Fridiy, Augrast 25/19S1

On Both Sides

Proof of Genius

summer coming to an end and the beginning have talked a great deal about the quality education of another school year only a few daya away, there program that is being undertaken in the state, and are a good many parents who wondering how well this fall marks the beginning of the program: Most junior will do in school this year. parents re looking forward to an improvement in

z'KUbb;tSo;rs!'wrbrbl >*

involved in too many extra-curricular activities during the school year? ^

These are rather common questions that go through the minds of parents as they prepare fo?^ another school year for their youngsters.

But there are questions which also go through the minds of teachers as they prepare to return to return to the classrooms for another nine months to follow their professionof teaching youngsters.

Will I have classes of good; alert students this year, or will they be ones who seem to care little for learning? Will their parents see that the youngsters put some time on their homework* or will they be indifferent to the studying their youngsters do outside class? Will I get help from the parents in seeing that the youngsters leam what they should from this year of school, or will all the load be on me, without the assistance and cooperation of the parents?

During the past several months North Carolinians

Not As

As

Some Make Ou

- By LYNN NISBET

CONSTITUTION The Constitution of North Carolina sorely needs revision and modemi-ration in many places, but it isnt really as bad as some commentators are tryiny now to make out with respect to the situation occasioned by the death 0 Lieutenant Governor Cloyd Philpptt. Most 0 these commentators are borrowing trouble by anticipating that there also will/be a vacancy in the office of Governor.

First thing to remember is that there are three coordinate t anches of State government-legislative, executive and Judicial. Each has its peculiar functions. but none is entirely independent of the others. The legislative, being closest to the people. has major authority. But the legislature Is amenable to partial control by both the executive and Judicial branches. The Lieutenant Governor, an elected member of the executive branch, ..Is cwistitutional ex-officio prc-aiding officer in the Senate, And, despite the general opinion that the Supreme Court is the high->st level of the Judicial system, the fact is the Court of Impeachments, which is the Senate, tops the list. It has been more than 60 years since that court was convened, but it is there in event It tould be needed.

The Governor, as head of the executive branch, is charged with responsibility for advising the Legislature from time to time, and the Legislature often consults the Judiciary about matters. The Legislature has au-thwity to enadt laws affecting both executive Judicial ac-tprttl^ within generally recog-mzed Wit rather -loosely defined

i^TINCI^N The current eonitetoBrises from lack of recognition of the distinctive functions of the three branches. Except for his constitutional tatus as president of the Senate, the Lieutenant Governor as a member of the cngcutive branch, has no legislative oblivions. And the c(Mistitutlon clearly sets out procedure for transferring the duties of the presiding officer in event of vacancy.

Sec. 20, Art. II. of the constitution reads? "The Senate shall choose its other officers, and also a Speaker (pro tempore) in the absence of the Lieutenant Governor, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor.

If words are accepted in their dictionary-given meaning that means the Speaker pro tempore accedes to all the duties and powers of the presiding officer when the Lieutenant Governor is

for any reascm not able to serve. Pursuant to that authority Sen. Lunsford Crew, as president (or speaker X protem, not only presided over the Senate but exercised the other powers of ratifying billswhich is perhaps the most vitally important function of the presiding officersWhen Lieutenant Governor Governor Philpott was in Hawaii during the final week of the 1961 session. '

He had none of the powers of the Lieutenant Governor as a member o4he executive department, but he had all the authority as President of the Senate. He stUl has that authority, and will until a new Senate shall have been elected.

There should be no concern about who has authority to appoint committees which the General Assembly accorded the President of the Senate not the Lieutenant Governor. There is a vacancy in the office of Lieutenant Governor, but not In the office of President of the Senate.

PRECEDENT This is the first time in the ^th century that a Lieutenant Governor has died in office. It Is not the first time a vacancy has occurred there* When Luther Hodges moved up from that position to the Governors chair in 1954. the office was vacated. The 1955 Senate met the situation by electing Luther Barnhardt, who had been president protem in 1953, as president of the 1955 Senate. Sen. Paul Jones was elected president protem. Many of the rules had to be changed because in early texts they had provided functions for the "Lieutenant Governor." Responsibility for these functions was changed to the "President of the Sen-a'te.

Provisions of the constitution, the stautes and precedent, make It clear that there 1s no problem with respect to legislative powers or duties of the President of the Senate. When a new Senate is elected and sworn in in 1963 the first order of business will be election of a

resident. Prom then on legls-itlve machinery can work smoothly.

Succession to the governorship, in event of vacancy there, Is an entirely different matter. Certainly there should be. and should have been years ago, an orderly succession procedure established.

There is no reason to confuse the succession process In the executive branch with the orderly functioning of the legislative branch of the government.

If this distinction is kept In mind a lot of the confusion in thinking and talking can be eliminated.

they can do a better job of instructing the youngsters. But neither the parents nor the teachers aloi/e can bring, about the kind of quality education that is being sought for the youngsters in North Carolina.

If the youngsters are to get more out of the coming school year than they did the last, there will have^ to be better instruction in the public schools. But there will also have to be a greater awareness in the homes of the state that the classroom time of the students is not the only time that is necessary for study. Quality education must be stressed for the students not only in the classrooms, but at home as well. The problem of extra-curricular activities handicapping the student in his school work must be coped with not only by school faculties and officials, but by the parents as Will.

Quality Education, If it is to be more than a cliche in North Carolina, will require greater effort*! by teachers and parents alike throughout the state during the coming school yar.

No Easy Way Out Of Problems In Berlin

There will be no easy way out of the Berlin crisis which continues to deepen-'with each passing week.

NeitheP can it be expected that the Berlin situation will quickly resolve itself and pave the way for an easing of international tension between the Soviet Union and the free world.

It appears reasonably certain now that the Berlin AT VTN TA VT OR crisis will span a period of months before there can ^ be much hope of any let-up. The closing of the borders PN * - 1

between East and West Berlin by the communists was '"I ^

the first in what appears now to be a series of provoca- JL JL .

tive steps by which the communists hope to force the West out of the 'cRy.'^Now the threat to close the air corridors to West Berlin from the rest of West Germany and to drive the Allies out of the city.

There is reason to believe that the threat of closing the air corridors to West Germans may be the first The dreamy voice of a lady

step toward another blockade of West Berlin similar to announcer came on between the^

soft music the station was sending out at that hotu:.

You know, she purred, "when you think about it, husband-hunting U the only sport where the animal, when he is caught, has to buy the license."

.rrors

Here & There

Couuldn't sleep the other night after munching on a late, late snack. So I turned on the bedside radio and happened to tune in WCKY in CincinnaU.

that which brought about the famous airlift of 1949 . . . only this time the air routes may be the first targets.

This actionplus subsequent actions which can be expectedwill test the determination of the Ws-tern nations to remain in control of West Berlin. There is also no escaping the fact that each new provocation brought about by the Soviets contains the possible spark which could set off the Berlin powder keg.

From the realistic viewpoint, the Berlip crisis which threatened world peace a few weeks ago is much deeper and threatening today . . . and it can be expected to further deteriorate in the future.

The most obvious things In town are often the least noticed.

I'm thinking of that concrete pillar which holds up the stop lights at Five Points.

It is a landmark in this city and has been in the center of the citys busiest intersection for more years than anybody seems to know.

It is certain that the pillar outdates the traffic light system which was Installed in the 30!s,. Before stop lights were placed on the pillar, a common globe type street light was set atop a post mounted on the pillar.

But the thing proved to be the Ideal spot for traffic controls so up they went. Over the

?iaying

Other Editors Saying, Circle Must Be ' Broken

With

nocjcey

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sent troops and tanks to the edges of East Berlin, sealed off all the escape hatches for the East Germans but still let visitors from West Berlin move into East Berlin.

Neither the United States nor any of the other Allies was willing to do anything to force the East German Communists to open the hatches again since that would probably mean war. So all the Allies did was stand by gnd jprotest.

West Berlin lies not In West Germany but 110 miles inside East Germany and people and supplies bound for the city cant get through from the West unless the East German Communists let them through.

Nevertheless German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, running for re-election, talked ominously of wanting trade between the two Germanys shut off. He (iropped that kind of talk when the East Germans warned, if he tried It, to blockade Berlin altogether.

But the West Berliners and their mayor, Willy Brandt, whos running against Adenauer, got exasperated by the willingness of the Allies to protest and do nothing. They wanted action.

So Kennedy sent Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson over in I usual, the whole crisis, .a hurry to cheer them up. This *A with talk. 'he seemed to do although he

added nothing new when he pledged the United States to defend West Berlin. Kennedy himself had done that weeks before.

Kennedy also took 1,500 American troops out of their regular defense positions In West Germany and sent them into West Berlitf. The Soviets let them travel through East Germany to get to the city since, to stop them, might have meant war.

But the troops, while the sight of them may have boosted West Berlin morale, added nothing to the defense of the city. Theyre in a box in Berlin whereas they werent In West Germany since there are about 400.000 East German and Soviet troops surrounding West Berlin fn East Germany ...........

Then Adenauer visited the city. This. Oh top of the Johnson vis-' it, irritated the Communists and they retaliated by tightening restrictions on Westerners. Including troops and diplomats, who might want to go from West Berlin Into East Berlin. <j Not to be outdone the United States. Britain and Prance sent troops and tanks to the barricades now separating East and West Berlin for no apparent reasoneince neither side wants

By JAMES MARLOW

WASHINGTON (AP) This whole Berlin crisis has now become a game of tit for tat with both sides playing it, the United States as well as the Soviet Union although Its like playing hockey with a dynamite cap.

Both sides talk of reaching a peaceful settlement. Neither attempts a move to start -it. And meanwhile bcHh tighten the crisis.

The Communists seal off East Berlin to keep non-Communlst East Germans from escaping to West Berlin. The United States wont interfere but it sends 1,-500 troops into West Berlin, not for any practical pui1?ose but as a gesture.

The Reds retaliate by making It harder for Westerners to cross into East Berlin. The United States. Britain and France rush troops and tanks to the barricades. They are not going to do anything either.

So troops on both sides glare at each other over the barricade while the last thing any of them wants is shooting.

TT;e latest move: a Moscow note O Washington accu.slng the Coited Slates of ferrying spies and saboteurs Into Berlin. .

As star

Premwrr Khrushchev began by rep^'aied warnings early in 1961 he would sign a peace treaty With the East German Communists. a move the Allies interpret as the first in a series to slJt them off from West Berlin altogether.

Then on June 3-4 In his Vienna talka with President Kennedy, he set a six-month deadline for signing the treaty and making West Berlin a "free city." The West cant stop him from .signing the treaty but it could fight to stay in Berlin.

By June 28 Khrushchev had made four speeches, repeating his warning and accusing the West of building up Berlin ten-fion.s. On June 28 at a news conference Kennedy said Khrushchev was building up tensions.

Khrushchev threw another coal on the fire July 8 when he ordered a 25, per cent Increase in Soviet defense spending. And Kennedy replied in kind July 25 hr -hLs TV talk to the nation w hem he-announced a buildup in American defenses and pledged American support of West Berlin.

East Germans had been-fleeing from jCommusist Easi Germany Into West Berlin at .the

CSmithffeld Herald)

The public schools have been caught in a vicious circle. Mediocre high school studentsstudents not strong in mathe-maticacl reasoning or verbal reasoning or verbal comprehension, students without any strong disire for solid learninggo to college to train for teaching careers, remain in their educational rut there, and return to public schools to give expression to their mediocrity as they seek to guide the rising generation. Their mediocrity breeds more mediocrity among students. And from each new crop of mediocre students comes additional mediocre teachers who keep mediocrity in perpetual motion.

The North Carolina teaching corps, of course. Includes many superior minds. We should be thankful for the thousands of ex-ceUent teachers who have prevented our public schools from becoming mere day nurseries. But the vicious circle is real. There has been an overabundance of mediocrity among

teaching personnel which has cither rubbed off on future

teachers or at least failed utterly, as we would expect, to lift future teachers out of their

mediocrity acquired from birth or home environment.

What can be done to break the vicious circle?

The higher teacher salary

schedule just adopted in North Carolina should at least force the circle to start cracking, for the higher pay should attract better minds to the teaching profession. But more than higher salaries will be required to break the circle completely. Col-ileges which train teachers have aided and abetted mediocrity. These colleges must rgise their

standardsstandards of admission to teacher training courses and standard of instruction provided for prospective teachers. ' Dr. Junius A. Davis, former dean of the graduate school at Womans College of UNC who now serves as assistant to the president of the Educational Testing Service at Princeton. N. J., writes in The Greensboro Daily News: "Studies such as the Ginsberg analysis of students who faed to pass the draft deferment test and the classic study of the Thurstones in the 1930s, have long given objective evidence to support what every college staff member knows: Students who cannot do well in conventional subject matter in the arts and sciences change their major to education, and usually survive with distinction. '

As long as education courses maintain their long standing reputation as "crip courses; as long ' as prospective teachers are permitted to fill graduation re-

^ quirements by taking extra education courses in lieu of courses In Enlish, history, science, political science, economics, or

other "content subjects; as

long as mediocrity prevails in the colleges that train teachers, we will never achieve true quality education, no matter how much money is appropriated by the Legislature.

It Is a hopeful sign that more and more Tar Heel leaders are * talking about the necessity of breaking the mediocrity circle. But It will take a good deal more than talk to get the Job done. In some of the college departments of education,. It may even take some explosions to shake mediocrity frqm entrenched positions.

years various traffic directions have been painted on the pillars four sides: "No left turn," No U turn and siich. But today it is painted a bright yellow.

At one time about eight years ago there was talk of removing the pillar entirely and mounting the stop lights on posts at each comer. This was never done, however, and it still stands, so obvlcxis It Is seldom noticed.

For Instance, how many citizens realize that there has been a change at the pillar in the last week?

About a year ago a pipe sprouted alongside the pillar. It has stayed there since with no apparent use. Recently, though, a fitting has been attached to this pipe and another run into the stop light.

Utilities Director Leonard Bloxam explains that the light ccmtrol circuits are now underground and are run to the stop light via this conduit. Where were they before? Why overhead, of course. The wires were strung for a corner utilities pole over the Intersection and thm down into the stop light.

Had you noticed the change?

Kenneth Hite, member of the Planning - Zoning Commission, cast a critical eye at a street name on a new subdivision plat the other night.

The subdivision amounted on only seven lots along a street to be opened between Evans St. Ext. and U.S. 264.

Name of the street as shown (HI the plat was 30th St. Nob(xly seemed to know how this particular number was arrived at. However, it nearly doubled Greenvilles numbered streets.

The numerical streeti start with First irallel with the river. The last one at present is 16th St. which is a short thoroughfare Just south of the Norfolk and Southern tracks at Evans.

This new street, which wont run strictly ist-west, will Jump the numbered streets from 16th to 30th.

Hite questicned the street designatlqn but it went through anyway. Commissioners approved both preliminary and final plats of the little subdivision, the street name Intact.

The strip of land, which Includes the street, was taken into the city a few months ago to connect the big Lynndale subdivision south of U.S. 264 with the old city limits at Sherwood Acres.

rrors

By OXORGl B. ROKOLSKT

Copyrlfht, 1061, Features yiKlicate, Inc.

POUtteiftM play theii^ UtUe fames bot some of them become costly IrretrievAbls ^ ron. Also some are not. understandable. For Instancs tbe establishment of the American Zone of West Berlin inside of East Germany~UO miles Insidt of Easl Germany without a corridor Is beyond understanding.

If there was to be a divided Berlin, each sector should have had a oorridc'. By agreement, Berlin was divided into American. British. French and Russian sectors. Tbe Western countries united and the people of West Berlin elected a government of their bwn, headed by Mayor Willy Brandt.

Soviet Russia declined to Join in this rattonaUsatloo of Bsriln. establishing East Germany as a separate ara, compiled by Soviet Ruesia. This was a violation of sH agreements. but Soviet Russia has matntatned that there are two Osnjaanfs end that there will remain two Oer-manys and that Berlin is aeiiial-ly within the Soviet Zone, in East Germany. Therefore the Western powers, who may be there legally, are there irrationally. Khrushchev makes this point now. He holds that after 16 years, a settlement must be reached that makes sense from the Russian standpoint. President Kennedy has challenged the Russian point of view in the most practical manner possible, by sending troops Into Berlin and by sending'Vice-President Johnson there. It was a direct challenge to Russia and Khrushchev let it pass.

The initial error was undoubt-ecQy made by President Truman, Prime Ministers Churchill and Attlee, by the American and British chtX-of-staif who accepted the Rushan formula which was unsound when adopted and Is unsound now. Even a movie house has a fire exit.

This kind of historical error was not only made as regards Berlin but also as regards China. I have been reading Robert Morris remarkable book, "No Wonder We Are Losing, in which he gives the details of hit services as a counsel for Ooo-gresslonal Committees. In this book. he establishes beyond question the acttvittes of Russian agents and Mes wtttia the State Department mod the White House. He deecribee eaiw* fully what we now call, to avoid libel, "Russian-orlOTted psr-sons who played an mmrdoos role in the develc^ment of Amor-lean policy toward Red China. Morris describes what ho knows from first hand experienoe.

The mistakes made In (hit relations with China cannot be corrected and they are provinf to be very costly to us. But the personalities who made the mistakes, who associated with Russian-oriented personalities, who Influenced Presidents and Secretaries of State are, many of them, still around, working In the State' Department and elsewhere in the government. They made mistakes and to ^ is human; therefore it is held that the entire country not the Individuals should suffer.

A final example of error and carelessness is to be found in Cuba, in the support and opposition to Batista; in the support and opposition to Castro; in the boycott of Cuban goods but the shipment of American goods to Cuba from both Tampa and Canada. And, of course, the greatest bluigler was the amateurish comman^type Invasion of Cuba which ended in a fiasco.

Who has been tried for the fiasco? Who has been held responsible for the confused Cuban policy? Actually-nobody has been. The doctrine remains that to err is human and that all a human being need say Is that he regrets his error, whereupon he Is permitted to err some more.

In fact, the only ones who suN fered fcH* the errors were our ambassadors to Cuba and Brazil who were made to pay for having had sound Jui^ement concmiing Castro. Sound judgement Is not popular with those who thrive on human errors.

This country will have to wake up and take a sterner attitude toward experts who make mistakes. There are some who stiH do not believe that Harry Dext^ White was a malicious official, a Russian agent, despite all the (Continued on page five)

Jet-Propelled Into difficulties

rate of 1,000 a day but Khrush-" * warunless to glare at the Com-

chev'g belligerent talk scared them into crossing over at the rate of 2,000 a day.

This was a reaction Khrushchev could neither have expected nor wanted since the Communist regime in East Germany badly needed the manpower which was dashing westward. ^

So on Aug. 18 the Communists

munist troops on the other side.

And Wednesday Johnson reportedly recommended s buildup of U S. military equipment in West Berlin although he was reported convinced that the situation there is extremely explosive with tension running so high a minor incident could touch off a major clash.

By ELMER ROESSNER

The American airlines have just Jet-propelled into trouble.

Now, carrying more people more miles than ever before, the airlines are losing money. The basic caiuse Is the change to Jets, which was so fast that the airlines dreamed of an orderly transition from propeller to. Jet planes. The jet idea had been developed satisfactorily during World War II and the plane manufacturing indiustry began the careful and not-much-hurried development of the big pas.sen-ger Jet.

The industry knew, full well that it would have to replace prop planes on the long runs, but this, it hoped, would be a gradual shift. - Perhaps each transcontinental airlines would have two cuast-to-coast flights a day and then, as the four-motored prop planes began to get nervous in the service, they would be replaced by other Jets. The process might be speeded a

British and other foreign trans-AtlanUc lines would try to beat the United States lines with Jet planes. In a bold stroke he ordered between 20 and 30 Jets, with options on about 40 more.

In doing so, he pressed the industrys panic button.

If Pan-Am was rushing to use Jets on a hurry-up plan (we never speak of crash programs in aviation), then British. Dutch Swiss. Scandinavian. Italian and other foreign lines would have to have jets immediately.

If Pan-Am was to have jets, so would TWA. And if TWA, the only trans-Atlantic line with both domestic and liftemational franchises, was to have jets, so would United. Braniff, Delta, Eastern, American, Northwestern, Western and other lines with flights of 600 miles or more. '

The rush for jets created in industrial revolution. Prop,plane assembly lines were shut down; thousand of employees were

little by seUing some of the ) uid off; new jet assembly lines late-model prop planes to f(M*elgn airlines and cargo companies.

TRIPPED BY TRIPPE '

These happy plans were upset by Juan Trlppe, head of Pan-American. He sensed that the

were started; thousands of men --not necessarily the kame ones ^were hired.

As a consequence, alrilnes have just too much equipment, too many seats. Most of the big

lines have found, uses for most of their prop, planes. They have been sold to small nations for their airlines; they have been diverted to cai^o carrying by the lines or independents; they have been used in the charter market, or they have been used for new short-dlstance services.

But the big jets fly with too many ghost passengers.

For one thing, a jet Is not economical unless it has seats for about 120 passengers, and has most of them filled. This compares with around 70 for a prop plane. -

For another thing, competition, always great, has been Intensified by a surplus of facilities. This, in turn, has led to rate reductions.

Exploitation of coach travel has been so great that first class Is now often referred to as "expense account class. Most of the users are supposed to be people traveling on Other peoplesor, the governmentsexpense allowances. ' i NEW CUT

The latest cut has been the establishment of a new coach rate between California and New. York of $198 a round^ trip. Thera arc restrlctloru: the trip

nnwt be completed between II and SO days, and travel must ba from Monday to Friday noons.

Still another is pending; a half-fare plan f(u* passengers from 12 to 21 years old, under certain frec-space conditions. This iuw the Mohawk and several other lines, heavily dependent on college travel, creaming murder. There's an interesting facet to this proposal. It may show that very few Americans are over 21, except In the draft, where ther are very few under 26.

The government Is concerned over the airlines' problem because, as things stand today. It must keep a maximum number of men trained to cause mergers except in exceptional cases because mergers would reduce the number of flying planes and flying hours. The other altema-tative is subsidy, and to that the government may hav to turn again.

Still another alternative la a campaign to encourage people to travel more. During last war a government slogan was. "Is this trip necessary?* Soon the government maj bv aeraam-ing at the citizenry; "Naoeasary or not, TAKE THAT TRIP I

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