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ISSN 0029-2540

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Articles
54 Introduction, John Welch
55 Library Networking in North Carolina: The Sharing
Mission, Marjorie W. Lindsey
58 Zones of Cooperation: Aspects of Network Development,
Ruth M. Katz
61 The State Library and LAMBDA,
Eunice P. Drum, Joel Sigmon, and Denise Sigmon
66 Library Networking: A School Library Perspective, Mary
P. Holloway
68 The Triangle Research Libraries Network, Joe A. Hewitt
73 The North Carolina AHEC Network, Lynne Siemers
78 The Walter R. Davis Library, Larry Alford
Features
52 From the President, Leland M. Park
85 New North Carolina Books
92 NCLA Minutes and Reports
Cover: John Welch, �?oIntroduction,�?� North Caro- Advertisers: Baker & Taylor, p. 51; Ebsco, p. 53;
lina Libraries 42 (Summer 1984): 54. This issue Freedom to Read Foundation, p. 53; Hunter Pub-
focuses on the many networking projects in North lishing Company, Cover 2; MacGregor, p. 54; Na-
Carolina�?Ts libraries. tional Geographic, Cover 3; Phiebig, p. 53; Reprint

Company, p. 57; Ruzicka, p. 65; Southeastern
Volume 42, Number 2 Summer 1984 Microfilm, p. 90.

Editor

ROBERT BURGIN
Forsyth County Public Library
660 West 5th Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
(919) 727-2556

Associate Editor
PATSY J. HANSEL
Cumberland County Public
Library
Box 1720
Fayetteville, NC 28302
(919) 483-8600

Associate Editor

ROSE SIMON
Dale H. Gramley Library
Salem College
Winston-Salem, NC 27108
(919) 721-2649

Book Review Editor
ALICE COTTEN
Wilson Library
UNC-Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
(919) 962-1172

Advertising Manager
JEFF SAUER
Hunter Library
Western Carolina University
Cullowhee, NC 28723
(704) 227-7485

EDITORIAL STAFF

Children�?Ts Services
BONNIE FOWLER
237 Arrowleaf Drive
Lewisville, NC 27023
(919) 945-5236

College and University

MARIE DEVINE
Ramsey Library
UNC-Asheville
Asheville, NC 28814
(704) 258-6625

Documents

MICHAEL COTTER
J.Y. Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27834
(919) 757-6533

Junior Colleges

BEVERLEY GASS
Guilford Technical Community

College
Box 309
Jamestown, NC 27282
(919) 292-1101

Junior Members Roundtable
JOHN BURNS
Elbert Ivey Memorial Library
420 Third Avenue NW
Hickory, NC 28601
(704) 322-2905

N.C. Association of School

Librarians

FRANCES BRADBURN
Greensboro Day School
Box 9361
Greensboro, NC 27429-0361
(919) 288-8590

Public Library

BOB RUSSELL :
Elbert Ivey Memorial Library
420 Third Avenue NW
Hickory, NC 28601
(704) 322-2905

Reference and Adult Services
ILENE NELSON
Duke University Library
Durham, NC 27606
(919) 684-2373

Resources and Technical Services
GENE LEONARDI
Shepard Library
North Carolina Central University
Durham, NC 27707
(919) 683-6220

Roundtable for Ethnic Minority

Concerns

SYLVIA SPRINKLE-HAMLIN
Forsyth County Public Library
660 West 5th Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27701
(919) 727-2176

Roundtable on the Status of

Women in Librarianship

MARY McAFEE
Forsyth County Public Library
660 West 5th Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
(919) 727-2264

Trustees

North Carolina Libraries, published four times a year, is the official publication of the North Caro-
lina Library Association. Membership dues include a subscription to North Carolina Libraries. Member-
ship information may be obtained from the treasurer of NCLA.

Subscription rates for 1984 are $20.00 per year, or $5.00 per issue, for domestic subscriptions; $25.00
per year, or $7.00 per issue, for foreign subscriptions. Backfiles are maintained by the editor. Microfilm
copies are available through University Microfilms International. North Carolina Libraries is indexed by
Library Literature and publishes its own annual index.

Editorial correspondence should be addressed to the editor; advertisement correspondence should
be addressed to the advertising manager. Articles are juried.

North Carolina Libraries is printed by Meridional Publications, Wake Forest, NC.

Issue deadlines are February 10, May 10, August 10, and November 10.

50�?"North Carolina Libraries

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1984 Summer�?"51

From the President

Spring Workshop: The Greensboro College
Library outdid itself with its hospitality for over
one hundred members of NCLA who attended the
Spring Workshop. Our special thanks to Dr. Wil-
liam Mott, library director, and Mrs. Euthena
Newmon. The weather was perfect, the facilities
convenient, the food good, and the meetings pro-
ductive. The new committees began their plans
for the biennium (their terms run spring 1984-
spring 1986) and preliminary reports were given
at the final NCLA Assembly which was held Sat-
urday after lunch. It is an exciting time and
proves once again that NCLA is the �?oplace to be.�?�

Legislative Day: April 10 found seventeen
NCLAers trooping the halls of Congress, putting
in a good word for library legislation on the
national level. The trek was ably planned by
Louise Boone, and she was joined by Artemis
Kares, Nancy Massey, Pauline Myrick, Benjamin
Speller, Arial Stephens, Jerry Thrasher, Judith

Sutton, William Bridgman, Judie Davie, Henry
Hall, J.A. Killian, Leland Park, Kieth Wright, Bever-
ley Gass, David McKay, and Jane Williams. Every-
one who participated in an ALA Legislative Day is
impressed with the experience of being a part of
the democratic process, �?ostanding up for libraries�?�
to those whom we have elected to represent us.
And it pays off, too. At times when funding for
library services comes under the most difficult
attack, the Legislative Days have often helped
save the day. Our thanks to Louise Boone and this
group for representing us.

Elections: Now that the primaries are over
and the candidates for the general election are
chosen, remember to take any opportunity possi-
ble to �?ostand up for libraries�?� to the individual
candidates. This is a crucial election for libraries
in this state. The Executive Board passed a policy
delineating the circumstances under which library-
related groups and political candidates may pur-

52�?"North Carolina Libraries

stand up for
libraries

NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

chase mailing labels of our members. This can be
an opportunity for the candidates to communi-
cate directly with two thousand librarians. It also
can be an opportunity for librarians to �?oencour-
age�?� candidates to �?ostand up for libraries.�?� If you
know of any candidates who want to purchase
the labels, ask them to write to me on their letter-
head stationery, and I'll give them the needed
information.

Governor�?Ts Commission: Just as lobbying on
the national level can pay off, so can it on the
state level. NCLA was invited to have representa-
tion on the Advisory Panel of the Governor�?Ts
Commission on Education for Economic Growth
through the alterness of members of our associa-
tion. The Reference and Adult Services Section
presented a program at the conference in
Winston-Salem based on the NC 2000 Report and
reflecting state and national interest in curricu-
lum reform. Also, RASS passed a resolution which
was subsequently passed by the entire association
asking Governor Hunt to involve librarians in cur-
riculum reform in North Carolina. Following that,
Ilene Nelson, chairperson of the 1983 RASS Pro-
gram Committee, telephoned the director of the
commission and asked him how librarians might
become actively involved in the commission�?Ts
work. An invitation was forthcoming shortly,
representatives appointed, and the rest is history.
NCLA had and has a role to play. And RASS is due
much thanks for �?oStanding Up for Libraries.�?�

Spring will have �?osprung�?� and summer will be
upon us when you read this. It has been a good
year so far, and I hope for each of you a time of
relaxation and reflection this summer. Have a
good one.

Next Executive Board Meeting: July 20, 1984,
High Point, NC.

Leland M. Park, President

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1984 Summer�?"53

Introduction

This issue of North Carolina Libraries is
devoted to examining the current status of some
of the many networking activities taking place in
our state. The term network is not easy to define.
The dictionary definition of an �?ointerrelated or
interconnected chain, group or system�?� does not
do full justice to the concept. Specifically, the dic-
tionary definition does not show the dynamic
nature of a network, that is, its ability to expand,
contract, or change in order to fulfill specific
needs. It is this very elasticity and vitality that
give the concept of a network its greates po-
tential. Mention the term network to a group of
librarians and you will probably get as many dif-
ferent answers as there are people present. Most
people would probably first tend to think of the
large bibliographic and data base networks such
as OCLC, RLIN, BRS, or DIALOG. However, as the
1982 King Research study on networking in North
Carolina pointed out, the concept of a network
also exists at much smaller levels and in less tradi-
tional ways than those just mentioned. The arti-
cles in this issue will call attention to the diverse
types of networking in North Carolina�?"from
TRLN and LAMBDA to the CLONE project and
the AHEC library network.

In this issue, Marge Lindsey outlines the
results that have been achieved by the various
task force groups of the North Carolina Network
Steering Committee. Ruth Katz reports on the
results of the first two ZOC (Zone of Cooperation)
grants that were selected by her task force group.
SOLINET�?Ts experimental LAMBDA system is re-
viewed as an in-house network at the Division of
State Library by Eunice Drum and Joe and Denise
Sigmon. The potential for public school network-
ing is presented by Mary Holloway. The current
progress of the TRLN network, which may become
one of the largest in the state, is presented by Joe
Hewitt. Lynne Siemers discusses the work of an
already existing special library network among
the AHEC libraries.

What is the future for networking in our
state? Will we develop a vast, integrated, multi-
type network of libraries or find that our network-

54�?"North Carolina Libraries

ing needs are handled more efficiently by local or
regional ZOCs? The answer to these intriguing
questions will unfold for us as we continue to
examine and experiment with networks. What-
ever the final result may be, our current efforts
are a good beginning to an exciting future.

John Welch
Public Library Consultant
Division of State Library

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Library Networking in North Carolina:
The Sharing Mission

Marjorie W. Lindsey

a �?"�?"

Why Networking?

Consider the following projections for North
Carolina by the year 2000:!

1.8 million people will be added to the
state, for a total population of 7.7 million.

1 million households will be added, increas-
ing the number of households by 47 per
cent, while population increases by 30 per
cent.

72 per cent of total state growth will be
from people entering from outside the
state.

The number of persons over age 65 will
increase by 70 per cent, from six hundred
thousand to one million.

How do we propose to serve this potential user
population with our 2,639 libraries of some fifty-
two million volumes? This is the sharing mission
of coordinated multitype library cooperation
using appropriate technology�?"in short, networking.

Each type of library�?"public, school, academ-
ic, and special�?"has a distinct mission in meeting
the diverse needs of North Carolina citizens.�?T It is
this diversity of patron demand beyond the
capacity of a given library that sparks the sharing
mission of interlibrary cooperation.

How are North Carolina librarians fulfilling
this mission? Through personal networking with
associations, committees, round tables, and user
groups; through membership in SOLINET/OCLC,
processing centers, and Zones of Cooperation
(ZOCs); and through heavy use of the reference
and interlibrary services of INWATS and the
Information Services Section of the State Library.
All of this works well, but with improvements in
communications technology and the affordability
of computers, there is a strong interest in making
fuller use of these technologies for the enhance-
ment of our sharing efforts statewide.

�?"

Marjorie W. Lindsey is Consultant on Multitype Library Coop-
eration for the Division of State Library in Raleigh. She is also
Editor of Tar Heel Libraries.

The Steering Committee

Building on the work of earlier committees?
and on the recommendations of two studies, the
North Carolina Library Networking Steering Com-
mittee was organized in October 1982, with repre-
sentatives from the North Carolina Library
Association, the North Carolina Chapter of the
Special Libraries Association, and from all types
and sizes of libraries from all parts of the state.
(See Appendix A.) The deliberations of the com-
mittee are supported by the many hours of hard
work by several task forces. Each steering com-
mittee member serves on a task force; each task
force includes representatives of at least two
types of libraries. The steering committee and the
task force chairs meet quarterly; the task forces
meet as often as required to fulfill their charges,
submitting quarterly reports to the steering
committee. The committee submits an annual
report to the State Library Commission. Minutes
of steering committee meetings and all reports
are on file at the State Library. All members of the
committee and task forces serve voluntarily for a
minimum of two years.

The Task Forces

The Task Force on the Bibliographic Data-
base has produced a document developing a
building-block concept for the growth of a state-
wide data base, recommending a MARC or MARC-
compatible communications format, and encour-
aging libraries using OCLC to catalog materials at
OCLC level I standards. Accompanying this doc-
ument are three papers on (1) conversion of bib-
liographic records to machine-readable form; (2)
MARC formats; and (3) automation options for
nonautomated libraries. Copies are available from
the State Library on request. Currently the task
force is studying the feasibility of producing a
North Carolina statewide union list of serials, one
among its several charges.

In October 1983, the Task Force on Continu-
ing Library Education recommended that a more
closely defined Task Force on Education and
Training would be more useful for the networking

1984 Summer�?"55

effort. The steering committee approved the
recommendation to dissolve the original task
force and to activate and staff the new group
when appropriate.

The Task Force on Document Delivery has
looked at several commercial and governmental
delivery systems currently in use in the state, as
well as facsimile transmission. To determine the
effectiveness of present interlibrary loan and
document delivery processes, the task force has
developed a survey instrument to measure the
time required for completion of each transaction.
The instrument will also gather data allowing for
study of the subject areas and type of document
borrowed and the form of document supplied.
Efforts are currently underway to test this survey
instrument with the thirty-eight libraries partici-
pating in the western ZOC project, the Union List
of Periodicals in Libraries of Western North
Carolina. Consideration of broader use will fol-
low test evaluation.

The 1983 Task Force on Funding developed a
brief manual to assist in funding a ZOC. Presently
the task force is studying initial and continuing
costs that may be incurred, funding requirements,
and possible strategies needed to establish a
statewide network.

It is this diversity of patron
demand beyond the capacity of
a given library that sparks the
sharing mission of interlibrary
cooperation.

The Task Force on Public Information devel-
oped a promotional brochure in time for distribu-
tion at the October 1983 North Carolina Library
Association Conference. Currently the task force
is preparing exhibit materials for use at various
library meetings across the state and will be
responsible for brochures, briefing papers, and
other media needed to inform librarians, trustees,
library users, governmental officials, and the
general public about statewide library networking.

The Task Force on Technology, building on
earlier reports, is identifying several basic assump-
tions regarding the purpose, services, and prod-
ucts of a statewide network. For example, the
network should provide access to a master data
base for all interested libraries; should provide a
means of conducting interlibrary loan transac-
tions and a mechanism to facilitate document

56�?"North Carolina Libraries

delivery; should provide for future developments
in electronic mail and possible personal or home
access. The network is not envisioned as a biblio-
graphic utility. The task force is examining several
possible configurations and will draft a technolog-
ical design and schedule for a phased develop-
ment of a statewide library network.

The Task Force on ZOCs is perhaps the most
visible at the present time. Grants for two pilot
ZOCs, funded by Title III of the Library Services
and Construction Act, were awarded in 1983, and
it is hoped that by the summer of 1984 at least
two more grants will be awarded. Through the
1984-85 term the task force will draft for discus-
sion a design of the organizational structure of a
statewide library network and coordinate the
work of the other task forces to develop a discus-
sion draft of a total network design with phased
implementation.

How You Can Be Involved

What network configuration do you think is
most feasible? What should a network offer you?
What do you think is a reasonable cost for the
benefits derived? What are some realistic funding
strategies? What is the relevance of this enter-
prise for library service in North Carolina?

Now, during the period of brainstorming,
discussion, design, and planning, is the most
appropriate time for you to send your comments
and suggestions, and those of your users, to the
Steering Committee and task force chairs.

Let us hear from you; be involved; think net-
working!

References

1. �?oNC 2000, Our Future Begins Now...�?� brochure (Raleigh:
Commission on the Future of North Carolina, 1981).

2. North Carolina Libraries, Their Role: Statements of Mission
and Purpose (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1983).

3. The North Carolina Library Association Networking Commit-
tee, the Ad Hoc Committee on Multitype Library Cooperation,
and the Technical Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committee.

4, Alberta Smith, Access to Information for North Carolinians,
Multitype Library Cooperation (Raleigh: Division of State
Library, 1981). Jose Marie Griffiths and Donald W. King, North
Carolina Library Networking Feasibility Study (Rockville,
Maryland: King Research, Inc., 1982).

Appendix A

North Carolina Library Networking Steering Committee
1983-1985

Representative of Arial Stephens, Director, Richard H.

President of NCLA Thornton Library, Oxford
Chair, NCLA Trustees Representative Dorothy Burnley,
Section High Point

TRLN Representative

County Public Library

Regional Public Library

Municipal Public Library

Academic Libraries
(East N.C.)

Academic Libraries
(West N.C.)

Community Colleges

Public Schools

Special Libraries
Association

Director, Division of
State Library

Assistant State Librarian

State Library Consultant
for Multitype Library
Cooperation

LT. Littleton, Director, D. H. Hill
Library, N.C. State University, Raleigh

Douglas Perry, Director, Cleveland
County Memorial Library, Shelby

Elinor Hawkins, Director, Craven-
Pamlico-Carteret Regional Library,
New Bern

Mary Boone, Director, Chapel Hill
Public Library

Ruth Katz, Director, Joyner Library,
East Carolina University, Greenville

Louise Rountree, Livingstone College
Library, Salisbury

Betty Williamson, Associate Dean of
Instruction, Learning Resource
Center, Fayetteville Technical
Institute

Elsie Brumback, Assistant State
Superintendent Area Support
Services, Department of Public
Instruction, Raleigh

Anne Stringfield, Librarian, Lorillard
Research Center Library, Greensboro

David McKay

Jane Williams

Marjorie Lindsey

Task Force Chairs

Task Force on
Bibliographic Data
Base

Task Force on
Document Delivery

Task Force on Funding

Task Force on Public
Information

Task Force on
Technology

Task Force on ZOCs

Carol Myers, Head, Technical
Services, Public Library of Charlotte/
Mecklenburg County

Nell Waltner, Head, Acquisitions,
D. H. Hill Library, N.C. State
University, Raleigh

LT. Littleton (see above)

Carol Lewis, Director, Division of
School Media Programs, Department
of Public Instruction, Raleigh

William Gosling, Assistant University
Librarian for Technical Services,
Duke University, Durham

Ruth Katz (see above)

Robert N. White, administrator of the Utah Personnel Review
Board, will be the featured speaker at a workshop entitled
�?oDocumentation�?"the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.�?� The
workshop will be held July 26 and 27 at the Forsyth County
Public Library in Winston-Salem and is sponsored by the
Round Table on the Status of Women in Librarianship.

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1984 Summer�?"57

Zones of Cooperation:
Aspects of Network Development

Ruth M. Katz

In North Carolina, network development and
multitype library cooperation that will lead to
improved library and information service for our
citizens are the shared responsibility of the Divi-
sion of State Library,! individual librarians, and
the various governing and advisory groups having
a role in library funding and development. The
specific goal of developing a comprehensive plan
for statewide network development has been
assigned to the North Carolina Library Network-
ing Steering Committee by the State Library
Commission. More detailed information about the
Steering Committee and its work appears else-
where in this issue.

The Steering Committee believes that activi-
ties that should be addressed in a statewide plan
include, but are not limited to, building a state-
wide data base, encouraging zones of cooperation
(ZOCs), employing appropriate technology, improv-
ing document delivery, addressing education and
training needs, estimating funding requirements
and developing a public information program.
Task forces organized by the Steering Committee
are focusing on each of these topics. At this time,
forty librarians are involved in committee or task
force deliberations. The base upon which the
current effort builds includes the work of the
State Library Ad Hoc Committee for Multitype
Library Cooperation, the NCLA Networking Com-
mittee and the King Research Inc. (KRI) study of
networking feasibility.

Although the acronym ZOCs caught on very
quickly, not everyone who served on the Steering
Committee or who read the KRI report had a
good idea of what a ZOC might be. Originally de-
scribed by KRI as a �?ozone of convenience,�?� the
definition was changed to �?ozone of cooperation�?� to
improve understanding.

ZOCs are best seen as a way of organizing for
cooperative activities without loss of independ-
ence by individual libraries or of the ability to set

Ruth M. Katz is Director of Academic Library Services, Joyner
Library, East Carolina University. She is a member of the
North Carolina Library Networking Steering Committee and
chairs the Task Force on ZOCs.

58�?"North Carolina Libraries

and change priorities. A group of libraries form a
ZOC and share resources when it is convenient for
them to do so. Factors affecting convenience
include, but are not limited to, geographic prox-
imity, similarities in types of patrons, dissimilari-
ties in collections, existing cooperative relation-
ships, and special relationships among libraries or
librarians. ZOCs provide needed flexibility in
establishing a statewide network because a
library can belong to more than one ZOC and
because membership within a ZOC can change
over time as the needs or priorities of member
libraries change.

Request for Proposal

With help from the Steering Committee and
the two active task forces, the Task Force on ZOCs
worked to develop recommendations for a pilot
project similar to that suggested in the King
Research Inc. study. When the Division of State
Library made a commitment to allocating some
anticipated LSCA funds to one or more pilot proj-
ects, the idea of developing a Request for Proposal
(RFP) and soliciting grant applications through
the RFP process was finalized.

The task force identified several points it
considered essential for the development of pilot
projects and, with the approval of the Steering
Committee, incorporated these in the RFP. The
key points are that projects should include two or
more types of libraries (with school library partic-
ipation seen as highly desirable), encourage local
cooperative ventures, provide spinoffs for state-
wide use (e.g. machine-readable files in MARC
format), and lead to improved products and ser-
vices to users�?"including other libraries. These
and other eligibility factors appeared in the RFP
as did detailed guidelines for preparing and sub-
mitting a proposal. The third part of the RFP de-
scribed how proposals received by the Task Force
on ZOCs would be evaluated and listed evaluation
criteria in each of five general categories: likely
impact of the proposed project on a need defined
in the proposal, attainability of proposed objec-
tives, adequacy of management plan, appropri-

ateness of budget and likelihood of ongoing
commitment.

When the RFP was finalized and approved,
the Division of State Library and the Department
of Public Instruction distributed it to libraries and
school systems throughout the state. The availa-
bility of the RFP was announced in Tar Heel
Libraries and other newsletters so that any
interested individual could obtain a copy by con-
tacting the State Library.

All indications are that the process worked
very well. Seven proposals were received for
review. Two of these were selected for funding
and the first contracts were awarded in October
1983.

When the 1983-85 Steering Committee and
the task force chairmen met in October 1983,
new work agendas were distributed and the
membership of each task force was finalized. It
was clear that the amount of work was increas-
ing, that communication and cooperation among
the task forces were absolutely necessary, and that
the complex issues facing the Steering Committee
would require a considerable amount of intense
discussion. In other words, the existence of two
pilot projects moved statewide networking from a
feasible concept to a practical reality.

The Task Force on ZOCs had an immediate
need to develop and release the second RFP for
model ZOC projects to be funded for state fiscal
year 1984-85. This work was accomplished in
February 1984. Evaluation of the two operational
7ZOCs also was a high priority task. This work is
being accomplished with the assistance of other
task forces�?"both project monitoring and project
technical assistance are provided to the pilot
ZOCs. The results will be documented for use by
other ZOCs and for consideration in a proposed
organizational design for a statewide library net-
work.

Project Clone

A brief description of the work underway by
the pilot ZOCs will illustrate some of the early
benefits of multitype library cooperation. Five
libraries in Nash and Edgecombe counties have
joined together to develop a union COM catalog of
their combined monographic collections�?"about
166,000 titles. Microfiche readers are already
available at the libraries (Edgecombe Technical
College, Edgecombe County Memorial Library,
Nash Technical College, North Carolina Wesleyan
College, Braswell Memorial Library) and at all the
high schools in the two counties. The participat-
ing libraries are located in a small geographical

area but local citizens would not have true access
to the combined collections without a union
catalog. The project is named CLONE, standing
for Cooperative Libraries of Nash-Edgecombe.

In the early stages of the project, the partici-
pating librarians got input from potential vendors
and from State Library staff to help them under-
stand about costs, data base maintenance, retro-
spective conversion and the establishment of
catalog policies and guidelines. The CLONE team
decided to produce a two-way divided catalog
(author/title, subject), to use NCUC symbols
already assigned to the libraries, and to designate
one of the public libraries as the authority control
center for the union list project. Member libraries
agreed to have their individual catalogs updated
quarterly. The union catalog will be updated
semi-annually. The frequency of update can be
changed if it proves to be unsatisfactory.

One product already available from Project
CLONE is a questionnaire used to evaluate the
capabilities of potential COM catalog producers
and to solicit cost estimates.

Western NC Project

The second pilot ZOC includes thirty-eight
libraries located in twenty-three western North
Carolina counties. The participants have a long
history of cooperation, including compiling a
union list of periodicals, but can no longer sup-
port projects through use of regular staff mem-
bers and students and with simple data process-
ing equipment made available by the institutions
in which the libraries are located. From 1975,
when the fourth edition of the union list
appeared, to 1983, the number of libraries
increased from 20 to 38 and the number of peri-
odical titles increased from 6400 to 7000. The
large population served by participants in this
project (615,000) and the uniqueness of the col-
lections held by some of the libraries should make
the product useful throughout the state. The
methodology proposed for merging serials hold-
ing data from a variety of formats should be use-
ful to other groups of libraries. The union list will
be built from the holdings of Western Carolina
University, University of North Carolina at Ashe-
ville, and Appalachian State University. Then
holdings data for the Historical Foundation of the
Reformed Presbyterian Churches will be added.
The Foundation collection of 1700 unique and
mostly out-of-print titles is the fourth largest
serials collection in the region. It is estimated that
the four libraries hold 90 per cent of the titles in
the region. Additional details about methodology,

1984 Summer�?"59

fees, and working arrangements with the con-
tractor (SOLINET) are being distributed by the
project office.

The Western North Carolina Project is being
assisted by the Task Force on Document Delivery
whose members have designed a study method-
ology to gather data on interlibrary borrowing
and lending and on document delivery. The
methodology will enable the participants to study
the effects of a new edition of their serials union
catalog as soon as it is delivered. If data collection
is implemented rapidly, baseline data from the
previous edition of the union catalog also may be
available. Instructions for implementing and
standardizing data collection have been pre-
pared. This will be another product available for
statewide study and use.

Conclusion

The pilot ZOCs described above are the first
visible results of the effort toward statewide
library networking. When a second group of
model projects is selected in June of this year, the
variety of ZOC groupings and range of projects
available for site visits and discussion by librar-
ians should be adequate to move the networking
plan ahead at an accelerated pace. The task for-
ces, especially the one concerned with technol-
ogy, are continuing to address the question �?owhat
do librarians want the network to be/do?�?� Much
work is being done toward identifying a techno-
logical design and a time frame for phased devel-

opment of a network.
Many other topics remain to be addressed. It

is generally agreed that the technical feasibility of
networking has increased greatly and that eco-
nomic feasibility is improving with leadership
coming from the private sector. More attention
now should be focused on the professional and
political impacts of networking. Some of the ques-
tions are

Will competition among libraries for funds
reverse the trend toward networking and
resource sharing?

How will local governments perceive the
changing roles and funding needs of �?opub-
lic�?� libraries in schools, community col-
leges, universities, and of municipal public
libraries?

What changes may be needed in the
organization of libraries and the use of
library facilities?

60�?"North Carolina Libraries

What will happen to the relationships
between libraries and private sector pro-
viders such as publishers, bookstores and
data base vendors?

The already established ZOC projects and the
newly funded model ZOC projects that will oper-
ate in 1984-85 will provide many of the answers
to these questions. Then the task forces and the
Steering Committee can derive decisions and
recommendations from field-based knowledge.

The Steering Committee is devoting a major
part of its calendar year 1984 agenda to gather-
ing input and exploring options for network
development. Care will be taken not to impose a
grand design that limits the options of individual
libraries or groups of libraries. Librarians through-
out our state can participate in the network
development process by visiting ZOC field sites,
following published reports of networking activi-
ties, discussing the concepts and the specifics
that are being proposed and directing questions
and ideas to the State Library for use by the
Committee and its task forces.

References

1. North Carolina General Statute 125-2(10) lists the following
among the duties of the Department of Cultural Resources,
under which the Division of State Library operates: �?oTo plan and
coordinate cooperative programs between the various types of
libraries within the State of North Carolina, and to coordinate
State development with regional and national cooperative
library programs.�?�

Errata

A typographical error appeared in Renee Tay-
lor�?Ts article, �?oThe Employee Perspective in the
Evaluation Process,�?� which was published in the
Spring 1984 issue of North Carolina Libraries
(pages 12-14).

The first four sentences of that article should
have read as follows: �?oEvaluations. No one is
ecstatic about making or receiving them; how-
ever, they are necessary. When the time ap-
proaches for my work to be evaluated, I usually
become a bundle of nerves and eagerly anticipate
the end of the ordeal."Not until this year, when I
became a member of my library's performance
appraisal committee, did I know that supervisors
dread the process too.�?�

The editor regrets the error.

The State Library and LAMBDA

Eunice P. Drum, Joel Sigmon, and Denise Sigmon

Introduction

From April 1 through September 30, 1982,
the North Carolina State Library participated in a
field test of the Southeastern Library Network's
LAMBDA system. (LAMBDA is an acronym for
Local Access to and Management of Bibliogra-
phic Data and Authorities.) Ten other libraries,
including seven academic, one medical, one pub-
lic, and one special, also participated in the test.
The libraries in the test group represented a cross
section of the SOLINET membership.

The State Library took part in the field test to
demonstrate LAMBDA to other North Carolina
libraries and to evaluate its usefulness in estab-
lishing an automated statewide network. LAMBDA
has been demonstrated by the State Library staff
to over one hundred librarians from twenty-one
libraries in North Carolina. These demonstrations
were well-received and were intended to illustrate
the potential of an on-line system with capabili-
ties similar to LAMBDA for the proposed North
Carolina library network.

LAMBDA offers four distinct services: refer-
ence support (including a user friendly patron
access mode), institutional bibliographic data
base management, authority control, and editing
of holdings information. Each of these services is
discussed later in the context of its routine use by
the various areas of the State Library. LAMBDA is
available from 9:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Monday
through Friday and 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on
Saturday.

The State Library's OCLC archival tapes are
loaded into LAMBDA weekly. In order to save
money and computer storage space, linkage biblio-
graphic records are used rather than the State
Library�?Ts own records. Thus, if a record for a par-
ticular work already exists in the data base, the
State Library's holdings are simply attached to

Eunice P. Drum is Chief of Technical Services for the Division
of State Library in Raleigh. Joel Sigmon is INWATS Librarian
in Interlibrary Services for the Division of State Library.
Denise Sigmon is Acquisitions Librarian in Technical Serv-
ices for the Division of State Library.

that record. Of course, the State Library's record
is loaded when no other record for the work is
already in the data base.

The following statistics show the number of
records reviewed, the number of changes made,
and the number of searches performed during the
test period:

Total records reviewed 17,572
Bibliographic records changed 2,114
Authority records changed 1,651
Holdings records changed 287
Total records not changed 13,807
Reference searches Tt27

As indicated by the high number of records
requiring no change (79 per cent), the integrity of
the dta base is quite good. Relatively few hold-
ings records were changed because the capability
of editing holdings information was not available
at the beginning of the test period.

Since the field test, LAMBDA has been incor-
porated into the daily activities of the Interlibrary
Services Branch, the Reference Services Branch,
and the Technical Services Section of the State
Library. A description of the hardware used, the
training required, and the application of LAMBDA
to State Library routines follows.

Hardware

Two of OCLC�?Ts Beehive 105 terminals pro-
vided access to LAMBDA during the field test and
are currently used by the Technical Services Sec-
tion. Each terminal is connected to a General
Electric Terminet 1232 printer. A Codex MX2400
modem links both terminals to a dedicated tele-
phone line for data transmission. A switching
mechanism allows the terminals to be connected
interchangeably with OCLC or LAMBDA.

Two Burroughs ET 1100 video display termi-
nals were installed in the fall of 1983 for use by
the Interlibrary Services Branch and the Refer-
ence Services Branch. One terminal is in the
INWATS office of the Interlibrary Services Branch;
a second terminal is in the main reading room.
Both terminals are served by a Codex MX2400
modem housed in INWATS. A dedicated tele-

1984 Summer�?"61

phone line to SOLINET is used for data transmis-
sion. (Dial access to LAMBDA is available, but a
dedicated line is more practical for the State
Library�?Ts purposes.) Each terminal is connected
to a NEC Spinwriter 7715 printer. Unlike the ter-
minals now used by the Technical Services Sec-
tion, the Burroughs terminals cannot be switched
to OCLC.

Training

LAMBDA is not difficult to operate, especially
for those with prior experience searching other
information retrieval systems. When the State
Library became a participant in the field test,
seven staff members from Technical Services and
one from Interlibrary Services attended a SOLI-
NET training session. These persons then trained
other State Library staff.

The Interlibrary Services staff designed an in-
house training program, consisting of two one-
hour sessions of classroom instruction and one
thirty-minute session of hands-on training. This
program was used to train the other staff
members of the Interlibrary Services Branch and
the librarians of the Reference Services Branch.

Use of LAMBDA by the Interlibrary Services
Branch

LAMBDA�?Ts search capabilities are well suited
to the routine information retrieval operations of
the Interlibrary Services Branch. A unit of the
Information Services Section, the branch links
North Carolina�?Ts library resources to users by serv-
ing as a clearinghouse and switching center for the
state�?Ts network of libraries. Materials owned by the
State Library are supplied to local libraries;
requests not filled from the State Library�?Ts collec-
tion are referred to other libraries or organizations
in North Carolina. In carrying out its function, the
branch searches for specific titles in various for-
mats and answers a wide range of reference ques-
tions. Approximately twelve hundred requests are
searched each week. LAMBDA has been integrated
into the routines of the branch on an experimental
basis in an effort to speed processing, improve
searching efficiency, and broaden the scope of
material available to its users.

The Interlibrary Services Branch began using
LAMBDA routinely in the fall of 1983. Prior to that
time, SOLINET did not load records weekly into
the data base, retrospective conversion had not
progressed sufficiently to make LAMBDA viable as
an on-line catalog, and the Interlibrary Services
staff shared terminals with the cataloging staff.
These factors prevented the branch from fully

62�?"North Carolina Libraries

incorporating LAMBDA into its routines earlier.
Use was thus limited initially to searching for titles
not verified elsewhere and for information on top-
ics not easily accessible by other means.

Information retrieval functions of LAMBDA.
In reference work, LAMBDA may be used as an
on-line catalog and shelflist, an on-line thesaurus
of search terms, and an on-line union catalog. The
system may be searched either in the inquiry mode
or in the patron access mode. A few simple com-
mands must be learned to operate the system in
inquiry mode. In the patron access mode, the sys-
tem supplies the commands automatically and
provides help screens which give instructions for
searching; the user has to enter only the search
statement. The Interlibrary Services Branch oper-
ates the system using inquiry mode commands to
avoid waiting for the help screens to appear. Spe-
cific capabilities of LAMBDA�?Ts information retriev-
al functions and their use by the Interlibrary
Services Branch are summarized below. Examples
of actual searches are included.

On-line catalog/shelflist. Because about 90
per cent of the State Library�?Ts collection is present-
ly in the LAMBDA data base, the branch�?Ts staff
searches LAMBDA rather than the card catalog
whenever possible. Serials in reference and genea-
logical materials added to the collection prior to
1975 are not yet in the data base and are searched
in the card catalog. In a typical week in January
1984, the branch searched 1,018 titles and 143
reference questions in LAMBDA.

As an on-line catalog and shelflist, LAMBDA
offers a wide array of access points which are
enhanced by Boolean connectors and truncation
of word endigns. Access points include RID
(Record Identifier, which is the same as the OCLC
control number), Library of Congress card num-
ber, ISBN (International Standard Book Number),
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number),
title keyword (as part of the title proper or added
entry), author (as the main or added entry and
including keywords in corporate or conference
names), subject heading, series titles, and call
number.

Keyword searching and truncation are par-
ticularly useful features for interlibrary loan proc-
essing. Frequently the staff searches unverified
titles containing inaccurate information. The key-
word searching and truncation capabilities of
LAMBDA increase the likelihood that univerified
titles are found. For example, a patron requested a
book discussed on the �?oPhil Donahue Show.�?� He
remembered the author's last name was Levinson
and that the book had the word dyslexia in the
title. By entering a search into LAMBDA which

combined the author�?Ts last name (truncated) and
the keyword of the title, the desired book by Harold
N. Levinson entitled Solution to the Riddle Dyslex-
ta was retrieved.

When searching for materials entered under a
corporate or conference name, the searcher does
not have to determine the established form of the
name. Keywords can be entered into the system in
any order to retrieve the desired item. For exam-
ple, when searching for the proceedings of the 3rd
Specialists�?T Meeting on Reactor Noise, the staff
entered the keywords 3rd reactor noise as a key-
word in conference name search to retrieve the
desired item. It so happened that the established
form of the name (pre-AACR2) for this conference
was Tokyo (Japan). Reactor Noise, Specialists
meeting (8rd : 1981). The advantage of keyword
searching for corporate or conference names is
readily apparent.

Wher. researching a topic, keyword access
offers a shortcut to retrieval of relevent items. For
example, when searching for information on satel-
lite television reception, the keywords satellite tele-
vision entered as a title search produce relevant
material instantly. A subject approach to retriev-
ing this information is much more cumbersome
because valid Library of Congress subject headings
for this concept include such esoteric terms as
Earth stations (Satellite telecommunication) and
Artificial satellites in telecommunication. Once
relevant information is retrieved by searching key-
words in titles, the subject headings in the tracings
are entered into the system to retrieve additional
relevant items.

The ability to enter an entire word or group of
words into the system, rather than being limited
(as in OCLC) to a few characters, provides a more
specific and direct means of retrieving the infor-
mation. In OCLC, for example, the title History of
the American Theatre, 1700-1950 is entered as
�?ohis, of, th, a,�?� resulting in a �?orequest impossible�?�
message from OCLC because of too many titles
retrieved. In LAMBDA, the work can be retrieved
by entering the title exactly as it appears or as
various combinations of keywords. No additional
qualifiers are needed.

Use of Boolean connectors (and, or, not)
allows the searcher to specify relationships
between or among terms, resulting in a more com-
plete, accurate, and direct search than is possible
in a card catalog or OCLC. In processing interli-
brary loan requests, an author's name is frequently
combined with keywords in a title to search for a
particular work (e.g., the author�?Ts name John
Steinbeck combined in an and relationship with
the title keyword Americans to retrieve the book

by Steinbeck entitled America and Americans).
Another common use of Boolean searching by the
Interlibrary Services Branch is the combining of a
subject heading with title keywords to retrieve
relevant works on a particular subject (e.g., the
subject heading violin combined in an and rela-
tionship with the title keyword repair # [# indi-
cates truncation] to retrieve materials on repair-
ing violins).

Access to the shelflist is by Record Identifier.
The information contained in the shelflist record
includes local notes (e.g., price of the book, date
purchased) and holdings (e.g., number of copies
owned, which volumes of a multivolume work are
owned).

On-line thesaurus. The LAMBDA authority
file serves as an on-line thesaurus. Not only does it
include the Library of Congress subject headings
and name authority file, it also includes other
headings appearing in a bibliographic record. This
feature increases its usefulness for reference work.
For example, NLM (National Library of Medicine)
headings are included when attached to bibliogra-
phic records.

The authority file is interfaced with the biblio-
graphic file, allowing the searcher to find in the
bibliographic file a term retrieved in the authority
file without retyping the search statement. This
feature also permits searches not otherwise possi-
ble in the bibliographic file due to system limita-
tions. One limitation is that a maximum of ten
thousand items can be retrieved. Another is that
when the system searches subject terms with sub-
headings, it searches subdivisions separately
before combining them to produce a result. For
example, the subject heading North Carolina�?"
Description and travel cannot be searched direct-
ly in the bibliographic file because the number of
items assigned either the heading North Carolina
or the subheading Description and travel exceeds
the search maximum. It can, however, be searched
by first locating the heading in the authority file
and then retrieving those items in the bibliogra-
phic file assigned that unique heading.

The Interlibrary Services Branch generally
searches the LAMBDA authority file in place of the
printed Library of Congress subject headings when
determining valid subject headings or cross refer-
ences. In most cases using LAMBDA is faster than
using the printed volumes, and the interface
between the bibliographic and authority files de-
scribed above makes it convenient.

Having the institution�?Ts own authority file
instantly available also saves time. For example,
AACR2 name changes, such as George Bernard
Shaw�?Ts works being entered under Shaw, Bernard

1984 Summer�?"63

rather than Shaw, George Bernard, are readily
tracked by searching the authority file.

On-line union catalog. Because the State
Library is one of only two North Carolina libraries
using LAMBDA, this function is not yet as useful as
it could be. It does, however, have potential for a
statewide automated system. The on-line union
catalog operates in the same manner as the on-line
catalog except that local notes and holdings
information (i.e., the number of copies owned,
which volumes of a multivolume work are owned)
cannot be accessed for other libraries.

The chief benefit of the LAMBDA union catal-
og at present is that it provides the Interlibrary
Services Branch with a good general bibliographic
source. Nearly 1,400,000 unique bibliographic
records representing collections of various types
of libraries are in the data base, greatly expanding
the scope of easily searchable information for the
branch. Once a record is retrieved, OCLC or the
North Carolina Union Catalog is searched to
determine North Carolina locations.

Use of LAMBDA by the Reference Services
Branch

The Reference Services Branch of the State
Library provides reference service to both state
employees and other patrons visiting the main
reading room. In addition, it maintains the li-
brary�?Ts circulation records. Unlike the Interlibrary
Services Branch, the Reference Services Branch
did not use LAMBDA until a terminal was installed
in the main reading room in the fall of 1983. The
reference staff shares this terminal with the Inter-
library Services staff. These two factors have pre-
vented the reference librarians from integrating
LAMBDA fully into their routine activities. Never-
theless, they find it to be a helpful tool and antici-
pate that it will become more valuable in the
future.

The reference staff performs forty to fifty
searches per week, with keyword in title searches
being the most frequent type. LAMBDA is used by
the reference librarians primarily to locate specific
titles when partial or inaccurate citations are pro-
vided by patrons. It is not yet extensively used in
answering reference questions. Occasionally the
staff generates bibliographies of works by a partic-
ular author or on a given subject.

While LAMBDA is not a circulation system, it
assists with routine circulation procedures be-
cause of the shelflist information provided. The
on-line shelflist (called the detailed holdings file in
LAMBDA) is searched to determine the price paid
by the State Library for publications when billing

64�?"North Carolina Libraries

users for lost or damaged materials. It verifies
which volumes of a serial or other multivolume
work are in the State Library's collection. The
number of copies owned is also indicated in the
detailed holdings file. When a renewal is requested
and the item is not found in the circulation file, a
search by call number verifies if the State Library
does indeed own the particular work.

Use of LAMBDA by the Technical Services
Section

Regular cataloging maintenance is performed
on LAMBDA by the Technical Services staff of the
State Library. Errors in bibliographic, authority,
and detailed holdings records are corrected when
identified. Each type of record is updated and
supplied with additional data when appropriate.

Changes made to bibliographic records in-
clude correcting typographical and tagging errors,
filling in missing codes or fields (e.g., the MARC
code 043 designating geographic area), and cor-
recting other cataloging errors. Bibliographic
records are altered automatically by the system
whenever changes are made in the authority file.
For example, adding a See Twain, Mark, 1835-
1910 cross reference to the name and subject
authority records for Samuel Langhorne Clemens
changes all Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, 1835-
1910 headings in the bibliographic records to
Twain, Mark, 1835-1910.

Authority records are modified by updating
headings to current usage, correcting typograph-
ical errors, adding death dates to personal namé
headings, supplying cross references to link the
various forms of a heading, and adding explan-
atory notes (e.g., attaching brief agency histories to
records for governmental bodies). If the currently
accepted form of a heading does not exist in the
authority file, a new authority record is created on
a work form. Cross references from the incorrect
or old form of the heading are included in the new
record. By adding a used for cross reference to the
new record, the system automatically supplies the
corresponding see reference to the old record.

Detailed holdings records are reviewed sys-
tematically to verify and change as needed the
call number, holding library location (i.e., refer-
ence, genealogy, oversize), local notes, and volume
or copy information. Because the entire record
must be re-edited on OCLC to change holdings
information, the State Library does not routinely
update holdings on OCLC. Thus the LAMBDA
holdings records must be reviewed to make the
needed changes. When errors are reported by the
Reference Services Branch and the Interlibrary
Services Branch, corrections are made.

SOLINET is developing a library service pro-
gram for small libraries. Because many small
libraries already have microcomputers, a batch
process for cataloging current acquisitions witha
microcomputer will be offered initially. On-line
capability will be available later. The State Library
Processing Center plans to investigate the feasi-
bility of automating its cataloging operations
using SOLINET�?Ts service once on-line capability is
instituted.

Recommendations and Observations

Recommendations for improving the infor-
mation retrieval capabilities of LAMBDA include
the following: adding the capability of specifying
word order in title searches; providing a means of
qualifying searches by date and by type of mate-
rial; creating an index of titles, subjects, and cor-
porate or conference names searchable by key-
word; clarifying instructions in the patron access
mode; and finally, expanding the system overall

to increase the number of items that can be
retrieved per search.

Cataloging maintenance functions can be
improved in at least two ways. First, by replacing
linkage records with the State Library's own
records, the number of corrections needed will
automatically be reduced. Second, editing time
will be saved by simplifying the protocol for mak-
ing changes to the data base (e.g., two screens
must now be called up when changing detailed
holdings records).

As the data base grows and improvements
are made in access and maintenance capabilities,
LAMBDA becomes increasingly useful to the State
Library. All staff members using LAMBDA evalu-
ate it favorably and find it genuinely helpful in
their work. Generally, response time is good, and
the system is down rarely. The staff looks forward
to the continuing use of LAMBDA and eventual
implementation of an automated statewide sys-
tem providing similar capabilities.

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1984 Summer�?"65

Library Networking:
A School Library Perspective

Mary A. Holloway

Networking, access, cataloging standards,
AACR2, and OCLC�?"how and why do these relate
to school library/media centers? To answer that
question, one must consider the role of the school
library and its needs in relation to the network.

The library media center has two salient
functions. It provides an organized body of
resources to support the school�?Ts curriculum and
instruction, and it has an instructional role for its
students, faculty, and staff. To accomplish these
functions effectively, all of the more permanent
media resources of the school should be cataloged
for easy access with a master catalog of the col-
lection as the point of entry for users.

The establishment and maintenance of the
catalog consume precious time. With several sys-
tems networked, a central ordering and process-
ing task could be more efficient. The Greensboro
City School System has a central processing ser-
vice for its schools. The system, a member of
OCLC, not only purchases, processes, and distrib-
utes to each school prepared library materials but
also receives catalog cards as a by-product of the
membership and use of the OCLC data base.
Using the terminal, the central staff can also
locate the system�?Ts total holdings and determine
which schools house a specific title or the number
of copies of a title available.

Access to these services and to a machine-
readable data base could have great benefits not
only at the individual schools but also at the sys-
tem level when there is a need to share resources
and to reorganize collections. These procedures
could then be planned with complete, accurate
data and completed with dispatch.

Three important features of this system need
to be noted. First, the volume of services of the
processing center needs to be extensive enough to
warrant the cost. The result, of course, is that
records will then be in a standard format accept-
able for inclusion in a network and for electronic
search and sharing.

Mary A. Holloway is Assistant Director of Media Evaluation
Services for the North Carolina een of Public
Instruction. 3

66�?"North Carolina Libraries

The competency goals and performance indi-
cators of the Department of Public Instruction
state that students should be introduced to
resources beyond the school level, which may
include the public library, on-line research serv-
ices, academic libraries, or other community
resources. To complete this task successfully, the
school library needs to have some method for
communicating easily with other school libraries
and the larger world of public, university, and
special libraries. A pilot Zone of Cooperation proj-
ect, called CLONE, offers a networking model for
providing student awareness of the community
library resources available to them. The partici-
pating members (Edgecombe Technical College
Library, North Carolina Wesleyan College Library,
Braswell Memorial Library, Edgecombe County
Memorial Library) plan to provide microfiche
copies of their COM catalog to the high schools in
the area.

The removal of time-consuming technical
chores frees the media professional to assist in
the greater use of all resources, both in-house and
outside. If entering a statewide network that rec-
ognizes these concerns and that maps strategies
for levels of participation can help school librar-
ies, such a move should be considered.

When considering a network, whether it be
local among school, public, and community col-
lege libraries, or regional among public, special,
academic, and school libraries, public schools
have three desirable assets of numbers, print and
nonprint collections, and equipment.

First, the 1983 Annual PPAR Report records
2,014 school: libraries in North Carolina with
approximately seventeen hundred full-time media
personnel backed by strong state-level support
for them in the Department of Public Instruction,
Educational Media and Technology Area. By pro-
viding access for all citizens, school libraries offer
an entry point to many resources. This fact does
not negate the primary intent for these materials,
to support the instructional program, but rather
enhances their value.

The second asset of school libraries is the
availability of resources of both print and non-

print resources, as well as the equipment for
using films, videotape, and other audiovisual
media. Since educators recognize students�?T differ-
ent learning styles, school collections of audiovis-
ual materials reflect the need for a greater variety
of media than do other types of libraries. With the
increased emphasis on literacy, these resources
have educational value for both students and
adults.

Finally, if the experience of the staff at the
Media Evaluation Center of the Department of
Public Instruction is accurate, many schools and
school libraries are developing microcomputer
courseware collections, another significant medi-
um for accommodating learning styles. The
microcomputer may be the technology needed to
meet the networking goals.

Conclusion

In her doctoral dissertation, �?oThe Role of the
School Library Media Program in a Multitype
Library Network,�?� Barbara Immroth states that
�?othe actual experience of the participants in Colo-
rado demonstrated the ability of a multitype
library network to successfully include schools.�?�!
To be a part of the total library picture in North
Carolina�?Ts network, what preparations should
school libraries make now and in the future?

Short-range plans. Establish working rela-
tionships with building level administration, fac-
ulty, and students to share knowledge of network-
ing potential.

Establish human networks locally, regionally,
and statewide to share ideas and expertise with
other professional librarians.

Encourage system-level interaction with
those who have media responsibilities.

Be cognizant of the process and its implica-
tions for the school library in particular.

Read and review the relevant, related litera-
ture regularly.

Work with the North Carolina Association of
School Librarians to review the issues and help
plan directions, in-service training, and support.

Explore the opportunities to network on
many different levels within all types of situations.
Remember that networking can be a cooperative
venture that may or may not involve resource
exchange.

Define the local benefits and drawbacks rea-
listically. Studies in Connecticut have shown that

projected drawbacks due to lack of staff time or
governance did not materialize in pilot projects.�?�

Be realistic about costs. For example, would
system-level processing be a cost effective prod-
uct of belonging to the OCLC system? Also consid-
er grouping together all the libraries in an area for
materials processing as a cost-cutting measure.

Encourage staff members to learn all they
can from reading, from conference attendance,
from a video course, and from on-site visits. A
knowledge of AACR2, MARC format, telecommun-
ications, and automation are all good starting
points.

Long-range plans. Consider how your school
library's materials and human resources can
become a part of a network. Consider the collec-
tion. Is the shelflist in order? Should specific plans
for weeding be detailed? Consider plans for train-
ing teachers and students in telecommunications
and research using printed indexes and expand-
ing to on-line catalog. Be aware of how any auto-
mated procedure begun now may need to
interface later. For instance, include ISBN or LC
numbers as reference points for matching with
established data bases.

Ensure that resources chosen to be included
in a statewide bibliographic data base are cata-
loged to the required standards. Know the stand-
ards and request that preprocessed materials
purchased for the school library meet them.

Interesting ideas are being discussed about
networking in North Carolina by the North Caro-
lina Library Networking Steering Committee, by
librarians, and by citizens.The day of an individual
school library/media center, isolated from other
school libraries and other library resources and
library users, is fading.

Realistically, not every school library will join
an electronic network, but varying levels of co-
operation can be achieved. Networking, electronic
cooperation, is working today.

Ready access to resources for the best service
to the most people is a definite need. Be a part.

References

1. Barbara Froling Immroth, �?oThe Role of the School Library
Media Program in a Multitype Library Network�?T (Ph.D. disserta-
tion, University of Pittsburgh, 1980).

2. Eugene A. Lynch, �?oA Survey of School Library Participation in
Cooperative Activities in Southeastern Connecticut�?� (Paper
presented at the Annual Convention of the Connecticut Educa-
tional Media Association, New Haven, October 29, 1981): 20.

1984 Summer�?"67

The Triangle Research Libraries
Network

Joe A. Hewitt

The Triangle Research Libraries Network
(TRLN), now entering its fifth year, has been de-
scribed to professional audiences in North Caro-
lina on a number of occasions. For that reason,
one assumes that readers of North Carolina
Libraries are familiar with TRLN�?Ts origins as part
of the long history of cooperation among the
libraries of Duke University, North Carolina State
University (NCSU), and the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). This article will
focus on TRLN�?Ts concrete objectives, its current
status, and plans for the future.

Objectives of Project

TRLN�?Ts immediate objective is to create a
prototype, state-of-the-art, research library net-
work consisting of linked on-line catalogs. (The
on-line catalog being developed by TRLN has been
named the Bibliographic Information System or
BIS.) Each library will operate a BIS supporting
its own data base on an in-house Tandem compu-
ter; the systems will be linked through telecom-
munications facilities to form a distributed
network. Users at each campus of the network
will have access to each catalog separately and to
the combined catalogs as if they were a union
catalog of the three collections.

Long-term plans include the implementation
of circulation, acquisitions, and serials control
subsystems to operate in an integrated way with
the Bibliographic Information Systems. TRLN is
not committed to developing original software for
these subsystems. For each function, we will
investigate availability of source code or design
specifications suitable for adaptation to Tandem
and BIS environments. As of this writing (Febru-
ary 1984), TRLN is negotiating with a consultant
to conduct a study aimed at identifying circula-
tion software potentially usable by TRLN.

Joe A. Hewitt is Associate University Librarian for Technical
Services at the Davis Library, the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill.

68�?"North Carolina Libraries

Systems Characteristics

In order to get an accurate perspective on
TRLN systems within the broad framework of
library automation, it is useful to focus on the
major distinguishing features of the project,
which are noted briefly below.

1. TRLN development has focused on the on-
line catalog as the core and first module of an
integrated system rather than beginning from a
peripheral application such as circulation. It is
expected that this approach will lead to an on-
line catalog which is free of limitations resulting
from basic design decisions oriented toward other
functions. The main thrust of TRLN�?Ts original
software development will continue to be the on-
line catalog and its future enhancements. It is in
this area that TRLN hopes to establish a position
of leadership among research libraries.

2. TRLN systems are being designed to
address the needs of research libraries with large
and rapidly expanding collections, complex orga-
nizations, and demanding clienteles. TRLN systems
will accommodate an organizationally complex
library system with scattered specialized collec-
tions using a variety of cataloging rules and classi-
fication schemes. Thus the BIS will represent
physical holdings and bibliographic relationships
to a level of detail sufficient to handle research
library collections. The relatively expensive Tan-
dem computer was chosen because of its redun-
dancy, reliability, and expandability.

3. TRLN systems are being designed to meet
the unique needs of each TRLN library, but at the
same time to serve as a node of a local area net-
work which, in turn, will be capable of linking with
other local networks, state and regional networks,
and national bibliographic utilities.

In general, then, TRLN should be regarded as
a large-scale, complex, and somewhat expensive
system explicitly designed to meet the needs of
research libraries. We have completed no studies
to determine the minimum collection size at
which a TRLN system would be cost-effective. BIS
and peripheral TRLN systems must be more fully
developed before such a study could be done with

any degree of precision. TRLN staff, however,
intuitively accept the figure of five hundred thou-
sand volumes as the minimum below which a
TRLN system would not be worthwhile, either for
an individual library or for a group of libraries
using a single TRLN system.

TRLN should also be viewed as a system
designed to be a research library node in an open-
access, wide-area network providing a variety of
levels and types of access to all potential users of
the collections of the primary members. More on
this aspect of TRLN is included below under the
heading Linking and Access.

Current Status

A long-standing and sometimes overused
TRLN slogan is �?oproviding short-term benefits
while working toward long-term goals.�?� Although
abused, this phrase does tend to describe the cur-
rent status of the TRLN project. TRLN has oper-
ated serviceable systems since the fall of 1980
while at the same time making considerable pro-
gress toward the development of the TRLN Biblio-
graphic Information System.

The Archive Tape Processing System (ATS)
and the Online Editing System (OES) have
allowed TRLN libraries to build and maintain
their bibliographic and holdings data bases for
the BIS, thereby avoiding a major project at the
time of implementation. Validation modules,
inherent components of both the ATS and OES,
provide quality control over the contents of the
data bases. As of February 4, 1984, the size of the
TRLN data bases aggregated to 1,047,379 records,
distributed among the TRLN libraries as in
Table 1.

Other operational systems include the COM
catalog production system and the report of recent
acquisitions. Two TRLN COM catalogs have been
produced. The latest, distributed in February 1984,
consists of 657 fiche and includes author, title, and
subject listings. Four-weekly lists of recently cata-
loged titles arranged by location and call numbers

are produced and distributed to TRLN libraries,
which in turn duplicate the lists and make them
available to faculty, students, and staff.

The ATS, COM production system, and the
recent acquisition service operate on the UNIVAC
90/80 at Administrative Data Processing at UNC-
CH. (The ATS and recent acquisition service are
being reprogrammed to run on the newly installed
IBM 3083.) The OES, considered the predecessor
of the BIS, operates on the Tandem NonStop I
Computer located in the Davis Library at UNC-CH.

A great deal of effort on the part of TRLN
Systems Advisory and Cataloging Policy Commit-
tees has gone into the development of functional
specifications for the OES and the BIS. This work
represents, we believe, one of the most thoroughly
documented library systems design efforts at the
functional level in existence. The results of this
work are contained in a set of system design doc-
uments available from TRLN for the cost of dupli-
cation.

The BIS will be brought up in stages beginning
in the summer of 1984. The first segment, expected
in July, will include author, title, and series access
as well as access by various control numbers. Call
number access and shelf list browsing is planned
for early fall 1984; subject access by controlled
subject terms is due late in the fall, followed by the
development of enhanced subject access, includ-
ing Boolean operators and use of a variety of delim-
iters for restricting retrieval sets. Detailed design
of the circulation subsystem will begin in Sep-
tember 1984. The target date for implementing the
circulation subsystem cannot be predicted until it
is known whether original software must be writ-
ten or already existing programming can be adapt-
ed. Preliminary investigation of potentially useful
acquisitions and serials control software will also
begin in the fall of 1984.

Space does not allow a detailed description of
the features of the TRLN on-line catalog. It should
be noted, however, that a number of features pre-
sumed to make a system �?ouser friendly�?� are
planned. These include choice of guided and com-

eee

TABLE I
Distribution of TRLN records

Duke Perkins

Duke Law

Duke Medical Center
Duke Business

NCSU

UNC-CH Academic
UNC-CH Health Sciences

Jan. 7 Feb. 4 Growth
170,938 174,390 8,452
16,401 16,666 265
843 1,027 184
1,469 1,922 453
430,645 433,041 2,396
358,094 362,505 4,411
55,820 57,828 2,008

1,034,210 1,047,379 13,169

nn EEE

1984 Summer�?"69

mand modes; generous use of instructional and
help messages; choice of display formats; limiting
of searches by date, language, etc.; searching by
specific collections and collection subsets; and so
on. We expect that the BIS, as an on-line catalog,
will be equal to other on-line catalogs in most
respects while being superior in some, which is to
be expected of what is conceived as a second
generation system. System deficiencies, of course,
are not being planned and cannot be described in
any specific way at this time.

In predicting the availability of TRLN systems,
a distinction must always be made between the
completion of asegment of software and the avail-
ability of sufficient hardware, particularly storage
space, to actually operate the new component.
This is especially the case as long as the systems for
all TRLN libraries are operated on the same com-
puter at UNC-CH. The projected dates noted above
are for completing the coding of software modules
and their testing on small test files. Actual imple-
mentation could be delayed, perhaps considera-
bly, by lack of funds to acquire disk drives. Current
plans call for mounting the UNC-CH data base fora
full-scale field test of all BIS components while
simultaneously maintaining the Duke and NCSU
files on-line in BIS format for data base mainte-
nance. Potential outside users of TRLN should be
aware that the network will not be fully operation-
al until Tandem computer systems have been
installed in all TRLN libraries. Although steps are
underway to acquire hardware at Duke and NCSU,
the timing of the required funding is still uncertain.

Organization and Financial Support

The TRLN libraries recognize that local devel-
opment of asystem on the scale of the BIS involves
along-term commitment to software maintenance
and enhancement. Like all such systems, the BIS
will be an evolving system under constant pressure
to adjust to the external networking environment,
to various standards as they are developed, to new
generations of computing equipment, and to the
growing demands of users. This substantial com-
mitment can only be met by continuing institu-
tional funding and by an organization capable of
operating a stable network. The soft-money financ-
ing and relatively informal organization which
have characterized TRLN as a developmental proj-
ect will no longer be appropriate when TRLN
makes the transition to an operational network.

In the past year TRLN has made considerable
progress in terms of both funding and organiza-
tion. Prior to fiscal year 1983/84, TRLN�?Ts principal
support came from the Department of Education�?Ts

70�?"North Carolina Libraries

Strengthening Research Library Resources Pro-
gram (Title II-C). In 1983/84, UNC-CH Academic
Affairs Library was able to include in its continuing
budget the cost of two systems positions as well as
funds to maintain the Tandem computer being
used for development. Additional funds for com-
puting equipment were also made available. The
UNC-CH Health Affairs Library assumed the cost
of one programming position. NCSU added anoth-
er programming position to the staff assistant
position they had been funding for some time.
Duke took steps to work support for the remaining
TRLN positions into its budget cycle when Title
II-C support ends in October 1984. These steps,
taken together, ensure the continuation of TRLN
at least on the scale that it has existed in the past.

In the past year TRLN has
made considerable progress in
terms of both funding and
organization.

TRLN�?Ts overall strategy will be for each institu-
tion to maintain its own on-line catalog while mak-
ing a contribution to the central TRLN organi-
zation which will supply software maintenance
and other technical support. Means to meet the
second obligation are in place or planned, but
major funding hurdles remain with respect to
acquiring hardware at NCSU and Duke. It is
expected that this funding will be acquired
through special institutional allocations or
through foundation grants. Administrators in
TRLN libraries are optimistic about recent initia-
tives in both directions, but funding for all nodes of
the network remains an area of uncertainty at this
time.

Throughout 1983 the TRLN Organization Com-
mittee and the directors of the TRLN libraries
worked on an instrument for establishing a formal
TRLN organization. As a development project,
TRLN operated through a relatively structured
organization but one based ultimately on an un-
written understanding among the library direc-
tors. As the time approached for a major
investment of institutional funds, it became evi-
dent that a more formal agreement and organiza-
tion, were necessary for the governance and
management of a network. A number of alterna-
tives were explored including establishing TRLN as
a not-for-profit corporation. The form chosen was
an unincorporated consortium based on a Memo-

randum of Understanding signed by the Chancel-
lors of the three institutions, with one of the
members acting as host institution and legal agent.
As of February 1984, the draft Memorandum had
passed review at all levels of the three universities
and was being prepared for signing by the chan-
cellors.

The Memorandum of Understanding estab-
lishes a Governing Board consisting of the chief
officers of each member library, plus one universi-
ty administrative officer appointed by the chancel-
lor of each member institution. The member
libraries are defined as those institutions�?T separ-
ately administered libraries which are members of
OCLC. Thus the charter member libraries of TRLN,
each with Board representation, are the Fuqua
School of Business Library, Law Library, Medical
Center Library, and Perkins Library at Duke; the
Academic Affairs Library and Health Sciences
Library at UNC-CH; and the D.H. Hill Library at
NCSU. It is anticipated that the board will act by
consensus, but when a position supported by con-
sensus cannot be found, the board will vote by
institution, with an unanimous vote of the three
institutions required for action.

The Memorandym of Understanding also estab-
lishes the position of TRLN director to manage the
network and report to the governing board. The
creation of this position serves to separate TRLN
management from the administration of the host
library and to consolidate management responsi-
bilities previously shared by the associate director
for technical services at UNC-CH�?Ts Academic
Affairs Library, the TRLN library systems analyst,
and the assistant director of administrative data
processing at UNC-CH.

The Memorandum continues many of the
proven organizational features of TRLN. The coor-
dinating committee will continue in its role of
overseeing the design and operation of TRLN sys-
tems through a series of advisory committees
made up of staff of the member libraries. The
chairmanship of the coordinating committee, until
now closely associated with the position of coordi-
nator of the Title II -C projects, will be chosen
annually by the members of the committee. Both
the TRLN director and the chair of the coordinat-
ing committee will attend meetings of the govern-
ing board.

UNC-CH has been designated host library for
an initial term of three years. Subsequent terms of
three years will be arranged with the mutual con-
sent of the governing board and the library which
is willing to serve as host. TRLN staff, until recently
divided between quarters at Wilson Library and
UNC-CH Administrative Data Processing, are now

housed in UNC-CH�?Ts new Davis Library, as is the
TRLN Tandem computer. Permanent quarters for
the UNC-CH node of the network (and for TRLN
staff, if UNC-CH�?Ts term as host library is extended)
will be constructed in Wilson Library as part of the
Wilson renovation project.

Taken together, these steps to secure funding
from the institutions and to establish a formal
TRLN organization have placed TRLN on a found-
ation far sounder than that provided by soft
money during the early developmental years. That
financial and organizational support will allow
TRLN to become astable component ina statewide
network along the lines recommended by the King
Research report and now being developed by the
North Carolina Network Steering Committee. Just
what TRLN�?Ts role should be in such a network is
subject to definition, but as the following section
suggests, TRLN will provide capabilities for access-
ing the state�?Ts largest collections, which can only be
useful in such a networking effort.

Linking and Access

TRLN has always pursued a number of goals
which reflect a variety of internal and external
interests. On each campus there is a need to pro-
vide access from branch libraries to the holdings
of the main library, both to allow habitual users of
specialized libraries to make greater use of the
total resources of the institution and to allow
greater coordination of collection development
within each library system. There is also a need
on each campus to capitalize on the widespread
availability of terminals and microcomputers in
departmental and faculty offices in providing
access to library collections.

Among the campuses there is a need to pro-
vide mutual access to collections to support long-
standing programs of coordinated collection
development and to allow faculty and students to
approach the three collections as a single inte-
grated resource. Users in the Research Triangle
Park, particularly at the National Humanities

�?T Center, also need improved access to the collec-

tions of the research universities. At the same
time, there is a need to make the research re-
sources concentrated in the triangle area access-
ible to potential users throughout the state.
Related to these needs for accessibility to the col-
lections of TRLN libraries is a need to link TRLN
systems to the bibliographic utilities and perhaps
to regional networks. All of these concerns fall in
the general area of linking and access.
Fortunately, technical capabilities developed
to meet one need will in many cases meet other

1984 Summer�?"71

needs. The requirement on each campus for a
variety of modes of access will result in a system
which is also hospitable to a wide range of access
for off-campus users. TRLN systems will be able to
support dial access using a variety of terminals,
access through dedicated lines, and computer-to-
computer access in appropriate applications. The
type of access most appropriate to outside librar-
ies will depend on the volume and type of use. As
a statewide network based on the concept of the
zones of cooperation (ZOC) evolves, it is expected
that TRLN can play a number of possible roles
depending on the optimal configuration for any
given library or group of libraries.

Several TRLN projects related to linking and
access are worthy of note. Although general sup-
port from the Department of Education will end
in October 1984, another grant application has
been submitted that focuses on the linking
aspects of the network. Initially, interlibrary
access to the on-line catalogs will be through
terminals located at each library connected via
dedicated lines to the systems at the other librar-
ies. A second level of access will be established
with the computer-to-computer links, at which
time any terminal connected to a TRLN system
will have access to all Bibliographic Information
Systems in the network. These methods will pro-
vide serial access only, that is, the capability of
searching each data base in succession.

TRLN�?Ts ultimate objective is to provide access
such that the three separate data bases can func-
tion from the user�?Ts viewpoint as a single union
catalog. Meeting this objective will require a sys-
tem design and software development effort of
some magnitude. Design specifications will be
prepared for operations such as query handling
and terminal contention in the multiple data base
environment and collecting and merging retrieval
sets from separate data bases. Special display
formats for merged retrieval sets will also be
developed. The grant will also support coding and
testing of linking software and partial implemen-
tation of the links. Although TRLN staff will have
to complete this work in any case, the links will be
available sooner if supported by Title IJ-C funds.
It should be pointed out that until the fully
transparent link is developed, outside users of
TRLN may have to use separate connections to
each TRLN on-line catalog.

The Council on Library Resources has in-
cluded TRLN as an official observer of the Linked
System Project (LSP). The LSP is a council-
funded project involving LC, RLIN, and WLN to
develop standard protocols for linking biblio-
graphic data bases. As the work progresses, the

72�?"North Carolina Libraries

council periodically sponsors meetings of repre-
sentatives of selected systems organizations to
inform them of developments with the project
and to encourage the adoption of the LSP pro-
tocols. TRLN is interested in the possibility of
developing linkages compatible with the LSP pro-
tocol, both to promote standards in general and
to increase the possibility that TRLN software can
be useful to others.

For some time, TRLN has been negotiating
with OCLC to undertake a collaborative effort to
develop an online interface between the OCLC
cataloging system and the BIS. This project has
received approval by OCLC management and pre-
liminary planning began in January 1984. When
completed, such a link will represent an impor-
tant step in the direction of a rational interface
between OCLC and locally developed on-line
systems.

These linking activities are highlighted here
to emphasize TRLN�?Ts commitment to the concept
of linking local systems as a means of creating
wide-area networks and service areas. Linking of
independent bibliographic systems is still a
somewhat neglected and underdeveloped tech-
nology, and much remains to be done before flex-
ible, affordable linking mechanisms can be used
to create a statewide network. TRLN�?Ts current
work related to linking represents groundwork
which in time will lead to technical capabilities on
our part which will allow TRLN to be an effective
partner in a statewide networking effort.

NCASL Conference

The 1984 NCASL Biennial Work Conference
will be held in Raleigh, October 4-5, at the Raleigh
Civic Center Complex.

If any section or committee of NCLA would
like to meet in Raleigh during the Work Confer-
ence, please notify Helen Tugwell, vice-chairman/
chairman elect of NCASL, immediately.

Address and telephone numbers:

Helen Tugwell
Route 6, Box 214
Wilson, NC 27893
Home: 919-243-2630
Work: 919-291-9450

The theme of this year�?Ts conference is
�?oLibrary Media Services: Practical and Political.�?�

ee

The North Carolina AHEC Network

Lynne Siemers

�?oThe North Carolina Area Health Education
Center (AHEC) Program is a unique partnership
between the university health science center and
the community ... to improve the geographic dis-
tribution of well-trained health professionals and
support personnel, and to increase the supply of
personnel trained to meet the primary health care
needs of the people of North Carolina.�?�

In addition to its goal of training and retrain-
ing primary health care personnel and improving
the distribution of health manpower, the AHEC
program is a voluntary effort to

1. Enhance the professional environment by providing
opportunities for continuing education and technical assist-
ance for all health personnel at a regional and local level.
2. Provide training opportunities in community settings for
students in allied health, dentistry, medicine, nursing,
pharmacy and public health.

3. Avoid duplication of training efforts by a coordinated
system of university and community education networks,
while enhancing regional training capabilities.�?T

The nine AHECs in the state are linked to a
university health sciences center as well as com-
munity hospitals, other university campuses, com-
munity colleges, technical institutes, and practic-
ing professionals in their respective regions. The
program has developed under the leadership of
the dean of the School of Medicine at the Univer-
sity of North Carolina in Chapel Hill with the co-
operation of other health schools at Chapel Hill
(Dentistry, Nursing, Pharmacy, Public Health), the
Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest
University, the Duke University Medical Center,
and the East Carolina University Health Science
Schools (Medicine, Nursing, Allied Health).

The History of AHEC in North Carolina

In 1970 the Carnegie Commission on Higher
Education issued a report, Higher Education and
the Nation�?Ts Health. This report came at a time of
concern over the shortage of health manpower;
the Comprehensive Health Manpower Training
Act of 1971 was strongly influenced by the report.

Lynne Siemers is AHEC Liaison Librarian at the Health Sci-

ences Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill.

One recommendation of the Carnegie Commission
called for the creation of area health education
centers designed to improve the quality of health
training and to overcome the geographic maldistri-
bution of health professionals.°

At the same time, the UNC-CH School of Medi-
cine was developing affiliations with community
hospitals in the state to provide clinical training
for medical students. Funds for this activity were
provided by the North Carolina Regional Medical
Program, the Duke Endowment, and the North
Carolina General Assembly. These activities en-
abled the university to respond to requests for
intent to develop AHEC programs from the Bureau
of Health Manpower Education of the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare. Monies for
these AHECs had been authorized in the 1971
Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Act.

In 1972, HEW awarded the UNC-CH School of
Medicine a contract for $8.5 million to develop
three AHECs. This was one of the original eleven
contracts in the country. The school received an
additional $1 million for the projects from state
funds and from six community hospitals. In 1974
the North Carolina General Assembly appropri-
ated $28.2 million to expand the AHEC program
into a statewide network with nine regional cen-
ters. Each AHEC was to include a library and audio-
visual resource center.

The Library and Information Services Network

The North Carolina AHEC program marked
its ten-year anniversary in 1983. An integral part
of the program�?"some say its most visible com-
ponent�?"has always been the library and informa-
tion services network. The network itself is a
statewide resource, providing access for health
professionals not only to the resources of each of
the thirteen present AHEC libraries but also to the
health science center libraries. In addition, each
AHEC library has developed its collections and
services in response to the unique needs of the
region�?Ts health professionals. Networking is a key
component among the objectives which the librar-
ies defined for themselves in the 1981 Standards:

1984 Summer�?"73

1. To provide information services to the AHEC region from
the AHEC center by developing a core collection of books,
audiovisual materials, and journals within the region and
by providing access to the resource libraries of North Caro-
lina and the national biomedical communication networks.
2. To develop library collections in health care facilities
located in the AHEC region.

3. To provide access to audiovisual equipment and produc-
tion services in support of educational activities of the
AHEC region through referral or on-site facilities.

4. To disseminate information concerning AHEC and espe-
cially library learning resource center resources and ser-
vices.

5. To make all types of information more available by a
network of shared resources with public libraries and
libraries of other health agencies, community colleges, and
technical institutes.

Perhaps one of the most telling indications of
the growth of the network of AHEC libraries is the
increase in professional personnel. The first AHEC
librarian was hired in 1974. Ten years later, there
are 17 librarians employed throughout the state.

Having realized early on the benefits of coopera-
tion and networking, the AHEC libraries and
librarians have continued to add to the list of
accomplishments of the network. To date this
ranges from the fifth edition of the Union List of
Audiovisuals to on-line demonstrations at state
meetings of health professionals.

Network Products and Services

The North Carolina AHEC Audiovisual Union
List is published annually. The 1983-84 edition,
available in either microfiche or paper copy, lists
over eight thousand unique audiovisual programs.
Holdings include the four academic resource librar-
ies and the nine AHEC libraries. Microfiche copies
are distributed free to all North Carolina hospitals.
Other libraries and agencies may purchase the list
from the Central AHEC Office.

Other products of the AHEC network include
a monthly newsletter, an annual directory of per-
sonnel, and the 1981 NC AHEC Library/LRC
Standards. These standards reflect the emphasis
on local development which is apparent through-
out the system: �?o... a major strength of the AHEC
program lies in the autonomy granted each re-
gional center; (thus, | no attempt has been made to
give numerical quotas in the standards state-
ments. Rather, the focus is on stating the scope,
level, and quality of service recommended; [the]
guidelines are intended to assist in attaining ...
standards. This is both an assessment and plan-
ning tool that will enable AHEC directors and staff
to develop services cooperatively to address re-
gional needs.�?�®

Because all AHEC libraries have access to the
on-line databases of both Bibliographic Retrieval

74�?"North Carolina Libraries

Services, Inc., and the National Library of Medi-
cine, it has become almost routine to plan the
educational demonstrations of these on-line servi-
ces at the annual meetings of physicians, nurses,
pharmacists, dentists, physicians�?T assistants, hos-
pital administrators, and public health personnel.
A follow-up study is planned to determine what
effect participation in these demonstrations has
on the further use of library and information servi-
ces by these health professionals.

Regional Differences

While the primary focus so far has been on the
cooperative activities of the network, it is equally
important to examine the difference between
library and information services in each AHEC
(see Figure 1). It is here that the �?oregional auto-
nomy�?� becomes clear, since each has been devel-
oped in response to the needs of the region; in fact,
some of the strengths of the network come from
the local diversity represented by each AHEC.

Mountain AHEC (Asheville) serves as the
library for both Memorial Mission and St. Joseph�?Ts
hospitals. Located in a bridge between the two
institutions, MAHEC also offers the services of its
combined information/media services department
to the area�?Ts health professionals and students. It
is the only one of the AHECs so structured.

The seventeen counties which comprise the
Northwest AHEC (Winston-Salem) have been orga-
nized into four subregions. The library and infor-
mation services in each of these subregions is
centered around a multitype, cost-sharing consor-
tium. This concept was first implemented in the
Hickory area with the formation of the UNIFOUR
consortium.® Boone, Winston-Salem, and Salisbury
are the headquarters sites of the other consortia.
In addition to hospital libraries, community col-
leges, mental health centers, schools of nursing,
local health departments, and state institutions
are members of these consortia. Services are deli-
vered by librarians on a regular circuit to each
member institution.

Development of local consortia, but on a
voluntary basis, has been the route taken by the
Greensboro AHEC. The Rockingham County Health
Information Consortium and Randolph County
Health Information Consortium, both multitype
consortia, received National Library of Medicine
grant funds to aid in the development of resources
in individual libraries and for the support of intra-
consortium activities. With the expiration of the
grant funds at the end of 1983, the members of the
Rockingham Consortium have agreed to share the
salary for a part-time coordinator. Another volun-

tary consortium in Alamance County is in the
organizational stage.

The Library/LRC at the Charlotte AHEC is a
result of the 1976 merger of the library resources
of Charlotte AHEC and the Mecklenburg County
Medical Society. Library and information services
in the Charlotte AHEC area as well as those in
Wilmington, Eastern (based at the Health Sciences
Library of ECU, Greenville) and Area L (Tarboro)
are provided through a combination of circuit-
riding librarians and consultant contacts at com-
munity hospitals and local health agencies.

National Library of Medicine grant funds were
awarded to support the development of AHEC-
based consortia in two regions. The Fayetteville
AHEC received funds for the Cape Fear Health
Sciences Information Consortium, a group of four-
teen hospitals, technical institutes, public librar-
ies, state universities, and public health agencies.
The journal holdings of the consortium are in-
cluded in the Cape Fear Library Association�?Ts
Union List of Serials.

Most recently the Resources for Health Infor-
mation (ReHI) Consortium received grant fund-
ing. The Wake AHEC (Raleigh) serves as the
administrator for this consortium of fifteen insti-
tutions. Hospitals in Durham and Person counties
are also members of the consortium.

Network Coordination and Professional
Development

Technical assistance and consultations are
provided to all AHEC libraries by the AHEC liaison
librarian and the audiovisual liaison based at the
UNC-CH Health Sciences Library. Through a con-
tractual arrangement with the central AHEC
office, this academic resource library provides
staff and support for these positions.

As the network has evolved over the past ten
years, roles played by both the academic health
sciences center libraries and the AHEC libraries
have changed. The Health Sciences Library at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill serves
as the primary resource library for Mountain,
Greensboro, Area L, Wake, Charlotte, and Wil-
mington AHECs; Northwest AHEC makes use of
the Carpenter Library of the Bowman Gray School
of Medicine; FAHEC�?Ts ties are to the Duke Medical
Center Library; and the outreach library services
of Eastern AHEC are based at the Health Sciences
Library of East Carolina University in Greenville.

The dependence on the resources of these
academic libraries has declined as the AHEC
libraries have built their respective collections of
resources and established and strengthened ties
with libraries within their regions. Indeed, as the
AHEC libraries themselves have identified their

FIGURE 1
North Carolina Area Health Education Centers

Unaffiliated Counties

Fayetfeville

4 AHEC Library/LRC
e University Health Sciences Library

Wilmington

1984 Summer�?"75

own resources for each other, inter-AHEC borrow-
ing and lending have increased.

Continuing education, an important compo-
nent of the AHEC program, has been provided by
and for AHEC librarians. In a small hospital or
health agency, responsibilities for the daily opera-
tion of the library often are assigned to personnel
with other unrelated duties. Many seminars are
geared for these untrained hospital library mana-
gers. Seminars address subjects such as basic ref-
erence and technical services, introduction to
cataloging, and interlibrary loan services. AHEC
librarians have attended such courses as teaching
skills for library educators, managerial writing,
grantsmanship, and assertiveness training.

Conclusion

The North Carolina AHEC Program is entering
its second decade with a new five year plan for
1985-1990. The Library and Information Services
Network has also begun to lay groundwork for the
future. In addition to supporting new AHEC pro-
grams focused on aging, health promotion/disease
prevention, environmental and occupational
health, and management education for health pro-
fessionals, AHEC libraries are planning for the
increasing use of technology. IBM XT microcom-
puters will be installed in 1984 in all AHEC and
resource libraries. Planned network use of these
machines includes preparation of updates for
both the audiovisual and journal union lists, quar-
terly and annual statistical reports, and demon-
strations. Electronic linkages for messages, bulletin
boards, and interlibrary loans are also being
explored.

By remaining responsive to the increasingly
sophisticated information needs of regional health
professionals, incorporating appropriate uses of
technology for both internal and cooperative
efforts, and through maintenance of a commit-
ment to strengthening ties to the local information
community, the North Carolina AHEC Library and
Information Services Network will remain an inte-
gral element in meeting the goals of the AHEC
program.

References

1. The North Carolina Area Health Education Center Program:
Recommended Program Plan, July 1, 1980 - June 30, 1985
(Chapel Hill, NC: Area Health Education Centers Program, n.d.),
i,

2. Rebecca W. Davidson, The Library/Learning Resource Center
Network of the North Carolina AHEC Program (Atlanta, GA;
Center for Disease Control, 1981), v.

3. Charles E. Odegaard, Area Health Education Centers: the Pio-
neering Years, 1972-1978 (Berkeley, CA: Carnegie Council on
Policy Studies in Higher Education, 1979), viii.

76�?"North Carolina Libraries

4. North Carolina Area Health Education Centers Library/LRC
Standards, 1981 (n.p., 1981), 1.

5. Ibid., introduction.

6. Phyllis Gillikin, et al., �?oA Self-Supporting Library Service in a
Rural Region; A New Look at Hospital Consortia,�?�

Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 70 (April 1982):
216-223.

Appendix A

North Carolina
Area Health Education Centers
Libraries

Area L AHEC

Library/Information Services

Health Education Foundation of Eastern North Carolina, Inc.
P.O. Drawer 1319

Tarboro, NC 27886

919-823-1353

Charlotte AHEC

Medical Library of Mecklenburg County/Learning Resource
Center of Charlotte AHEC

P.O. Box 32861

Charlotte, NC 28232

704-331-3129

Eastern AHEC

Outreach Library Services
Health Sciences Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27834
919-757-2242

Fayetteville AHEC
Library/Information Services
FAHEC

1601-B Owen Drive
Fayetteville, NC 28304
919-323-1152

Greensboro AHEC

AHEC Library/Information Services
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital
1200 North Elm Street

Greensboro, NC 27420
919-379-4483

Mountain AHEC

Information and Media Services
Mountain AHEC

501 Biltmore Ave.

Asheville, NC 28801
704-258-0881

Northwest AHEC

Area IV, Northwest AHEC
Bowman Gray School of Medicine
300 South Hawthorne Road
Winston-Salem, NC 27103
919-748-2008

Northwest AHEC Library
Catawba Memorial Hospital
Fairgrove Church Road
Hickory,NC 28601
704-322-0662

Northwest AHEC Library University Health Sciences Center Libraries

Rowan Memorial Hospital Coy C. Carpenter Library

612 Mocksville Ave. Bowman Gray School of Medicine

Salisbury, NC 28144 300 South Hawthorne Road

704-638-1081 Winston-Salem, NC 27103
919-748-4691

Northwest AHEC Library

Watauga County Hospital Medical Center Library

Deerfield Road Duke University

Boone, NC 28607 Durham, NC 27710

704-264-2431 919-684-2011

Wake AHEC Health Sciences Library

Medical Library East Carolina University

Wake County Medical Center Greenville, NC 27834

3000 New Bern Ave. 919-757-2212

Raleigh,NC 27610

919-755-8529 Health Sciences Library
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Wilmington AHEC Chapel Hill, NC 27514

Medical Library 919-966-2111

New Hanover Memorial Hospital
2131 S. 17th Street

Wilmington, NC 28402-9990
919-343-0161

NCLA delegation to ALA Legislative Day in Washington: (1 to r) Louise Boone, Jerry Thrasher, J. A. Killian, William Bridgman,
Artemis Kares, Dr. Benjamin Speller, Henry Hall, and Arial Stephens. The delegation visited Congressmen Ike Andrews, Stephen
Neal, Tim Valentine, Robin Britt, and Jim Martin.

1984 Summer�?"77

The Walter R. Davis Library

Larry Alford

On the night of February 6, 1984, tempera-
tures dropped to the low teens. That night two
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
undergraduates, Allen Ashcroft and Scott Jones,
camped at the front door of the Walter R. Davis
Library so they could be the first to enter the
building when it opened at 8:00 the next morning.
The official opening of the Davis Library on Feb-
ruary 7, 1984, was the culmination of more than
four years of construction and over eleven years
of planning.

The construction of the Davis Library was
the second step in a three-step plan to improve
library facilities at the university. That plan,
approved in the early 1970s under the leadership
of then Chancellor N. Ferebee Taylor, called for
construction of a three-floor addition to the
Health Sciences Library, construction of a new
central library, and the renovation of Wilson
Library for special collections.

Money for this construction came from the
sale of the university-owned utilities in Chapel
Hill. Legislative approval to use the proceeds of
the utility sale for library construction was
obtained through the efforts of many individuals,
led by Chancellor Taylor and former Chairman of
the UNC-CH Board of Trustees, Walter R. Davis.
The new central library was named for Mr. Davis,
who is-a major benefactor of the university and a
member of the Board of Governors of The Univer-
sity of North Carolina.

The Walter R. Davis Library replaces the
Louis Round Wilson Library as the central library
on the campus at UNC-CH. The Wilson Library,
with major additions in 1952 and 1977, has
served as the central library at UNC-CH since
1929. After extensive restoration and renovation,
Wilson Library will house the Rare Book, North
Carolina, Manuscript, and Map Collections. Wil-
son Library will also be used to store important
but lesser-used materials from all of the libraries
on the university campus. There will be storage
space there for more than one million volumes.

Larry Alford is Circulation Librarian at the Davis Library at
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

78�?"North Carolina Libraries

Planning for the new central library began
under the direction of Dr. James F. Govan, uni-
versity librarian, in 1973. With the guidance of the
University Planning Office, Dr. Govan and the
library staff prepared a building program describ-
ing the requirements for the new library. Central
to the program statement was the requirement
that the primary public service functions of refer-
ence, circulation, the public catalog, and current
serials be located on the first floor within view of
the building entrance. Other requirements in-
cluded making the building accessible to the
handicapped; centralizing the collection develop-
ment, acquisitions, and cataloging functions on
the ground floor to make processing of materials
more efficient; and providing sufficient shelf
space for the growth of the library�?Ts collections
through at least 1995. The various operations
of the library were analyzed for present and
future space requirements. Careful consideration
was given to the functional relationships of the
various units within the library so that units
would be physically close to other units, to the
book stacks, and to the public catalog when their
functions required such proximity.

Two award-winning architectural firms were
selected by the Board of Trustees to design the
building. The principal firm was Leslie N. Boney
Architect of Wilmington, headed by Leslie N.
Boney, Jr. Consulting with the Boney firm was
Mitchel Giurgola of New York, one of the founders
of the post-modernist movement in architecture
and one of the best known contemporary
architects.

Mr. Giurgola and Mr. Boney attempted to
relate the Davis Library to its surroundings and
to keep the massive building from overpowering
the surrounding campus. On the north side of the
site are several dormitory buildings constructed
during the late 1920s and to the south are several
buildings constructed during the 1960s. The
architecture of these buildings reflects the style of
the time they were constructed.

Several design features were used to relate
the library to surrounding structures and to
reduce the apparent size of the building. The

SRE :

On opening day, library staff member Clifton Jones checks out the first book, George Orwell�?Ts 1984, to UNC-CH undergraduate

Allen Ashcroft. (Photo by UNC Library Photographic Service.)

library was placed close to the modern buildings
on the south side, thereby creating an urban set-
ting in keeping with the character of those build-
ings. Limestone was used to provide a visual
break in the brick facade. The eight-story portion
of the building was located on the south side.
Limestone was used to create three architectural
units from the six upper floors. On the north side,
a low, sloping roof with dormer windows and
slate trim was used to relate to the traditional
buildings. Finally, angles, breaks in the walls, and
towers were used to decrease further the visible
mass of the building.

The Davis Library is indeed massive. It con-
tains approximately 422,659 square feet, or
almost ten acres of floor space. Of that, 277,836
square feet is assignable space. The building and
its furnishings cost $22.4 million dollars. Davis is
designed to hold 1.8 million volumes plus a large
microform and government documents collec-
tion. Seating is available for over three thousand
users.

First Floor

In accordance with the design goals de-
scribed above, the Circulation Department, the
Current Serials and Newspapers Reading Room,
the two reference departments, and the public
catalog are located on the first floor within view

of the public entrance. All of these units open
onto a large central gallery which serves as both
an architectural focal point and as a major traffic
corridor.

The gallery is three floors high, 25 feet wide,
and more than 270 feet in length. Balconies on
both the second and third floors open onto the
gallery, adding to the openness of the building.
Large, colorful banners hung from the ceilings
were used to decorate the gallery. These banners,
designed specifically for the gallery, depict prin-
ter�?Ts marks taken from some of the books in the
library�?Ts Rare Book Collection.

Providing an open, light, and spacious quality
in the public areas was one of the major building
design criteria. To that end, few interior walls are
used in the public areas. Where possible, windows
permit natural light to enter the building, creat-
ing an open and pleasant atmosphere. Unfortu-
nately, that same openness has led to some com-
plaints about noise, particularly in the areas near
the gallery. To accommodate unanticipated organi-
zational or service changes, almost all of the
internal walls are non-load-bearing. Thus, all of

the building space, public and staff, is flexible and
can be easily altered.

One other major architectural feature of
Davis is the large reading room on the north side
of the building. That room, which houses both

1984 Summer�?"79

reference departments, features a thirty-two-foot
vaulted ceiling with large vaulted windows at
either end. Skylights and dormer windows permit
abundant natural light to enter the room. Many
of the University�?Ts alumni associate the library
with the ornate and beautiful reading room on
the second floor of Wilson Library. The new read-
ing room in Davis is a deliberate attempt to
suggest that room in a modern context.

The location of the major service units on the
same floor and within sight of each other and the
placement of the two reference units in the same
room, have made referral must easier. Staff are
more willing to refer patrons to another unit,
because directions are easy to give and they can
see the patron go to the other unit and receive
help. Patrons are more willing to cross a room or
to cross the gallery for help than to go to another
room or floor.

The library�?Ts technical services departments
are also located on the first floor. Those depart-
ments include Collection Development, Acquisi-
tions, Cataloging, and Serials. The technical servi-

REFERENCE

ENTRANCE

u

REFERENCE ROOM

CURRENT SERIALS TECHNICAL SERVICES
PERIODICALS i
AND CATALOGING ACQUISITIONS
* NEWSPAPERS . a . . ¥ "

ces departments occupy a large room (80 feet by
210 feet) and adjacent office space. The large
room is intended to make the flow of library
materials through technical processing more effi-
cient. Shelving and movable office panels have
been used to break up the space and to provide
some privacy.

In anticipation of increasing automation in
libraries, an extensive duct system has been pro-
vided in the technical services area and in the
reference room so that communication lines and
electric outlets can be located almost anywhere.
In addition, a telephone conduit system intended
to accommodate communication lines was pro-
vided throughout the entire building. It is, there-
fore, relatively easy to provide telephone or other
communication lines almost anywhere in the
building.

There are six stack floors in the Davis
Library. The main library collection is shelved on
those floors near a large number of reader seats.
To make the stack floors pleasant and inviting, a
standard height ceiling was used rather than the

2 COLLECTION
DEVELOPMENT





Map of the first floor of Davis Library.

80�?"North Carolina Libraries

low ceilings often found in the stacks of large
research libraries. As noted earlier, as much nat-
ural light as possible has been provided. The arti-
ficial lighting is mostly indirect to minimize glare.
To help reduce energy costs, the level of lighting
necessary to each space was studied carefully,
and the lowest acceptable level of lighting was
used. The shelves, ceilings, floors, and walls are
off-white in color to reflect light. Where neces-
sary, individual task lighting is used to supple-
ment the general lighting.

A rectangular floor design was used for the
stack areas to permit a logical arrangement of
shelving and the classification sequence. Wilson
Library was built in successive stages and in-
cluded a large number of alcoves which created
very unusual shelving sequences. Patrons in Wilson
Library frequently requested assistance from
staff in locating a particular call number. Such a
request is a rare occurrence in the Davis Library
due to the logical, rectangular layout of the
stacks.

One of the six towers on the south side of the building. The
closed graduate student studies are housed in these towers.
(Photo by UNC Library Photographic Service.)



�?oa

A view of the west end of the Davis Library. The entrance to
the building is located at the far left under the arcade. (Photo
by Will Owens, UNC News Bureau.)

os EES �?o

The southwest corner of the library. (Photo by UNC Library
Photographic Service.)

1984 Summer�?"81

The book shelves in the stack areas are sur-
rounded by seating although there is no seating
actually located within the shelving area. At the
opposite corners of each floor and on the south
side of each floor are comfortable lounges with
soft seating. Along the north and west sides of
each floor are open, unassigned table and carrel
seating. A large number of typing and small group
study rooms are located on each floor on the
south side of the building. The group study rooms
are intended to provide a place for students to
talk and study together without disturbing other
library users.

There are also six towers on the south side of
the building which provide 492 closed carrels
which are assigned to graduate students. Each
carrel is approximately twenty-five square feet
and includes a desk and bookshelves. The tower
design was used to extend the available exterior
wall space of the building with a minimum
increase in square footage. Because of the in-
crease in perimeter space, each closed carrel has
an exterior window. The tower lobbies include
open carrels with lockers, also for assignment to
graduate students. Finally 138 closed faculty stud-
ies, each with a window, are located at the east end
of the building.

Equipment and Furniture

Library staff worked closely with the Univer-
sity�?Ts Interior Design and Purchasing Department
as well as with the State Department of Purchase
and Contract in the selection and procurement of
equipment and furniture for the Davis Library.
More than $2,000,000 worth of equipment was
purchased.

The single most costly equipment item was
steel shelving, costing more than $1,000,000. The
shelving installation seemed so complex that a
decision was made early in the procurement proc-
ess to divide the purchase into several contracts.
Eventually, bids were sought for four different
installations. Three different manufacturers were
awarded contracts. Although the decision to
separate the shelving contracts did make the
initial procurement process much easier, it also
complicated the final installation. Library staff
had to schedule, coordinate, and supervise the
activities of three different installers. Further,
since the shelves of one manufacturer will not fit
the frames of another, extra shelves must be
stored separately. However, we are now able to
provide interested librarians with a firsthand eval-

uation of the product and the installation of

Banners depicting printers�?T marks hanging from the ceiling of the gallery. (Photo by Will Owens, UNC News Bureau.)

82�?"North Carolina Libraries

three of the leading manufacturers of steel library
shelving.

Most of the office and lounge furniture was
purchased from lists of furniture available �?oon
contract�?� through the State Department of Pur-
chase and Contract. We were particularly inter-
ested in providing a variety of lounge seating so
that patrons would be able to find comfortable
seating according to their personal preferences.
More than five hundred lounge seats were pur-
chased, with many different styles, fabrics, and
colors. For aesthetic reasons, the library staff
agreed to the purchase of some sofas for the
stack lounges. However, as we predicted, those
sofas are usually occupied by one individual,
often for napping rather than study. As the sofas
wear out over the years, we will take the more
practical approach and replace them with single

lounge chairs.
As indicated above, both table and carrel seat-

ing were provided throughout the stacks. We were
very concerned with durability of the furniture
since there is very little money available for furni-
ture replacement or repair. Because of the large
number of tables and carrels needed (280 tables
and 753 carrels), we were able to specify very pre-

The index area in the reference room. (Photo by Will Owens,
UNC News Bureau.)

cisely both the style and the construction of the
wood furniture. With the assistance of the State
Department of Purchase and Contract, detailed
specifications were prepared. A North Carolina
company, Blanton and Moore of Barium Springs,
was awarded the contract for the carrels and
tables and, we believe, provided an excellent
product.

Most of the reading chairs in the building are
wood. More than 2600 reading chairs were needed,
and we decided that the library could not afford
maintenance on that many upholstered chairs.
Again, we specified a particular design and con-
struction. Another North Carolina firm, Boling
Chair Company of Siler City, was able to produce a
chair in accordance with the specifications. We
believe the carrels, tables, and wood chairs are
comfortable to use. We also believe the chairs,
tables, and carrels will last well into the next
century.

Inevitably, in a project of this size, there are
problems. Invariably, furniture and equipment
installations took longer than either the vendor or
the library staff estimated. We have experienced
the usual new building heating and cooling prob-
lems. Davis includes a number of alarm systems to

The main gallery with a view of the second floor balcony and
the banners. (Photo by Will Owens, UNC News Bureau.)

1984 Summer�?"83

improve security, and it has taken some time for
staff and patrons to adjust to those systems. We
discovered during the shelving installation that
some of the shelving simply would not fit as
planned, and we had to revise extensively some of
the shelving layouts. There were construction
delays and accidents. At one point, the building
was damaged when a large crane fell on it. Con-
struction delays forced delays in the delivery of
furniture, and arrangements had to be made to
store furniture and shelving that could not be
delivered.

Despite the problems, we believe that the
Davis Library has been a great success. Perhaps
the best evidence of that success is the tremendous
increase in use of the facility when compared with
Wilson Library. Based on the number of recorded
exits, we estimate that the use of Davis Library has

increased by more than 100 percent compared to
Wilson Library. Between February 7 and May 1,
1984, almost five hundred thousand people used
the Davis Library. While firm figures are not yet
available, it appears that circulation, reference
transactions, and other indicators of library use
will increase significantly. Certainly, the demand
for assignment to the graduate and faculty studies
has far exceeded our expectations.

The university librarian, James F. Govan, ac-
curately predicted in 1978, while the building was
still in the planning stage, that �?oit certainly will be
more convenient for the community to use than is
Wilson Library, it will be adaptable within reaso-
nable limits to future changes, and it will be able to
serve from the time of its opening as an informa-
tion clearing house.�?� Clearly, Davis Library accom-
plishes those goals and much more.

The main stair leading from the gallery near the main entrance to the second floor. (Photo by Will Owens, UNC News Bureau.)

84�?"North Carolina Libraries

ETRE

New North Carolina Books

Alice R. Cotten, Compiler

Vernon H. Crow. Storm in the Mountains: Thomas�?T
Confederate Legion of Cherokee Indians and
Mountaineers. Cherokee: Press of the Museum of
the Cherokee Indian, 1982. 275 pp. $14.95.

Until recently, the strange and chaotic
nature of the Civil War in western North Carolina
has been largely overlooked by historians. But
two books published in 1982 have done much to
fill that gap. One is Phillip Shaw Paludan�?Ts Vic-
tims: A True Story of the Civil War (Knoxville:
University of Tennessee Press, 1982), a fascinat-
ing account of the massacre of thirteen Madison
County men and boys suspected of Unionist activ-
ity by local Confederate soldiers. The other is
Vernon H. Crow�?Ts Storm in the Mountains, which
examines the military struggle in the region by
tracing the course of Thomas�?T Legion, one of the
Confederate Army�?Ts most unusual fighting units.

William Holland Thomas was a prominent
businessman and legislator from Haywood (and
later Cherokee) County, but he was most noted as
the government agent for those Cherokee Indians
who remained in the Smokies after the 1838 re-
moval of most of the tribe to Oklahoma. To him
the mountains of western North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee were �?othe heart of the South,�?�
and with the outbreak of war in 1861, he saw the
defense of this region as the key to keeping the
federal armies of the western and eastern thea-
ters divided. To guard �?othe back door of Virginia�?�
from Union invaders, he organized his own legion
(a unit of infantry, artillery, and cavalry, all serv-
ing under a single commander). Consisting of
mountaineers from the southwestern corner of
the state and Indians recruited by their �?owhite
chief,�?� the legion was unique not only in its make-
up. It also had the distinction of being the only
such unit to remain intact throughout the war,
and it was the last to lay down its arms, surren-
dering only after a daring skirmish against federal
troops near Waynesville a month after Lee�?Ts sur-
render to Grant at Appomattox.

This was only the final of a variety of military
encounters in which all or part of the legion par-
ticipated. Thomas�?Ts men fought against the for-

midable combination of federal troops and pro-
Union residents in East Tennessee and suffered
heavy losses in the Shenandoah Valley campaign
under General Jubal Early in 1864. In North
Carolina�?Ts mountain counties, they served as
much as a police force which had to deal with
bushwhackers, deserters, mob violence, and crim-
inal activity as they did as a military force which
tried to defend the area against destructive
Union raids led by Colonel George W. Kirk and
General George Stoneman. Thomas himself was
forced to spend much of the war in Raleigh and
Richmond, convincing Confederate authorities to
overturn his court martial for accepting deserters
into his command rather than arresting them,
and to allow his legion to remain intact and close
to home.

Vernon Crow, a California businessman,
spent over ten years researching his subject, and
the thoroughness of his narrative and its docu-
mentation is impressive. But despite the detail
with which he has reconstructed the military
exploits of the legion and its leaders, he has pro-
vided only the bare bones of some of the more
intriguing aspects of their experience. Despite
constant references to the very �?ouncivil�?� war
waged in western North Carolina, Crow never
really analyzes the reasons behind the divisive-
ness and resentment that caused such internal
tensions there. Many questions regarding the
nature of the Indians�?T role are also left unan-
swered. How did they fight? How did they interact
with the white soldiers and civilians with whom
the war threw them into close contact? And per-
haps most important, why did they fight for the
Confederacy for as long as they did? Other than
noting their personal loyalty to Thomas and his
futile efforts to curb their urge to take Yankee
scalps, Crow makes little effort to explore their
motives or their methods in waging a war that
was not their own.

Still, Storm in the Mountains is a significant
and very readable contribution to Confederate
military history and to the history of western
North Carolina. The narrative is greatly enhanced
by a generous selection of photographs and

1984 Summer�?"85

New North Carolina Books

charts and extensive appendixes of company
rosters. Particularly worthy of note are the useful
and attractive maps designed by artist William B.
Secrest. As a scholarly work with much to inter-
est more general readers as well, the book would
be a valuable addition to high school, college, and
public libraries across North Carolina and should
be an essential one to libraries in the western part
of the state.

John C. Inscoe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Heather Ross Miller. Adam�?Ts First Wife. David-
son, North Carolina, Briarpatch Press, 1983. 24 pp.

$2.00 paper.

Heather Ross Miller is one of North Carolina�?Ts
most distinguished contemporary writers of poet-
ry and fiction. For her first novel, The Edge of the
Woods (1964), she received the National Associa-
tion of Independent Schools Award. Another
novel, Tenants of the House (1966), won the Sir
Walter Raleigh Prize for Fiction. And her first col-
lection of poetry, The Wind Southerly (1968),
gained her the Oscar Arnold Young Cup. She
spent a year (1979-80) in England as a partici-
pant in the United States-United Kingdom Ex-
change Fellowship Program sponsored by the
National Endowment for the Arts. In 1983 she
received the North Carolina Award for literature.

Miller is a native of Badin, North Carolina,
and a 1961 graduate of the University of North
Carolina at Greensboro, where she studied with
poet Randall Jarrell. She has taught English and
writing at Southeastern Community College in
Elizabethtown, N.C., at Stanly Technical Institute
in Albemarle, and at Pfeiffer College in Misenheim-
er. Currently she is finishing a year as poet-in-
residence at the University of Arkansas.

Adam's First Wife, a collection of twelve
poems, is Miller�?Ts latest book. Like many of her
earlier works, these poems are laden with Biblical
and mythological references and, consequently,
are not immediately accessible to the reader. But
reading them is worth the effort, because Miller is
a consummate stylist; and her choice of images
and allusions is not haphazard. Rereading them
reveals, as it does with all good poetry, many lev-
els of meaning and experience.

�?oAdaim�?Ts First Wife�?� is also the title of the lead
poem in this collection. It is about Lilith, who,
according to medieval Jewish folklore, was the
wife of Adam before the creation of Eve. In folk-
lore, generally, she was a witch believed to
menace children. In these poems Lilith seems to

86�?"North Carolina Libraries

emerge as the symbol of the pre-Biblical world, a
now lost world where death was not a threat and
redemption not a necessity.

In other poems here, Miller explores the
theme of life and death. Life, she seems to say, is
the process of death, which we cannot transcend
and which our children repeat. In �?oEaster Stone�?�
she writes, �?oI yearn at the empty stone,/ ... /
dreaming children to gleam gold beacons/ against
my losing,/ darkening life.�?� Throughout the
poems, there are images of light and dark and of
sleep and dreaming.

Perhaps the most striking poems in the col-
lection are two which suggest the passing of a
family matriarch, �?oNell Leopard�?Ts Dying�?� and �?oNell
Leopard�?Ts Burying.�?� In the first of these, Miller
refers to Nell Leopard as �?oAdam�?Ts first wife,�?� inti-
mating that somehow Nell has transcended life
and death. In the second poem she writes, �?oNell
Leopard will not be buried/ lying low along Rocky
River./ Water rises./ She wants high ground,/... /
So, when God�?Ts rocks thrust fire,/ dryhard, you'll
know Nell Leopard is risen,/ that high ground is
no prison.�?�

As the first title in the Briarpatch Chap-
books, Adam�?Ts First Wife continues an associa-
tion with small press publishing in North Carolina
which Miller began in the late sixties when her
works appeared in The Red Clay Reader. This
volume is certainly appropriate for college and
university libraries though perhaps not as suit-
able for high school or public libraries.

Susan Ballinger, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hili

Maud Thomas. Away Down Home: A History of
Robeson County, North Carolina. N.p.: The
author, 1982. 277 pp. $22.95. (Order from Historic
Robesoh. P.O. Box 1123, Lumberton 28358)

The title of this book gives a clue to the tone
that readers will discover within its covers. Maud
Thomas, an amateur historian, utilizes a folksy,
�?odown home�?� style as she weaves an impressive
variety of primary and secondary sources with a
rambling narrative about a county that has been
neglected by historians. Although several flaws
detract from the book�?Ts usefulness, Away Down
Home contains a wealth of information spanning
the period between the 1580s and World War II.

The book will please Robesonians who thirst
for information about their county and its small
towns. Thomas's painstaking research emerges in
the footnotes that line the bottom of nearly every
page. An extensive bibliography reveals the

author's reliance on manuscript material, public
documents, newspapers, interviews, and scores of
books, articles, and pamphlets. Thomas discusses
theories concerning the origin of Robeson�?Ts Lum-
bee Indians, the significant role of Scottish immi-
grants, exploits of the infamous Henry Berry
Lowry gang, and economic, political, social, and
religious aspects of important eras. The reader
discovers the existence of Dr. Hector McLean�?Ts
Edenborough Medical College and numerous
facts pertaining to �?oScalpels, Scholars, Scriptures,
and Scruples,�?� which are collected in chapter
sixteen.

Yet, several flaws detract from the book's useful-
ness and readability. Its poor organization is exac-
erbated by the lack of an index. More than a few
typographical errors testify to careless editing.
Long quotes and extensive lists of relatively unim-
portant details hamper the reader�?Ts progress. The
absence of photographs contributes to the book�?Ts

dullness.
The facts contained in Away Down Home will

be helpful to patient patrons of libraries that
maintain collections of North Caroliniana. Public
and school libraries in the southeastern section of
the state probablywill find the book useful, too.

Maurice C. York, Greenville

Joe M. Hatley and Linda B. Huffman, eds. Letters
of William F. Wagner, Confederate Soldier.
Wendell: Broadfoot�?Ts Bookmark, 1983. 103 pp.
$15.00. T.H. Pearce and Selby A. Daniels, eds.
Diary of Captain Henry A. Chambers. Wendell:
Broadfoot�?Ts Bookmark, 1983. 290 pp. $25.00. (Rt.
3, Box 318, Wendell, NC 27591).

Broadfoot�?Ts Bookmark has long specialized in
the publication of Civil War primary sources
relating to North Carolina. Enthusiasts will wel-
come these two most recent volumes, which illus-
trate the rich diversity of material now being
made available for the first time.

William F. Wagner, a Catawba County farmer,
was typical of the �?oplain folk�?� of the Old South
who made up the bulk of the Confederate army.
He enlisted as a private in Company E of the 57th
North Carolina in July 1862, and served with
Lee�?Ts army in Virginia until his capture at Rappa-
hannock Bridge in November 1863. The following
January he died in the Union prison camp at Point
Lookout, Maryland.

In addition to Wagner�?Ts own war letters, this
collection includes several written by his wife and
two of his brothers, who were also in Southern

New North Carolina Books

service. Like most letters of this type, the ones
presented here are chiefly valuable for their de-
scriptions of camp life and for their insight into
the mind of the common soldier. Neither a slave-
holder nor an extreme patriot, Wagner fought
principally out of a sense of duty, and his attitude
toward the war was summed up in the statement:
�?oGod onley knowes I am that tired of the war that
I dont hardley know what to doo any more but I
have to Bare it all patientley and you have to doo
the same Dear.�?� Although his morale declined
noticeably after the battle of Gettysburg, he
refused to follow the example of many of his com-
rades by deserting: �?oDear Wife you neede not be a
fraid that I will run a way I stick as long as I can
and trust in my God to save me through this war
safe and sound.�?�

As these quotations indicate, the family de-
scendants who have edited this volume have
retained the original spelling, grammar, and
punctuation, including a variety of Germanic
speech patterns which reflect the Wagners�?T heri-
tage. Also included are clarifying footnotes, a bibli-
ography of standard secondary sources, and an
index.

Henry A. Chambers, a native of Iredell
County, came from a social background which
was vastly different from that of the humble
Wagner. Scion of a wealthy, distinguished family,
he was raised by his cousin and guardian, who
owned a large plantation and 125 slaves. After
withdrawing from Davidson College in 1861, he
enlisted in Company C of the 4th North Carolina.
Later, in December 1862, he was appointed Cap-
tain of Company C, 49th North Carolina, the unit
which he led until the end of the war.

Chambers�?Ts diary, which begins in January
1862, and ends in April 1865, portrays a well-
educated, observant, and intensely patriotic
young officer. Characteristically, he prayed after
receiving his commission for �?ohigher and nobler
motives of action and purposes of life that I may
leave the low, sordid, selfish and mean and strive
after the honorable, upright, just, noble, and
generous .. .�?� His descriptions of military events
include the battle of Fredericksburg, the Wilder-
ness campaign, and the siege of Petersburg.
Defeat at Appomattox called forth an impassion-
ed outburst at the Yankees �?owho have burned our
houses, desecrated our altars, plundered our
wealth, waged unrelenting warfare upon the
aged, the weak and helpless, [and worst of all]
insulted and dishonored our lovely women!�?� Yet,
like many former Confederates, Chambers found
that time gradually healed these wounds: reread-
ing the diary in 1923, he expressed surprise at

1984 Summer�?"87

New North Carolina Books

�?osuch bitter and vituperative language.�?�

The editors have provided an extensive
introduction, a bibliography of primary and
secondary sources, and several indexes to accom-
pany the text. Spelling, grammar, and punctua-
tion have been edited to conform to standard
usage.

Both of these fine books are recommended
for purchase by academic libraries or by any
institution that maintains a strong Civil War
collection.

Everard H. Smith, High Point

Marguerite McCall. And Roofs Need Patching.
Edenton, NC, 1982. 136 pp. $9.98. (Order from
Edenton Historical Commission, P.O. Box 474,
Edenton, NC 27982)

Marguerite McCall�?Ts And Roofs Need Patching
is the culmination of twenty years of world travel,
observation, and life experiences. From its begin-
ning as an outline in Hawaii in 1962 to its publica-
tion in Edenton in 1982, this first novel must have
been a labor of love.

The northeastern North Carolina town of
Riverlo watches as Ellen Simpson, daughter of the
local feed and seed store owner, falls in love with
Japanese-American Kenechi Kashimoto, who has
left his native Hawaii to study agriculture at North
Carolina State University. As in most of the coun-
try, sentiments in Riverlo toward Japanese-
Americans at the close of World War II were often
hostile, and the marriage of Ken and Ellen seems to
bring out the worst in many of Ellen�?Ts friends and
relatives. Even Ellen�?Ts mother, bitter about the
death of her son in combat, has become condi-
tioned to hate all Japanese (�?ojustifiable in her
thinking, because one had killed her son�?�). Ellen,
however, sees through the hypocrisy of church-
gcers who are willing to accept someone of a differ-
ent background and becomes more determined
not to allow the prejudices of the town to dissuade
her from marrying the man she loves. Meeting each
difficulty with understanding and love, Ken and
Ellen rely on their serenity and faith to carry them
through the hard times. Ultimately, it is their kind-
ness and unselfish giving which wins over even
their harshest critics. It is only when tragedy shat-
ters their perfectly planned life that Ellen�?Ts faith is
shaken almost irretrievably.

There is a great hazard in writing a novel such
as this, for all too easily characters can become
unbelievably sweet and saintly and all
realism can be lost. Rarely does an author

88�?"North Carolina Libraries

achieve such balance as does McCall in this well-
written story. Ellen and Ken are people we could
know, with true goodness shining through�?"
thoroughly believable, even familiar. Minor
characters are similarly well-drawn, so true-to-
life that they might indeed have inhabited any
small North Carolina town. McCall has a gift for
bringing a story to life and for involving the
reader deeply in the life of the story.

And Roofs Need Patching is a vitally honest,
truly moving, and joyous account of a faith
shared, strengthened, and finally renewed, all the
sweeter for having nearly been lost. This book is a
small treasure for North Carolina libraries.

Julie White Sanders, Randolph Public Library

Robert A. Dentler, D. Catherine Baltzell, and
Daniel J. Sullivan. University on Trial: The Case
of the University of North Carolina. Cambridge,
Mass.: Abt Books, 1983. 192 pp. $28.00.

The University of North Carolina (UNC)
desegregation case was big. It lasted sixteen years
and went through four courts. Over $90 million
per year and the education of 110,000 students
was at stake. Legal fees ran into the millions. This
is the case that is the subject of University on
Trial.

For those unfamiliar with the case, a brief
summary may be helpful. In 1968 the federal
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
(HEW) ruled that ten states, including North
Carolina, operated segregated public college sys-
tems in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act.
HEW ordered those states to submit corrective
plans. By 1979 North Carolina was the only state
left without an acceptable plan, as a result of
which HEW began proceedings to cut off $90 mil-
lion in annual federal aid to the system. In 1981
UNC and the federal Department of Education
ended fourteen years of legal battles by agreeing
on a mutually acceptable desegregation plan.

The authors of University on Trial are
members of a consulting firm that was heavily
involved in the case on the side of the federal
government, against UNC. They feel that in the
thirty years since the Brown v. Board of Educa-
tion decision, progress towards desegregating
higher education in North Carolina has been
insignificant. In their eyes the consent decree of
1981 was a sweetheart deal between UNC and
Reagan appointees in the Department of Educa-
tion which effectively denied the opposing side
the opportunity to be heard in court. As a result,

the authors decided to put forth their case in this
book.

University on Trial attempts to answer sev-
eral major questions raised by the case. First, is
UNC segregated? According to the evidence pre-
sented, the answer is yes. Second, have tradition-
ally black institutions (TBI�?Ts) received propor-
tionally less in resources from the state than
tradionally white institutions (TWI�?Ts)? Again the
answer is yes. Third, will the plan agreed on in the
consent decree eliminate inequities in the sys-
tem? Readers, who must now be the judges, will
disagree on this last question. The consent decree
emphasizes upgrading the quality of the TBI�?Ts and
stepping up minority recruitment. The authors
say this is not enough. They believe that there
must be structural changes in funding, more
faculty and administration integration, and elimi-
nation of duplicate programs that put TWI�?Ts and
TBI�?Ts in direct competition. Time will tell whether
the UNC plan will work. We do know that in
December 1983, two-and-a-half years into plan
implementation, UNC reported they were behind
in their integration goals.

University on Trial is the most complete
account of the UNC desegregation case to date. It
is well organized, with a useful index and many
statistical tables to support assertions made in
the text. Academic and larger public libraries will
find it a valuable source of information on the
case. Readers must remember, however, that it
was written by people who opposed UNC in court.
As such, it only provides information from one
side of the courtroom and cannot be considered a
definitive work.

For those who think the UNC case is no
longer part of current events, a few observations
are in order. Since University on Trial was writ-
ten, the consent decree has been appealed all the
way to the U.S. Supreme Court. That appeal was
denied in February 1984. Also, in a separate but
similar case in July 1983, the Department of Edu-
cation rejected desegregation plans for five
states, including the community college system in
North Carolina. Finally, progress under the con-
sent decree is under continuing scrutiny by fed-
eral court and civil rights groups. As the authors
write near the end of University on Trial, the
case lives on!

Edward Waller, Duke University

David Stick. Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of
English America. Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press. 1983. 266pp. $14.95 cloth, $5.95

paper.

New North Carolina Books

As North Carolina and the United States
celebrate America�?Ts quadricentennial, interest
and attention is increasingly riveted on Roanoke
Island and the small bands of explorers and col-
onists who inhabited this sound region of North
Carolina between 1584 and 1587. During the com-
ing years, the public will be reminded constantly
of the English beginnings of our nation. Along
with a ship replica, public events, pageants, and a
multitude of other celebrations, America�?Ts Four
Hundreth Anniversary Committee has sponsored
a series of publications designed to increase
awareness and interest in the Raleigh coloniza-
tion effort.

In Roanoke Island: The Beginning of English
America, David Stick has provided the reader
with a stimulating, informative, and highly enter-
taining account of this first attempt at English
colonization of North America. With a flowing
narrative style that is a genuine pleasure to read,
Mr. Stick places the Roanoke voyages in proper
perspective by exploring the background of Brit-
ish colonization; the struggle between Elizabe-
than England and Spain for the New World dom-
ination; and the exploits of Sir Walter Raleigh as
courtier, speculator, and colonizer. The primeval
splendor of the Carolina coast becomes the lush
backdrop for the colonization efforts of a people
seemingly more concerned with pilfering Spanish
wealth than with assuring a permanent English
foothold in North America. The Amadas and Bar-
lowe expedition of 1584, the Ralph Lane-Richard
Grenville colony of 1585, and the John White effort
of 1587 are all treated factually and in considera-
ble depth. The responsibility for Indian hostilities
is properly placed on the shoulders of the English
colonists themselves due to their insensitivity and
at times barbarous treatment of the �?oheathern
savages.�?� By the same token, at least part of the
blame for John White�?Ts �?oLost Colony�?� rests in the
indifference and evolving business priorities of
Walter Raleigh himself. The volume also provides
keen insight into English preoccupation with the
Spanish West Indies and the effects of privateer-
ing enterprises on the colonization efforts.

Mr. Stick is well known to the North Carolina
reading public as the author of Graveyard of the
Atlantic, The Outer Banks of North Carolina,
1584-1958, and Dare County: A History. He
brings to this new publication an understanding
of and appreciation for the Outer Banks of North
Carolina that add dramatically to the clarity of
the book. In Roanoke Island, Mr. Stick has
crafted an excellent account of the Raleigh colon-
ization adventure. This volume should have a
strong appeal to the general public as well as to

1984 Summer�?"89

New North Carolina Books

the student of history. Some historians will object
to the brevity of the bibliography and the lack of
footnotes; but for a popular history, the format of
textual source references is well suited to the
purpose of the volume. Without question, Roa-
noke Island should be in all public libraries, and it
is highly desirable for public school and college
use. It obviously has merit as parallel reading for
history students; instructors will have few com-
plaints from students who undertake the book as
assigned reading.

Donald R. Lennon, East Carolina University

Carole Marsh. The Mystery of the Lost Colony.
Tryon, NC: Gallopade Publishing Group, 1983. 84
pp. $4.95 paper.

Another in the Marsh series of History Mys-
tery books, The Mystery of the Lost Colony places
the young protagonists not in the mystery but in a
contemporary one set along the Outer Banks. A
strong point of the book is the opportunity the
format gives to introduce readers to snippets of
history and local lore about the Roanoke Island-
Outer Banks area.

Jeremy Mydet, from Roanoke Island, and his
friend Dennis, from Ocracoke, are all set to enjoy
the four hundredth anniversary festivities when
an ominous series of circumstances is set in
motion. First, his grandfather's silver commem-
orative coins disappear, soon followed by a van-
ishing manuscript. Objects are not the only things
affected by these happenings�?"Jeremy is very
nearly drowned, and Dennis is briefly drugged
and kidnapped. Is the antagonist mortal, or do
the blood-stained tombstones and ghostly Nag�?Ts
Head light suggest a more sinister source of the
intrigue?

What this mystery offers in terms of adven-
ture, however, is marred by several deficiencies.
One, the lack of smooth transition often leaves
the reader wondering whether he has missed
something. For example, one chapter ends with
poor Jeremy drowning, �?obreathing in great glob-
ules of the poison water of the past.�?� The reader,
too, is left gasping as the following chapter begins
by skipping merrily through two seasons to the
old Christmas celebration, with nary an explana-
tion of how Jeremy survived.

Only the most cursory characterization is
accomplished, even for the two young lads who
carry this adventure; none of the characters is

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90�?"North Carolina Libraries

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really brought to life, nor are motivations strongly
explored.

Another distraction is the frequency of typo-
graphical or printing errors, including a missing
page.

While the quality of this book may not be
what one would hope for, the paperback format,
short chapters, appropriately somber black-and-
white illustrations, and familiar setting should
add to its appeal for upper elementary and mid-
dle school readers, from whom it is most suited.
And if the tidbits about the Outer Banks induce
further reading on the subject, perhaps Marsh
will have accomplished her purpose, �?oto intro-
duce the area and its role in America�?Ts heritiage
to children around the world.�?�

Jane Wade, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

New North Carolina Books

WHO CONTROLS THE PAST,
CONTROLS THE FUTURE.
SUPPORT BANNED BOOKS
WEEK. SEPTEMBER 8-10

Deneen Graham, Miss North Carolina 1984, who stars in a public service announcement publicizing this year�?Ts statewide summer
reading program, �?oNorth Carolina Celebrates: 1584-1984.�?� The program is designed to coincide with the beginning of the three-
year-long observance of America�?Ts four hundredth anniversary and is funded through Title I of the federal Library Services and
Construction Act.

1984 Summer�?"91

NCLA Minutes and Reports

North Carolina Library Association
Minutes of the Executive Board
January 20, 1984

The Executive Board of the North Carolina Library Associa-
tion met on January 20, 1984 in room 211 of the North Carolina
State Library in Raleigh. Board members present were Leland
Park, Pauline Myrick, Jane Williams, Roberta Williams, Eunice
Drum, Mertys Bell, Emily Boyce, Rebecca Ballentine, Shirley
McLaughlin, Robert Burgin, Jerry Thrasher, Karen Perry, Robert
Bland, Emily Correll, Andrea Brown, Vivian Beech, Judie Davie,
Judith Sutton, Larry Barr, Benjamin Speller, Dorothy Burnley,
Patsy Hansel, and Mary Williams. Also present were David
McKay, Elizabeth Laney, Patrick Valentine, Bob Pollard, Arial
Stephens, Marge Lindsey, and Louise Boone.

President Park called the meeting to order. He recognized
State Librarian David McKay, who welcomed the group and
introduced the Honorable Sara Hodgkins, Secretary of the
Department of Cultural Resources. Secretary Hodgkins briefly
addressed those in attendance.

The President extended congratulations to the North
Carolina Association of School Librarians on winning the 1984
Grolier Award. He also announced that Dr. Gene Lanier has
won ALA�?Ts 1984 Immroth Intellectual Freedom Award.

A correction was noted in the minutes of the October 25,
1983, Executive Board meeting, with the phrase �?oexhibitors
numbered 107�?� changed to read �?o90 exhibitors�?T booths rented.�?�
These minutes were then approved as corrected. Minutes of the
October 28, 1983, NCLA business meeting and the October 28,
1983, Executive Board meeting were approved as presented.

A motion was made by Emily Boyce to dispense with the
reading of the minutes at future meetings of the Executive
Board. The motion was seconded and passed.

President Park reported to the group on his meeting with
the North Carolina State Library Commission on January 19,
1984.

A final report on the 1983 NCLA Conference was given by
Robert Burgin, Arial Stephens, Robert Pollard, Leland Park, and
Mertys Bell. Burgin reported a final registration of 1,273 and
rental of 90 exhibitors�?T spaces. It was noted that the conference
was financially successful.

Pauline Myrick gave a report on plans for the 1985 NCLA
Conference. Arial Stephens will be conference manager, with
Johnny Shaver in charge of local arrangements. Bill Kirwan will
be chairman of exhibits, with Fred Marble and Larry Roland
representing the exhibitors. NCLA President Dr. Leland Park
and Treasurer Eunice Drum will serve as ex officio members of
the Conference Planning Committee. Chairman Myrick asked
that anyone having suggestions for programs, speakers and
other arrangements for the 1985 conference contact her or
other members of her committee.

The treasurer's report was given by Bob Pollard, immediate
past treasurer, and Eunice Drum, treasurer. Eunice Drum
stated that membership renewal notices would be mailed by the

92�?"North Carolina Libraries

end of January. Eunice Drum then moved that it be the policy of
NCLA to pay only what is authorized by the budget unless other-
wise approved by the Executive Board. The motion was
seconded and passed.

Eunice Drum stated that she had received a request to
purchase the NCLA mailing list and that as far as she could
determine there was no policy regarding this. President Park
appointed a committee composed of Eunice Drum, chairman,
Jerry Thrasher and Shirley McLaughlin to study this issue and
recommend a policy for consideration by the board. Rebecca
Ballentine then moved that the board give special authorization
for the sale of the NCLA mailing list to the North Carolina
Science and Technology Research Center with the price being
the cost of having the list printed by computer at Independent
Data Processing Corporation. This motion was seconded and
passed.

Robert Burgin reported that Bob Byrd has resigned as
associate editor of North Carolina Libraries. Rose Simon,
director of the Salem College Library, has been appointed the
new associate editor. Burgin stated that the 1983/84 winter
issue of NCL is now at the printer and that plans are well
underway for the spring, summer, and fall 1984 issues.

Emily Boyce moved that changes in the by-laws for the
Reference and Adult Services Section and the Junior Members
Roundtable, which had been approved by the Constitution,
Codes and Handbook Revision Committee, be accepted. The
motion was seconded and passed.

Dr. Benjamin Speller reported that the Goals and Objec-
tives Committee is continuing its efforts to determine if there is
a need to develop a model for NCLA to consider with respect to
its future as a professional organization.

Louise Boone, chairman of the Governmental Relations
Committee, reported on plans for NCLA members to participate
in Legislative Day activities on April 10 in Washington, D.C. She
requested that names of individuals who will represent the vari-
ous NCLA Sections be forwarded to her by March 1.

The report for the Library Resources Committee was given
by Patrick Valentine, chairman. He announced that the commit-
tee still has on hand four hundred copies of the disaster pre-
paredness guide. Jerry Thrasher moved that the chairman of
the NCLA Library Resources Committee be empowered to
advertise and sell the publication, Disaster Preparedness: A
Guide for Developing a Plan to Cope with Disaster for the Pub-
lic and Private Library, for $4.00 per copy. The chairman of the
Library Resources Committee is to coordinate with the NCLA
treasurer concerning deposit of revenues and reimbursements
or advances for costs incurred. The present chairman will main-
tain the responsibility for handling the advertising and sales for
a twelve-months period, after which all responsibility will be
turned over to the incoming chairman of the Library Resources
Committee. The motion was,seconded and passed. Elizabeth
Laney then moved that any surplus income derived from the
sale of the disaster preparedness guide be used to republish the
guide in a more convenient form. This motion was also
seconded and passed.

Patrick Valentine stated that the editor of Public Libraries

had expressed an interest in publishing the disaster prepared-
ness guide in a forthcoming issue of the magazine. Jerry
Thrasher moved that the editor of Public Libraries be informed
that the NCLA does not give permission to Public Libraries or
to any other publication to print the disaster preparedness
guide in its entirety, but that NCLA does welcome publication of
a summary or other short references to the guide. This motion
was seconded and passed.

Jane Williams, 2nd vice-president, reported that she would be
working with the treasurer and the Membership Committee to
review the membership list and consider plans for actively
recruiting new members.

Elizabeth Laney, Scholarship Committee chairman, stated
that the scholarship application forms were unchanged from
last year. She asked the board to help the committee locate
deserving individuals who should be encouraged to apply for
the scholarships.

President Park then asked for a recommendation from the
board in response to a request from Governor Hunt that NCLA
be represented on the Advisory Council to the Commission on
Education for Economic Growth. Larry Barr moved that NCLA
appoint two members to serve on the Advisory Council. The
motion was seconded and passed. President Park then
appointed Immediate Past President Mertys Bell and Vice-
President/President-Elect Pauline Myrick to serve as NCLA
representatives on the Advisory Council. President Park also
requested that board members write to the commission and
express their interest and support.

President Park announced that he had appointed Directors
Jerry Thrasher and Shirley McLaughlin to serve on an ad hoc
committee to review the NCLA minutes and come up with
recommendations for a policy manual for the Executive Board.

President Park then discussed the need to review and study
the future directions of NCLA and his plan to appoint a special
committee to do this. Benjamin Speller moved that the board
approve the appointment of a committee to study the future of
NCLA. The motion was seconded and passed.

Karen Perry, chairman, Children�?Ts Services Section, re-
ported that plans are being made for a program during the fall
of 1984 and also for the conference program in 1985. A special
committee to address the topic, �?oStandards for Children�?Ts Serv-
ices in Public Libraries,�?� has been appointed and will be chaired
by Nina Lyon, children�?Ts coordinator of the Charlotte-
Mecklenburg Public Library. A joint committee of the Children�?Ts
Services Section and the North Carolina Association of School
Librarians will continue to investigate the establishment of a
North Carolina Children�?Ts Book Award.

Robert Bland reported that the College and University Sec-
tion is planning a conference for late spring or early summer on
the relationship between the library and the administrator. A
questionnaire seeking to gain information on needs and future
goals of the section is being prepared and will be distributed to
members of this section.

The report of the Documents Section was given by Emily
Correll, chair. A workshop on international documents is
planned for April 19th at the Durham County Public Library.
The section is also planning a series of workshops on the selec-
tion and use of basic North Carolina documents. These will be
held regionally throughout the state in the fall.

Andrea Brown gave the report for the Junior College Sec-
tion. Plans are underway for an aggressive membership cam-
paign for this section. The section will request space in �?oThe
Mediator,�?� the newsletter of the North Carolina Community Col-
lege Learning Resources Association, to publicize the goals and
activities of the section. The section also plans to investigate the
possibility of cosponsoring a workshop with the College and
University Section.

NCLA Minutes and Reports

Vivian Beech reported for the Junior Members Roundtable.
Members are seeking ways to become a more visible and viable
part of NCLA.

Judie Davie reported that NCASL has established an ad hoc
Committee on Committees to review all NCASL committees
with attention to guidelines, procedures, and personnel. The
NCASL Executive Committee has approved the Research Grant
Award Proposal which will establish a competitive grant of
$25.00 to $1,000.00 a year for school library media research by a
member of NCASL. The Executive Committee has also approved
the national marketing of the Guidebook on School Library
Media Day. The $1000 prize from the 1984 Grolier Award won
by NCASL will be used to produce marketing publicity for the
Guidebook. Davie also discussed plans for School Media Day on
April 11, 1984, and a work conference to be held October 3-5.

Judith Sutton, chair, reported that the Public Library Sec-
tion will hold its first Planning Council of the biennium on Jan-
uary 26 in Charlotte.

Larry Barr, Benjamin Speller, and Dorothy Burnley gave
reports for the Reference and Adult Services, Resources and
Technical Services, and Trustees Sections respectively.

Patsy Hansel reported that Tindara Foti of the Cumberland
County Public Library is the new editor of MsManagement, the
newsletter of the Round Table on the Status of Women in
Librarianship. Plans are underway to establish a Round Table
Task Force on Pay Equity. A workshop on documenting
employee performance is tentatively planned for May in Forsyth
County.

Mary Williams reported that the Roundtable for Ethnic
Minority Concerns has set several important goals for this bien-
nium. Initial committee appointments have been made and a
newsletter will be edited by Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin.

Both Mary Williams and Patsy Hansel expressed concern
that the present NCLA constitution is not clear on the role and
function of roundtables as opposed to sections within the NCLA
framework. Emily Correll moved that the Constitution and
Codes Committee consider the status of roundtables vs. sec-
tions and report to the Executive Board at its next meeting. The
motion was seconded and passed.

Emily Boyce, ALA representative, reported on the ALA
midwinter meeting. A committee for the Federal Highway
Administration has rejected an ALA proposal that the national
library symbol be used as a traffic service sign. The committee
recommended instead a sign with white lettering on a green
background, using the word library as a directional sign. A
gradual five-year escalated dues increase to take effect in 1985
was passed by ALA Council. Council also passed two memorial
resolutions in tribute to Dr. Annette Phinazee.

Rebecca Ballentine, SELA representative, reported on plans
for the 1984 SELA Biennial Conference to be held at Biloxi,
Mississippi, October 15-20. A Reference and Adult Services
Workshop will be held in Atlanta, May 10-12. A four-day insti-
tute on intellectual freedom at Florida State University is
planned for late July or August. Emphasis will be on censorship
in public and school libraries.

Arial Stephens, NCLA representative to the Network Steer-
ing Committee, reported that two pilot ZOCs have been
established.

Shirley McLaughlin stated that she had been asked by the
Executive Board of the Western North Carolina Library Associa-
tion to ask the NCLA Executive Board whether WNCLA could
affiliate in some way with NCLA. It was decided to consider a
formal request from WNCLA at a future meeting of the NCLA
Board.

Jerry Thrasher announced that the North Carolina Public
Library Directors Association will meet in Raleigh February 23-
24. The program will include a �?oMeet the Candidates�?� forum in

1984 Summer�?"93

NCLA Minutes and Reports

which candidates for the state legislature or their representa-
tives will be present to discuss issues and answer questions of
interest to librarians.
President Park reminded everyone of the April 6-7 board
meeting and Spring Workshop to be held at Greensboro College.
There being no further business, the meeting adjourned.

Roberta S. Williams, Secretary

Children�?Ts Services Section

The Children�?Ts Services Section Executive Board has not
met during this quarter. Plans have been made to meet on Jan-
uary 21 in Greensboro and on March 27 in Raleigh.

Section committee organization and meeting schedules will
be completed shortly. Plans are being made for a program dur-
ing the fall of 1984 and for the conference program in 1985. The
program committee is now headed by the vice-chair of the sec-
tion, as directed in the last change in CSS bylaws. The vice-chair
for this biennium is Rebecca Taylor.

A special committee to address the topic �?oStandards for
Children�?Ts Services in Public Libraries�?� has been appointed and
will be chaired by Nina Lyon, children�?Ts coordinator of the
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Public Library System. This committee
will use Guidelines for Public Library Service to Children, a
publication of the Children�?Ts Librarians Section of the Illinois
Library Association, as a model.

A joint committee of the Children�?Ts Services Section and the
N.C. Association of School Librarians will continue to investi-
gate the establishment of a North Carolina Children�?Ts Book
Award.

Karen M. Perry, Chairman
College and University Section

The CULS Executive Board met on December 2, 1983, and
again on January 20, 1984. The Board began planning a confer-
ence, which will take place in the late spring at a site and time to
be announced. The theme of the conference is planned to be
library-faculty and college administration relationships.

Following the December 2 meeting the board cooperated to
get an informational mailing to the membership, which
included a questionnaire soliciting ideas and opinions on direc-
tions and programs the section should sponsor.

Robert Bland, Chairman
Documents Section

The Executive Board of the Documents Section of NCLA
met in Winston-Salem on November 8 to discuss programs for
the coming year. A workshop on international documents is
planned for April 19 at the Durham Public Library and will
concentrate on basic international collections for schools, pub-
lic libraries, and Model UN programs. It will also provide some
guidance in the use of international documents for special
libraries. The section is also planning a series of workshops on
the selection and use of basic North Carolina documents for all
types of libraries. These workshops will be held in the fall in
various sections of the state.

Emily Correll, Chair
Junior College Section

The Board of the Junior College Section met January 13,
1984 at St. Mary�?Ts College. The board reaffirmed the need for a

94�?"North Carolina Libraries

section devoted to the goals and concerns of private junior col-
leges and community colleges. The board voted to initiate action
to change the name of the section to more accurately reflect the
section�?Ts membership. Preliminary plans were made for an
aggressive membership campaign. The section will request
space in �?oThe Mediator,�?� the newsletter of the North Carolina
Community College Learning Resources Association (LRA) to
publicize, on a regular basis, the goals and activities of the sec-
tion. Additional plans were made to strengthen communication
with the section�?Ts members. The board voted to seek co-
sponsorship of a workshop with the College and University Sec-
tion. The chairman contacted Robert Bland, chairman of the
section, and there is mutual interest in such a venture. We will
meet following this meeting to discuss this further.

The board voted to conduct more worthwhile activities for
the section�?Ts membership, to raise the visibility of the section,
and to make personal contact with potential members.

Andrea P. Brown, Chairman

North Carolina Association of School Librarians

The North Carolina Association of School Librarians began
the biennium with the 1983 NCLA Conference that provided the
setting for the first jointly sponsored program with the Chil-
dren�?Ts Services Section (�?oThe Open Door�?�); a well-attended lunch-
eon with Lillian Gerhardt, editor of School Library Journal,
as keynote speaker; and a workshop to coordinate the activities
for School Library Media Day, 1984.

The NCASL Executive Committee met in Greensboro on
Friday, December 2, to review the activities of the previous
biennium and to set priorities for the present biennium with
consideration of the topics and issues that were discussed at
the regional forums during spring 1983 and that had emerged
during the summer and fall 1983. Of particular concern were
how the association could best serve its membership and
increase awareness of the value of school library media programs
in North Carolina, administered by certified school library
media specialists. The Executive Committee approved the con-
tinuation of the publication and program activities of the pre-
vious biennium and the establishment of several ad hoc com-
mittees. An Ad Hoc Committee on Committees will review
NCASL committees with attention to guidelines, procedures,
and personnel. The Awards and Scholarships, Standards, and
Budget Committees will be the first committees for review. An
Ad Hoc Committee on a Supervisors�?T Round Table will investi-
gate the feasibility of such a round table for NCASL and super-
visors. An Ad Hoc Committee on the Children�?Ts Book Award,
working with a similar committee from the Children�?Ts Services
Section, will refine the guidelines for the award. The Executive
Committee approved the Research Grant Award Proposal
which will establish a competitive grant of $25 to $1000 a year
for school library media research by a member or members of
NCASL. The Executive Committee also approved the national
marketing of the guidebook on School Library Media Day.

The Administration of the Year Award was presented to Dr.
E. Wayne Trogdon, superintendent, Alexander County Schools,
on December 6 at the annual meeting of the North Carolina
Association of School Administrators.

Joseph M. Johnston, executive director of the Commission
on Secondary Schools of the Southern Association of Colleges
and Schools, acknowledged the receipt of the results of the sur-
vey by the Standards Committee during 1981-1983.

On January 9, NCASL was notified that the association had
been awarded the 1984 Grolier National Library Week Grant.
The award of $1000 will enable the distribution of the guidebook
on School Library Media Day to other agencies and associations
in North Carolina and the duplication of a public service

announcement videotape. The 1984 grant was the first ever
awarded to a state school library association.

The American Association of School Librarians has requested
the publication of the NCASL program brochure �?oVolunteers in
the School Media Center�?� as a �?oQuick Note�?� in Spring 1984. The
brochure was originally developed by the Winston-Salem/For-
syth County Schools, Arabelle Fedora, coordinator of media
services.

Activity and attention for the Association focus on the suc-
cessful implementation of School Library Media Day, April 11,
1984!

Public Library Section

The Public Library Section is ready to begin an industrious
biennium. Committees were appointed and charges issued
when the Executive Board of the section met December 6, 1983,
in Durham. The first meeting of the section�?Ts Planning Council is
scheduled for January 26 in Charlotte. Among items to be dis-
cussed is the salary plan for public library directors and librar-
ians proposed by the NC Public Library Directors Association
with the endorsement of the PLS Executive Board and now
being considered by the NC State Library Commission. A full
report of the Planning Council session and other section busi-
ness will be made at the next NCLA Executive Board meeting.

Judith K. Sutton, Chairman

Roundtable for Ethnic Minority Concerns

President Leland M. Park, members of the 1983/85 Execu-
tive Board of the North Carolina Library Association, and inter-

ested persons.
It is with pleasure that I share this historic report to the

North Carolina Library Association Executive Board. And at the
same time relate the message delivered at the organizational
meeting last October.

This roundtable �?ois not a repeat of history but history itself
since minorities are uniting under the North Carolina Library
Association as a visible and viable entity of the Association.

�?oIf this Roundtable were to receive a charge I hope that it
will foster and challenge every ethnic librarian to participate in
NCLA. Thus this Roundtable will be a channel that expresses
and represents interests and/or concerns of ethnics and serves
as a liaison between NCLA�?Ts administrators, the affiliated ethnic
librarians, and nonaffiliated ethnic organizations. Remembering
always that it will not separate ethnic librarians from the main-
stream of NCLA but increase the awareness of all librarians to
the needs and problems of this particular segment of a com-
munity. This Roundtable shall be a forum for librarians con-
cerned with the challenges facing ethnics and ethnic librarians.

�?oPlease let us plant that thought in the subconsciousness of
our mind.�?�

This biennium, the administration REMCo will be a shared

one. I am presently suggesting the following:
Ms. Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin will handle our newsletter and

serve on the publications board of NCLA.
Ms. Euthena M. Newman will serve as our coordinator of

events.
Mr. Clarence Chisholm will assist with planning and

projections.
Round Table on the Status of Women in Librarianship

The Executive Board of the Round Table on the Status of
Women in Librarianship held its first meeting of the biennium
January 18, 1984, at the Forsyth County Public Library.

Tindara Foti, Cumberland County Public Library, was

NCLA Minutes and Reports

introduced as the new editor of the round table�?Ts newsletter,
Ms. Management. Mary McAfee was recognized as the Round
Table�?Ts representative to North Carolina Libraries.

The board discussed a number of ideas for round table
activities during the biennium. It was decided to proceed
immediately with establishing a round table task force on pay
equity to keep the membership aware of pay equity activities
within the state and the nation, as well as to plan other projects
relating to pay equity. Pat Grim and Mary McAfee will be orga-
nizing a workshop on documenting employee performance that is
tentatively scheduled for May in Forsyth County.

The board decided to hold its next meeting prior to the
workshop in May.

Patsy Hansel
Resources and Technical Services Section

The RTSS Executive Committee will hold its first meeting of
the 1983/85 biennium on January 27, 1984, at Guilford Techni-
cal College in Jamestown, North Carolina, The major focus of
the meeting will be to review the activities of the section and its
interest groups for the previous biennium, including the NCLA
Biennial Conference. The committee will consider plans for
1984 and the need for distribution of a revised RTSS survey to
solicit program ideas from the membership at large.

The chair plans to establish a meeting schedule for the
committee in keeping with the projected meetings of the NCLA
Executive Board.

Benjamin F. Speller, Jr., Chair

SELA Report

The SELA Board met in Atlanta on December 13.

1. Reference and Adult Services Workshop in Atlanta�?Ts Duntree
Hotel on May 10-12 (Thursday-Friday). The workshop will
address goals and standards; personnel management and
development; training for both professional and nonprofes-
sional staffs; stress management; and managing the reference depart-
ment (innovations and how to work through the administra-
tion to get programs adopted). CEUs will be offered. (Valdosta
College will bank CEUs for all SELA programs that offer credits.)
2. To be announced: a four-day institute on intellectual freedom
at Florida State University Center in Tallahassee in late July or
August, sponsored with FSU. Emphasis will be on censorship in
public and school libraries.

3. 1984 Biennial Conference, Mississippi Gulf Coast, Convention
Center at Biloxi, October 15-20.

a. Pre-conference on public relations sponsored with MLA
and conducted by LAMA.

b. Eudora Welty will appear on a panel.

c. Workshop on consultants, including state agency consul-
tants, to demonstrate how their talents can be used. SELA is
looking for suggestions for speakers.

d. John Maxwell�?Ts one-man show on Faulkner.

e, Amtrak service to New Orleans. (World�?Ts Fair ends week
after the conference.)

f. Trustees Section with the Public Libraries Section: �?oThe
Changing Role of Public Libraries.�?� Dr. David Matthews has been
asked to speak on national issues but had not responded as of
December 13.

4. Ann Morton, SELA executive secretary, is resigning in Janu-
ary to join the Library School faculty at Emory. The SELA Execu-
tive Committee will conduct a search for a replacement.

5. The Southeastern Librarian must publish four issues to main-
tain its present postal rate. One issue is in press, another issue is

1984 Summer�?"95

NCLA Minutes and Reports

in planning stages. Linda Lucas, editor, has enough content to
publish but would welcome contributions.
6. Nominating Committee: Neil Austin has been nominated for
SELA treasurer. I have the slate of nominees if anyone would
like to see it. It will be published in the journal.
7. Conference Sites:
1986 - Atlanta, Mariott Hotel, October 15-19
1988 - Norfolk, last week in October (Winston-Salem also
made a good bid.)
1990 - Looking at New Orleans (LA is new SELA member)
and Nashville, TN.

Rebecca Ballentine, SELA Representative

American Library Association
Midwinter Meeting: A Report

Council. Executive Director Robert Wedgeworth reported
that the association had recovered from the fiscal deficit of last
year. He noted that the auditor�?Ts report concluded that ALA had
a strong financial base but remained cash poor. He said it was
important to retain members as a further insurance against
fiscal difficulties in the future. Mr. Wedgeworth identified objec-
tives for 1985-1989. The association would eliminate the use of
accrued income, establish operating reserves, and restore pro-
grams previously cut.

As a follow-up to ALA�?Ts adoption of the national symbol at
the Annual Conference in 1982, ALA recommended to the Fed-
eral Highway Administration (FHWA) that a new service sign
representing libraries be added to the Manual on Uniform Traf-
fic Control Devices. Earlier this year an advisory committee to
the FHWA reviewed the ALA proposal and recommended that
the use of the symbol be rejected. Instead, the advisory commit-
tee recommended that a sign using the word message LIBRARY
be adopted with white lettering on a green background since it
would be considered a directional sign. It is anticipated that this
recommendation will be published for public comment by the
FHWA in the Federal Register in early 1984 for a ninety-day
comment period.

In order to make an effective response to the Federal Regis-
ter notice, ALA will need photos and other examples of the
symbol already in use on directional signs to libraries. If you
wish to support the ALA-proposed symbol, send this informa-
tion to Peggy Barber, ALA Public Information Office, American
Library Association, 50 E. Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611.

The Committe on Program Evaluation and Support (COPES)
presnted a proposal for a dues increase to take effect in 1985.
The dues increase includes a five-year gradual escalation,
retains the present membership categories, and encourages the
retention of divisional membership. This proposal was passed by
Council and will be presented to the full membership for a mail
vote.

President Sheldon reported the establishment of a task
force to prepare a response to A Nation at Risk. Four papers
will address the role that libraries have in the educational pro-
cess and will identify needs libraries have in meeting edutation-
al obligations.

Council passed a resolution recommending that the Con-
tinuing Library Education Network and Exchange (CLENE)
become a round table.

Two memorial resolutions in tribute to Dr. Annette L. Phin-
azee were passed by Council.

Grolier National Library Grant Awarded. ALA�?Ts National
Library Week Committee has selected the North Carolina Asso-
ciation of School Librarians to receive the 1984 Grolier National
Library Week Grant. Dr. Judie Davie, chairman of the North
Carolina Association of School Librarians, submitted the pro-
posal to the National Library Week Committee. The $1,000 grant
will help the association sponsor the first North Carolina School

96�?"North Carolina Libraries

Library Media Day during National Library Week 1984. Through
displays, news releases, contests, and special events, the associa-
tion is working to promote an awareness of the value of good
school library media programs in North Carolina. The 1984
grant will be the first awarded to a state school librarians asso-
ciation. The annual grant is contributed by the Grolier Educa-
tional Corporation.

Chapter Conclave. The conclave offers an opportunity for
chapter councilors to meet as a group and discuss issues facing
the Association which could be of particular interest to various
states. In Washington, the councilors agreed to make a strong
effort to convince ALA�?Ts management to restore the chapter
relations officer to full-time.

ALA's Presidential candidates, Ms. Beverly Lynch and Ms.
Virginia Matthews, addressed the group, outlining their plat-
forms and answering questions. Topics discussed included the
role of chapter councilors in the political process, telecommuni-
cations, UNESCO, continuing education, the work of the
Washington office, and the proposed ALA response to A Nation
at Risk.

President's Program. The first segment, chaired by Gary
Strong of the Legislation Committee, had two distinct parts. The
first, addressed by Walter Bolter and Joseph Ford, discussed the
growing concern over the proposed telephone company local
access charges and their impact on the electronic transfer of
information among libraries. HR 40-102 is currently under dis-
cussion in Congress and would overturn the access charge for
residences and small businesses. Bolter emphasized the need for
librarians to support omission or phasing in of the tariffs and a

lowering of the rate increase to allow libraries time to search for
alternative communication methods. Another strategy men-

tioned by Bolter is the possibility of libraries applying for exemp-
tions from the increased charges as other groups have already
done.

In the second portion of the legislative update, the audience
heard from Robert Gellman, counsel, House Subcommittee on
Government Information. He explained that Executive Order
12356, signed by President Reagan, put into effect new rules for
security classification, making it easier to classify information,
thereby exempting it from the Freedom of Information Act. Gell-
man also noted a decrease in governmental statistical activities
and publications since the beginning of the Reagan administra-
tion. His suggestion to librarians concerned about the above
issues is to contact their legislators and make their lobbying
presence known. Two informational sheets prepared by the ALA
Washington Office elaborate on the above issues: �?oDrastic
increases in telecommunication costs facing libraries�?� and �?oLess
access to less information by and about the U.S. Government: III.�?�

Brooke Sheldon hosted the second segment of the Presi-
dent�?Ts Program, entitled �?oLibraries, Literacy and a Nation at
Risk.�?�

Barbara Bush, wife of the vice-president, commented
libraries on their efforts to encourage literacy among the Ameri-
can people and likened the job libraries are doing to planting a
flower�?"they both take a great deal of initial work but the
results last for many years.

The panelists were introduced by Sheldon. Elaine Stienke-
meyer, president of the National Parent-Teacher Association,
stated that her organization emphasizes the role of parents in
taking pleasure in reading to their children. A President�?Ts Award
has been established for excellence in reading and is presented
to local chapters for exemplary programming. Her comment
that �?owe want children to learn how to think, not what to think�?�
was warmly applauded by the audience.

Dorothy Ridings, president of the National League of
Women Voters, explained the current warm cooperation
between libraries and LWV units. She felt that her group�?Ts strong-

est assistance would lie in the arena of supporting local public
policy initiatives and sponsorship of public forums on illiteracy.

The last panelist, James Fowler, president of Lions Interna-
tional, reviewed his organization�?Ts sixty-seven year association
with libraries and their support programs for persons with fail-
ing sight. He announced that a cover story on illiteracy would be
done in the organization�?Ts periodical by late 1984 and that the
national Lions Board has voted approval of the 1984 National
Library Week campaign. Fowler asked everyone present to
inform their local Lions Club of the seriousness of the illiteracy
problem in their own community and ask for help to solve it.

Secretary of Education Terence Bell thanked libraries for
being the �?ocornerstone of education and learning.�?� He encour-
aged other private companies to follow the lead of B. Dalton and
IBM in giving financial aid to libraries and literacy efforts. Bell
presented a $50,000 award from the Department of Education
for the Literacy National Awareness campaign to Robert Wedge-
wood and Jean Coleman of ALA.

In the third segment of the program, Arch Lustberg of the
U.S. Chamber of Commerce gave a fast-paced and informative
presentation on the skills of platform speaking and how to han-
dle confrontations. He showed videotapes of sample budget
presentations and critiqued them for the audience. He enpha-
sized that you've got some who agree with you, some who oppose
you, but you need to persuade the third group�?"the ones who
are unsure; that an audience can react to you with like, dislike,
neutrality, or sympathy for you, that confrontation involves the
weapons of intelligence, facial features, and body stance; that
the two elements of platform skills are �?othe pause�?� and eye con-
tact; that breathing correctly helps you to deal with stressful
situations; and that volume is the most misused vocal tool.

Emily Boyce, Chapter Councilor

Statement from the
North Carolina Association of
School Librarians

Presented at the Greensboro hearing of the North Carolina
Commission on Education for Economic Growth.

The School Library Media Program
: and
The School Library Media Coordinator

Contributors to Excellence in K-12 Education

Recent studies of education have recommended strongly
that schools better prepare students for lifelong learning. A fre-
quently identified survival skill is the ability to locate, generate,
evaluate, apply, and appreciate information. The school library
media program, through learning activities, educational re-
sources, and services, provides the opportunities for children
and young adults to achieve this goal. As the educational com-
munity strives for excellence, the school library media program,
administered by the school library media coordinator, can be a
significant contributor to and partner in educational progress.

The school library media coordinator:

e instructs all students in information retrieval skills and in the
use of materials that contribute to lifelong learning, e.g., how to
find relevant information in reference books, information files,
data bases.

@ plans with teachers to provide materials and equipment
appropriate for student learning, e.g., books for reading enrich-
ment, tapes for listening skills, films for critical viewing expe-
riences, microcomputers for programming.

NCLA Minutes and Reports

@ develops and organizes collections of appropriate materials
to achieve the instructional objectives of K-12 education, e.g.,
magazines, microcomputer software, videotapes, books, profes-
sional materials for teachers.

© participates in resource sharing and networking to supple-
ment the materials and equipment in the individual school, e.g.,
school-public cooperation for efficient use of community
resources, interlibrary loan, telecommunications.

© provides leadership in the careful expenditure of funds for
educational resources that help teachers individu alize instruc-
tion, e.g., cooperative purchasing, state contracts.

e administers the school library media program as an integral
part of the curriculum, e.g., planning, implementation, evalua-
tion, instruction, production, and reading, listening, and viewing
guidance.

The school library media program requires:

PERSONNEL

Professional: for each school, a minimum of one full-time media
coordinator, certified with competencies in teacher education,
selection and evaluation of materials, organization and man-
agement of collections, production and use of resources, and
administration of the school library media program. (One media
coordinator/enrollment to 499 students.)

Support: clerical and technical aides in sufficient numbers to
perform the nonprofessional functions of the school library
media program. (One clerical/technical aide/enr ollment to 499
students.)

RESOURCES
Print: a minimum of ten books per student, thirty magazine
subscriptions, two newspapers plus information file materials
for schools with fewer than 400 students.

1983 average cost per book:

Grades K-3 $11.33
Grades 4-8 $11.53
Grades 9-12 $12.88

1983 average cost per set of encyclopedias $483.00
1983 average magazine subscription $27.44
(up 27 per cent in 1983)
Nonprint: microcomputer software, recordings, filmstrips, micro-
forms, slides, maps, films, etc., in quantities appropriate to meet
the instructional objectives of the curriculum.
1983 average cost per educational 15-minute
16mm film $306.00
1983 average cost per filmstrip $25.00
average cost of nonprint up 300-500 per cent
in last 10 years
Equipment: microcomputers, projectors, record players, tape
recorders, etc., in quantities appropriate to meet the instruc-
tional objectives of the curriculum.
1983 average cost of microcomputers $750.00-$2,500.00
1983 average cost of 16 mm film projector $750.00
1983 average cost of cassette tape recorder $50.00-$150.00

FACILITIES

Space: accessible in scheduling and design to accommodate a
minimum of 45 students or 15 per cent of the student enroll-
ment areas: instruction, circulation, reference, conference, pro-
duction, storage, office, reading, listening, and viewing guidance.

BUDGET
60 per cent or more of the instructional materials funds allocat-
ed by the state are needed to develop and maintain school
library media collections.
In 1983-1984, instructional materials funds per ADM
(average daily membership):

1984 Summer�?"97

NCLA Minutes and Reports

Grades K-3 $21.50

Grades 4-6 $17.00

Grades 7-12 $15.50
Judie Davie

Chairman, NCASL

Honorary and Life Membership
in NCLA

The 1984-1985 Honorary and Life Member-
ship Committee requests your recommendations
for persons you consider worthy to be honorary
or life members in NCLA. Suggestions should be
accompanied by a biographical sketch, including
contributions to libraries or librarianship. These
suggestions should be sent to the committee
chairperson by January 31, 1985.

The NCLA by-laws provide for the Honorary
and Life Membership Committee to seek sugges-
tions from all members and to recommend names

for these honors to the Executive Board at the

Spring Workshop prior to the conference.

Criteria for selection are as follows:

1. Honorary memberships may be given to
non-librarians in the state who have rendered
important services to the library interests of
North Carolina. Honorary memberships should
be given at a time considered appropriate in rela-
tion to the contribution made.

2. Life memberships may be given to librar-
ians who have servedas members of the North
Carolina Library Association and who have made
noteworthy contributions to librarianship in the
state. These memberships are limited to librar-
ians who have retired.

3. Contributions of both groups should have
been beyond the local level.

Please send your selections to:
Kathy Shropshire, chairperson
Honorary and Life Membership Committee
Greensboro Public Library
P O Drawer X-4
Greensboro, NC 27402

Join NCLA

NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

�?"�?" New membership �?"�?" Renewal �?"�?" Membership no.
Name
First Middle Last
Position
Business Address
City or Town State Zip Code

Mailing Address (if different from above)

CHECK TYPE OF DUES:

© SPECIAL-Trustees, paraprofessional and support staff, non-salaries persons,
retired librarians, library school students, �?oFriends of the Library,�?� and non-

VDF ARAN GRR imei Oe. che yy cae cat PF ene coke (nak ocsencl ape ate $15.00
O LIBRARIANS�?"earning up to $12,000 «20.0... eee cc ccccccececceceee $22.00
© LIBRARIANS�?"earning $12,000 to $20,000.20... 0... cece eeeeeeeeeee $30.00
O_LIBRARIANS�?"earning over $20,000 ...........0cccccccceceeeececesece $40.00
© CONTRIBUTING�?"individual, Association, Firm, etc. interested in the work of

[TF Sy Sm aE ENR SC oS eae ct 4 aR Pt Oh $50.00
O INSTITUTIONAL�?"Same for all libraries ..............060c0cc ec ee ee eee $50.00

CHECK SECTIONS: One free; $4.00 each additional.

O Children's O Trustees O Women's Round Table
O College © Public oO roy er ingere
O Documents O Ref. & Adult ethnie Minorities AN
O Jr. College © RTSS (Res.-Tech.)
© NCASL (School) O JMRT
AMOUNT ENCLOSED §.

ee neneneenenieneeneneseee
Mail to:

Eunice Drum, Treasurer, NCLA, Division of State Library, 109 East Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27611.

98�?"North Carolina Libraries

Treasurer's Report

NCLA Minutes and Reports

January 1, 1983 �?" December 31, 1983

Exhibit A
Balance on Hand �?" January 1, 1983 �?" Checking Account
Receipts:
Dues and Receipts:
Association $25,044.50
Sections (Schedule 1) 10,632.74
Total Dues and Receipts
NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARIES (Schedule 1)
Reimbursed Expenses (THL)
Reimbursed Expenses (N.C. Educational Media)
Reimbursed Expenses (Exec. Board Meals)
Reimbursed Expenses (Ray Moore Fund)
Reimbursed Expenses (IFC Luncheon)
1983 Conference
RTSS/College & Univ. Symposium Receipts
Dues Overpayment to be Refunded
Transfers from:
General Savings $ 6,500.00
RTSS Money Market Acct. 1,100.00
Scholarship Savings 3,000.00
Total Receipts
Total Cash to Account For
Expenditures (Exhibit B)
Cash Balance, December 31, 1983
*Does not include $30,813.25 deposited in Cash Investment Accounts
Exhibit B
Executive Office �?" Expenses: Cash Disbursements
Telephone
Postage
Computer Charges
Clerical Help
Photocopy
Audit and Preparation of 1982 Tax Forms
Mail Processing
P. O. Box Rent
Printing and Duplicating

President�?Ts Expenses
Other Officers�?T Expenses
ALA Representative Expenses
SELA Representative Expenses
NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARIES (Schedule 1)
TAR HEEL LIBRARIES
-1983 Conference
Transfers to:
General Savings
General Cash Investment Acct.
New Treasurer

Committee Expenses:
Intellectual Freedom
Library Resources
Scholarship
Governmental Relations
Goals and Objectives
Honorary and Life Membership
Education for Librarianship

Sections Expenses (Schedule 1)

Freedom to Read Foundation 1983 & 1984 Membership
ALA 1984 Membership Dues

Refund of Dues

Spring Workshop

Bulk Mail Account Deposits (less reimbursements)
Labels for UNC-CH Librarians�?T Association
Executive Board Meals

Scholarships (3)

Loans (5)

Ray Moore Awards

Expenses to be reimbursed

Other Expenses

Total Disbursements (To Exhibit A)
*Does not include $18,956.66 paid from Cash Investment Account.

($ 649.08 )
$35,677.24
3,630.42
1,783.44
26.89
187.00
100.00
329.26
18,884.01 *
4,438.03
114.00
10,600.00
$75,770.29
$75,121.21
73,610.65
$ 1,510.56
$ 449.62
717.55
1,235.62
212.63
68.10
285.00
256.30
20.00
591.10 $ 3,835.92
766.38
123.54
1,737.80
189.86
11,249.41
2,136.80
7,240.01 *
$18,500.00
5,000.00
500.00 24,000.00
$ 490.14
200.00
200.00
527.72
36.16
151.34
268.00 1,873.36
15,284.60
200.00
50.00
151.00
219.62
86.76
8.10
205.92
3,000.00
1,000.00
100.00
103.96
47.61
$73,610.65

1984 Summer�?"99

President

LELAND M. PARK
Davidson College Library
Davidson, NC 28036
(704) 892-2000 Ext. 331

First Vice-President/
President-Elect
PAULINE F. MYRICK
Moore County Schools
Box 307
Carthage, NC 28327
(919) 947-2976

Second Vice-President

M. JANE WILLIAMS
Division of State Library
109 East Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27611
(919) 733-2570

Secretary
ROBERTA S. WILLIAMS

Transylvania County Library
105 South Broad Street
Brevard, NC 28712

(704) 884-3151

Treasurer

EUNICE P. DRUM
Box 40034
Raleigh, NC 27604
(919) 733-4488

Director
SHIRLEY B. MCLAUGHLIN
Asheville-Buncombe Technical
College
340 Victoria Road
Asheville, NC 28801
(704) 254-1921 Ext. 300

Director
JERRY A. THRASHER
Cumberland County Public
Library
Box 1720
Fayetteville, NC 28302
(919) 483-1580

Past President
MERTYS W. BELL
Guilford Technical Community
College
Box 309
Jamestown, NC 27282
(919) 292-1101 Ext. 2295

ALA Representative

EMILY BOYCE
Department of Library Science
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27834
(919) 757-6621

100�?"North Carolina Libraries

NCLA EXECUTIVE BOARD

1983-85

SELA Representative
REBECCA S. BALLENTINE
Institute of Government
UNC-Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
(919) 966-4130

Editor, North Carolina Libraries
ROBERT BURGIN
Forsyth County Public Library
660 West 5th Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
(919) 727-2556

SECTION/ROUNDTABLE CHAIRS

Children�?Ts Services

KAREN M. PERRY
Archdale-Trinity Middle School
Box 232
Trinity, NC 27370
(919) 431-6714

College and University
ROBERT N. BLAND
Ramsey Library
UNC-Asheville, NC 28814
(704) 258-6543

Documents
EMILY CORRELL
Public Library of Charlotte and
Mecklenburg County
310 North Tryon Street
Charlotte, NC 28202
(704) 374-2540

Junior Colleges

ANDREA P. BROWN
Kenan Library
St. Mary�?Ts College
900 Hillsborough Street
Raleigh, NC 27603-1689
(919) 828-2521 Ext. 313

Junior Members Roundtable
VIVIAN W. BEECH
New Hanover County Public
Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28403
(919) 763-3303

N.C. Association of School
Librarians
JUDIE DAVIE
Department of Library Science/
Educational Technology
UNC-Greensboro
Greensboro, NC 27412
(919) 379-5100 Ext. 63

Public Library
JUDITH K. SUTTON
Public Library of Charlotte and
Mecklenburg County
310 North Tryon Street
Charlotte, NC 28202
(704) 374-2660

Reference and Adult Services
LARRY BARR
Department of Library and
Media Studies
Appalachian State University
Boone, NC 28608
(704) 262-2243

Resources and Technical Services
BENJAMIN F. SPELLER, JR.
School of Library Science
North Carolina Central University
Durham, NC 27707
(919) 683-6485

Roundtable for Ethnic Minority
Concerns
MARY P. WILLIAMS
J. Y. Joyner Library
Kast Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27834
(919) 757-6691

Roundtable on the Status of
Women in Librarianship
PATSY J. HANSEL
Cumberland County Public
Library
Box 1720
Fayetteville, NC 28302
(919) 483-8600

Trustees

DOROTHY R. BURNLEY
508 Ashe Street
High Point, NC 27260
(919) 733-4838

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penting eats mo 4) , To 7 wuhiad VAD chonge)

Mt Ad wider : 1a/S ak Dihe 19 22

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