was un-
willing to compromise, even on minor matters. He
faced numerous conflicts with the assembly and
was unable to resolve them, nor was he able to
stem the tide that led his colony to revolt. Even so,
Martin did not flee as his counterparts in other
colonies did. He took up a position in the Lower
Cape Fear, part of the time aboard a British ship
at Fort Johnston. From there he developed
detailed plans to restore his royal government.
These plans were approved in London, ordered
into execution, and might well have restored
royal rule if support from home and from New
York had been forthcoming as anticipated.
When further resistance was impossible Mar-
tin departed, only to return at a later time with
the army under Cornwallis. On several occasions
Martin issued proclamations declaring royal
government restored, but the army was unable to
hold its gains in the state.
This biography of Martin adequately tells the
facts of its subjectTs life and is the only biography
of consequence available. Nevertheless, it is poorly
written. It is plodding, lacks sparkle and appeal,
and in places the sentences are long, involved,
and almost meaningless. There are careless
grammatical errors, proper names are misspelled,
and punctuation is erratic. The index is inade-
quate with many proper names as well as subjects
omitted, and for some subjects only a few of the
possible entries are actually included.
Nevertheless, for the reader seeking informa-
tion on Josiah Martin or on the period of his
administration, this book will serve as the basis
for further research.
William S. Powell, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Suzanne Newton, A Place Between. New York:
Viking Penguin, 1986. 199 pp. $11.95 ISBN 0-670-
80778-8.
What does it feel like to be caught in the mid-
dle? To be caught between two important times of
your life? To be unhappy with both your choices
and not really understand why? In A Place
Between, Suzanne Newton captures this feeling of
being caught between childhood and adulthood, a
feeling familiar to all adolescents.
The main character is Arden, the young girl
from An End to Perfect, who thought that the
small North Carolina town of Haverlee where she
had always lived was perfect. When her fatherTs
plant closes in Haverlee, he feels very fortunate to
be transferred to Grierson, a much larger town
where his mother lives. But Arden is desolate at
the idea of moving away and leaving her best
friend, Dorjo. The family moves in with ArdenTs
grandmother, a move no one likes, and Arden be-
gins eighth grade in a brand new school in Grier-
son. She decides from day one to hate it but in
spite of herself manages to make one or two
friends. She never allows herself to feel happy,
though, and is continually miserable. All her
thoughts center around getting back to Haverlee,
and she makes her plans accordingly. She thinks
perhaps she can live with Dorjo or maybe just
camp out in her old house, which hasnTt been sold
yet. She feels an overwhelming sense of loss"of
her old way of life, her old school, her old friends.
New North Carolina Books
sometimes sad, sometimes humorous, sometimes
frightening, but always interesting and relevant.
Although A Place Between is written as a sequel to
An End to Perfect, either book can be read alone
as a well-written story. Told from ArdenTs point of
view, the novel is certainly one that will appeal to
adolescents and that will be welcome on the
shelves of public and school libraries.
Diane Kessler, Durham County Schools.
Richard Walser and E. T. Malone, Jr. Literary
North Carolina: A Historical Survey, Revised
and Enlarged. Raleigh: Division of Archives and
History, North Carolina Department of Cultural
Resources, 1986. 182 pp. $10.00. ISBN 0-86526-
222-5.
Keep your Mind in Shape
Go for it! Use your library!
But when she returns to Haverlee for a visit,
she finds that things are really not the way she
remembered them. The place that she and Dorjo
used for a hideaway, for example, has been taken
over and ruined by vagrants. Everything seems
spoiled or smaller. When Arden comes back to
Grierson, she tells her brother that she has been
owilderness wandering,� just as he had been sev-
eral years before. She tells him that their grand-
father referred to being between where you had
been and where you were going as owilderness
wandering,� and that she has finally understood
what he meant. She is ready to get on with the
business of living in Grierson. But she will always
be glad she grew up in Haverlee and will always
want to go back to visit.
Like all of Suzanne NewtonTs other books, A
Place Between deals with the maturing process in
adolescence; in NewtonTs hands the process is
Sixteen years ago the first edition of Richard
WalserTs Literary North Carolina appeared in
print. Since that time, new writers have gained
statewide and national recognition, interest in
poetry has surged, and another genre of writing,
oWhodunits and Sci-Fi,� has come into its own in
North Carolina.
Those are some of the developments that are
chronicled in the new version which, like its
predecessor, surveys literary achievement in the
state from the documented recordings of the ear-
liest explorers to the contributions of contempor-
ary authors and their schools of writing. Some
attention is given to out-of-state authors who
have spent time writing in North Carolina.
Pulitzer prize winning poet Carolyn Kizer was
poet-in-residence in Chapel Hill in the seventies,
and Carson McCullers wrote Reflections in a
Golden Eye while living in Fayetteville during the
1987 Spring"43
New North Carolina Books
forties.
Poet laureate Sam Ragan observes that as
many as eighty good poets have been productive
in this decade. Fred Chappell, James Applewhite,
R. T. Smith, Michael McFee, and Lenard D. Moore
are some of those whose work is described. Fic-
tion writers who have arrived lately on the scene
include T. R. Pearson, Lee Smith, Jill McCorkle,
Clyde Edgerton, Gail Godwin, and Angela Davis
Gardner. This edition discusses these new writers
as well as later works of authors who were intro-
duced in the earlier edition. The survey was pub-
lished before the National Book Critics Circle
announced its award to Reynolds Price for his
most recent novel, Kate Vaiden, and before Doris
BettsT Heading West had gone into production as
a movie.
One of the most important features of the
book is the chapter on publishing. Pulling together
information that is scattered throughout the first
edition and adding new data, Mr. Malone treats
the development of publishing from the time of
the colonyTs official printer, James Davis, to the
recent rise of the small press, an example of
which is Algonquin Books. Established in Chapel
Hill in 1982 by literature professor Louis D. Rubin,
AlgonquinTs policy has been to publish diversified
literature, and its output has included works by
1984 Pulitzer Prize holder Vermont Royster and
more than twenty other books of high quality.
Pembroke Magazine at Pembroke State University
and Cold Mountain Review which has been pub-
lished at Boone since 1974 are two of a fold of
some forty literary journals and other magazines
that have been active in publishing North Caro-
lina writers in the eighties.
The richness of the first edition of this title
has been preserved and enhanced by the addition
of new scholarship and new features. One appen-
dix lists recipients of North Carolina literary
awards, and another provides a bibliography of
selected anthologies and general works by North
Carolinians. These will be particularly useful to
the reference librarian in a public, school, or aca-
demic library, and the book is highly recom-
mended for those kinds of collections. There is an
excellent index. A generous number of illustra-
tions amplify the text: reproductions of photo-
graphs, portraits, book jackets, playbills, news-
paper clippings, and six drawings by Mr. Malone.
Mr. Walser is professor emeritus of English at
North Carolina State University and is respected
for his efforts to encourage and promote the
talents of his fellow writers and for his own con-
siderable output of writing and editing. One of his
best known titles is Nematodes in My Garden of
Verse: A Little Book of Tar Heel Poems, which he
edited. His publishing includes books about Tho-
mas Wolfe, Inglis Fletcher, Bernice Kelly Harris,
and a biography of George Moses Horton entitled
The Black Poet.
Mr. Malone is on the staff of the Historical
Publications Section of the North Carolina Div-
ision of Archives and History. A poet in his own
right, he has to his credit two collections of his
work: The Cleared Place of Tara and The Tapestry
Maker.
Rebecca Ballentine, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill. Al
44"Spring 1987
NCLA Minutes
North Carolina Library Association
Minutes of the Executive Board
October 22, 1986
The Executive Board of the North Carolina Library Associa-
tion met on October 22, 1986 at 10:00 a.m. at the Forsyth County
Public Library in Winston-Salem. Executive Board members
present were President Pauline Myrick, Leland Park, Patsy Han-
sel, Rose Simon, Dorothy Campbell, Nancy Fogarty, Frances
Bradburn, Kieth Wright, Arial Stephens, Rebecca Taylor, Eliza-
beth Smith, Janet Rowland, Waltrene Canada, Nancy Massey,
Jean Amelang, April Wreath, Mary Avery, Sylvia Sprinkle-Ham-
lin, Mary McAfee, and J. A. Killian. Committee members present
were Mertys Bell, Eunice Drum, Arabelle Fedora, William H.
Roberts, III, Nancy Bates, William Bridgman, Marjorie Lindsey,
Richard Barker, Frank Sinclair, David Fergusson and John
Thomas. Also present was State Librarian Jane Williams.
President Myrick called the meeting to order. She recog-
nized Bill Roberts, Director of the Forsyth County Public Library,
who in turn welcomed the Board to the library. Mrs. Myrick
congratulated Jane Williams for having been appointed State
Librarian. She acknowledged the return of Mary Avery, Chair of
the Community and Junior College Section, with a word of wel-
come.
The minutes of the meeting of July 25, 1986 were approved
as distributed by the secretary.
President Myrick called for the treasurerTs report. Nancy
Fogarty distributed copies of the report for the period July 1,
1986 - September 30, 1986, showing a cash balance of $4,484.82,
disbursements totaling $14,727.33, section balances totaling
$18,489.09 and a balance of $12,993.69 for North Carolina
Libraries. Fogarty also presented an unofficial report of total
assets, including balances of sections, shown in categories of
restricted and unrestricted funds. She explained that the latter
report was prepared to provide answers to questions that have
been asked about the AssociationTs monies. The usefulness of the
report was acknowledged with thanks by some Board members.
Fogarty recommended that bonding be established to cover
the office of Treasurer. A motion made by Leland Park that the
Treasurer arrange bonding in the amount of $200,000 was
seconded by Arial Stephens and passed.
President Myrick called for the report of the Futures Com-
mittee, stating that it had been appointed three years ago by
Past-President Leland Park. Chairperson Arabelle Fedora
introduced the other members of the Committee who were
present and distributed the Final Report of the NCLA Futures
Committee, dated October 22, 1986. She involved the group in
the reading of the entire document of 24 pages, during which
process she called attention to each issue and recommendation
and provided comments about the rationale that influenced the
CommitteeTs decisions. The following issues and recommenda-
tions were noted.
Issue: What will be the future for the North Carolina
Library Association? The Futures Committee has concluded
that organizational constraints prevent the Executive Board
from exploring critical issues. Thus, its recommendations focus
on the need for clearer articulation of goals and the removal of
organizational barriers to working on the achievement of those
goals.
Issue: Statement of Purpose. The Committee recommends
that in Article II of the NCLA Constitution the word oObject� be
changed to oPurpose.�
Issue: Association Management. Are the administrative
tasks of running NCLA being performed as efficiently as possi-
ble? The Futures Committee recommends that the Association
establish a contract as soon as possible with InfoMarketing Inc.
(IMI), for association management services. It is the opinion of
the Committee that a membership vote on this recommendation
is not necessary.
Issue: The Structure of NCLA. The Committee recom-
mends comprehensive changes in the structure of the organiza-
tion, for the good of the whole. According to new definitions
suggested by the Committee, oA section shall be that group of
Association members organized for membership alignment with
a type of library.� Thus a special libraries section would be
created. oA roundtable shall be that group of Association
members organized for membership alignment with special
interests and objectives.� Included among such groups would be
ChildrenTs Services, Documents, Ethnic Minority Concerns, Jun-
ior Members, Reference and Adult Services, Status of Women in
Librarianship, and Trustees and Friends.
It was pointed out that a number of past officers suggested
that the positions of second vice-president and director be elim-
inated since their functions could be assumed by other posi-
tions. The Committee recommends that an executive committee
consisting of the president, vice-president/ president-elect, secre-
tary, treasurer, and past-president (non-voting) be used to
carry on the business of the Association, directing the associa-
tion management firm. The executive board would consist of the
executive committee, section chairpersons, the ALA councilor
(non-voting), SELA representative (non-voting), the editor of
North Carolina Libraries (non-voting), and a parliamentarian
(non-voting) if appointed by the president.
It is recommended that standing committees should be only
those that relate to the basic maintenance of the Association:
Archives, Finance, Membership, Nominating, Publications, and
Scholarship. All other committees should be formed by the Presi-
dent with specific purposes outlined, based on goals and objec-
tives of the Association. The Spring Workshop should be
discontinued and instead, the committees should meet at their
own convenience as soon as they are formed.
The Committee recommends that a Publications Committee
be established consisting of a chairman and five members repre-
sentative of various sections. The editor of North Carolina
Libraries would serve in an ex-officio position. The Committee
believes that a broader approach to publishing could then be
achieved and that the Publications Committee could serve as
the mechanism for improving quality and increasing revenues.
Issue: Membership and Dues. The Futures Committee
believes that if the AssociationTs budget is not sufficient to sup-
port the basic expenses, its recommendation should be that
membership dues be collected annually, on the basis of the
calendar year, rather than increasing the amount of dues.
1987 Spring"45
NCLA Minutes
Issue: Annual Elections: The Committee recommends that
NCLA seriously consider annual elections after establishing a
relationship with an association management firm.
Issue: Annual Conferences. The Committee suggests that
NCLA seriously consider holding annual conferences, after
establishing a relationship with a management firm and after
dues are collected annually.
Fedora distributed the roster of the Futures Committee.
She offered to meet with anyone interested in discussing the
recommendations.
Richard Barker, Marjorie Lindsey and John Thomas, other
members of the Futures Committee who were present, were
recognized by Mrs. Myrick, and each of them expressed the hope
that the recommendations would be carefully considered.
President Myrick commended the Futures Committee for its
good work, noting that more than two years of study have been
devoted to the task. She urged that careful thinking be given the
report to avoid coming to hasty conclusions. In January we will
have more information about the management recommenda-
tion which may not have to go through membership before a
decision can be made. During discussion that followed it was
pointed out that input obtained from sections should include
indication of the services provided by IMI, the recommended
management firm, that would be needed.
Past President Leland Park expressed his personal thanks
to the Committee and stated that NCLA must continue to func-
tion as a self-directed professional association. He urged that
services of a management firm be looked at as administrative
assistance.
Discussion followed concerning the appropriate way to dis-
seminate the information. Kieth Wright recommended that the
report be sent to every member of NCLA with the request that
comments be directed to the Executive Board before time for its
discussion in January. Nancy Massey moved that the report be
mailed to the entire membership in an expeditious and econom-
ical manner. The motion was seconded by Rebecca Taylor and
passed.
The President called for the report of the Nominating
Committee. Chairperson Mertys Bell passed out copies of the
report and presented the slate of officers for NCLA for the 1987-
89 biennium as follows:
First Vice-President and President-Elect: Barbara A.
Baker, Durham Technical College, Durham; Shirley B.
McLaughlin, Asheville-Buncombe Technical College, Ashe-
ville.
Second Vice-President: Nelda C. Caddell, South Central
Regional Education Center, Carthage; Ray A. Frankle, J.
Murrey Atkins Library, UNC-Charlotte.
Secretary: Gloria Miller, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools,
Charlotte; Susan M. Squires, Greensboro College Library,
Greensboro.
Directors: Vivian W. Beech, New Hanover County Public
Library, Wilmington; Janet L. Freeman, Carlyle Campbell
Library, Meredith College, Raleigh; Nancy O. Massey,
Hyconeechee Regional Library, Yanceyville; Howard F.
McGinn, State Library, Raleigh.
The Nominating Committee's report was accepted.
Kieth Wright, ALA Councilor, announced that free access to
ALA through Alanet has been established by the Executive
Secretary and the Executive Committee of ALA to provide a link
between ALA and state associations. Board members who
would like to use this means of communicating may obtain the
pass number from Wright.
President Myrick informed the Board that she must attend
a meeting of the NCASL for lunch. She asked Patsy Hansel to
chair the meeting during her absence.
The meeting was adjourned for lunch at 12:00. It was re-
convened at 1:15 p.m. with Patsy Hansel presiding.
46"Spring 1987
In the absence of Jerry Thrasher, Hansel presented high-
lights from a report submitted by Thrasher on the SELA Bien-
nial Conference held October 14-18 in Atlanta. It was noted that
North Carolina ranked second in attendance and that several
North Carolinians were on the program.
Frances Bradburn announced that the Education issue of
North Carolina Libraries with Ben Speller as guest editor is
scheduled to be mailed on January 30, 1987. Future issues and
their editors include: Spring 1987"Status of Women and Minor-
ities in Librarianship, Jean Weldon, guest editor; Summer
1987"School Librarianship, Katherine Cagle, guest editor; Fall
1987"Intellectual Freedom, Gene Lanier, guest editor; Winter
1987"Conference Issue.
Bradburn reported that the North Carolina Libraries
Executive Board has decided upon the following rate changes
for institutional members: Yearly Subscription rate"$32.00;
single issue rate"$10.00. It was mentioned that use is being
made of the North Carolina Libraries Style Manual which
Michael Cotter revised before he resigned from the NCL Board.
Lisa Dalton has replaced Cotter on the Board.
Reporting for the ChildrenTs Services Section, Rebecca Tay-
lor told the Executive Board that The Chapbook was mailed out
on October 4. Copies were sent to NCLA Board members. The
Section is planning to present a speaker during the 1987 NCLA
Conference. The history of the Section is now in rough draft
form.
Elizabeth Smith, Chair of the College and University Section,
reported that the Section is continuing to plan for a program on
online catalogs to be held in the Spring of 1987. It is expected
that a decision will be reached in November concerning spon-
sorship of the ALA/LAMA Institute oManagement of the Online
Catalog.�
Mary Avery informed the Board that a meeting of the Com-
munity and Junior College SectionTs board will be held soon.
Reporting for the Documents Section, Janet Rowland, out-
going Chair, announced that beginning today Waltrene Canada
is the SectionTs Chair. Canada has planned the program oUnfold-
ing Maps,� which is scheduled to be presented on November 7 at
the Hilton Hotel in Greensboro. Rowland stated that Marjorie
LindseyTs article oState Documents: Proposed Statewide Deposi-
tory Systems� will be published in the Fall 1986 issue of Popular
Government. Pat Langelier recently reported to the Section that
the funding of the bill drafted by the SectionTs State Documents
Depository System Committee has been included in the
Department of Cultural ResourcesT request to the Governor.
J. A. Killian greeted the Board on behalf of the North Caro-
lina Public Library Trustee Association. He stated that attention
of the Association is being focused on plans for next yearTs con-
ference.
The report of the Public Library Section was given by Chair-
person Nancy Massey. She announced that the Adult Services
Committee has scheduled a November workshop on resources
in each of the areas of statistics, medicine and law. The award
recipients of the SectionTs Research Grant Program will be
named following the reviewing of grant applications by the
Development Committee. The Genealogy/Local History Commit-
tee is continuing to work on a manual for public libraries, with
the assistance of Ms. Alice Cotten of the North Carolina Collec-
tion at UNC-Chapel Hill. Workshops on fund raising for public
library construction were sponsored by the Trustee/Friends
Committee in Fayetteville and Lexington. Other committees of
the Public Library Section that have reported on future pro-
grams include the Young Adult Committee and the Literacy
Committee.
Jean Amelang, reporting for the Reference and Adult Serv-
ices Section, announced that on November 7, 1986, the Com-
mittee will co-sponsor with the North Carolina Library Staff
Development Program a workshop oHigh Touch/High-Tech:
Enhancing Reference Service with Technology,� at North Caro-
lina Central University in Durham. She presented details of the
plans.
Chair of the Resources and Technical Services Section, April
Wreath, reported that plans have been completed for the Sec-
tionTs Fall Conference scheduled to be held September 23-24,
1986 in Southern Pines. She stated that further consideration
has been given to the idea of co-sponsoring with the College and
University Section an ALA Conference on Management of the
Online Catalog.
The report of the Round Table for Ethnic Minority Concerns
was given by Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin, Chairperson. REMCO is
planning a mid-winter workshop on African-American geneal-
ogy. It is also collaborating with the Round Table on the Status
of Women in Librarianship and the Public Library Section to
arrange to co-sponsor Maya Angelou as guest speaker during
the 1987 NCLA Biennial Conference.
Mary McAfee, Chair of the Round Table on the Status of
Women, announced that at the NCASL Biennial Work Confer-
ence, the Round Table will present two concurrent sessions of
the program oEverything We Wish We Had Known when We
Started Out.� Another issue of MsManagement is scheduled to be
distributed soon. Plans for the 1987 NCLA Conference include
sponsoring a reception and co-sponsoring Maya Angelou.
Arial Stephens, reporting for the Networking Committee,
stated that networking plans are being carried out progres-
sively. He called the attention of the Board to the recently
published article in Tar Heel Libraries which updates the
information.
State Librarian Jane Williams reported that the next issue
of Tar Heel Libraries will carry a report of the recently held
Governor's Press Conference during which Governor Martin
strongly endorsed the State Library's program of information
networking. During September, a priority was providing training
in the use of the Western Union Electronic Mail/Bulletin Board
services. Ms, Williams mentioned that there are now fifty users
of the online catalog.
Reporting as the newly appointed chair of the Literacy
Committee, Nancy Bates announced the names of the Commit-
tee and stated that a planning meeting will be held on October
28 at the Davidson County Public Library in Lexington. It is
expected that the Committee will work closely with the Public
Library SectionTs Literacy Committee. Bates requested that sug-
gestions be forwarded to the Committee.
Representing the North Carolina Public Library Directors
Association, Bill Roberts announced that the AssociationTs 7th
annual banquet will be held next month at which time the Dis-
tinguished Service Award will be presented to Secretary Patric
Dorsey of the Department of Cultural Resources. He said the
Association is continuing its effort to define its role in relation to
that of the Public Library Section.
The report of the 1987 NCLA Conference Planning Commit-
tee was given by Patsy Hansel and Bill Roberts. The Conference
is scheduled to be held October 28-30, 1987 at the Benton Con-
vention Center in Winston-Salem. Board members were given
copies of the CommitteeTs Minutes/Report dated September 29,
1986, the roster of the Planning Committee and a tentative
schedule of the program. Hansel reviewed the basic plans in
which are included an all-conference dinner, a champagne
luncheon instead of a banquet, the presentation of Maya Ange-
lou, Calvin Trillin and Herbert White as speakers, and exhibits.
She reported that due to an increase in the cost of the facilities,
the Committee determined that the cost of exhibit booths
should be raised. It was recommended that the Executive Board
take action to approve these proposed charges for vendorsT use
of the exhibition area: The cost of a booth reserved before May 1
would be $300; a second booth would cost $200; the late, after-
May 1 fee would be an additional $50. The late cost for a second
booth would remain $200. The fees would cover carpet for the
NCLA Minutes
booths and the aisles. Hansel moved that the recommendation
be accepted. The motion was seconded by Nancy Massey and
passed.
Hansel then presented the statement of registration fees
decided upon for recommendation to the NCLA Executive
Board. Nancy Massey moved that the proposed schedule of fees
for the conference registration included in the Conference Plan-
ning Committee Report be approved. The motion was seconded
by Mary McAfee and passed.
Bill Roberts announced that an all-conference reception
will be held on October 28 at the Forsyth County Public Library
following the closing of the exhibits. He mentioned that the
Hyatt is the hotel for the conference. Hansel urged that sections
that have not submitted program plans should send their
request forms to the Planning Committee as early as possible.
She mentioned that the schedule presented today is a basic
outline. Suggestions are welcome. It was reported that Art
Weeks has suggested the theme which seems to be acceptable. It
is oLibraries: Spread the News.� David Fergusson, program
chairman, commented about the plan to hold table talks.
The report of the 1989 Conference Planning Committee was
given by Arial Stephens. The Committee advises that the dates
for the Conference be changed. Stephens moved that the dates
for the 1989 Conference scheduled to be held at the Civic Center
& Radisson Hotel in Charlotte be changed from October 24-27,
1989 to October 10-13. The motion was seconded by J. A. Killian
and passed. It was noted that the 1991 conference will be held in
Raleigh.
Rose Simon, Second Vice-President, announced that copies
of the brochure oCome Alive with NCLA� are available.
Nancy Fogarty advised that the stated procedure be
adhered to when use of the bulk mail permit is needed.
President Myrick called for old business. Patsy Hansel asked
if the question of the possibility of allocating some money to the
sections and roundtables could now be addressed. During the
discussion which ensued, it was noted that the Futures Commit-
tee did not address the question, although it had been referred
to it. Nancy Fogarty suggested that the outcome of the Futures
CommitteeTs recommendation that a management firm be hired
should be known before this question is decided. Comments of
several other members reflected the opinion that a decision
should not be made at this time.
President Myrick called for new business. None was men-
tioned.
President Myrick thanked everyone for being present today.
She reminded the Board that the next meeting will be held at
the Cumberland County Public Library on January 23, 1987.
There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned
at 2:30 p.m.
a
Dorothy W. Campbell, Secretary al
is
1987 Spring"47
ALA Midwinter Report
American Library Association
Midwinter Meeting ALA Council
January 24, 1987
1. Council met in three sessions for action on a variety of issues,
many of which related to the federal government and its policies
related to information.
2. ALA members should be alert to a series of new benefits of
membership when they renew their membership. A series of
investment and credit card options will be available.
3. The American Library Association is operating in the black
and will move from a cash basis accounting system to an accrual
accounting system in September 1987. This move is in line with
GAP principles and will more clearly reflect the obligations as
well as the potential income of the association.
4, At the request of the Documents Section Depository System
Committee, a resolution supporting the North Carolina State
Publications depository bill was introduced in Council and
passed as an ALA Council resolution on 1/21/87. Support from
ASCLA Board, the GODORT group and other state councilors
made passage relatively easy. Diana Young, Councilor at Large
was the seconder of the resolution.
5. Various book awards:
Coretta Scott King"Walter, Mildred. Justin and the Best
Biscuits in the World
Award for Illustration"Jerry Pinkney illustrator of Half a
Moon and One Whole Star.
Batchelder Award"No Hero for the Kaiser, by Rudolph
Frank.
Caldecott Medal"Egielski, Richard. Hey Al. Farrar, Straus
& Giroux.
Honor Books"(1) Village of Round and Square Houses ill.
by Ann Grifalconi, Brown, Little. (2) Alphabetics. ill. by
Suse MacDonald, Bradbury, (3) Rumpelstiltskin. ill. by
@
48"Spring 1987
Have a question?
Call the library!
a
Paul Zelinski, Dutton.
Newbery Medal"Fleischman, Sid. The Whipping Boy.
Greenwillow.
Honor Books"(1) Bauer, M. On My Honor. Clarion. (2)
Lauber, Patricia. Volcano. Bradbury. (3) Rylant, Cynthia.
A Fine White Dust. Bradbury.
6. Candidates for President of ALA.
"William Summers, Dean, Florida State University Library
Science Program
"Thomas Dowlin, Director of Library, Pikes Peak Library
System
"Linda Ann Doughtery, Chicago Public"Petition Candi-
date.
7. Watch for: oA Public Library Card for Every School Child.�
Outcry over the next Librarian of Congress.
Special flight and housing arrangements for San
Francisco Meeting of ALA.
ALANET PLUS Services for databases at a flat fee
based on the 10 most recent articles.
CD/ROMS everywhere for everything, most inter-
esting for
Academic Libraries: Massive amounts of statisti-
cal data collected, easily searched and arranged
Public Libraries: Online catalogs on CD/ROM with
frequent updates and cheap copy duplication for
either full text of journals or catalogs in local
agencies
School Library Media Centers: Wilson indexes on
CD/ROM with free one year online searching of
databases purchased on CD/ROM
Kieth C. Wright, NCLA Councilor
@
al
