A NEW OUTDOOR DRAMA C Ross and SWORD PAUL GREEN — ~CEIEBRA TING ST. AUGUSTINES 400th ANNIVERSARY 1565-1965 GUIDE BOOK ° HISTORY ° PROGRAM CROSS and SWORD A Symphonic Outdoor Drama Commemorating the Four-Hundreth Anniversary of the Founding of St. Augustine, Florida by Paul Green Musical Arrangements by Isaac Van Grove Directed by L. L. Zimmerman The route of the fabulous treasure fleets lay up along Florida's east coast. Sr rs GAS, Se SHIPS FOLLOWED _¥ GULF STREAM CURRENT THE CON ATINENT OF LA FLORIDA RICHES FROM MEXICO Sy QISLAN DS or PORTOBELO WA * SOUTH AMERICA ws A , SPAIN ae TO ov ATLANTIC ST. AUGUSTINE OCEAN ES BAHAMA SS SEA y 4 CARTAGENA A New World Unfolds One of the most remarkable achievements of the sixteenth century was the development of Spain’s great colonial empire in America. The early annals of St. Augustine and Florida are a part of this amazing story. It began with the voyages of Columbus which, made under Spain’s banner, gave Spain claim to much of the New World. An unprecedented period of explora- tion, conquest and colonization followed. Europe rang with tales of marvelous discoveries, strange lands and fabulous riches. Within a brief span of years Spanish colonies appeared in portions of the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. Fleets of ships braved the stormy At- lantic bringing supplies and ever more eager adventurers from Spain. On their return trip they carried back to the mother country gold, silver and other riches that the colonies pro- duced. These were the famous “treasure fleets” of yore. Everyone with sufficient means to outfit an expedition yearned to set forth on a voyage of discovery. Accordingly, Juan Ponce de Leon, a shipmate of Columbus and former governor of a Spanish colony on the Island of Puerto Rico, embarked in 1513 to search for a land which, according to the natives of the island, possessed immense wealth and other wonders. After cruising among the Bahama Islands he sighted a strange shore. Running along it in search of a harbor, Ponce de Leon landed near the present site of St. Augustine and claimed the land for Spain. To it he gave the poetic name of Florida, because he hhad discovered it during the Easter season, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida. Thus Florida was added to Spain’s growing and far-flung New World domain. After this discovery the treasure fleets, on their voyages to Spain, followed a course up the east coast of Florida to about the latitude of Bermuda and thence east to Europe. Despite its proximity to this important trade route, Florida remained unsettlea for the next half century. In 1521 Ponce de Le6n returned to Florida for the purpose of making a settlement, but on landing on its southwestern coast was savagely attacked by its natives and received a fatal arrow wound in the thigh. Later, several well-equipped expeditions, such as those of Narvaez and De Soto, set forth to further explore the territory, but instead of the riches found only suffering and death. All Spanish efforts to settle Florida failed. This statue of Ponce de Leon stands at the east end of St. Augustine's Plaza At this point Florida was visited by the sub- jects of another nation. Admiral Coligny, leader of the French Protestants, or Huguenots, aspired to found colonies in the new world for France that might rival Spain’s in riches and impor- tance, and also serve as a refuge for his fre- quently persecuted followers. In 1562 he dis- patched a small expedition under Jean Ribault, an able Huguenot captain. Ribault explored the north Florida coast, entered the St. Johns River, and then went on to build a fort near Port Royal, South Carolina, which was abandoned by the small garrison left there when promised supplies failed to arrive. made Florida a Spanish province In 1564 Coligny sent out a second and larger expedition under Rene.de Laudonniére, who had accompanied Ribault on the 1562 voyage. These colonists entered Florida’s St. Johns River and near its mouth proceeded to build a fort, which they named Fort Caroline. Philip II of Spain and his ministers were greatly alarmed by reports of these French activ- ities in Florida. They feared that the French fort, if allowed to remain, might become a base for launching attacks on the treasure fleets that sailed up Florida’s coast, and endanger the flow of wealth to Spain from her Caribbean posses- sions. Steps must be taken to remove this threat. Indians worship column left by Ribault Don Pedro Menendez, the great Spanish admiral, who founded St. Augustine and One of Spain's most capable leaders at this time was Don Pedro Menéndez, a native of Avilés, a seaport on the northern coast of Spain. He had risen to the post of Captain-General of the armada, or convoy of armed ships, that ac- companied the treasure fleets on their long voy- ages to and from the New World to protect them from increasing piracy. Upon returning to Spain from such a voyage in 1564, he learned that his only son, Don Juan, had been ship- wrecked in the Florida area with a portion of the fleet. Hoping that his son might be found alive among the coastal Indians, Menéndez sought an audience with Spain’s king, Philip Il, to beg permission to make a voyage to Florida to search for his missing son, and to further ex- plore its treacherous coasts. He also discussed the serious threat to Spain, which continued French occupation of Florida posed. The king responded by offering to commission Menéndez to establish fortified posts in Florida for Spain and drive out the subjects of any other nation he might find there. Menéndez readily sioned Menendez to settle Florida and !ater agreed to undertake this mission at his own ex- : se si , spar’ & ; — supervised the colony during its early years pense, inspired by a deep devotion to his king : and church, and the lingering hope that Florida might yield riches as yet undiscovered. Fort Caroline as pictured by the French artist, Le Moyne er) Fort Caroline | 4 on St. Johns River \ St. Augustine j 3 \ Anastasia Island \ 2 Matanzas Inlet where French were massacred 5 FS a cs — S is eo Ribault’s Ships wrecked somewhere along this shore Cape Canaveral Map showing relative location of St. Augustine, Fort Caroline and Matanzas a Indian method of hunting alligators The Rival Fleets With characteristic energy Menéndez began collecting ships and recruiting followers for his Florida venture. Reports that a French fleet under Ribault was being readied to reinforce Fort Caroline caused him to hasten his prepara- tions and increase the military strength of his expedition. By late June of 1565 he sailed from Cadiz, Spain, with a force of some nineteen ships and 1,500 persons. Meanwhile, Ribault’s fleet left France weeks earlier but was becalmed off its coast and delayed. The Spanish fleet encountered a severe storm ‘at sea that considerably reduced its strength. After touching at Puerto Rico, it sighted the shores of Florida om August 28th, St. Augus- tine’s Day. On the same day the French fleet, under Ribault, reached the mouth of the St. Johns River. The Spanish ships crept cautiously up the coast looking for the French fort. On the afternoon of the fourth day they came within sight of Ribault’s vessels, which had landed most of their human cargo except for a skeleton crew. After an exchange of verbal threats, the French put to sea to avoid being boarded, and were fol- lowed by the Spaniards who soon gave up the pursuit. The next day Menéndez assembled his vessels at an inlet and harbor a short distance down the coast, where he proceeded to establish his base. He sent a detachment of soldiers ashore to select a location for a fort. They occupied the Indian village of Seloy and began digging an entrench- ment around the great house of its friendly chief. About noon on September 8, 1565, Menéndez and his principal officers, arrayed in their dress uniforms, landed amid the roar of cannon and the blare of trumpets. A priest came out to meet them bearing a cross and singing the hymn, Te Deum Laudamus. beneath the spreading liveoaks, they then cele- brated their first solemn Mass in the new land, while curious Indians looked on. In honor of the Saint’s day, on which they first sighted the Flor- ida coast, Menéndez named the place St. Augus- it has ever since borne Before a rustic altar tine, a name which through four centuries of unbroken existence. in ~~ bd Laying out the settlement Destruction of the French While Menéndez hastened to complete the un- loading of his vessels, Ribault, with most of the effective French fighting force, sailed south from the St, Johns River to attack the newly established Spanish position. At this point the weather suddenly changed. Northerly winds, increasing to hurricane force, compelled the French ships, hovering off St. Augustine, to put to sea to ride out the storm, which later drove them helplessly ashore far down the coast. Menéndez correctly assumed that Fort Caro- line was left weakly garrisoned. He proposed to march overland to surprise the French fort be- fore Ribault could return to its assistance. On the morning of September 16th he set out with 500 picked men through the wind and rain. After three days of hardship and wading through flooded marshes, they reached the vicinity of their objective and bivouacked for the night. At dawn, with cries of ‘Santiago! Victory!” they gained entrance to the fort and put most of the surprised garrison to the sword. Leaving a major portion of his men to occupy the captured post Menéndez, after a few days rest, returned to St. Augustine amid great rejoicing. Soon after his return Indians reported to Menéndez that a large body of white men had arrived at an inlet fifteen miles south of the settlement. Taking only forty soldiers he hurried to the inlet to investigate. Camped on the op- posite shore were a group of the survivors of Ribault’s wrecked fleet. When convinced that Fort Caroline had been captured, and that their situation was hopeless, the entire band of 200 Frenchmen surrendered. Because his force was so greatly outnumbered, Menéndez had the Frenchmen ferried across the inlet in groups of ten. As each group landed, their hands were bound and they were led up the beach behind some high dunes where, at a fatal line drawn by Menéndez in the sand, their captors slew them. A week or so later another group of French survivors from ships wrecked farther down the coast reached the same inlet. Over half of them also surrendered and suffered the same fate, in- cluding their leader, bearded Jean Ribault. An artist's conception of the massacre at Matanzas Difficult Years The French attempt to occupy Florida had been shattered, but other obstacles threatened the permanence of the settlement Menéndez had founded. Diminishing supplies soon forced him to go to Cuba for aid. During his absence, a number of those who had joined his expedition, disappointed by failure to find riches in Florida, mutinied against the officers left in charge and sailed away. The Indians of the vicinity, at first outwardly friendly, turned against the Spaniards and began to ambush any who ventured out in search of food. In spite of these difficulties Menéndez man- aged to establish two settlements, St. Augustine and Santa Elena, and a number of temporary military posts along the coast extending from Port Royal Sound, S. C., to Tampa Bay, Fla. Of these only St. Augustine survived. In 1567 he returned to Spain to report upon the needs of the Florida and West Indian settlements. Events in Europe continued to keep him occupied there or on voyages to the New World until his death in 1574 at the age of 55. Under his lieutenants the lonely Florida posts clung precariously to their narrow beachheads. After the death of Menéndez they became a Indians became a serious menace to the settlement crown colony, under the supervision of the Span- ish king, and were supported by an annual situado, or subsidy, which Mexico was ordered to provide. St. Augustine by this time consisted of a wooden fort with a group of wooden build- ings south of it. On the island across the bay stood a watch tower to warn of approaching ships. Efforts to grow food in the sandy soil were disappointing. Consequently the settlement depended heavily upon supplies brought from Cuba and Mexico. When these failed to arrive, it hovered on the brink of starvation and aban- donment. How St. Augustine may have looked during its first years ARVN i ON ws -GVSPI én re, Map drawn by a member of Drake's party shows the English entering the town and their ships anchored off the inlet The Spanish lookout tower tention Drake Sacks St. Augustine In addition to other difficulties, St. Augus- tine’s settlers lived in constant dread of an at- tack by one of the pirate bands that roamed the coast and preyed upon Spanish commerce. Un- der Queen Elizabeth, England’s famous seadogs became the terror of the Spanish Main. St. Augustine was only twenty-one years old when England’s renowned Sir Francis Drake, in 1586, happened to sight its watch tower which sailing up the coast from a marauding expedition in the Caribbean. The English force of some twenty ships and 2,000 men hopelessly outnumbered St. Augustine’s little garrison of barely 150 soldiers. Drake landed and burned their fort and village to the ground. A member of his expedition drew a pictorial map of the attack, which gives us some idea of how St. Augustine may have looked at this early date. During the next few years the settlement was rebuilt with assistance from Spain and Cuba. In 1598 1t was laid out in accordance with a decree issued by the Spanish king, directing that all Spanish colonial towns should have a central Plaza with the principal streets leading from it. Hence St. Augustine today has its central Plaza, and the street layout of the older portion of the town has changed but little since that time. which attracted Drake's at- The Saving of Savage Souls When St. Augustine was rebuilt after Drake’s attack, a friary or monastery was erected to shel- ter the Franciscan Missionaries who were begin- ning to arrive from Spain to work among the Florida Indians. The courageous friars braved many hardships and privations in endeavoring to carry the peaceful message of Christ deep into the Florida wilderness. The first missions were established along the coast north of St. Augus- tine where they could be reached readily by boat. Later they extended far into northeast Florida, a region known as Apalache, in the vicinity of Tallahassee. At its peak, this remarkable chain of missions embraced no less than 30,000 Indian converts. State Arsenal buildings occupy the site of the former Franciscan friary ARN a \ \ \ w\ AN A Ay RS ~ re PEA pr Pa) H Wepuiupee q, LIMUC UA they, The 200-mile Trail between St. Augustine CQ F and Apalache a) Indians of this region and of South Florida were not Christianized The extent and approximate location of the principal Franciscan Missions in about 1650 11 GULF OF _MEXICO Jamestown 1607 Florida, as first claimed by Spain, em- braced a vast territory, Advancing Eng- lish colonies reduced its size PS RE | English Encroachment St. Augustine remained the only European settlement in what is now the continental United States for 42 long years. Florida then, as claim- ed by Spain, extended from Canada to the Flor- ida Keys and as far inland as the continent was known to exist. The first rival settlement to ap- pear was that of Jamestown, Virginia, establish- ed by the English in 1607. Despite protests that this was a violation of Spanish-claimed territory, other English settlements crept down the coast. The Spanish governors of Florida constantly im- plored their king to strengthen St. Augustine’s garrison and defenses to meet this threat. In 1668 an English pirate, Robert Searles, surprised and sacked St. Augustine, looted it of everything of value, and left sixty of its people dead in the streets. This evidence of St. Au- gustine’s weakness, combined with the opening of Carolina to English settlement, finally caused Spanish officials to act. In 1669 Queen Regent Marianna of Spain signed an order authorizing the building of an impregnable stone fortress at St. Augustine. Instead of wood, the new fort was to be built of coguina (pronounced ko-kee- nah), a shell-rock formation found in abundance on Anastasia Island across the bay. Meanwhile, the settlement of Charleston in 1670 brought the English still nearer. Work on St. Augustine’s new fortress began in 1672 and occupied the better part of the next twenty-four years. The Spaniards named it Castillo de San Marcos, or castle of St. Mark. Se ea ed t 9 . Castillo de San Marcos was built mainly to meet the English threat During the construction of this fort, English colonies to the north continued to prosper and expand. A long period of border skirmishes en- sued between the English and their Indian allies, and the Spaniards and the Indians under their influence. Constant pressure forced the Spaniards to withdraw from most of their mission posts north of the St. Johns River. Expeditions sailed from St. Augustine to attack Charleston, but failed to reach their objective due to untimely storms. A corner of the fort showing moat and onl) An eighteenth century Spanish cannon entrance : , tome ei it ie ae a ee ee Within the fort some 1500 people crowded during Moore's siege Sentinels constantly scanned the horizon for signs of an approaching enemy The Castle Withstands Two English Sieges The War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713), called Queen Anne’s War in America, brought the first full scale English attack on St. Augus- tine. Governor Moore of Carolina led an ex- pedition south in 1702 designed to drive the Spaniards from Florida. At the approach of the English forces, the garrison and inhabitants of St. Augustine withdrew to the protection of their Castillo. The English occupied the town and, comfortably quartered in its deserted build- ings, settled down to a siege. They soon found, however, that there was little chance of taking the stout fort with their few small cannon. Moore sent his Colonel Daniel to Jamaica for larger guns and bombs. The siege continued for almost two months. The day after Christmas two Spanish men of war suddenly appeared off the inlet bringing aid to St. Augustine and threatening to cut off Moore's retreat. The Carolinians hastily raised the siege and withdrew overland. Before depart- ing they set fire to the town, destroying prac- tically all of its buildings. When St. Augustine was gradually rebuilt, coquina came into general use for many of its dwellings, which previously had been of wood. Also, during the years following this attack defensive earthworks were constructed to protect the town from future occupation by an enemy. St. Augustine continued to resist further en- croachment from the English colonies to the north. The settlement of Georgia in 1733 brought these enemies still nearer. During the War of Jenkin’s Ear, involving England and Spain, General Oglethorpe of Georgia advanced south with a strong force during the spring of 1740 to attack St. Augustine. With the co- operation of a squadron of English ships, he planned to assault the town from both its land and water approaches, but the inlet proved too General James Oglethorpe of Georgia gave St. Augustine many anxious days shallow to admit the English vessels. As an alternative he established a tight blockade and hoped to starve St. Augustine into submission. From batteries established on the islands across the bay, the English kept up an intermit- tent but ineffectual bombardment of the fort and town for some twenty-seven days. St. Augus- tine’s supplies were becoming critically low. In response to Governor Montiano’s frantic pleas for assistance, small boats from Cuba managed to slip through the English blockade and bring food to the city. This and other unfavorable de- velopments caused Oglethorpe to lift the siege and return to Georgia. Two years later a strong expedition, composed of troops from St. Augustine and Cuba, paid Georgia a return visit, but retired after defeat at the Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simon’s Island. St. Augustine had proved its worth to Spain and was rewarded with more liberal aid. It was now a picturesque Spanish colonial town of 3,000 souls. From the battlements the people could see the camps of the enemy Quaint narrow streets reflect St, Augus- tine’s Spanish colonial origin 15 ee af ANT TC and Jacksonville Beach INLET VILANO BEACH | North River, Bridge wr peat ANZAS BAY a ee ED EO Sn CASTILLO DE SAN MARCOS NATIONAL MONUMENT s op Mission of Nombre de Dios Cubo Line’ Restoration Gover Exhibit Informatio n Center Parking Area Museum of Yesterday's Toys Cubo Defense Line ran along Orange St. from Fort to River a ocd "ME He St. Augustine’s 400th Anniversary, Inc. HAR 5 ee = DIRECTORS mf W. I. DRYSDALE F. D. UPCHURCH sein F. F. HARROLD H. E. WOLFE ri W. W. WILSON Cc. H. ZINKAN Mayor of the City of St. Augustine Chairman of the Board of St. Johns County Commissioners Wee ny | 1A | | DR. PAUL GREEN Author ISAAC VAN GROVE Musical Arrangements American director, conductor and composer, Isaac Van Grove graduated with highest honors from the Chicago Musical College. He was born in Philadelphia and began his professional career at the age of 18, quickly becoming nationally known as assistant artist and accompanist in concert tours with many greats including Enrico Caruso, Lauritz Melchior, Grace Moore, and Gladys Swarthout. As musical Director and Conductor he has performed with opera companies of national fame, such as the Cleveland Light Opera, The American Opera Company, and the Chicago Symphony. As a composer, his opera 2A Born in Harnett County, North Carolina, Paul Green at- tended Buies Creek Academy and then earned money for college by teaching school and pitching sandlot baseball. He saw his first play while a*freshman at the University of North Carolina; a prize-winning one-acter he himself had written. After Army Service in France in World War II he returned to the University of North Carolina and found Frederich H. Koch beginning the Carolina Playmakers. It was during this time that he turned from writing poetry to the stage and he soon completed his first volume of one-act plays. In 1922 he married Eliza- beth Lay, another student of Professor Koch. At this time he was preparing himself to teach philosophy, study- ing for two years at Cornell University. On his return to Chapel Hill he continued to divide his time between teaching and writing. His published writings include nine outdoor dramas, numerous short and long plays, es- says, songs and articles. He is also co-author of four mo- tion pictures and wrote two sets of radio plays. In 1925 his one-act play “The no ‘count Boy’’ won the New York City Belasco Cup and first long play “In Abraham's Bosom” received the Pulitzer Prize as the best play of 1927. Mr, Green has always been interested in experiment- ing with new forms. All of his plays, even his one-acters make use of music and ballad and songs, and he feels that in the present liberated American theatre there is a great chance for the dramatist to let his imagination Joose. In 1936 he wrote Johnny Johnson for the Group Theatre with music by Kurt Weill. In 1937 he found a chance to try out without hindrance his theories of music, song, dance and pantomime in the drama. On Roanoke Island, North Carolina, Green's play, which he chose to call symphonic drama (the use of all theatre elements sounding together), — The Lost Colony — was produced. Two years after the opening of The Lost Colony Fayetteville, North Carolina saw Paul Green’s The High- land Call, a symphonic drama of Flora MacDonald. A third, The Common Glory, with Thomas Jefferson its leading character, has completed its 17th season at Wil- liamsburg, Virginia. In 1950 Faith of Our Fathers, a play about George Washington, began a two-year run in the national capital. His fifth symphonic drama, The 17th Star, was produced at Columbus, Ohio, in 1953 celebrating the sesquicentennial of. Ohio’s admission to the Union. In 1955 his Wilderness Road, a study of edu- cational idealism opened at Berea, Kentucky, and played for three seasons. In 1957 The Founders, an experiment in daytime production, was staged in conjunction with the Jamestown, Virginia Festival. The Confederacy finished a two-year run at Virginia Beach, Virginia, in 1959. The Stephen Foster Story opened at Bardstown, Kentucky in 1959. bs “The Music Robber” won the ‘David Bispham Award. He also wrote six ballets performed by Ruth Page’s Chi- cago Opera Ballet Company and numerous scores for musical spectacles including Paul Green’s ‘‘Stephen Fos- ter Story” and ‘The Seventeenth Star.” Mr. Van Grove is universally recognized as one of the outstanding coaches for concert and opera singers. In his present role of Artistic Director of the Fine Arts Colony Opera Workshop at Inspiration Point, Arkansas, he has demonstrated his intense and abiding interest in the young aspiring student. DR. L. L. ZIMMERMAN Director An Iowan by birth, Dr. Zimmerman has been associated with the University of Florida at Gainesville for the past ten years and pres- ently ‘holds the title of Director of Theatre and Supervisor of Grad- uate Studies in Theatre. His career in directing began in 1941. He is affiliated professionally with Ridgeway Theatre, White Plains, New York and Tamara Daykarhanova’s Theatre Studio, New York and White Plains, and has been director of theatre at Monticello College, Alton, Illinois and West Liberty State College, West Lib- erty, West Virginia. Dr. Zimmerman is a past executive secretary and currently a vice president of the Southern Speech Association. Now the Drama Editor for Speech Monographs, he has had articles on drama published in Educational Theatre Journal and Southern Speech Journal. He had a fairly early acquaintance with the subject matter of historical drama as the writer-producer of award winning documentary series ‘Blueprint America.” ELWOOD KEISTER Director of Music Doctor Keister is Director of the University of Florida Choir and received his Master's degree in Music at the Eastman School of Music and his Doctorate at Columbia University. He is a former member of the Robert Shaw Chorale and current vice-president of the American Choral Directors Association. For two summers, 1956 and 1957, he was Director of Music for “The Lost Colony.” An able and busy man, he is married, has two children and enjoys flying as a hobby. FRANK REY Choreographer Mr. Rey has had extensive three-fold experience in the, field of dance. It includes professional appearances with well-known groups such as the Chicago Opera Ballet and “The Common Glory,” teaching tenures at the Chicago Musical College and The University of Dance, and as a choreographer in great demand for his creations for top-ranking organizations such as Stuart McCullen Television Productions, Gasparilla Ball and the Jamestown Corpo- ration, and as the original choreographer for the outdoor drama “Home is the Hunter.”” A native of Tampa, Frank is married and has two children. 3A ee ee RON JERIT Stage Designer and Technical Director A hard working member of the staff, Ron Jerit studied for his Bachelor’s and Master's degrees at the University of Illinois and pursued his doctoral studies at the University of Florida. He has taught speech and theatre and acted as theatre consultant, designer and director for the University of Illinois, University of Florida, State University of New York and Memphis State, He was set de- signer for the National Education Television series ‘Religion and the Arts.’ Mr. Jerit is 31 years old, married and has four children. JOY ANDREWS BRECKENRIDGE Costume Desi gner Mrs. Breckenridge is a native of Geneva, Alabama. After receiving her Bachelor’s degree in Home Economics at the Alabama College, Montevallo, she taught for a year in Flint, Michigan and two years at St. Augustine High School. Joy's costuming work in theatres includes college and communi- ty theatres and last year at the Oslo Theatre in Sarasota she was assistant to Harlan Shaw, of the Florida State University Theatre. DAVID O. PETERSEN Stage Manager An all-around man of the theatre, David Petersen is experienced as an actor, designer, director and technician as well as stage manager. He has acted on network television in productions of “Camera Three,” Jack Paar’s ‘Tonight Show,’ “Look Up and Live” and “Quest,” and in off-Broadway shows such as ‘The Cat and the Canary,” ‘The Establishment’ and ‘‘Route One.’’ His outdoor dra- ma credits include ‘‘Home is the Hunter.’’ As a stage manager he worked on the staff of the off-Broadway show “The World of Kurt Weill’’ and the outdoor production ‘Unto These Hills.’’ A native of Pensacola and graduate of the University of Florida, he took his Master's at the University of North Carolina and studied at Yale Drama School. 4A THOMAS P. RAHNER General Manager A native of St. Augustine, was graduated from St. Joseph’s Acad- emy in 1953 and from the University of Florida in 1957 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He was a member of Florida Players and served as vice president of that organization in 1956-57. From 1958 until June 1960 he served in the Army in Germany. His dramatic experience includes three seasons as a member of the production company of “Unto These Hills’ in Cherokee, North Carolina. He has appeared in numerous productions at the Uni- versity of Florida and has served as director of St. Augustine’s Little Theatre. Mr. Rahner who counts wood carving and painting among his avocations has served as General Manager of the 400th Anniversary Incorporated since October 1963. CLARK D. MORROW Public Relations Director A former U. S. Marine Corps Public Information Officer, Mr. Morrow is a graduate of the University of California at Los Angeles. He served for several years as a Marketing and Cus- tomer Relations executive with the General Electric Company, and later was president of his own Public Relations and Ad- vertising firm in the Washington-Baltimore area. He hails from Annapolis, Maryland, is married and has four children. TECHNICAL ASSISTANTS Assistant Stage Managers Fred Breckenridge Jan Hahn Assistant Costumers Jennifer Cook Holly Howard Gale Williams Sound Technician Bill Hazelton Technical Assistants Victor Cook Gerald Jones Dance Captain Terry Eastman Organist-Accompanist Norman Linschied Rehearsal Accompanist Mrs. Hubert Foster House Manager James Henry Audio Sound Labs, Jacksonville 5A oe a a OL i, FART CAST OF CHARACTERS momingo de Floridai siete. e oa Marshall Thomas wedno: Menendezaiveb eet create inc. John Seitz Lipset l Se Bro} o!y mmntric mbeptee yh. Sai aerate ae James Slaughter Don Heron de San Vicente.................-.--.---- Michael Doyle 1D fey Wel Fo oT il et or Wh Gh uN C224 Pai City Yacht Pier MENENDEZ MARINE ST: Historical Society nS Oldest House, ‘Museum and Library [* © — > Sie nan STREET rary LS laanod 7 State Art Center gas La. Arsenal ny Parking Area Florida State ansj nnn Exhibit Center AVILES STREET Rosario Defense Line ran along Cordova St., marked western limits of town in Colonial Times Governor's Residence Hotel Ponce de Leon inode 2000! een Lightner ‘ Municipal Exposition GRANADA sT. HISTORIC FLORIDA Showing principal streets and points of interest U.S. 1 SOUTH Colonel James Grant, governor of British East Florida from 1764 to 1771 The governor's residence from a drawing made in 1764 What the English failed to gain by force of arms against St. Augustine and Florida they at- tained by treaty. During The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) an English fleet captured Havana, Cuba. At the close of the war Spain ceded Flor- ida and St. Augustine to England in exchange for the recovery of Havana. England divided the territory into two provinces, East Florida with St. Augustine as its capital, and West Flor- ida with Pensacola as its capital. St. Augustine’s Spanish residents had no desire to live under English tule. During the period provided for evacuation, they left their comfortable homes and gardens for resettlement in Cuba. English officials, garrison and residents moved into the little capital. To encourage settlement and agriculture the English government offered liberal grants of lands in Florida to English gentlemen of wealth and standing. Under this arrangement a Dr. Andrew Turnbull and associates of London secured a large tract of land eighty miles south of St. Augustine for the purpose of establishing a plantation colony. Turnbull named the place New Smyrna. During the summer of 1768 eight crowded ships brought 1400 hopeful colonists to New Smyrna, a much larger number than Turnbull had originally planned to care for. Most of them, plus some Greeks and Italians, came from _ the Island of Minorca, air English possession off the coast of Spain and hence were called Min- orcans. Due to inadequate shelter, insufficient food and other hardships, over 300 died the first winter and many more during the years follow- ing. Finally in 1777, the survivors, numbering barely 600, secured release from their contracts and moved to St. Augustine, where their de- scendants have continued to live down to the present day. They retained their native lan- guage and customs until a late period, lending a distinctive atmosphere to the city, and at times made up the major portion of its population. During the Revolutionary War, St. Augustine and East Florida remained loyal to England and served mainly as a base for operations against the rebels to the north. Toward the end of the conflict Loyalists from the adjacent South fled to East Florida for protection, swelling its popula- tion to 17,000, counting slaves, but to no avail. By the terms of the treaty of 1783, England ceded the Floridas back to Spain. Pathetic scenes of evacuation were repeated as most of the English residents left to seek new homes. In 1784 a Spanish governor and garrison arrived to again occupy St. Augustine. Patrick Tonyn was governor during the last ten years of English rule, from 1774 to 1784 St. George Street received its name during the English occupation. The Spaniards called it “Calle Real” The Cathedral before the fire of 1887 and the addi- tion of the present clock tower a Second Period Under Spain With the return of Spanish rule in 1784, St. and threatened to attack St. Augustine. Cut off Augustine reverted to its former status as a mili- from supplies and communication, the city con- tary post, almost entirely dependent upon the stituted a little world of its own, distinctly Spanish government for support. Most of its Spanish in character. Minorcan residents, however, were self-support- Failure of Spanish authorities to control the ing. They had become small shopkeepers, or bands of Indians and escaped slaves that roamed derived a living from fishing and hunting, and the interior of Florida, and the existence of the produce of small groves and gardens. The other lawless elements finally led to American b chief addition made to the town during this peri- od was the construction of a new parish church, the present Cathedral, begun in 1791 and dedi- cated in 1797. Otherwise the period was marked by increasing poverty as Spain’s wealth and power were declining. During and after the war of 1812, it was feared that England might occupy Florida as a base for military operations. To forestall this possibility, American patriots seized Fernandina intervention, and the conclusion of a treaty whereby the territory was annexed by the United States. The official transfer of East Florida took place at St. Augustine on July 10, 1821. The stars and stripes were unfurled over Castillo de San Marcos as the Spanish garrison marched out between ranks of saluting American Soldiers to board transports waiting to convey them to Cuba. St. Augustine’s long period under Span- ish rule came to an end, and its period as a part of the United States began. wan i i, rey, The City Gateway afforded the only entrance to the city from the north The Fatio House, one of the picturesque homes built during the second Spanish period 21 ee ee ee ae ee a \* I Florida at last was a part of the United States. Officials sent to the newly acquired territory found St. Augustine an unusually quaint old town. The Minorcans, who had come to the city in 1777 and made up the major portion of its residents, gave it a further foreign atmosphere. Within a few years after the change of flags, some northerners began to visit St. Augustine during the winter months to enjoy its mild climate. Most of them were invalids. In 1827, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the budding New Eng- land poet and philosopher was among its visi- tors. He called it ““The Little City of the Deep,” because the sea influenced its life in so many ways. The Seminole Indian War, which lasted from 1835 to 1842, curtailed travel to St. Augustine. However, soldiers and officers from the North, who were stationed in the city, enlivened its social life and bolstered its economy. In their Osceola, one of the colorful Seminole leaders, was captured near St. Augustine in 1837 “Little City of the Deep” letters home they described the quaintness of the city and the beauty of its Minorcan girls. After a peaceful interlude of 23 years, the tranquil, restful mode of life so characteristic of St. Augustine was disrupted by the Civil War. Edmund Kirby-Smith, one of its native sons, born in a house still standing, became a promi- nent Confederate general. Another Confederate leader of note, General Wing Loring, made St. Augustine his home. In March of 1862, a Federal blockading squadron appeared off St. Augustine’s inlet. The city surrendered to Union forces and was occu- pied by them during the rest of the conflict. Following the Civil War, as normal conditions gradually returned, St. Augustine welcomed an ever increasing number of winter visitors and residents. This influx of new people, and the resulting demand for more accommodations, brought many changes. Ruins of old buildings and remnants of its defense works were torn down to make way for new structures. But St. Augustine grew very slowly and by 1870 had an all year population of barely 2300. St. Augustine’s modern era began with the arrival of Henry M. Flagler, wealthy co-founder of the Standard Oil Company, who first visited the city during the winter of 1683-84. He in- vested millions in the construction of the luxuri- ous hotel buildings—Ponce de Leon, Alcazar and Cordova—which still dominate its skyline. These and other Flagler financed improvements transformed it from a sleepy Old World town into a fashionable resort. While time and other influences have wiped out many evidences of St. Augustine’s antiquity and Spanish origin, it is still unusually quaint and interesting compared to most places of to- day. A program of restoration is in progress and other measures are being taken to preserve and enhance the distinctive Spanish colonial atmosphere and character, which are the unique heritage of its long and colorful past. Ge i iat Os : : Henry M. Flagler transformed St. Au- Wealth and fashion on parade along the gustine into a fashionable resort bay front during the 1890's pas) PO Mnaeeen es Sdedipdiedeiedeaaied am Card Sh Hout M p / g ie ¢ p } the " Le du 7 | ks f a nn the iE 7 li. h pe 10d sho 2) / ifs Ay /] ZmPportan buildi 28. Ay 0) TOW? 1 ap madd 14 s fy 1 1 7 T 7 and defen / S@ line: Sur ts provide information as to hip and location Coqui iid, Stine : , 7 : uUoust. ’ hee. = material ARES SELLE Pierre : 1s bein f stinctive buildi 7 W ea idan soul ee Old documen building owners The Restoration Program In order to preserve St. Augustine’s Old World charm and atmosphere for posterity, the State of Florida in 1959 created the St. Augus- tine Historical Restoration and Preservation Commission. This body has undertaken the task of gradually restoring historic areas of the city. The work is being financed by state and local funds, and also by contributions from interested individuals, business firms and corporations. In addition, the St. Augustine Historical Society and public spirited citizens have purchased and restored old buildings. Although no old pictures exist showing how St. Augustine looked during Spanish colonial times, various early descriptions throw light up- on the architecture of its buildings and their method of construction. Maps of the city, made at the end of the first Spanish period and begin- ning of the second, show the location of all its buildings, whether of wood or stone, and the owner of each plot at that time. Using these as a guide, archaeologists have been able to uncover the foundations of old buildings long since passed from view, upon which reconstruction has been based. The balconied Arrivas House is a restora- tion show place The Arrivas House on St. George Street, a Spanish colonial home restored by the commis- sion, serves as its headquarters. The first floor of this building contains displays of the various source material and methods used in its restora- tion work, which is being carried on with a high degree of historical accuracy. The St. Augustine Histori- cal Society's Oldest House exemplifies an early Span- ish colonial home An outstanding feature of St. Augustine’s 400th Anniversary commemoration is the color- ful historical drama, “Cross and Sword,” pre- sented during the summer months in a spacious new amphitheatre on Anastasia Island. The colorful period costumes worn by the cast are historically authentic 26 acoustics Written by Paul Green, distinguished author of “The Common Glory’ and other long-run historical productions, ‘‘Cross and Sword” reenacts the dramatic highlights of the founding of Florida’s first settlement and the difficulties that beset its early years, bringing to life the characters who played a part in molding its des- tiny. The professional cast, authentic period cos- tumes, novel lighting and sound effects make this a production which every Florida visitor should plan to see. The new amphitheatre, located in a wooded area on Anastasia Island near the old coquina quarries, is only a few minutes’ drive from St. Augustine's central Plaza (see map pages 16 and 17). It is designed to accommodate an audience of 2,000 in arm-chair comfort, and has adjacent paved parking space for 600 cars. During periods ,when the play is not in produc- tion the amphitheatre will be utilized for con- certs, forms of entertainment adapted to outdoor presentation. pageants, and In addition to its rustic Setting the new amphi- theatre boasts excellent Mission of Nombre de Dios Two events of far-reaching importance make this historic ground. Here, among the moss- hung oaks, Don Pedro Menéndez and his fellow Spaniards landed in 1565 to occupy Florida for Spain and begin the first permanent settlement in our nation. And here, later on the same day before a rustic altar, Father Lopez de Mendoza Grajales, chaplain of the expedition, celebrated their first solemn Mass while curious Indians looked on. The spot, as shown on old maps, was ever after called Nombre de Dios {Name of God), and during the early days was occupied by a Mission and Indian village to which this name was applied. The present chapel occupies the approximate site of the original buildings, which were destroyed by English raiders. From this mission America’s first priests and, laymen carried the torch of Christianity and civilization deep into the wild interior. Within a century after the landing at Nombre de Dios they had built a chain of thirty missions between St. Augustine and Tallahassee, and converted a total of over 30,000 Indians. Plans for the further development of the mis- sion grounds, call for the erection of a towering illuminated Cross to commemorate the place Wi The vine-covered Mission Chapel where the Cross of Christianity was first per- manently planted on our nation’s soil. They also include construction of a Votive Church and a library to preserve historic documents, such as the ancient Parish records which, dating from 1594, are the oldest written records of any kind in the United States. Among the museum relics to be seen here is the inscribed outer case of the coffin in which Menéndez was buried in 1574. The mission is a center for pilgrimages from every corner of the country. Model of Mission devel- opment showing new Vo- tive Church and research library buildings The Florida State building contains two floors of in- teresting exhibits The Governor's Residence is being altered to serve as museum of historical lore Special Exhibit Buildings map pages 16 and 17 for location). SPANISH GOVERNMENT BUILDING (Casa del Hidalgo): Constructed and financed by the cultural department of the Spanish gov- ernment, this building displays examples of Spanish art, crafts, original documents and other historical material relating to Spain’s role in the colonization of the New World and especially Florida. FLORIDA STATE EXHIBIT BUILDING Under the supervision of the State Development Commission, this building contains exhibits por- traying the history, progress and resources of Florida. One of its unusual displays is a collec- tion of old coins and other items salvaged from one of the ships of the Spanish treasure fleets, which sank off the coast of Florida some two two centuries ago. GOVERNOR'S PALACE: Formerly the city’s Post Office, this impressive building occupies the site of the residence of St. Augustine's long line of colonial governors. Its architecture closely follows that of the original structure as shown in a painting made during the English period. The interior has been redesigned to ac- commodate historical exhibits sponsored by the Federal Government. Architect's drawing of the new Spanish Exhibition Center PERSPECTIVA MAl The following special exhibit buildings are under construction or now open to visitors (see DICIEMBRE 1963 JEL. ARQUITECTO | Facing the inlet, Castillo de San Marcos still guards the city as of yore Castillo de San Marcos National Monument One of St. Augustine’s most impressive his- torical relics is grim Castillo de San Marcos, the oldest masonry fort in the United States. Some idea of its age is indicated by the fact that its construction was commenced in 1672, over one hundred years before the beginning of the Rev- olutionary War. The Spaniards built it primarily to meet expected increased military pressure from English colonies to the north, which threat- ened to drive them from Florida. The massive walls, from 9 to 16 feet thick, are built of a local rock called coguina, a shell- stone formation quarried on Anastasia Island across the bay from St. Augustine. Construction of the fort occupied the better part of 24 years. It is surrounded by a 40-foot wide moat, over which drawbridges afford the only entrance. Because of its historical importance, it was declared a National Monument in 1924, and in 1933 was placed under the administration of the National Park Service. Just west of it, and on either side of the City Gateway, portions of the Cubo defense line, which once extended from the Fort to the San Sebastian River, have been reconstructed. Fifteen miles south of St. Augustine, near the southern tip of Anastasia Island, guarding Matanzas Inlet, stands Fort Matanzas, also a Na- tional Monument under the administration of the National Park Service. This outer defense work was designed to protect St. Augustine against invasion from the south. It was at first a wooden tower, but was replaced by a masonry structure between 1740 and 1742. Fort Matanzas occupies a small island near Matanzas Inlet The following points of interest are group- ed for convenience as to areas. For location see center spread map on pages 16 and 17. The admission charges quoted prevailed at time of publication. The rate for children is generally about one-half the adult charge. Fort — City Gateway Area CASTILLO DE SAN MARCOS: Oldest exist- ing masonry fort in the United States, begun in 1672, a century before the Revolutionary War. Contains old cannon and exhibits re- lated to its history. A National Monument, operated by the National Park Service. Guided tours. Open daily 8:30 am. to 5:30 p.m. Adults 25¢ CITY GATEWAY: A part of the Cubo de- fense line, a portion of which has been recon- structed. It formerly extended from the fort to the San Sebastian River. This gateway afforded the only entrance to the city from the north, PROTESTANT CEMETERY: Established in 1821 to receive the victims of the yellow fever epidemic of that year. Many prominent resi- dents of the period following 1821 are buried here. INFORMATION CENTER: Headquarters of the St. Augustine and St. Johns County Chamber of Commerce. Literature and ail types of information available. Lounge, rest rooms, and ample free parking space. Open daily 8:00 am. to 5:00 p.m. OLD SPANISH CEMETERY (on Cordova Street): Established during the late 1700’s. The first bishop of the St. Augustine Diocese is interred in its Chapel. Also ancestors of many St. Augustine residents are buried here. RIPLEY’S BELIEVE-IT-OR-NOT MUSEUM: An exhibit of curios collected by the late Robert L. Ripley from distant parts of the world, and his drawings of them. Open daily 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 pm. Adults $1.25 On St. George Street From Gateway to Plaza OLD SCHOOL HOUSE: An old wooden resi- dence used for a time as a private school. Furnishings and other details carry out co- lonial school theme. Adjacent garden contains busts and statues of Latin American educa- tors. Open daily 8:00 am. to 5:00 p.m. Adults 50¢ What to See ARRIVAS HOUSE: Headquarters of the St. Augustine Historical Restoration and Preser- vation Commission, A faithfully restored building of the colonial period. First floor contains models and exhibits related to the restoration program. Open daily 9:00 am. to 5:00 p.m. Admission free. OTHER RESTORED HOUSES: There are a number of restored houses in this area, most of which bear signs providing information about them. OLD SPANISH INN: A restored first Span- ish period building, displaying furnishings and paintings imported from Spain to create the atmosphere of an old Spanish inn. Open daily 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Adults 75¢ MUSEUM OF YESTERDAY’S TOYS: An exhibit of dolls and toys that delighted the children of yester-year. Building dates from early 1800’s. Open daily 9:00 am. to 5:00 p.m. Adults 50¢ MUSICAL MUSEUM: A large collection of antique phonographs, dating back to the first invented, also early juke boxes in playing condition. Open daily 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Adults 50¢ SPANISH GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT BUILD- ING (Casa Hidalgo). Sponsored by the Span- ish government, contains exhibits of Spanish art and crafts, also historical material deal- ing with Spain’s role in the colonization of the New World. Open daily 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. OLD SPANISH TREASURY: Residence of the royal treasurer during the first Spanish period. Masonry first story dates from early 1700’s. Fine antebellum furnishings. Oper- ated by the Woman’s Exhange. Open daily 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Handcraft shop open to public. Tour of house 50¢ Plaza Area PLAZA DE LA CONSTITUTION: Laid out in 1598 in accordance with a royal decree directing that all Spanish colonial towns should have a central Plaza with the principal streets leading from it. Derives its name from monument erected to commemorate the liber- al Spanish constitution of 1812. PUBLIC MARKET: Small building at east end of Plaza was originally a public market from which food staples, such as bread, flour, fish and meat were sold under the supervision of the governor, who enforced standards of weight and measure. CATHEDRAL: Begun in 1791 and dedicated in 1797 as the new Parish Church, it became a Cathedral when the Diocese of St. Augus- tine was created. The bell tower and trans- cept were added after a fire damaged the structure in 1887. GOVERNOR’S RESIDENCE: Built to serve as the city’s post office, this structure occupies the site of the official residence of a long line of colonial governors. Its architecture is based on a drawing made in 1764. The build- ing will become a historical showplace when new post office is completed. TRINITY EPISCOPAL CHURCH: The first Episcopal Church established in Florida after its annexation by the United States. Corner- stone was laid in 1825 and the building later enlarged. Contains exceptionally fine stained glass windows. OLD STORE MUSEUM: Located back of the Episcopal Church is a replica of a general store of the 1890 period. Open daily 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Adults 75¢ FLORIDA STATE EXHIBIT BUILDING: Sponsored by the State of Florida, contains exhibits portraying the history, progress and resources of the state. Open daily except Sunday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Admission free. POTTER’S WAX MUSEUM: A display of over 240 life-size reproductions in wax of famous characters in history, authentically costumed and displayed in appropriate set- tings. Open daily 8:30 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Adults $1.75 West of the Plaza LIGHTNER MUNICIPAL EXPOSITION (Hobbies and Antiques): An immense group of hobby collections presented to the city of St. Augustine by the late Otto D. Lightner, publisher of Hobby Magazine. Building was former Alcazar Hotel. Municipally owned and operated. Open daily 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Adults $1.11 PONCE DE LEON HOTEL: First sumptuous hotel in Florida built by Henry M. Flagler. Noted for its fine architecture, ceiling murals, and art treasures, was begun in 1885 and com- pleted in 1888. Open during winter season. CORDOVA BUILDING: On the corner op- posite the Ponce de Leon, was formerly a Flagler hotel, which St. Johns County pur- chased to preserve its interesting architecture. ZORAYDA CASTLE: Erected in 1883, was the first poured concrete structure in St. Au- gustine. Designed and built by Franklin Smith to reproduce a portion of the famed Alhambra of Spain. Contains rare Oriental rugs and Moorish art. Open daily 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Adults 90¢ 31 MEMORIAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH: Located back of Ponce de Leon on Valencia Street, was built by Henry M. Flagler in 1889 as memorial to his daughter who died at sea enroute to Florida. Both are buried in an adjoining mausoleum. Open daily to visitors. Voluntary contribution. On Avilés Street Extending south from the Plaza, Aviles Street is one of the historic narrow streets of the city, retaining much of its Old World character. It was formerly called Hospital Street because the royal hospital was located on it. Aviles, Spain, was the birthplace of Menendez, the city’s founder. PUBLIC LIBRARY: Erected during the sec- ond Spanish period, was the birthplace of Edmund Kirby-Smith, famous Confederate Civil War general. Later owners deeded building to the city for use as a public library. XIMINEZ-FATIO HOUSE: Was constructed about 1798 by Andres Ximinez, a Spanish merchant who had a store back of it. Later acquired by a Miss Louisa Fatio and operated as a boarding house for winter visitors. The National Society of Colonial Dames, State of Florida, now own the property and preserve it as a gracious colonial home with appropri- ate furnishings. Open to the public Thursday afternoons. Admission free. ART ASSOCIATION CENTER: A step off Aviles on Marine Streets, is headquarters of the local art colony and exhibits work of local and visiting artists. Exhibitions are open to visitors. St. Francis Street Area To reach go south on St. George Street or along the bay front. The street derives its name from the Franciscan convent once lo- cated on it. The St. Augustine Historical So- ciety has restored and reconstructed a num- ber of historic buildings in this area and on adjacent portions of Charlotte and Marine Streets. OLDEST HOUSE AND HISTORICAL MUSE- UM: An authentically restored example of an early Spanish colonial home with its wall- ed garden. Connecting narrative museum portrays the history of the city through its various periods. The Society’s adjacent re- search library contains voluminous records and source material dealing with local and Florida history. The house and museum are open to visitors daily 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Adults 50¢ STATE ARSENAL: Across the street from the Oldest House, occupies the site of a Fran- ciscan convent, erected about 1600 and later rebuilt of masonry to house the missionaries who worked among the Indians of Florida and southeastern Georgia for over a century. During the English period the buildings were converted into barracks for the garrison and have since been used for military purposes. Now headquarters of the Florida National Guard. Off San Marco Avenue To reach go north on San Marco Avenue from City Gateway and turn right at direc- tional signs. MISSION OF NOMBRE DE DIOS: Site of an Indian mission and village during early times, and marks the spot where Menendez landed in 1565 and the first Mass was cele- brated. Open daily 9:00 am. to 6:00 pm. Voluntary contribution. FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH: Dioramas depict- ing Ponce de Leon’s discovery of Florida in 1513. Other exhibits include a giant globe showing route of early explorers, a plane- tarium dealing with early methods of navi- gation, and an Indian burial ground. Visi- tors are served water from a well symbolizing the Fountain of Youth which Ponce de Leon is said to have sought. Open daily 8:00 am. to 5:00 p.m. Adults $1.00 OLD JAIL: Depicts various forms of crime punishment, weapons used by famous crimi- nals, and related exhibits, Building formerly served as county ‘jail. Open daily, except Sunday, 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m, Adults 50¢ OLD SUGAR MILL: Replica of a colonial sugar mill and equipment used for making sugar on a plantation. Open daily except Sun- day 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m, Adults 50¢ Sea Outlying Points of Interest ST. AUGUSTINE ALLIGATOR FARM: An unusual collection of live alligators in all stages of development, from those just hatch- ed to specimens over a century old. Also Gallipagos turtles, ostriches, and various ex- amples of Florida wild life. Open daily 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Adults $1.00 FORT MATANZAS NATIONAL MONU- MENT: At southern end of Anastasia Island, a fortified lookout built by the Spaniards to guard Matanzas Inlet and protect St. Augus- tine against attack from the south. Open daily 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. MARINELAND OF FLORIDA: Located 18 miles south of St. Augustine on highway A-1-A. Through glass port holes in its giant tanks visitors may observe a remarkable col- lection of marine life, including porpoises, sharks, giant turtles, rays, tarpon and a wide variety of smaller fish. A diver descends into the tanks at regular intervals to feed the larger specimens by hand. Also included is an amazing exhibition of trained porpoises in an adjacent amphitheatre. Open 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Adults $2.40 Nearby Beach Areas St. Augustine has two nearby beach areas (see map pages 16 and 17). Vilano Beach may be reached by taking A-1-A north across bridge spanning North River. The incorpor- ated town of St. Augustine Beach lies five miles south of the city on A-1-A. Both sec- tions offer a variety of rental cottages, tourist courts, motels and restaurants, and mile upon mile of wonderful ocean beach for bathing, fishing, suntanning and seaside recreation. At St. Augustine Beach cars may be driven on the smooth hard sand at low tide. Sire Augustine's ocean beaches are ideal for sun and surf bathing, fishing, and relaxation beside the