Tuesday, August 15, 1S61

Foreign Aid Bills Form Not Set

rhumbs Up

President Kennedy* long-range foreign aid program has successfully overcome a major hurdle in the Senate, but this victory for the administration by no means assures that the foreign aid program will be accepted by CongreM in the form the President has proposed.

The need for more long-range planning in the nations foreign aid.is apparent, we believe, to citizens of the country as well as to members of Congress. The success of our foreign aid plan in the future may well depend upon the ability of the administration to make long-range commitments to nations we are seeking to help. It is also important to the efficiency of operating the program as well as to the programs effectiveness that it be operated on something other than a year--to-year basis.

Notwithstanding these factors. Congress is responsible to a large degree for the fiscal well being of the nation, as such it can ill afford to provide the administration with a blank check which, if imprudently used, could place the nation in an unhealthy financial condition. Neither can Congress afford to hold so tightly to the purse-strings as to render the foreign aid program of the nation ineffective and inadequate to meet the needs which are being thrust upon us.

udges Can Aic. niformity Goa'.

Bf LYNN N18BET

JZX7E8 Governor Sanford haa called some 175 of the leading traffic Judgea'* In the state to attend a traffic lafety conference In Raleigh on Thursday, Auguit 24. The purpose is to get the Ideaa of these Judges for law* and enforcement of law* as a part of the program of the newly organized and highly fl-naneed Traffic Safety Council. Invitatl(H) to attend the conference went to judges of municipal and county courts acroaa the state, most of whom have original Jurisdiction over traffic offenses. The list doc.s not include justices of the peace, who do not have but often assume Jurisdiction, nor does it Include superior court Judges, who in many counties represent the only judicial authority over most traffic offenses.

The participants in the conference for moat irt will be municipal and county recorder court Judges, for whom traffic, viola-UoDs constitute a relatively small part of their Judicial activities. Yet the Impact of these activities upon the fast growing travel business in North Carolina Is very substantial.

A system of traffic courUs throughout the state, which would have as their main pr-pose the enforcement of traffic laws, with uniform organization structure and Jurisdiction In every county, with schedule of costs and fees the same in every county, has long been the dual purpose of traffic safety and promoting the tourist industry.

If the conference called by Oofvemor Sanford results in establishing such uniformity, so the court costs for the same offense will not vary among the counties from $7 to $30. a long forward step will have been taken toward the desired goal.

WOMEN Another phase of overall court reform Is treated in a recent news release by the American Judicature Society, which deals with women Jurors. That Ls almost as controversial in North Carolina as Is the matter of uniformity in traffic courts. Here's what the news release says about the subject under the title of Deliberating Women;

Compulsory Jury duty for women would not only add a feminine mediatory factor that is often necessary in Jury deliberations but would reduce the burden of jury duty on the part of the community now available.

Wallace M, Rudolph, of the TJnlverslty of Nebraska law faculty, in an article In a recent issue of the Journal of the American Judicature Society, says tha^jexcludin^^

ies violates the right of a defendant to a fair trial and the right of society to expect service of its citizens.

At present, in nineteen states Jury duty for women is optional meaning that women can refuse to serve simply on the basis of their sex. Under the optional system in New York City, only about 800 women in 1958 volunteered to serve in two court* where Jury requirements were 71.000. Compulsory jury service for women would double the number of people presently available for jury duty. One result to the optional plan IS that the lew who volunteer are usually from the upper middle class, reducing the probability of a cross-sec tioii of the community serving on juries. Rudolph believes that since many men are excluded from jury duty for economic and occupational reasons, inclusion of women on a compulsory basLs provides a method for wives of men excluded to represent their The psychological value of wo-social and economic views. The psychological value of women on juries is such that tension is alleviated and disagreement lessened. Their role as mediator.s decreases chances for hung juries which are a great expense to society. In cases involving juveniles' and domestic Issues, studies show that women are more sympathetic and understanding than men, When Oregon first pennitted women on Juries, it stipulatedIn recognition of womens interest and aptitude In dealing with young peoplethat in cases Involving a minor under eighteen at least haJf the jury be women.

^Justice Douglas, speaking for the Supreme Court In 1947, said:

. .a flavor, a distinct quality Is lost if either sex Is excluded. The exclusion of one may indeed make the jury le.ss representative of the community than would be true, If an economic group were excluded. In the United States, women granted suffrage in the Wyoming Territory, were first called for jury dury in 1870 on the theory that the right to vote carries with it the right to serve as juror*. The Wyoming Supreme court, following a U.S. Supreme Court decision, disagreed with the theory, and courts throughout the country consistently upheld this poftltlon after the nineteenth amendment was passed. Women, however, continued their fight for the right to serve on Juries and by 1956, all but five states allowed women to do so, with nineteen carrying the optional provision. Thus only twenty-six ^tes impose on women their duty, as citl-eens, to serve, along with their right, to do BO,

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Th long-range lending ani Treasury-borrowing tools which the administration has asked Congress to* approve for the foreign aid program would prove valuable both to the United States and to the nations of the free world it seeks to help through its program. In the interest of sound fiscal policies, however, it seems reasonable that the administration should be willing to accept something less than the initial $8.8 billion authorization for a full-five-year period.

Congress, at the same time, should recognize that changes in the international situation ^necessitate greater flexibility in this countrys economic aid program that will enable the United States to make the most of its aid dollars in the cold war and at the same time see that the aid does the greatest possible good to the nations into which it flows.

Hopeful Prediction Is At Best, Generalized

Predictions by agricultural economists at N. C. College that North Carolinas farm income may increase by five per cent over last year should be good news for the agricultural areas of the state.

If the prediction proves to be correct, North Carolinas farm income will reach a new record high, $54 million above last years record of $1.08 billion. It would mean that agriculture as a whole throughout the state would be in a better relative position than last year and that the general economy of North Carolina which still depends heavily on agricultureshould reflect the better conditions in agriculture.

The prediction does not mean, of course, that the agricultural economists at State College expect the farm income of every family or every county in the state to be up by five per cent ov^ last y^ar. There will be a number of counties which, because of less favorable growing conditions this year than last, which may well see a decline in their agricultural income from this years crops. There are other counties w'hich may experience agricultural income gains far above the five per cent figures estimated by the economists.

Taken as a whole, however, the prediction of a five per cent increase in agricultural income is good news for the state. Particularly is it good news for the Eastern section of the state where agriculture makes up a greater portion of the total income than is the case for the state as a whole.

By ALVIN TAYLOR

Awesome

Thing To See

Theres nothing more ^we-some than a fire just after it has started. We are accustomed to arriving at the scene after the fire trucks, and this leaves nothing for the layi^an to do but watch the professional fire fighters at work.

But all fires start somewhere and occasionally we come upon a blaze with no one around-This happened to your colum

nist Sunday night. Driving along U. S. 264 just west of Grimesland we spotted flames to the left of the road. I suspected a tobacco barn was afire.

As soon as I could, I turned the car around and headed back towaids Grimesland with the idea of calling the Grimesland Pre Department to the scene. But just as we pulled

More Talk Anc.

MoIG 'ProtGSts' Other Editors Saying...

By JAMES MARLOW

WASHINGTON (AP) - More talk, more notes, more protests. Thats all the Allies can do about the latest Communist squeeze on Berlin, unless they want to fight over it. While they talk tough, theyre not talking that tough.

Over the weekend the Soviet and East German Communists put a flat stop to the flood of East German refugees who have been fleeing in record numbers to West Germany by simply crossing over from East Berlin to West Berlin.

Secretary of State Dean Rusk, backed by President Kennedy, while denouncing the sudden blockade against the refugees as violation of a 12-year-old East-West agreement, used the occasion for some anti-Soviet propaganda.

This wont improve East-West relations. But, since a show of Jorce to break the blockade against the refugees and let them through might mean war. Rusk probably feels propaganda ts the most belligerent weapon he can afford to use.

Besides, the Russians have been using the Berlin dispute for all the propaganda they can milk out of it. So Rusks statement Sunday just added up to a few more words In what has become an International shouting match.

Rusk, pointing out that the Russians wouldn't let the East Germans vote on whether they wanted a Communist government, said by their flight they had voted with their feet against communism.

The flight alone, without the added lick from Rusk, was embarrassment enough to Premier Khrushchev who only last week had embarrassed himself by demanding that the West recognize the "grandeur of the Soviet Union.

He must have blurted this out without thinking, for there were two things wrong with it;

1. He lifted it wholesale from the sonorous phrasing of French President Charles de Gaulle who is ,fiforever talking about the "grandeur of Prance.

2. It Is nationalistic and therefore contrary to the teaching* of Khrushchevs favorite Soviet saint, Lenin, who insisted that communism is non-nationalistlc.

The agreement which Rusk said the Soviets had violated by stopping East Germans from crossing into West Berlin from East Berlinwas made in Paris in 1949 by the American. British, French and Soviet foreign min

isters.

That was after the Russians had abandoned the blockade of Berlin, and the four ministers made an agreement for the future relationship of the city to the Western world.

They agreed that In the four zones of Berlin under their authority each would have an obligation to: take the measures

necessary to ensure the normal functioning and utilization of

rail, water and road transport

for. . .movement of persons and goods.

It doesnt require much imagination to feel that any agreement about Berlin with Moscow is only a delay and not a solution.

The Russianswho still control the access routes to Berlin through East Germany have announced they will sign a

peace treaty with the East German Communists and turn control of the routes over to them.

The Allies protest this because they dont recognize the East German Communists as the legal government of East Germany. Dealing with them about using the access routes would to some extent be a sign of recognition.

But if the'Russians give the East Germans control, nothing is likely to occur right away. However, if the East Germans tried to shut Berlin off altogether from the West, there probably would be fighting.

Schools Responsibility

Opinions In Brie

Many men would keep themselves in the best of spirits if prices were lower.The Adak (Alaska) Sun.

Nothing could be more dangerous to our democratic ideals than the establishment of an all-powerful police agency on the federal scene. J. Edgar Hoover.

(Raleigh Times)

It was unfortunate that news stories on Governor Sanfords talk to teachers at Mars Hill recently jerked one sentence out of the speech into the lead paragraph: I am going to-require of you more than a 22 per cent increase in your teaching proficiency.

The Governor did say that. But, he said a lot of other things and the other things he said show that ke isnt asking the teachers alone to bear all the burden of delivering quality education to Tar Heel young people. He also told the teachers that the State cannot now afford the luxury of wasted time, or Ineffective teachers, or lazy students or selfish parents. He noted that we cant afford to use our schools to provide a winter resort for students, as a baby-sitting nursery for parents, a Ronjan holiday entertainment spectacle for the public, or a part-time way for teachers to make a full-time salary

All those things put together with the demand that teachers increase their proficiency 22 per cent to match their salary raises make up a real picture of what is needed for quality education on the teachers. Too many people are saying that teachers have been howling all these years for this raise, and that now that they have gotten it they had better revolutionize the schools In one year, or perhaps one month or even the first day of the term.

Even if every teachers did In-* deed increase her proficiency 22 per cent on the first day of this new term, we still wouldnt have really quality education in North Carolina. We wouldnt have it by the end of the 1961-9162 term and w'e wouldnt have it five years from now. Real quality education is something that must grow from year to year, something which must continue growing each and every minute of every day. It Is like a really qual

ity mind which never stops growing.

Governor Sanford wisely noted to the teachers that they are the key to the continuing goal of providing quality education. The teachers are indeed that key, but a key is no good unless there is something for it to unlock. Unless W'e do have devoted pai*ents and devoted students and devoted communities, the best teachers in the world will be able to deliver only a routine brand of education.

The teachers are on the spot this year because'they did get a 22 per cent raise, but so is every other person connected with out system of education. No one should attempt to burden the teachers with all the responsibility for providing quality education, and it is good that Governor Sanford has so clearly outined the areas of responsibility which all the people must share.

It is much in order, too, to note that North Carolina will not have quality education by 3 p.m. on the opening day of school this year. We wont even have it by the end of the second day, or the second month, or the second year of this quality education age.

You just dont get quality education in a day or a month or a year. There is abroad in our land something of a feeling that the legislature accomplished quality education by the simple act of voting the money Governor Sanford asked the the schools. It is unfortunate that there is such a ieeling, since it wont be that quick or that easy.

For example, Raleigh has had quality education in its schools for quite a long time. The fact that the teachers here will get 22 per cent more pay this year will not automatically make them 22 per cent more proficient. The truth of the matter is that Raleigh has had proficient teach-^ ers, and the pay raise wont mean (Continued on page alz)

alongside the barn the wail of the fire siren, sounded i n Grimesland.

I stopped the car and walked down the woods path to the tobacco bam which was burning fiercely at its top. Soon the sound of the fire trucks siren could be heard down the road. The vehicle wheeled into the path and came to a halt near the barn. The Grimesland volunteer firemen quickly pulled hose from the truck. The engine noise became a roar as the pumping began.

Within a few minutes fire fighters had brought the Mazing bam under control. The streams of water Wotted out the flames with breathtaking suddenness and the firemen were soon entering the bam to knock out the embers.

The 750 sticks of tobacco were lost but the Grimesland firemen saved the barn. This shows that rural fire departments- springing up all over the county can save property. Thats true even though the personnel is volunteer and they have to gather at the fire station and then drive some distance to reach the blaze.

Rural fire fighting is becoming more complete for Pitt County as departments spring up in various communitiBs. Heres one who hopes that growth will continue.

Pres. Kennedys alerting of the nation to the dangerous world situation is showing results on the local level. There is more talk of Civil Defense than your columnist has heard in a long time.

The key to survival in case of atomic attack seems to be fall out shelters and I assume the construction oi home shelters will become more and more popular.

Interestingly enough I saw what appeared to be a ready made shelter along side the highway on the way back from Morehead Sunday. It was built on galvanized steel culvert with each end closed in.

I was tempted to stop and learn more this novel belter but it was Sunday and no one was around.

At smy rate I expect the seller is getting more inquiries these days than ever before.

One other thing I saw of interest along the road is an old heaise which stands in front of a garage.

The ancient hearse appears to be in perfect repair, although its rather certain that it Is not used for its original purpose anymore.

Some day Ill stop and look that over, too.

iwin

"ssues

Here

By GEORGE E. SOKOLSKY

Copyright, 1961, King Features Syndicate, Inc,

The case of General Edwin A. Walker does not die. The only publicized charge against him is excessive patriotism. For this heinous offense, he should, at least, have a court-martial in public, so that all may know how evil this man has been.

Senator Strom Thurmond has taken up the cudgels for General Walker. He calls attention to a memorandum prepared oy Senator Fulbright in which the Arkansas Senator takes the position that right wing propaganda acUvlfiee by military officers create important obsta^ cle* to President Kennedy s pro-

CTTtLTTI

In the first place, one must ask Senator Fulbright to which of the Presidents vario^ prc>-grams, he refers. Secondly, how can the inculcation of patnoU ism interfere with any P^fsi-dents program? Senator Thuiv mond makes the point that the essence of Senator Fulbnghts memorandum is the Philos^ phy candidly expressed. . .that the American people are not to be trusted with governing themselves, particularly with reference to matters of foreign policy

Senator Fulbright, in his memorandum, said:

The American people have never really been tested in such a struggle. In the long run, it is quite possible that the principal problem of leadership will be, if it is not already, to restrain the desire of the people to hit the communist* with everything weve got, par-ticularly if there are more Cubas and Laos. Pride in victory, and. frustration in restraint, during the Korean War, led to MacArthurs revolt and McCar-thyism. ,

Senator Fulbright here raises the essential question that faces our nation today: Will Khrushchev drive us into some form of totalitarian government? Will the fear of Soviet Russia force us to give up our constitutional characteristics and adopt some form of dictatorship, whether to be by a Fas-cistic elite group or by Communist*? The distrust of the people by the intellectuals is a normal response to the seriousness of the times which face us, but Senator Fulbright is wrong, as to date and fact, when he suggest* that it was the Korean War v*lch led to the activities of Senator Joe McCarthy.

What produced McCarthyism is now producing the John Birch Society and other groups, some of them less doctrinaire and less fanatical. It is the growing feeling among large masses of people that in the Roosevelt, Truman and Eisenhower Administrations, elements invaded and infiltrated the American govern-ment which did not believe in American sovereignty, which did not favor the American economic system, which were so overawed by Soviet Russias policy and purposes. It Is ridiculous to discount these popular movements. They are growing rapidly and whether onq agrees or disagrees with their programs they are a reflex of a growing public mood of distrust.

Senator Thurmond says:

. . .unless our most urgent problem is the Communist menace, then truly, there is little need to alert the American public .to the menace of the Cold War. The need to give the American people the facts about Communism exists only if Communism is our number one problem. This (the Fulbright) memorandum states, however, that the principal problem is, and I quote: to restrain the desire of the people to hit the Communist* with everything we've got, particularly if there are Cuba* and Laos.. . .1 have been told by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs that everybody knows the enemy. I must be very confused, for I thought the enemy was Communism. I did not realize that, as this memorandum says so bluntly, the American pnblic constitutes the principal problem.

Unfortunately two issues are raised here. Senator Fulbright raises the Issue of the Ignorance of the American poeple; Sena-(Contlnued on Page 8)

The United State* now has an average of 50.5 persons per square mile. This contrasts with an average of four per square mile in Canada and 893 in The Netherlands. Fortunate, indeed, are we Canadians. Each of us has, on the average, 160 acres he can call his owna lordly estate In which he can practice the trombone, hide from his inlaws or just generally stamp around.Toronto Daily Star.

Photography Spending Has Risen

Strength For Today

By EARL L. DOUGLASS WHAT ARE WE UP TO?

The annual report of the FBI should be must reading for every American ciUasen. It* most hooking statistic* should be boxed and put on the first page of every newspaper.

Here is the latest. There was a f2 per cent Increaae in crime last year as compared with the year before. Every major crime classification showed an in-crease in 1960 Wt wonder horw many of the people lo this country realize that very day Uiroughout the calendar year of 1969. 34 people were felon-eoualy slain. 328 were victims of aggravated assault There was a'dally average of 41 forceable rapes committed in 1959, 196 robberies, 1195 lircenls, and

1879 burglaries. On an average throughout that year 790 automobiles were stolen every day.

And this, of course, in the free worldamongst the most privileged and most highly civilized people of modern times.

When we reflect that only a percentage of crimes art detected and punished we realize further that the most decided understatement of the Bible is that the heart of mail is desperately wicked. The richer we get the better we are educated as a nation, the more advantages we get the more we seem to fall down n the Job morally.

Wbat under heaven is the matter with us? Where Is this going to lead? And what is more important, where Is It going to end?

By ELMER ROESSNER Industry is increasing its spending for photography. Earl O. Stanton, industrial director of the Professional Photographers of America, told the associations convention in New York that Industry will spend $200 million for phcitography in the next 12 months.

This wlU include company-produced movies, film strips and micro-filming of records, as well as high speed, mlcro-and c(rior photography.

Out of advanced photographic technique* have come product changes and development, he said. In some companies, cameras check product quality. Golf manufacturen, for example, use high apeed photography to determine what happens when a club strikes a ball to make sure every ball has the same spring off the club.

AID8 MISSILE PROGRAM High speed photography has great use in Industrial research. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the area of rockets and missiles.

Structural stress and strain are V revealed by the camera'. Exactly what happens to a noee cone when U is subjected to extreme

acceleration shows on photographic plates. Companies like Bell Aircraft. Northrup Aircraft. Pratt & Whitney, and the government use cameras in development of space age vehicle*.

Fuels that power these missiles get a close look from the camera. Esso Research and the Engineering Co., which cotn-pounds experimental solid space fuels In a miniature Cape Canaveral. uses nigh speed shots to help determine how successful a test firing i*. In addition, the company nas placed a TV^cam-era on the shoulders of a rs-mote-controUed robot to monitor rocket preparations.

Other IndustrlM are using TV as well as the camera to peer over the peoples shoulder. Banks and supermarkets along with manufacturing firms use clos-ed-clrcult TV to see whats going on in their buildings.

EXPLORING AND MOLECULE

Procter R Oambls, Merck, and Esso Research are using micro-photography and color photography in the production of chemicals and drugs. In many cases act color pictures Indicate a (flfference In chemicals that the eye cannot detect. The com

pounding of wonder drugs Is aid> ed by photographing the chemical molecules through microscopes that are so sensitive they show the molecules shadows.

Sometimes machinery breakdowns occur that cannot be located by eye. or in places too small to be entered. 'Then cameras can act as industrial one-eyed detectives to spot the trouble. International Paper Co, DuPont, Eastman Chemical, and Alcoa have successfully used this technique.

, High-speed photography-is responsible for an advance in hunting for sport. Tbs swift pictures revealed a few years ago that a tradltlonally-used front wadding for a shotgun shell threw off the pelleta ever eo minutely. This was remedied and the abot-guns made m(re accurate.

Stanton Indicated that basic sci-entlflc research also gets a boost from photography. lU cited the wco'k of Howard Edgerton of the Massachusetts Institute of technology, who gave a presentation at the associations convention. Professor Edgerton Is called the father of biiUet photography.

He hM adapted ohotographie

Instrumentation for use in underw water research. The equipment used in Project Moholethe expedition to drill a hole Into the earths core in the Pacific Ocean was suggested by Edgerton. He himself has used underwater photography to map locations, since objects only a few feet away tend to become obscured under water, and the camera can establish permanent landmarks, such as rock formations.

Neither Edgerton or Statnton would comment on whether or not high-speed photography will show a baseball curving. However," Edgerton commented, manufacturers have used the camera to show that a Ping Pong ball will literally curve around* a corner."

The association delegates discussed such cameras as the 16 mm high speed Kodak movie camera that will take 3,009 pictures a second; the Fastax, which will take 7,000 a second; the Edgerton Strobe that will take one frame in 1-1,000,000th of a second, and the Electron Microscope that will take enlarge ments 60.000 times actual ihse, 60 times the magnification of conventional mJscroscopes.