PAGE FOURTHE DAILY REFLECTOR, GREENVILLE, N. C

Monday, March 14, 1960

Monday, March 14, 1960

Tired Of Turning The Other Cheek?

Majority Cool To Radical Plans

It should be amply clear now that a majority of the members of the Senate are not in favor of the radical civil rights proposals offered by the Eisenhower administration or similar proposals offered by some Northern Democrats.

The Southern delegation in the Senate was not the only group opposed to some of the drastic proposals that have been made under the name of civil rights.

By a vote of 49 to 35 the Senate killed the first section of the administrations civil rights bill which would have made it a federal crime to interfere with court orders in school desegregation cases. The final vote killing the measure came after the Senate had voted to broaden the measure to include court orders concerning labor disputes as well as those concerning school segregation.

It was apparent that many of the most ardent supporters of the punitive proposals aimed at the South were not willing for them to be written into law when they were made to include court orders other than those pertaining to school segregation issues. ,

So far as the country as a whole is concerned, if violations of orders of the court are punishable in one specific instance, certainly the same rule should apply in other instances.

This development, coupled with the fact that the Senate earlier defeated a move to limit debate on the civil rights issue, points up clearly that the opposition

Candidates Are Hard At Work

By LTNN NISBET

PLATFORMS The several candidates lor Governor in the upcoming primary are busily engaged in making speeches, giving Interviews and preparing printed material in which they seek to inform the voters of their plans for a better State, if elected to. head the State government. That is deemed a proper, in fact an essential, duty ctf the aspirants for the highest office.

The Governor of North Carolina is required by the constitution to make recommendations to the General Assembly, respecting all phases of operations. As statutory director of the budget he is required to submit a budget, in which proposed appropriations are guaranteed by anticipated revenue. And he is charged with responsibility for administering expenditures

within the limits of available revenue. If enough money does not come in to meet appropriations. he is obliged to tailor spending to keep outgo within income.

In view of this tremendous power vested in the chief execu-Uve it Is the right of the people to know in advance of his election how he feels about government problems. Since the people have a right to know, the candidate has a duty to tell them.

LEGISLATORS Candidates for legislative positions, in both branches of the Federal Congress and the General Assembly, have the responsibility of enacting laws, including the levy of taxes, the allocation of tax moneys to the various needs, and for the operation of governmental funcUons in education, health, welfare, law enforcement. and the regulation of commonplace activities of all citizens. Even when this power is delegated, as it often is. the primary responsibility remains with the legislature.

LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR Obviously, candidates for purely admlnistrativs executive and Judicial offices have no need for platforms. They can express opinions, attempt to exert influence, and otherwise seek to bring about changes in laws but they have no real authority to make the changes.

There is a lively discussion going on in some circles about the extent to which candidates for Lieutenant Governor should promulgate platforms and propose policies in government. The constitution prescribes as the only certain duty of the Lieutenant Governor to preside over the Senate. He has a vote only In case o( a tie. Custom and Senate rules accord him the right to appoint committees. What gives the No. 2 position real significance is the possibility of his succession to the governorship. Luther Hodges in late 1954 was the first man in this century to be called upon

to fulfill that part of the job. His experience has made the voters conscious of the possibility that it might happen again any time.

One school of thought contends that since the Lieutenant Governor has no authority to recommend legislation, and only on rare occasions a vote to influence enactment of laws, it is presumptuous for candidates to be spouting off declarations of policy or purpose.

The other side is that since the Lieutenant Govemw might at any time be called upon to assume the duties of the top office, with all its powers, prerogatives and responsibilities, the people have the same right to know and he the same obligation to tell them, what he thinks about pending Issues, as does the candidate for Governor.

There is logic and precedent for both positions, and the current aspirants for the No. 2 place must decide, each for himself, which way to go.

DISTINCTION Whe in many respects the position of Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina is comparable to that of Vice President of the United States, there are very significant differences.

Candidates for President arc nominated before candidates for Vice President, and in nearly every instance the presidential nominee actually picks his running mate. Once nominated, the President and Vice President run together on the same ballot. The voter cannot choose one without the other.

In North Carolina candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor are nominated in popular primaries at the same time, without relationship to each other. After nomination the voting is independent. It is entirely possible to elect a Democratic Governor and a Republican Lieutenant Governor, or vice versa. There is more likli-hood of having a Governor and a Lieutenant Governor of the same party, but of such widely diver-.gent factional opinion as to be almost political enemies. That almost happened from 1928 to 1932 when Max Gardner was Governor and R.T. (Dick) Fountain was Lieutenant Governor. Ever since that administration there has geen reasonable cooperation between the two top executives.

Governor Hodges, perhaps because he was smarting under real or fancied snubs during the two year regime of Governor Umstead. has enhanced the prestige of the Lieutenant Governor far beyond its former status. He has recognized Lieutenant Governor Luther Bamhardt as the real No, 2 man. and has called upon him many times to fill in at top level when the Governor had to be out of the state.

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to proposed civil rights legislation is not altogether represented by Southerners. The unwise and far-reaching proposals that would have given the attorney general broad new powers in civil rights cases likewise was defeated decisively by the Senate.

While the so-called civil rights proposals have been pictured by some politicians as measures which are drastically neededand are opposed by only one section of the nationaction by the Senate during the closing days of last week pointed up vividly that there is considerable opposition to the proposals outside the South. It also pointed up the fact that some of the most avid supporters of punitive civils rights measures aimed at the South are not willing for the same proposals to apply to situations that exist in their own sections of the country.

In spite of the big show that has been made by some extreme advocates of civil rights legislation, it is becoming more evident every day that they represent probably a smaller minority of the Senate than those in the Southern bloc who are violently opposed to the passage of any measure which carries the civil rights label.

It is still probable that some legislation with a civil rights tag will be passed by Congress this session, but the developments late last week seemed to assure that any legislation passed will be much more realistic and much more reasonable than the extreme and unwise proposals offered by the Administration and sqme Northern senators.

Another Temporary Tax Being Built Up

A re-run of an old play seefns to be in the making in Washington where the term temporary is tacked to tax increases as a means of fooling the public into thinking the tax for construction of the huge interstate highway network undertaken by the Eisenhower administration.

Tt wasn't too long ago, most people will recall, when construction of the highway program lagged, as did the rest of the economy. About the same time the nation was going through its most business recession. So, in order to pump more money into the economy, the government decided to speed up the construction program. To do so, it needed more funds. So the one-cent special, emergency, temporary cddition was made to the federal gasoline tax.

Taxpayers were assured the extra penny tax would be removed when the recession emergency ended.

Well, the recession has ended now, business has pulled up to a higher point than its pre-recession level. But the highway construction program is still lagging. Periodic revisions of estimates of the cost of the program have brought higher figures with each go-round. Officials are saying that some of the plans are not now adequate, and more expensive roads must be constructed.

The result Is that the temporary tax is being looked upon as something that must be retained permanently if the program is going to be carried out. More than that, another one-cent increase in the tax is necessary to meet higher costs being encountered .,. temporarily, of course.

Congress may seriously undertake to increase the gasoline tax again this year as a temporary measure, but its our guess that the people will not be inclined to continue this temporapr increase folly. We trust they will speak out in this election year against any such move by Congress.

p

There may be little hope of eliminating the original one-cent temporary increase in the federal gasoline tax, but certainly the people, if they are mind to, can prevent another tax increase being tagged to every gallon of gasoline this year.

Hequisites For Healthy Growth

Invest?

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By GEORGE E. SOKOLSKY

Cant Have It Two Ways

COPYRIGHT. 1960, KING FEATURES SYNDICATE, INC.

It Is necessary, because of commitments of the United States, that a comparatively large number of Americans live in foreign countries. They are there in many positions, some governmental, some civilian. It is to be assumed that many of them have become expert in particular fields and particular countries- Some speak one or more foreign languages.

It takes many yean to become expert about anything. I know, from personal experience, that many who write about Russia and China, know nothing about the subject. A short tourist visit does not make an expert. Often it produces a conceited, self assertive reservoir of misinformation.

So along comes Major General William T. Hefley. commander of the Air Materiel Command. European Area, who is of the opinion that an American who prefers living in foreign countries more than four years is not a good citizen and should turn in his passport.

Why four years and not three or five years? How docs the General measure such qualifications in time? How long, for

Instance, does It take an American to study Arabic and the interrelations of Egypt and Syria vis * a vis Israel and Jordan, or Iraq and Iran? Does the General know ^bow long it takes a man to become expert in Pushtu and to have a working knowledge of the relations between the Pathans and the Pakastani and why the Benjaminites are a problem in the Khyber Pass?

I pick two areas where the United States is deeply involvedso much so that the President of the United States, un-der extremely difficult circumstances. visited Kabul. One real advantage that Russia has had over us in the Cold War is not only that the Rossians carefully trained experts for each country but gave the experts status. General Hefley said:

Most of the people who dont want to go back home dont have the slightest interest in the U.S. except for the high American pay they receive. Of course, this is not remotely true. T have known hundreds of Americans who lived In various parts of Asia. There were men and women in business who re-> ceived excellent compensation and there were missionaries, teachers and doctors who re-

Other Editors Saying Democracy Or Republic?

By RALPH ROBEY

* It is not possible to say that any one thing is most Important fr economic growth. There must be capital investment, productive labor, good management, and prices which enable goods and services to be sold without trouble.

But those are end results. To have capital investment there must be adequate saving and the incentive to invest.* To have productive labor there must be competition and the lowest possible cost of production.

All of these requisites are affected by governmental policy, and in some instances they are actually controlled by governmental policy, and in some instances they are actually controlled by government. Saving and capital investment are an excellent example of the influence of government policy.

Savings Dont Meet Needs

In terms of dollars, we have an enormous volume of saving each year in this nation. But it still is not enough to meet current needs. This is proved by the level of Interest rates. If we had more saving the rates of interest would decline, because the supply of funds would be more nearly equal to the volume of demand.

How can we get more saving?

One way which is frequently mentioned is for the Federal Government to run a surplus and pay off part of its debt. Actually, while it is desirable to have some debt reduction, this might or might not result in greater saving. Whether it did would depend upon what particular part of the debt was paid and to whom. If the debt paid off was that held by the Federal Reserve banks, there would be no possibility of increasing saving. This Is because the Federal Reserve banks neither save nor make capital loans.

If the paid-off debt is held by commercial banks the result will be to give these institutions more lending power. Whether the loans made will be for capital purposes or merely the customary short - term commercial loan, will depend upon the institution. If the paid-off debt is held by an individual, or by a savings bank. Insurance company, or some other institutional investor, there can be no increase in saving. The most that can happen in this Instance is that the individual or institution which receives the funds in payment merely turns around and re-invests in some other obligation.

Another way frequently mentioned to get larger saving is to reduce taxes. Again the actual results, will vary according to the place where taxes are reduced. If the reduction is all in the lowest bracket of the personal income tax, there probably would be some increase of saving, but most of the reduction would go to increased spending. At the opposite extreme. if the tax reduction was in the upper IxKomc bracket which now pays 91 per cent a much larger proportion would be saved.

Income Tax Rate Return

This does not mean that tax reduction should be made only in the upper bracket, or upper brackets. We need Income tax reform from one end of the scale to the other. We need such reform not only because the rates presently are too high, but as well because this is by all odds the best way to get increased saving, to help the incentive for work and investment, and' to reduce interest rates.

Sueh income tax rate reform would be more effective in stepping up the economic growth of the nation than anything else could be.

(Wiastoii-Salem Journal)

Malcolm Seawell. candidate for Governor, has reported finding many high school and college students who dont know the difference between a democracy and a republic. And to him that is a tragedy. However, the tragedy, if it is one, cant be confined to students. Ask almost any American what form of government we have in the United States. | And the answer will almost invariably be a democracy instead of a republic.

This may reflect a citizenry dull in the knowledge of civics. But it can hardly be taken to mean we are Indifferent to our form of government. In a technical sense, our federal government is not a true democracy. The United States is a republic, a form of democracy. The difference between democracy and a* republic is one of convenience.

If the United States were a true democracythat is. a direct democracy after the fashion of the small city-states of ancient Greece 180,000,000 Americana would have to come together and pass all the laws. Obviously, this is Impossible.

Thus we have a representative

democracy based on free, popular elections. A few men are chosen to speak for the many. This is a republic. And in the United States the republic has taken the form of a presidential system in which the government is carried on by a legislature and a president. largely independent of each other.

Still, under the Constitution the people retain the ultimate power. And any government in which the people have supreme power is a democracy. Every generation of Americatns has sacrificed blood or treasure to preserve the truth of government of the people, by the people and for the people.

The tragedy will come when citizens cease to put democracy first, when they become so complacent or blind as to yield too much of their sovereignty to the republic. For a republic wielding all the power is but a step away from dictatorship. All that remains is for one man, or group of men, to take control and appropriate that power to himself. Then there is no longer a republic and no longer any democracy. May the people always put democracy ahead of the republic.

ceived almost no monetary satisfaction but found compensation in their services to God and man. All were fanatically pat* riotlc Americans, more so than those who stayed back home. They were competitive in their patriotism. And many of them, over the years, did Jobs for the United States, which brought no titles, no honors, no pay other thsn the sstisfaction of serving-

The Generals difficulty arose from the fact that when he sought to make savings and improvements in efficiency, he found a lot of overseas Americans who can live cheaper in Europe, save their money and avoid taxes- He is sound in going after such folks but he should differentiate between them and those who are doing extremely hard work, serving this country in a program of world leadership and world knowledge which our government initiated. The General said:

I found that when I wanted to cut out wasteful, unnecessary operations, such as warehouse depots, I ftrst had to get rid of the civilians who bad lived overseas so long that they had lost touch with American life.

All this is sound and correct except that we require experts in many fields and those who are sent abroad by the government should have the responbii-Ity of making themselves expert. For instance, if General Hefley had said that an American in the service of the government, who in four years does not have a working knowledge of each language of each country where he has been stationed. should be brought home, he would be correct. He might also have stated that if such persons could not pass examina* tions in some fields of history, literature, social customs, etc.. of these countries, they should be brought home, he would have been correct.

For the United States it is a toUl loss to give sn American the monetary advantages of working sbrosd, unless that person and his wife and children prepare themselves to be of service in some degree of expertness for the United States-Time - servers and featherbed-ders have no value in the enterprise of even peaceful co-existence with Soviet Russia. What we require are carefully trained men and women in vast variety of fields. ^

Quote

The bigger a mans head, the ea.sier it is to fill his shoes. Elberton (Ga.) Star.

loKyo

By ROGER BABSON

BAB80N PARK. Mass The recent slgninf of new treaty between the U-8. and Japan may one day be reckoned aa a major turning point in our history. By this treaty we have raised our mortal enemy of less than fifteen years ago to a new position of prestige in tha world community. This should further spur Japans spectacular postwar recovery, and al-ao help protect U. 8- interests in the Far East.

Unparalleled Pregresa

At the end of World War IL the economy of Japan lay in ruins. Tokyo itself was a pile of rubble and nearly 50 per cent of the nations industry had been destroyed- Thanks to tlM eiip lightened leadership of Oen. Douglas MacArthur and to tha amazing capacity of the Japanese themselves, the economic life of the country was quickly restored. Instead of being aul>> merged by her conqueror. Japan regained full sovereignty and then achieved economic progress matcbad by no other nation-

Japans gross national product has more than doubled during the past short ten years. Thera has been a 400 per cent lacrease in industrial production. While per-captta income at $270 per year is very small by U. * 8. standards. It is tha highest in all Asia. Since prices are still low in Japan, this sum win purchase three times as much goods and servicea as in the U.

S. If Japan can escape war la the next ten years. I predict Ae will double ber present Ut-Ing standards.

GREAT STRATEGIC VALUB

Altbough much smaller than Red China in populattoo. In territorial aize. in natural ra> sources, ind in military might, Japan possesses the moat concentrated and most readily usable industrial power potential in the Far East. That, plus ber loctUon, makes her strategically important to us, u to tha Communist bloc.

Japan stretches some 2.000 miles across the principal approaches to East Asia. Opposite her islands lie the southeastern extremities of Russia, the cruelly partitioned land of Korea, and the middle east coast of China. If you look at your globe, you will see that tha Land of the Rising 8un* occupies a geographical poaiUon relaUve to East Asia similar to that which Britain occupies relative to Western Europe.

EXPANDING SECURITIES MARKET

Japans ancient cultura has been derived mainly from China, but her modem cultura is largely Western and American. She is bound to the Free World by ties of strategy and economy and has good reason to steer clear of the Soviet camp. Thus Japanese postwar growth is now following traditional capitalistic lines, for tha most part.

A sigDincant aspect of that growth has been the development of a very acUve securities market. The rising need for venture capital is being met aa the high yields and low prices of Japanese securitlea attract funds from all over the world.

In my opinion, however, the advantages Americans can gain by buying Japanese stocks and bonds are outweighed by currency exchange problems, taxes, and other restrictions. Nevertheless, this phase of Japans development will bear watching.

DREAM or WORLD LEADERSHIP

The Japanese are ambitious, resourceful, and hardworking.

*^^ They have not abandoned their old dream of world leadership, but they may have learned tha folly of trying, to conquer by arms- With nearly 100,000,000 people compressed into 142jM4 square miles, they must export or die. As they struggle to ex- , 1st. their skill in finance, craftsmanship, industrial managa-ment, and commerce posea a more immediate threat* to our U. S. world trade position than do current Russian policies.

Certainly world trade will become increasingly competitive and it will do us DO good to hide behind tariff walls. Already Tokyo is the worlds largest city. Some day the worlds economic center of gravity which moved from London to New York in the forepart of this eenturymay pass to this oriental capital. Other larga cities, in order of rank, ara::

(Continued on page five)

3ig Auto Sales Push In Spring

By ELMER ROESSNER The biggest auto advertising and promotion campaigns ever will break this spring.

The Industry is tooled up for high production. But sales, partly due to the weather, have lagged. There have been cutbacks on assembly lines.

In the next three months, the industry will attempt to prove that it really was the weather, not new models or lack of public enthusiasm, that has slowed sales. Newspapers, magazines and television will be used heavier than ever to induce sales. Industry heads believe the buying power is there and the models are good. They think promotional catalysts will make sales.

STORM BREWING *

Here are other business forecasts, based on analyses of current developments;

Red sales protests massing. Commerce Departments announcement that millions of dollars worth of technical information might be exported to Iron

Chu-taln countries provoked some mild protests. But huge protests from industry and its associations are about to break forth. These will be Intensified by two factors: the Cuban situation which is increasing suspicion of nations to the left, and the possibility that Democrats will be able to make capital of the Republican administrations willingness to do business with the Reds.

Foreign tile barriers. American tile manufacturers are working on demands to restrict foreign Importations. Importers now have 20 per cent of the U.S. tile market, they assert, and in 10 years will have it all unless barriers against imports are raised.

IRRESISTABLE TREND

More Sunday shopping. Thats certain, except w'here large states outlaw-it. Small states cant because people can drive across borders. Despite religious oppaKitlon in many areas, Sunday openings help shopping centers thrive. Because fathers can

visit them with their families. Sundays are becoming more important as days for closing sales on big-ticket itemand fw encouraging a bit of recklessness in filling the market basket. Strong economic factors are at work and, unless religious opposition grows, the Sunday shopping day will remain as a big business factor in the U. 8.

Higher minimum wages. Labor Secretary Mitchells approval of an increase in the hourly minimum to $1.10 an hour will be brushed aside. Since this is an election year, few Congressmen will dare stop on the low side of $1.25. In fact, some Congressmen depending on low-ln-come constituents for votes, may urge even higher mnimums.

Fact action on" lipstick colors. The Food and Drug Administration will move fast now that the cosmetic industry hSs been unable to prove that many colors are chemically safe, and many of the pigments will soon be interdicted. This will produce

even more anguished criesand Utlgatlonby the industry. WARNING: DONT PAY TO HAVE YOUR CENSUS TAKEN How old are you? the Old Promoter asked when he dropped in today.

Old enough to know better I we snapped.

Evasive answer, he commented. Where were you bom? Oakland. California. we answered.

Reasonable answer, he eald. Married, single or looking? If looking, what for?

Whats the idea? we demanded. When do Mends ask such questions?

"Oh, Im Just practicing for a job as census taker, the old one answered. Are you assuming that the government is your friend? Or just your big brother?

I concluded the old one was having me on. I was sure of it a few minutes later when he tried to collect hi* fee from me Instead of the Census Bureau.