ftfotiday, January 8,. 1962

Notlng -To Hide In N.C. Prisons

IM FOR IT, BUT-

drenare

^ * *

North Carolinas prison officials have evidenced "full cooperation with Rhode Island .officials sent here to investigate conditions in Tar HeeJ prisons. This is as it should be, for North Carojina prisons should be able to stand the most severe inspection by outsiders.

Serious charges of brutal treatment have been leveled at the states prison system b^two escapees now being held by Rhode Island. That state.^ has'delayed return of the prisoners to North Carolina until it looks into the charges made by the two escapees.

prison system, we believe, will stand up under what ever investigation the Rhode Island officials desire to make.

t 4

By offering their full cooperation to the Rhode Islanders, Tar Heel officials have indicated we have nothing to hide with regard to our prisons, the conditions In them and the methods of operation. The investigation, we believe, will clearly point up that the charges of brutality in the states prisons are without foundation.

Logical Approach To

The officials from Rhode Island should be given access to all the information they want about Tar Heel prison operations during their visit here. They should

be allowed to visit prison camps of the state and in- ^ _

vestigate for themselves the conditions which .exist V JL^0VGiO13IX1GI1l

there. If they find objectionable conditions their views ^ *

probably wiil be helpful to North Carolina in improv-- iiig its prisons sj'stem.

North Carolina has made considerable improve-; ments in conditions in its prison camps in recent years and. in the operation of its prison, system. Great em-I phasis has been placed on good treatment of inmates and the rehabilitation phases of the prison program.

These things, plus general conditions in the states

Wants Greater^

Probation

se

By LYNN MSBET

PROBATIONThe North Carolina probation syatem ia in its 15th year. It was authorized by the General Assembly of 1937 and was activated by order of Governor Clyde Hoey on November that year. The record shows that during the 24 years ending October 31. last, the system received a total of 43.441 probationers. At end of that period there were 5,468 persons under supervision.

Charles Cohoon. newly appointed director, says there is reason for pride in the record > of the department, but he is not at all satisfied with it. In a story prepared for publication this week. Director Cohoon cites comparisons In cost and results of probation and prison sentences- Puller utilization of probation facilities by means of a larger staff would save the State a lot of money, he says. The current cost of keeping a prisoner in State prison is about $1300 a year, operating costs alone. This does not include capital investment. The cost of maintaining a probationer under supervision is about $100 per year.

In addition to the sizeable savings in dollars and cents there are greater dividends in the intangibles- What monetary value can be placedon the preservation of family life? How do you estimate the avoided cost of uncommitted crimes? The dollar and cent items are impressive. The inmate in State prison contributes nothing to the support of his familyoften on public welfare rolls: he pays no taxes and he falls far short of supporting himself.

The probationer, (mi the other hand, does contribute to his own and his familys support, pays court costs and fines, pays taxes. and in many instances makes full restitution for damages he may have caused someone else.

MILLIONS Prom November 1, 1937, to October 31, 1961, probationers under supervision of the State earned almost $78 million. Payments made on fines, court costs, restitution, etc., total .$6,095,791.80. This amount does not include taixes paid, nor the expenses of* maintaining a borne for himself and family.

The probation system does not require capital investment and its operation costs much less than prison maintenance. Cohoon points out that to provide minimum custody and living quarters for 100 additional prisoners would cost the taxpayers at least $150,000 if built with prison labor on land already owned. It would cost much more if land had to be purchased and basic facilities installed. To maintain these 100 prisoners would cost about $130,000 a year.

On the other hand, to place 100

additional offenders on prolwitlon would cost less than $20,000 a year. Thus the State would save $150,000 in capital investment and $110,000 in maintenance by putting the offenders on probation instead of in prison.

These are some of the arguments being used by Director Cohoon in his campaign to sell probation to North Carolina. He notes further that many states have half as many persons on probation as in prison, one state has a ratio of 80 percent, while North Carolina runs substantially less than 50 percent.

He likes for folks to ask him what he has to sell. It gives him an opportunity to explain probation. Boiled down to simplest terms probation Is placing a criminal offender under supervision of a rtate agency rather than commit him to prison. under conditions that permit him to circulate freely in society, hold a Job or even an office, earn money for his own keep and that of dependents but subject all the time to being called in if terms of probation are violated.

JXJDICIALr-In his pitch for more recognition of probation and for a more adequate staff to do a better job, Cohocm does not attempt to make distinction between judicial and penal functions of government. Actually, probation is wholly a judicial function. The prison system has nothing to do with it. Parole, on the other hand, is definitely a penal function.

The probationer is in court for the duration of his probationary term, but he Is not in prison. If he complies with conditions imposed in the probation he is no more in danger of going to prison than any free citizen. If he violates the terms he will be brought back into open court and dealt with as befits the crime for which he was convicted.

Judges are showing more interest in probation, and also in the services rendered by the probation system staff in making pre-sentence investigations. There is still woeful waste in the ratio of prisoners to probationers. In October, for example, the prison system received 1.681 prisoners from the courts; probation received Ml persons.

Comparison of North Carolina figures with those of other states on anything to do with prisons is confused by the fact that this state is the only one in the Union which commits short term misdemeanants to State prison. Other states have county prisons or work houses. That might make the ratio look cockeyed, but from any viewpoint it is clear that wider use of probation would save money and contribute to good citizenship.

The DaOy Reflector

INCORPORATED

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Establishing regulations to govern development of property adjacent to, but outside, the present corporate limits of Greenville offers one of the best assurances that the city will develop in an orderly and logical manner in future years.

The recently created City-Council Planning and Zoning Commission is just beginning to move into its new work, but the general procedure outlined at their recent meeting appears ttt~fer a logical approach to the undertaking. ^

By dividing the area surrounding the city into appropriate quadrants as they proposed to do affords a reasonable basis for the beginning of the work. Subsequent study of the individual areas, as well as overall studies of all the quadrants should enable the Commission to come up with regulations which will ensure orderly growth and at the same time provide adequate area allotments for residential, commercial and industrial sections.

Planning and zoning within the corporate limits of Greenville in recent years has done much to bring about better overall development. By extending this same planning and long-range study to the area one mile beyond the corporate limits, better future development can likewise be brought about. By approaching the four proposed quadrants to the individual potential and special problems of each, and thus eventually develop an overall program that will offer the best long-range advantages.

Although the group is just beginning its first step in this new^ undertaking, the approach it has chosen is commendable.

Tariff Wrangle To Be Big One

By GEORGE SOKOLSKY

The Rules Of Revolution

By RALPH ROBEY

It is now clear that one of the early and hard political wrangles of the next session of the 0>ngress will be in .connection with tariffs. It will come over renewal of the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act. This statute was first enacted in the early days of President Roosevelt and it has been renewed time after time. The act expires next June 30 and there ts no intention of simply permitting it to expire.

No one, either in or out of the Administration, yet knows just what President Kennedy is going to ask for in the way of additional powers on tariff negotiation. Gossip has been running high and wild. Some say he will ask for authority to reduce tariffs by up to fifty per cent. It klso is said that he wants to negotiate by broad classes of commodities rather than item by item. And it is maintained that the present act must be overhauled to eliminate peril point protection, and so forth.

The Congress will convene on January 10. Following that must come three presidential messages: The State of the Union, Budget, and the Economic Report. It would appear, therefore, that it will not be possible for the message on the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act to be ready before about the first of February, and perhaps a week or so later.

Over the past couple of years there has been an immense hardening of protectionist sentiment throughout the nation. Labor unions as a group have usually been so-called free traders.

But now an appreciable number of them have swung over to the protectionist side. And the South which traditionally has favored low tariffs, also has moved to a marked extent to the side of more adequate protection. Business management is, as it always has been, split on an industry by industry basis, and no one can be certain what the balance of opinion in this group is at any given time.

The United States Chamber of Commerce, for example, is in favor of lower tariffs, but does not approve giving the President wide-open powers to reduce rates. The National Association

of Manufacturers has no tariff policy as such, and of course has no position on renewal of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. But every member of the NAM, you may be sure, has his own opinion. It requires a vote of two-thirds in the Board of the NAM to establish a policy position, and many years ago it was found that it is not possible to get this majority on any matter having to do with tariffs.

We submit the following, therefore, as solely our personal views.

First, today many industries in this country are being hurt by foreign competition, and there is no way they can meet this lower cosf of production.

Second, a sudden and drastic reduction of the tariff, in many cases, would cause unemployment and bankruptcies. Such developments would not be in the interest of the nation.

Third, in the long run it is desirable to have lower tariffs, and as many items as possible on the free list. But this situation must be approached gradually.

Fourth, tariffs never should be used to protect inefficient producers. They should be fixed at a level which keeps the most efficient producer under pressure to reduce his cost of production.

Finally, tariffs must be fixed on an item by item basis. This is the basis of competition, and is the only means possible for making sure that we are not protecting the inefficient.

Opinions '.n Brief

"Hogs were born to root for a living. Just standing there at the trough and having all the good, things a pig could want poured in by the farmer is bound to create anxiety. If human beings had to root as they used to, they, too, might have fewer ulcers.Portland Oregonian.

"Mo.st bachelors and husbands WiU agree on one thing: that marriage is a non-profit institution.Salt Lake Tribune.

Strength For Today

By EARL L. DOUGLASS THAT WE ARE DUST

How many times we receive advertising material which begins with the words We guarantee.

This is all done in good faith, but it Is nonetheless preposterous. Oh to be sure, the fiim that advertises can send back the money if the article is not satisfactory. But that is not a guarantee; that is a refund.

Nothing can be guaranteed in this world. We can give our assurances, we can even pledge ourselves but we cannot guarantee anything. And for the simple reason that nothing is really In our hands. Predestination?^ Determinism? FuUy ninety-five per <?cnt of our lives has been predestined for us before we were born,

Does this make life hopeless?

Copyright. 1%1, King Features Syndicate, Inc.

In a period of constant revolution, the orderly processes of change of government disappear. Kings are succeeded by sons or daughters in prescribed order; Presidents are elected by the people in accordance with Constitutional procedure. But revolutions throw up governments. Whoever can seize power holds it until someone cimes along and establishes himself in power.

The rule of thumb is: Why you not me? Thus Hitler deprived Hindenberg of lawful authority. True, Hitler was elected but there was no realistic opposition just as Soviet Russia and all revolutionary countries reject the test of opposition.

The people reaUy have no voice: they are either dominated by an organized mob or by troops. In a revolution, the voice of the people is loud and harsh at the start, but it soon melts away into a frightened whisper.

In 1917. the call of the revolution was loud in Russia. It was the peoples voice and the

people moved about shouting and instructing. In 1918. however, it was no longer the peoples voice: it had become the partys authority. The dictatorship of the proletariat had seized power. By 1919, the dictatorship remained but tne proletariat had been reduced to a frightened mass. It so remained for 40 years. What it is now, beggars description.

In China, there has been no orderly government since 1850 when the Taiping Rebellion upset the authority of the Manchu Dynasty. However, the Manchus continued somehow to reign, although they no longer ruled. The Westerners had moved in by way of the sea, the Russians overland from Siberia, Japan by way of Korea and Manchuria: the Boxer Rebellion further weakened authority: then came the 1912 Revolution and the 1915 Revolution and the attempted establishment of the Republic.

But the 'Republic was never a republic. It was never a government. Rather it was a congeries of independent provinces, managed by warlords who often grouped together. Soon, pow^er-ful warlords were killing weaker warlords and some of them

Other Editors Saying... School Or Home

(Washington Daily News)

How far should school authorities go in trying to regulate the dress of students?

We ask this question in view of the fact that one school in New Y'ork state ls having a controversy of sorts regarding this very question. School authorities decreed that the girls must wear skirtA which come below the

knees and that boys may not wear tight-fitting trousers.

Of course, the very fact^ that short skirts and tight-fittingtrousers were banned made these fads more appealing to some boys and girls. Make a law against. something, and the desire to break the law suddenly seems to become more appealing to some people.

But the real question has not been answered. Is regulation of dress habits a fit matter for

school authorities to make, or is

the matter one for the parents to determine?

FYom the practical standpoint, it should never be necessary for school authorities to have to make such a regulation. The

parents in the home should determine fit clothing for their children to wear. If the parents do not take the matter of proper clothing for their childi'en seriously, then how can the general public expect school authorities to do a job which the parents refuse to do?

We say this. School authorities should step in only when all other avenues have been closed.

When some parents refuse to dress their childi'en according to accepted standards, then something must be done. But we are totally against action by school officials until all other means have failed.

More and more we seem to be facing a growing effort on the part of paients itf some parts of the country to leave such discipline and such regulation up to the school officials. Some time ago one school passed a regulation that boys could not wear the duck-tail haircuts. Immediately the desire for such haircuts increased in this school. School officials have enough to do in the field of education without having to branch off into matters belonging purely to home discipline.

Of course, morals and manners are part of a well rounded educational system. We do not for one moment contend other-wi^.

Today it .appears in many parts of the country that parents are demanding too much of schooLs. Many of the demands are matters which should be attended to right at home.-

Better cooperation and more understanding between the home and the school would settle many incidents even before they become public issues. And that full measure of cooperation should be available and at work at all times.

Better home discipline would ease the burdens of many school officials.

made* deals with foreign countries. For instance, a character called Little Hsu organized the Anfu League of warlords and made separate deals with the Japanese which started China rolling into new troubles. By 1920, China no longer was a nation but was an area dominated by fighting warlords. Why you not me? Whoever was able to seize territory or finance an army exercised power,

The masses rose in revolt in 1925 through one of the accidents in history when an Indian policeman employed by the Shanghai Municipal Council shot a Chinese worker. Thus came the Communist revolution, not made by Communists at all. but by angry people who wanted the British, FYench, Americans, Jap-ane.se to cease participating in their affairs.

Sun Yat-sen, an idealish, wanted to create a democratic republic and really tried to establish such a government in Canton in 1925, but Sun died and who was to otake his place? You or me? There was not much arguing. Chiang Kai-shek had the troops and Russian support.

So Wang Ching-wei and Hu Han-min, who were the more logical successors, ran away from physical power and that was the end of the democratic republic. Chiang took power and held it. It soon became a contest between Chiang and the warlords with Russia and Japan playing such roles as they could until World War II determined that the Russians would dominate China and establish a Communist government, headed by a soldier who has disappeared from the scene and a professor, Mao Tze-tung, who managed to become a master of men.

Why Mao? Why not? Does it really matter who takes over a government. In the disorders of revolution, whoever can manage to establish himself is the master. Thus in Cuba, there is Castro, a figure who lied himself into power, who knew how to manipulate Americans and get aid from Soviet Russia. Or in India, there is Nehru, nominally the successor to Ghandi, a figurine of a noble idealist, whose eyes turn inward as he speaks to himself in profound thought and plays the same game as Nasser and Tito.

Grab while there remains a chance, for who can resist the one who is powerful and wily enough to grab. That is the rule of revolution and whoever follows this rule astutely survives or perhaps survives a little. longer than his predecessor.

Quote...

"An idiot is a man Who sees your point in an argument but refuses to see your way. Matadier (Texas) Tribune.

Jr dr ine

Ruture

By ROGER BABSON

BABSON PARK, kasa., Few people seem to realize that it is during a time of prosperity that plans should be made for possible reverses later on. Even though recovery is rolling along, stop and ask yourself a few questions. If you lost your job tomorrow, how much would you and your family suffer financially? Are you snowed under by installment payments? Would a serious illness leave you strapped? Have you borrowed on your life insurance?

ARE YOU OVEREXTENDED?

A young acquaintance of mine, a man about thirty years old, was recently laid off by a small company for which he had worked faithfully for eight years. He had been making $100 a week before taxes, but his take-home pay after federal tevies was only $83.20, not including state taxes. And his monthly commitments are $70 for mortgage, interest, and real estate tax; $63 on a 1960 car; $21 on a food-ireezer;' $12.50 on wall-to-wall carpeting; $30 on a go-now pay-later trip to the west Indies with his wife; and $16.50 on a new color TV. Right now and he has no salary coming in he has department-store bills amounting to several ^hundred dollars, $160 owing on his last winters fuel bill, and past-due light and phone bills. Merchants and service firms have already put him on a strictly cash basis.

It is possible that this man is not typical of most young workers, but I am afraid there are altogether too many who would fit into this category. With full employment and occasional raises, he might have pulled himself out of his financial jam. But my point is that he, like so many others, has greatly overextended himself.

VICTIM OF THE TIMES

I cant say that I wholly' blame the young man for letting himself get trapped. He is a product of the unending prosperity that has followed World War n. Like many others, ho has been bludgeoned by magazine, TV, and radio ads into overloading. With more money to spend than he had ever had before, he was tempted out over his depth. In 1946. - families were spending only 45 percent of their incomes for the essentials of living, with some 55 percent left over for luxuries. By 1954, fixed charges were taking 53 percent of income, with only 47 percent left for discretionary buying. Since then the trend has continued in the same direction, until a substantial majority of a familys income is now eaten up by fixed charges such as f(X>d, rent, and Installment debt. This may be all right as long as a boom is m progress. But let a recession hit, or let strikes or automation layoffs become serious, and the heavy burden of installment commitments which many people are carrying could mean economic catastrophe.

THRIFT STILL A WISE POLICY

This" troubles me, especially because I know that major cycles of business overexpansion and depression will always be with us. The inevitable quirks of human judgment will see to that! Hence, the present all-out acceptance of installment buying as a perfectly natural way of life causes me much concern. Careless spending is encouraged by any system that postpones payment for something you can get now without waiting.

As I warn my grandchildren, so would I warn young people everywhere that prosperity is a time for Increasing financial reserves ... a time to put money aside in savings accounts, some of it for careful investment later on. Money in the bank is one of the best types of insurance. against unemployment emergencies particularly. It is fine to have a comfortable home, a new car, air conditioning, and many desirable luxuries. They induce happiness and satisfaction. But what good is all this if your financial sense has been poor and the bill collectors give way to trucks coming to cart away the goods?

I often think it takes even more intelligence, will power, and courage to plan for tomorrow than it does to handle todays obligations. Everybody, whether employer, worker, or landlord should keep cme eye on tomorrow (and the day after) in financial planning. Otherwise, he may end up in the same plight as my sadder but wiser unemployed young friend.

,S. Is Actually Short Of Mea

Not at all. You and I have just about enough brains, energy and good will to handle the- five per cent which God gives us to handle. If He should dump the whole one hundred per cent in our laps we should be overwhelmed with disaster. Weakness and insecurity are prominent factors in our lives, really determining factors. This does not mean that life is not a noble challenge, a pilgrimage, a thrilling adventure. It just means that you and I are little people, and God in His mercy has left us only a little bit to do in working out our destiny. But that little bit is tailored to our needs. If we were more .capable, God would give us greater, responsibilities. In His mercy He has fashioned all tilings knowing our weakness and remembering that we aie dust.

Bv ELMER ROESSNER

Most Americans think of the United States as a bountiful land. In fact, there is talk now of extending the s<hool lunch program to the entire w'orld, feeding up to 500.0(X),(X)0 tots and Hottentots daily lunches-

However, government figures show that the United State.s is short of meat. It is necessary to import meat to satisfy Amer-can appetites, and the amount of the shortage is growing.

Department of Commerce fig-4jres show that in the first 10 months of 19H1. the Uniterid States imported a total of 753,-

901.000 pounds of beef, veal, pork, mutton and lamt). In the same period it exported 87,661,-000 pounds. The net import was

666.240.000 pounds.

INCREASE' IS NOTABLE

In the same period in I960, the U. S. imported 643,813,000 pounds of red meats. Thus the >4j.S. imported 100,000,000 pounds more in the first ton months months of 1961, the United of 1961 than it did in the first ten month.s of 1960. Exiwrts were only 1,000,000 pounds

greater.

In addition, the U.S. imported 715.4.53.000 pounds of live cattle, including some bor breeding, compared with 452,099,000 pounds in 1960. f The 1960-61 comparison of im-port.s for the first 10 months, according to .the Department of Commerce, in thousands of pounds were:

1960 1961

Fresh, frozen, canned ^ cured beef &

veat .. 437.937 543.047

Other prepared or preserved beef Si

veal ........... 16,716 21.147

Pork 144.401 141,113

Mutton ......... 33,804 39,540

Lamb ' ...... 10,955 9,054

In addition, the U.S. imported, 1,588,000 pounds of variety meats in the first ten months of 1960 and 1,476,000 in tiie same 1961 period.

SCA.NT EXPORTS Th'c tabulation of exports In the saiiie period, in thousands of pounds, was:

I960 / 1961

Beef and veal .-,..23,695 25.233

Pork ............ 55.54 2 56,258

Lamb & mutton .. 1,204 1,367

Sausage, uncanned 1,904 2,054

Sausage, canned ... 918 865

Canned baby

food ........ 1,966 983

Other canned

meats ............. 1,464 901

The drop in baby food export

is probably due to the erection of baby food plants in foreign countries.

In addition, the U.S. exported 96,928 ppunds of variety meats in' the first ten months of i960 and 101,873 pounds in the same 1961 period.

These figures do not complete the livestock Import and export picture. The government statistics also range into imports and exports of sausage casings, wool, hides and skins and mohair.

> But the more important figures show that Americans aren't raising all the meat they want, .and if we plan to expand the school lunch program to foreign ar^as. wed better give up the idea of putting canned chopped beef and sliced pork and gravy on the menu for foreign youngs

ters. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has been buying these and other meats in carloads lots for its current school lunch progi'am.

SHORT & SIGNIFICANT BUSINESS NEWS BULLETINS The communist regime in Hungary has cut prices for lemons, cocoa and coffee, and boosted prices of beer and tobacco. . . Central air condition installations in homes, industrial plants, hospitals, apartments and schools will boost industry sales to $6 billion in the next five years, predicts Cloud Wampler, Carrier chairman. . .Rising costs of public transportation has led to the current leasing of 450,-000 of autos and 312,000 trucks by shippers, estimates William J. ONeill, Leaseways Transpor-\ tation president. . .A new New York law makes. it a mlsdea-meanor to use titles of nonprofit organizations for commercial purposes. So dont bring out "Metropolitan Opera Cheroots or Public Library Perfume at least in New Yprk State.