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NoCar
TN
U5
I532x
1982
PEAT DEPOSITS OF PAMLIMARLE PENINSULA DARE, HYDE,
TYRRELL, AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES NORTH CAROLINA
PEAT DEPOSITS OF PAMLIMARLE PENINSULA
DARE, HYDE, TYRRELL, AND WAHINGTON COUNTIES
NORTH CAROLINA
Prepared for
U. S. Department of Energy
Contract DE-AC18-79FC14693
and
North Carolina Energy Institute
by_
Roy L. Ingram, Professor
Department of Geology, University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
and
lee J. Otte, Assistant Professor
Department of Geology, East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27834
July 1982
PEAT DEPOSITS OF PAMLIMARLE PENINSULA
DARE, HYDE, TYRRELL, AND WAHINGTON COUNTIES
NORTH CAROLINA
Prepared for
U. S. Department of Energy
Contract DE-AC18-79FC14693
and
North Carolina Energy Institute
by_
Roy L. Ingram, Professor
Department of Geology, University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
and
lee J. Otte, Assistant Professor
Department of Geology, East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27834
July 1982
ABSTRACT
Approximately 582 sq mi of the Paml imarle peninsula in northeastern
North Carolina are underlain by peat that has less than 25% ash. The peat
occurs in broad shallow depressions up to 10 ft thick and in narrow former
stream channels up to 16 ft thick. The average thickness is about 4 ft.
Total peat resources in the 582 sq mi (373,000 acres) are about 278
million tons of moisture-free peat. The deposits greater than 4 ft thick
occupy an area of 273 sq mi (175,000 acres) containing 196 million tons of
peat.
The peat lies to the east of an old shoreline, the Suffolk Scarp, and
occurs at elevations from 20 ft to sea level. There is a topographic break
at 5 to 10 ft elevation which separates the deposits into a higher Western
Area and a lower Eastern Area.
Western and Eastern area peat differ in some respects. The higher
elevation Western Area peats are slightly more decomposed and less fibrous,
have a higher Btu/lb (median of 10,300 vs 9,500), have less ash (mean of
6% vs 10%), have more carbon (median of 61% vs 57%), have less moisture
(mean of 81% vs 88%), have a higher bulk density, and have less sulfur
(median of 0.2% vs 0.4%).
Two main types of peat are present: (1) a brown, decomposed somewhat
fibrous peat usually found at the base of the thicker peats, and (2) a black,
fine-grained, highly decomposed peat that usually overlies the more fibrous
peat. Undecomposed logs and stumps are common.
CONTENTS
page
I. INT RO DUCT ION 1
A. Location 1
B. Methods . . 2
I. Field. 2
2. Laboratory 2
I I . TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE 3
I I I . PEAT . . . . . 4
A. Peat Types 4
B. Composition and Heating Value 6
I. Moisture ..... 6
2 . Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Heating Value .... 12
4. Proximate Analyses 12
5. Ultimate Analyses . 12
6. pH . . . . . . . . . 13
C. Physical Properties ... 13
l. Water-Holding Capacity 13
2. Hydraulic Conductivity 14
3. Bulk Density .... . 15
a. General ..... . 15
b. North Carolina Peat 15
D. Quantity of Peat 16
1. Bu I k Density 16
2. Peat Resources 22
E. Geologic History 25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. . 26
REFERENCES CITED 26
APPENDIX -Proximate and Ultimate Analyses 28
PLATE
I. lsopach map of Pamlimarle peats insert
FIGURE
!--Histogram and cumulative curve of distribution of bulk
densities of North Carolina peats . . . . . . . 18
2--Cumulative curve on probability paper of bulk densities
of North Carolina peats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3--Bulk density-moisture relationship of North Carolina peats . 20
4--Extrapolated bulk density-moisture relationship of North
Carolina peats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
i i
681976
TABLE page1--Fiber content of Pamlimarle peats ..... 52--Summary of composition and heating value of Pam l imarlepeats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73--Moisture content of Western Area peats 84--Moisture content of Eastern Area peats 85--Ash content of Western Area peats .. 1l6--Ash content of Eastern Area peats ... 1l7--Bulk density of North Carolina peats 178--Data for determination of bulk densities of Western AreaPamlimarle peats ..................... 239--Data for determination of bulk densities of Eastern AreaPamlimarle peats ........... . 2310--Peat resources in Pamlimarle peninsula 24
iii
I. INTRODUCTION
A peat survey was made of the peninsula lying between Pamlico River to
the south, Albemarle Sound to the north, and Pamlico Sound to the east. This
general area has been referred to as the East Dismal Swamp, as the AlbemarlePamlico
peninsula, and as the Dare County peninsula. We choose to coin a
new word for the area --the Pamlimarle peninsula, which combines Pamli
from
Pamlico, and -marle from Albemarle.
Th is report is a continuation of a series of reports being prepared on
the peat deposits of North Carolina (Ingram and Otte, .1980, 1981a, 1981b).
A. Location
The peat swamps of the Pamlimarle peninsula are located on the lower
Coastal Plain of northeastern North Carolina. Peat is found in Washington,
Tyrrell, Dare, and Hyde counties. The deposits are located on 27 7 1/2
minute orthophotographic or topographic quadrangle maps with a scale of
1:24,000: Buffalo City, Columbia East, Creswell, Creswell SE, East Lake,
East Lake SE, Engelhard East, Engelhard NE, Engelhard NW, Engelhard West,
Fairfield, Fairfield NE, Fairfield NW, Fort Landing, Frying Pan, Long Shoal
Point, Manns Harbor, New Lake, New Lake NW, New Lake SE, Plymouth East,
Ponzer, Pungo Lake, Roper South, Scotia, Stumpy Point, and Wanchese. Persons
interested in the details of these deposits should obtain the above ortho
photographic maps from the North Carolina Geological Survey, P.O. Box 27687,
Raleigh, N.C. 27611, and enlarge Plate I to fit these maps. The deposits
in general lie south of U.S. Highway 64, north and west of U.S. 264, and
east of N.C. 32 and 99. N.C. Highway 94 between Columbia and Fairfield runs
north-south through the middle of the area. Access to the deposits is by
2
the state and county roads shown on Plate I and by numerous privately
owned canal maintenance roads.
B. Methods
I. Field Methods
Soils maps were used as guides in locating potential peat deposits.
Areas mapped as histosols (organic soils with greater than 25% organic
matter) were investigated. In areas where peat (greater than 75% organic
matter) was found, samples were taken at one-foot vertical intervals using
a Macaulay peat sampler, a Davis peat sampler, or a screw auger from the
surface down into the underlying mineral sediment (sand or clay). Over
4000 samples were collected from over 1100 sites. Site locations were
plotted on orthophotographic maps.
At selected sites, larger samples (about I pint) were collected for
proximate and ultimate chemical analyses and for heating value determinations.
At other selected sites, samples of known volume (200 cc) were taken with a
Macaulay sampler for bulk density determinations.
2. Laboratory Methods
The moisture and ash content of nearly all samples (about 4500) were
determined by heating about 10 g in 17 ml flat-bottom combustion crucibles
at 105�C until moisture-free (about 16 hours), and then by heating at 550�C
until all organic material was burned (about hour).
Samples for bulk density (moisture-free weight per unit in site volume)
determinations were collected with a Macaulay sampler with an inside
diameter of I 5/8 in. (40. 13 cm). One-foot sections of the Macaulay core
(200 cc) were placed in pre-weighed containers and then heated to constant
3
weight (about 3 days). The calculated bulk density expressed as g/cc when
multiplied by 1359 wi11 give the bulk density as tons per acre-foot.
Proximate analyses (moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash),
ultimate analyses (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur), and
heating value (Btu/lb) were made by the Coal Analysis Laboratory, U.S.
Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Grand Forks, North
Dakota.
I I. TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
Just west of the peat deposits and just off the map shown on Plate I
is a north-south trending sand ridge with elevations of 40 to 50 ft. The
eastern side of this sand ridge is the Suffolk Scarp with a toe elevation
of about 20 ft. The surface east of the Suffolk Scarp is known as the
Pamlico Terrace or Pamlico Surface. The Pamlico Surface slopes gently
eastward from elevations of about 20 ft on the west to sea level on the
east. The area between Lake Phelps, Pungo Lake, and Alligator Lake (or
New Lake) is a plateau-like surface with elevations mainly from 15 to 20 ft.
The mean water level in these lakes is about 10 ft. Just to the east of
this plateau-like surface the elevation drops in distance of about 5 mi
�a
from 15 to 5 ft. East of longitude 76�15 1 (just west of N.C. Highway 54)
the elevations are mainly less than 5 ft.
The main Pamlico Surface has been dissected by streams that flow toward
the margins of the peninsula into Albemarle Sound, Pamlico River Estuary,
Pamlico Sound, and Alligator River.
Many miles of canals and ditches have been cut through the peat
swamps. These canals and ditches increase the rate of surface run-off and
lower the water table in the immediate vicinity. Because of the low
4
hydraulic conductivity of the peat, however, the effect of canals on drainage
of the peat dies out rapidly away from them.
I I I. PEAT RESOURCES
Plate I is a map that shows the location and thickness of peat with
less than 25% ash. The patterns of distribution are different in the
western and the eastern parts, the change occurring approximately along the
76�15 1 longitude line just west of N.C. Highway 94 or approximately along
the 5 ft contour line. The 76�15 1 longitude line will be used to separate
the peat deposits into the Western Area and the Eastern Area. In the
Western Area peat is found mainly at elevations of 10 to 20 ft in broad
shallow basins with very few buried narrow stream channels. In the Eastern
Area peat is found mainly at elevations of less than 5 ft. Although there
are some broad shallow basins, the Eastern Area has numerous, relatively
narrow, peat-filled stream channels.
A. Peat Types
Peat is an accumulation of dead plant matter in swamps. The plant
matter gradually rots and decomposes. The degree of decomposition is related
to the percentage of fibers (plant particles larger than 0. 15 mm).
As peat
decomposes the fibers are changed into microscopic particles. Cohen (1979)
microscopically determined the volume percentage of fibers in 98 samples
from the area {see Table 1). In another study, the Peat Institute of
Leningrad, U.S.S.R., estimated the degree of decomposition of peats from
First Colony Farms to be from 45 to 60% (Campbell, 1981). These results
show that most of the peats are moderately to highly decomposed, but that
5
TABLE 1--Fiber Content of Pamlimarle Peats
Percent Fibers
100-67% 67-33% 33-0%
(Fibric Peat) (Hemic Peat) (Sapri c Peat)
Western Area 0 33 67% of samples
Eastern Area 16 33 51
From Cohen, 1979
the peats in the Western Area are somewhat more decomposed that those in
the lower-lying Eastern Area.
Two main types of peat are present: (1) an upper brownish-black,
..
fine-grained, highly decomposed sapric peat, and (2) a lower dark reddishbrown,
decomposed fibrous sapric peat.
The black sapric peat dominates the upper 3 to 4 ft. ,As collected in
the field this peat appears to have very little macroscopic plant debris.
When wet-sieved through a 0.5 mm sieve, however, a fair amount of wood
fibers and charcoal fragments is revealed.
The brown, more fibrous peat is usually found beneath the black sapric
peat in the deeper parts of the narrow peat-filled channels and the basal
parts of broad shallow basins.
Both peat types contain large amounts of wood in the form of fallen
logs and swamps. The wood seen in the canal banks is mainly Atlantic white
cedar and cypress. The wood is most concentrated in the thicker peat, except
for the basal few feet in the deep channels where the peat is relatively
wood free. Except for these channel areas, wood can be found from the base
of the peat to the ground surface. No attempt was made to study the
6
geographic distribution of wood in the peat, but wood was encountered by
our sampling probes in most areas. Cohen (1979) determined the wood content
of 2x2x2 ft volumes at 8 localities and of 2x2x4 (depth) ft volumes at 2
localities. The wood content by dry weight ranged from 2 to 57% with an
average of 18%.
The contact between the peat and the underlying mineral sediment is
usually a transitional one with the transition zone normally being less than
a foot thick. The transition zone may be 2 or 3 ft thick in the channels,
however.
Over most of the area, if low-ash peat is found at the surface, the
low-ash peat will be found continuously to the base of the peat layer and
to the top of the mineral sediment. Along the margins of the Alligator River
estuary and the floodplain of the Alligator River proper, there are often
layers of high ash peat or mineral sediment layers within the peat that
were probably introduced by storm or flood high water. These details cannot
be shown by the isopachs on Plate I.
B. Composition and Heating Value
Table 2 summarizes and the Appendix gives details of the proximate and
ultimate analyses of Pamlimarle peats.
1. Moisture
For 4230 samples from 923 sites in the Paml imarle area, the moisture
content ranged up to 95% with the peats from the Western Area having a mean
of 81% and the peats from the Eastern Area having a mean of 88% (Table 3 and
4). The moisture content is related to 5 variables: (1) depth, (2) total
thickness of peat, (3) distance from drainage sites, (4) precipitation and
evapotranspiration, and (5) degree of peat decomposition.
TABLE 2--Summary of Composition and Heating Value
of Paml imarle Peats with less than 25l Ash
Western Area Eastern Area
Low Median High Low Median High
11 , 100 7,600 9,500 10,500
BTU/LB:" 8,100 10,300
-81 :'o�' 94 -88:b', 95
%H20
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS*
61 65
%Volatiles 50 61 67 50
% Fixed Carbon 26 35 39 24 33 42
%Ash l 3 22 2 5 24
--...J
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS*
%C 49 61 64 46 57 62
%H 4.0 5. 1 6.0 4. 1 5. l 5.9
%0 22 30 32 25 30 35
%N 1.0 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.6 2. 1
%s O. 1 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 2.9
%Ash 1 3 22 2 5 24
Western Area -85 samples; Eastern Area -49 samples.
* Moisture-free basis
** Mean of 1665 samples in Western Area and of 2561 samples in Eastern Area.
8
TABLE 3--Mean Moisture Percentage of Western Area of Paml imarle Peats
related to Depth and Total Thickness of Peat
(1669 samples from 393 sites)
Depth
(ft) 1 2 3 4
Total
5
Peat Thickness (ft)
6 7 8 9 10 >10
Mean
of
Means
0-1 74. 1 71.5 74.8 71. 8 74.5 76.0 78.2 71.2 78.0 78.2 74.8
1-2 77.8 78.7 78.9 80.7 82.3 82.7 78.8 82.9 81.8 80.5
2-3 80.5 82. 5 83.0 84.2 84.4 83.3 80.5 83.8 82.8
3-4 83.2 83.4 84.7 85.7 83. 1 86.0 83.9 84.3
4-5 82. 8 84.9 86.2 85.3 86.9 85.8 85.3
5-6 83.6 85.5 83.4 86.7 85.6 85.0
6-7 84.3 82.2 85.0 87.4 84.7
7-8 83.2 85.6 82.4 83.7
8-9 85.6 83.3 84.4
9-10 83.8 83.8
>10
Mean of ~
29
Means 74. 1 74.6 78.o 79. 1 80.9 82.6 83.9 81.3 84. 1 83.6 .
Mean of al 1 1669 samples= 80.8%. Mean weighted for area= 79.5%.
TABLE 4--Mean Moisture Percentage of Eastern Area of Pamlimarle Peats
related to Depth and Total Thickness of Peat
(2561 samples from 530 sites)
Total Peat Thickness (ft) Mean
Depth of
{ft) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >10 Means
0-1 85.4 82.3 84.4 82.8 81. 6 85.4 87.8 88.2 91.0 89.7 87. 1 86.o
1-2 84.3 87.5 86.5 86.8 88.2 89.0 89.6 91.7 90.3 89.4 88.3
89.4
2-3 87.3 87.5 88.3 89. 1 90.3 89.9 91.7 90.5 89.8
90.0
3-4 87.0 89.5 89.8 90.4 90.0 91. 8 91. 1 90.5
4-5 88.5 89.9 90.6 90.3 91.5 91. 1 90.5 90.3
5-6 89.4 90.9 89.6 91.6 91.2 90.3 90.5
6-7 90.8 90.3 91.6 90.9 90.5 90.8
90. 1 91.6 91.2 90.7 90.9
7-8
91. 4 91.2 90.6 91. 1
8-9
90.9 90.5 90.7
9-10
90. 1 90. 1
>10
98
Mean of ~
Means 85.4 83.3 86.4 86.0 86.9 88.6 90.0 89.8 91.5 90.8 90.0 .
Mean of all 2561 samples= 88.4%. Mean weighted for area= 87.0%.
9
The .moisture content in general increases with depth. In the Western
Area the moisture content increases from an average of about 75% in the first
foot to about 85% at depths greater than about 5 ft. In the Eastern Area
the moisture content increases from an average of about 86% in the top foot
to about 91% at depths below about 5 ft (Tables 3 and 4). Variations in
moisture content are greatest in the upper 3 to 5 ft, the "active" zone
through which the water table moves up and down.
The total thickness of peat may have some control over the moisture
content. In the Western Area the average moisture content increases from
about 74% where the peat is ft thick to about 84% where the peat is 10 ft
thick. In the Eastern Area the average moisture content increases from
about 85% where the peat is 1 ft thick to about 91% where the peat is 10 ft
thick. This relationship, however, may merely be a restatement of the relation
of moisture content to depth (Tables 3 and 4).
Near drainage ditches and canals the top 2 or 3 ft has a lower moisture
content than peat away from the ditches and canals. The effect is more
noticeable near the deeper and older canals; but the effect of drainage dies
out rapidly usually within 20 to 100 ft.
Elevation may also influence the drainage and therefore the moisture
content. The peats of the Western Area, where the peats are at an elevation
of 10 to 20 ft, have a lower mean moisture content (81%) than the peats of
the Eastern Area (88%) where the peats are at an elevation of less than 5 ft.
The difference in moisture content between the Western and Eastern Areas
may also be influenced by the degree of decomposition of the peats. Less
decomposed (more fibrous) peats have a higher Water /Holding Capacity than
less decomposed peats. The peats of the Eastern Area are somewhat more
fibrous than the peats of the Western Area and therefore should have a
higher moisture content.
10
The lower and more variable moisture content of the top 3 to 5 ft is
probably related to flucuations in the water table as the result of changing
relationships between precipitation and evapotranspiration and the irreversible
collapse of capillary openings as water is removed from the peat. The commonly
observed change in moisture content at 3 to 5 ft probably represents the
maximum lowering of the water table. Once partially dehydrated, the peat
cannot fully rehydrate. (Also see Gilliam and Skaggs, 1981 and Daniels, 1981.)
The moisture content also varies with seasonal changes in precipitation
and evapotranspiration. In general the moisture content is higher in winter
than in summer. During summer months when temperatures are high and vegetation
is fully 11 greened,11 evaporation and transpiration are greatest, and the
moisture content of the near surface peats decreases. During winter months
when temperatures are low and most of the swamp vegatation is dormant,
evapotranspiration is low and the water content of the peat can be partially
replenished.
2. Ash
For 4230 samples with ash content less than 25%, the mean ash content
is 8.3% on a moisture-free basis. The mean ash content of the Western Area
is somewhat lower (6.4%) than that of the Eastern -Area (9.6%) (Tables 5 and
6). The average high ash content of the Eastern Area peats is caused
primarily by the samples collected along the margins of Alligator River
estuary and Alligator River proper where flood and storm generated high waters
have caused the deposition of inorganic sediments in the peat swamps. Away
from Alligator River and away from the margins and bases of the peat bodies,
ash contents of less than 5% are common.
For peats less than 6 or 7 ft thick, there is usually a transition zone
between the peat and the underlying mineral sediment. For peats thicker
11
TABLE 5--Mean Ash Percentage of Western Area of Pamlimarle Peats
related to Depth and Total Thickness of Peat
(1669 samples from 393 sites)
Total Peat Thickness (ft) Mean
Depth of
(ft) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >10 Means
0-1 10. 1 8. 1 7.6 7.3 5.4 5.4 4.8 4.2 3.9 2.8 6.0
1-2 11. 3 8.4 6.5 4.2 4.4 3.7 2.4 3.8 2.0 5.2
2-3 11. 2 7.7 4. 1 3.8 3.4 2.0 2.6 2.0 4.6
3-4 11. 4 6.0 4.6 3.2 2.5 2.7 2.3 4.7
4-5 9.8 4.4 3-3 2.7 2.9 1.7 4. 1
5-6 9.9 4.8 3-7 3.6 2.6 4.9
8.2 4.6 4.4 3.2 5. 1
6-7
7-8 9.0 9.7 6.6 8.4
14.4 6.2 10.3
8-9
9.4 9.4
9-10
>10
3
Mean of
~
.
Means 10. 1 9.7 9. 1 8.2 5.9 5.4 4.5 3.9 5.3 3.9
Mean of a 11 1669 samples= 6.4%. Mean weighted for area= 7.0%.
TABLE 6--Mean Ash Percentage of Eastern Area of Pamlimarle Peats
related to Depth and Total Thickness of Peat
(2561 samples from 530 sites)
Total Peat Thickness (ft) Mean
of
Depth
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >10 Means
(ft) 1 2 3
0-1 14.5 12.2 9.4 8. 1 7.8 10.2 8.4 9.2 9.8 13.9 11.4 10.4
1-2 12.9 8. 1 6.9 5.8 6.4 8.2 7.5 8.8 13.5 8.5 8.7
11.0 8.4 5.9 8.5 8.7 10.0 8.2 10.3 8.5 8.8
2-3
11. 6 7.2 9. 1 8.4 8. 1 9.6 8.3 8.8
3-4 7.7
4-5 12.3 9.0 9.0 8.9 7.8 10.7 7.3 9.3
5-6 13.0 9.4 9. 1 9. 1 11. 2 6.7 9.8
6-7 12.3 9.4 9.9 11. 8 6.8 10.0
14.7 12. 1 11.9 8.2 11.7
7-8
17.4 13.5 9.9 13.6
8-9
17.7 12. 1 14.9
9-10
15.6 15.6
>10
.o
Mean of
~
9.7 10.2 12.4 9.4 .
Means 14.5 12.6 9.5 8.8 7.9 9.0 9.3
Mean of all 2561 samples= 9.6%. Mean weighted for area = 10. 5%.
12
than 6 or 7 ft, the transition zone may be 2 to 4 ft thick. The ash content
is also higher around the margins of the deposits.
3. Heating Value
The heating value of 134 samples with less than 25% ash was determined
(Appendix, Table 2).
Peats of the Western Area have a higher heating value (median of 10,300
Btu/lb, moisture-free) than the peats of the Eastern Area (median of 9,500
Btu/lb). The difference is probably related to 2 variables: (1) Ash Content As
peat is diluted with ash components, the heating value declines. Eastern
Area peats in general have more ash than Western Area peats. (2) Degree of
Decomposition -More highly decomposed peats have a higher heating value.
Western Area peats in general are somewhat more highly decomposed (less
fibric, more sapric) than Eastern Area peats.
With the exception of one sample, all samples with less than 25% ash
had heating values greater than 8,000 Btu/lb.
4. Proximate Analyses (See Table 2 and Appendix)
Except for the slightly higher ash content of the Eastern Area peats,
proximate analyses of peats from the two areas are very similar. The
volatile matter ranges from 50 to 67% with a median of 61%. The fixed carbon
ranges from 24 to 42% with a median of 34%.
5. Ultimate analyses (See Table 2 and Appendix)
The major elements (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) in the peat decrease
as ash increases. The carbon content ranges from 46 to 64% with a median
of 59%. The carbon content of the Western Area peats (median of 61%) is
higher than that of the Eastern Area peats (median of 57%). This is consistent
with the fact that the Western Area peats have a higher heating
13
value and are more highly decomposed. Western and Eastern Area peats have
similar hydrogen (5. 1%) and oxygen (30%) contents.
The major potential environmental pollutants in peat are nitrogen
and sulfur. The nitrogen content ranges from 1.0% to 2. 1% with a median of
1.4%. Nitrogen values are somewhat higher in the Eastern Area peats (median
of 1.6%) than those of the Western Area peats (median of 1.2%).
The sulfur content ranges from 0. 1% to 2.9% with a median of 0.3%. Of
the 134 analyses only 4 had values greater than 1.0%. The highest sulfur
values are found at the base of the deep channel-fill peats in the Eastern
Area. Apparently these deep channels have been subjected to marine or
brackish water during their development with the sulfur coming from the
-so4 found in marine waters. The Eastern Area peats in general have a
slightly higher sulfur content than the Western Area peats mainly because
they are at a lower elevation and are more subjected to the influence of
marine waters.
6 . .e!!.
Peats in the area are nearly always acidic.
Cohen (1979) reports pH values of the Pamlimarle peats ranging from
3.5 to 7.5 with most in the 5.2 to 5.9 range. The higher pH values are
found in areas near bodies of brackish water. Barnes (1981) states that
the natural pH of organic soil in the area to be mainly in the range of 3-5
to 4. 1.
C. Physical Properties
l. Water-Holding Capacity
Cohen (1979) reports the average water-holding capacity of peats from
the Western Area as being about 725% and from the Eastern Area as being
about 1150%. Since the Eastern Area peats are the more fibrous, they should
have higher water-holding capacities.
2. Hydraulic Conductivity
Water saturated peat has a very low hydraulic conductivity. Water is
removed from natural peat primarily by evaporation and by plant transpiration.
The physical flow of water through fine-grained hemic to sapric peats is very
limited except perhaps through some macropores or cracks in the top few feet.
Water saturated peat has a very low permeability and can act as an effective
barrier to water movement.
Few quantitative measurements have been made on the hydraulic conductivity
of peat in this area. Badr and Skaggs (1978, in Gilliam and Skaggs,
1981, and Barnes, 1981) measured a flow of 0.02 m/day (0.8 inch/day) and
state that the fl ow may be as low as O. 002 mlday ( 0. l inch/day) . Lohman
(1972, in Daniel, 1981) measured an average vertical flow of 0.03 m/day
(l.2 inch/day) through a 12 ft section of peat and organic soil near Pungo
Lake but concluded that the hydraulic conductivity is higher in the top few
feet and lower in the basal 6 or 7 ft.
Daniel (1981) concludes that "the low hydraulic conductivity of peat
prevents rapid lateral drainage... , and the princ)pal cause of the rise and
fall of ground water levels is precipitation and evapotranspiration.11 The
water table can move up and down through the 11active11 zone 3 to 5 ft
(Daniel, 1981; Gilliam and Skaggs, 1981).
Our studies confirm this as the
moisture content of peat is highly variable in the top 3 to 5 ft becoming
less variable at greater depths.
15
3. Bulk Density
a. General
The bulk density of a given volume of..!.!!. situ peat is controlled by the
relative abundance and specific gravity of 4 elements: {l) organic peat
matter, (2) inorganic mineral matter, (3) water, and (4) open air-filled
spaces. The specific gravity of highly compacted, moisture-free peat matter
is probably close to 1.0. Approximately 10 g of very low ash {1%) sapric
North Carolina peat was compressed into 1.25 inch diameter cylinders with a
pressure of 25 tons. The specific gravity was 1.07. The specific gravity
of most minerals {quartz, feldspar, clay) in peat is about 2.6.
Since the dominant component of most..!.!!. situ peat is water, the bulk
density is controlled mainly by the water content and the open air-filled
spaced if some of the water has been removed by drainage or evapotranspiration.
The determination of the water content of several thousand samples of North
Carolina peat shows that the water content, and therefore the bulk density,
is related to 5 variables: (1) depth, (2) total thickness of peat,
(3) distance from drainage sites, (4) precipitation and evapotranspiration,
and (5) degree of peat decomposition. See section 11-8-1 on 11 Moisture. 11
Because the water content of peat is highly variable, the bulk density
of peat is also highly variable.
b. North Carolina Peat
The bulk densities of 888 samples of North Carolina peats were determined
{Table 7 and Fig. I). Bulk densities ranged from 50 to 400 tons, moisturefree,
per acre-foot with a median of 170 and a graphic mean of 177.
When a frequency distribution curve of bulk densities is plotted on
probability paper {Fig. 2), two populations are apparent. The break between
the two occurs at 120 tons/acre-foot, which corresponds to a moisture content
of 91 1/2%. The meaning of these 2 populations is unknown.
16
Table 7 shows the relation of bulk density to depth and total thickness.
Three trends are apparent: (I) bulk density decreases with depth, (2) bulk
density decreases as peat becomes thicker, and (3) for any given depth and
thickness, bulk densities are extremely variable.
When bulk density is plotted against moisture content, an almost linear
relationship is shown (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The points on Figure 3 that fall
distinctly below the 1ine are mainly for samples taken at depths of less
than 3 ft. At shallow depths water can apparently be removed by drainage
and evapotranspiration without concurrent compaction. Except for peat in the
top 3 or 4 ft, the bulk density of peat can be estimated if the moisture
content is known. At shallow depths using moisture content to estimate bulk
density will give values that are too high. It has been shown empirically
that if moisture contents are known, Figure 3 can be used to estimate bulk
densities if estimates for the Oto 2 ft thickness are reduced by 20% and
if estimates for the 2 to 4 ft thickness are reduced by 10%.
D. Quantity of Peat
In order to calculate the amount (weight) of peat present, the volume
of peat must be multiplied by the bulk density (moisture-free weight per
unit volume). vblumes were calculated from isopach maps on a scale of
1:24,000. Areas, determined with a Lasico Model L1250D rolling disc
planimeter, were multiplied by average thicknesses between isopach lines
(1 ines connecting points of equal thickness) to obtain volumes.
1. Bu 1 k Density
The accuracy of the calculation of the weight of peat depends on the
accuracy of the bulk density used. Unfortunately, the bulk density of peat
is highly variable, but some kind of average must be determined in order to
TABLE 7 --Bulk Density of North Carolina Peats
related to Depth and Thickness of Peat
(Mean bulk density in moisture-free tons per acre-ft with standard deviation.
Number of samples in parentheses. A total of 888 samples from 66 sites.)
Total Peat Thickness (ft)
Depth
(ft) 1 2 3 4 6
5 7 8 9 10 > 10 Mean ~
of means
0-1 --201 �11 160�42 -173�31 -----178�21
(6) (23) ( l 0)
(39)
1-2 -251�29 192�48 176�41 182�50
130�33 172�32 149�35 161�19 88�17 167�45
(17) (42) (24) (20) ( 15) (10) (3) (3) (6) ( I 40)
2-3 285�63 226�63 195�54 196�42 174�37 181�40 111�20 143�31 91�17 178�59
(18) (57) (39) (27) (17) ( 1 8) (3) (3) (9) (191)
3-4 243�63 .197�52 194�50 166�32 178�36 123�16 179�19 95�27 172�46
(57) (39) (30) ( l 8) ( l8) (3) (3) (9) ( 177)
. 4-5
184�49 -198�61 141�19 182�48 90�1 158�6 108�20 152�41
(39) (30) (18) (18) (2) (3) (9) ( 119)
5-6
184�59 135�32 159�42 89�12 144�31 108�15 136�34 --.J
(33) ( l8) ( l 8) (3) (3) (9) (84)
6-7 For All Samples:
139�32 156�40 113�6 154�19 95�17 131�27
Median= 170 (18) (18) (3) (3) (9) (51)
Graphic Mean= 177
164�67 111�1
7-8 Graphic Standard Deviation= 65 189�5 99�11 141�43
( l 8) (3) (3) (9) (33)
8-9
108�2 153�13 101�12 121�28
(3) (3) (8) (14)
9-10
155�7 103�12 129�37
(3) (9) (12)
> 10
120�16 120
(28) (28)
Mean est. 250 est. 250 246�42 , 188�10
205�37 187�10 148�18 170�11 112� 19 160�15 100�9
of means ( 4 l) ( 179) ( I41) (150) ( I04) (118) (23) (27) ( I 05)
3
~
18
100
MEDIAN= 170
90 / ~
MEAN= 177 ;'
STD. DEV.= 65
IV
80
II
70
--7
0~ 60
w :E
(
> -
-
-
I
rtJ
-
(
0
.,_ 50 5 ffi
_J L .,_
::>
en
:E
:::> 40 4:r:I
u -I ~
30 -3
,
7
20 2
L
,....
10
V
-
L
I nJ
0o 100 200 300 0
BULK DENSITY -~ONS/ACRE-FT, _O % H20
FIG. ]--Histogram and cumulative curve of bulk densities ofNorth Carolina peats.
19
%
99.9 0
0
0
0
99
95
90
50
10
5
0.1
0 100 200 300 400
BULK DENSITY -TONS/ACRE-FT, 0 % H2o
FIG. 2--Cumulative curve on probability paper of bulk densities
of North Carolina peats.
100N: I
I I I I I I I I
..
....
�~
..
....
90 . :-.
w
a::
:::>
(/)
I'.
.J-~J.
::E
0 �.�K
~ 80 0
N
0
~-
�1��~
7Qt-----+---+-----+----+--~>---+-----+----+---+------I
0 100 200 300 . 400 500
BULK DENSITY (DRY TONS/ACRE-FOOT)
FIG. 3--Bulk density-moisture relationship of North Carolina peats.
21
\ .
-
-
1400
\
D = 1429-14.3 M
\
w ----,
~
0::
::)
-� \.
~ 1200 '
0 '\ ..r--------���-��
~ '
0 \
o' I000
0
t-
..
\
'\ ..
--�.
l.L ' \
i \
-. . -��� ---
w 800 \
0::
\
0
( ----.-.��. ---,,
(/)z' \
\
0 600
I-' \
--�-----
->
I
(/)zw
400
\~
\
�------��
~
0
'\
_J
::) 200 -------�-�
CD \
i\.
--
~..
''
20 40 60 80 100
% MOISTURE
FIG. 4--Extrapolated bulk density-moisture relationship of North
Carolina peats.
22
calculate reserves. For first order determinations of resources, the median
(170 tons/acre-foot) or mean (177 tons/acre-foot) value for all North Carolina
peats (Fig. 1) can be used. For more accurate results the 11 average11 bulk
density must be determined for each individual area or deposit. In order to
characterize the Pamlimarle peats, many hundreds of individual bulk density
determinations would be required. Since we have moisture determinations
on
all samples collected and since there is an almost linear relationship
between moisture content and bulk density, we feel that bulk densities based
on average moisture content (Fig. 3) come closest to the true bulk densities
if estimates so determined for the Oto 2 ft thickness are reduced by 20%
and if estimates for the 2 to 4 ft thickness are reduced by 10%.
Since the moisture content, and therefore, the bulk density of the
Western Area peats are distinctly different from those of the Eastern Area
peats, separate calculations of peat resources are made for the two
areas.
The determinations of bulk densities used in resource calculations
are shown
in Tables 8 and 9. For most accurate determinations of peat resources on
smaller tracts of land, similar determinations of bulk densities should be
made.
2. Peat Resources
Plate I shows the location, size, and variations in thickness of peat
deposits of the Paml imarle peninsula. Calculated reserves are shown in
Table 10. The combined deposits occupy an area of 373,000 acres (582 sq mi)
and contain 278 million tons of moisture-free peat. The peat greater than
4 ft thick occupies an area of 175,000 acres (273 sq mi) and has 196 million
tons of peat.
23
TABLE 8--Data for Determination of Bulk Densities
of Western Area Pamlimarle Peats
E
Bulk Density
(Best estimate)
tons/acre-ft>'
280
260
240
220
200
E
Bulk Density
(Best estimate)
tons/acre-ft*
180
180
170
140
120
120
A
Thickness
of Peat
ft
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-1 O
* -moisture-free basis
B -from Table 7
A
Thickness
of Peat
ft
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
>10
B
Mean Bulk
Density.
A11 N. C.
pocosins
tons/acre-ft>'
est 250
230
190
160
140
C
Mean Moisture
Content fr.
Table 3
%
74.4
78.6
81. 8
82.6
83.9
D
Bulk Density
fr. H20Density
Curve
(Fig. 3)
tons/acre-ft*
290
270
255
245
225
D -Less 20% for Oto 2 ft and less 10% for 2 to 4 ft
D
Bulk Density
fr. H20Density
Curve
(Fig. 3)
tons/acre-ft>'
175
175
170
140
120
140
TABLE 9--Data for Determination of Bulk Densities
of Eastern Area Pamlimarle Peats
B
Mean Bulk
Density
A11 N.C.
pocos ins
tons/acre-ft1:
est 250
230
190
160
140
120
C
Mean Moisture
Content fr.
Table 4
%
84.4
86.2
87.8
89.9
91. 2
90. 1
* -moisture-free basis
B -from Table 7
D -Less 20% for Oto 2 ft and less 10% for 2 to 4 ft
24
TABLE
Thickness
ft
A. Western Area
>0
>2
>4
>6
>8
>10
B. Eastern Area
>0
>2
>4
>6
>8
>10
C. Total
>0
>2
>4
>6
>8
>10
10--Peat Resources in Pamlimarle Peninsula
Area
10 3 acres 10 6 tons
Weight
(moisture-free)
128
99
67
28
5
l
124
116
91
44
8
2
245
176
108
62
27
10
154
141
104
66
31
12
373
274
175
90
32
10
278
258
196
110
40
14
25
E. Geologic History
About 100,000 years ago the sea retreated from its shoreline position
along the Suffolk Scarp just to the west of the present peat deposits
exposing the former relatively flat sea floor. The present land surface,
some of which is covered by peat, that slopes from the base of the Suffolk
Scarp to present sea level is this former sea floor and is known as the
Pamlico Terrace or Surface.
About 18,000 years ago sea level was about 400 ft below present sea
level. During the interval of lowered sea level, the Pamlico Surface was
dissected by stream erosion resulting in a dendritic pattern of stream
valleys. For the past 18,000 years sea level has been rising. Initial peat
development began about 10,000 years ago during the time of rising sea level
in shallow lakes and open freshwater marshes that mar~ the courses of the
dendritic valley systems. The fibrous peat, which appears to have been
formed from a variety of types of aquatic vegetation, accumulated in the
shallow lakes and marshes. These blocked channels became filled with peat
and flooding of the adjacent low-lying areas began. This flooding created
a large, flat wetland on which a swamp forest became established and in
which the vegetation, that eventually became the black sapric peat,
a
accumulated. Although the region has passed through complex series of
environmental and vegetational changes, the above sequence of events explains
the general pattern of black sapric peat overlying brown more fibrous peat.
The warm humid climate of the area has resulted in peat vegetation becoming
decomposed to high decomposed. (See~Daniel, 1981; Ingram and Otte, 1980,
1981a, 1981b; Oaks and Whitehead, 1979; Whitehead and Oaks, 1979).
26
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks go to Andy Allen, Steve Barnes, and R. N. Campbell of First
Colony Farms, Inc., Creswell, N.C., for their friendly cooperation in
sharing their information on peat with us. Steve Barnes, Soils Scientist,
most willingly made available to us the results of his years of work on the
organic soils and peats of the area.
REFERENCES CITED
Badr, A. W. and Skaggs, R. W., 1978, The effect of land development on the
physical properties of some North Carolina organic soils: Paper No.
18-2537, 1978 winter meeting, Am. Soc. Agr. Eng., Chicago.
Barnes, J. S., 1981, Agricultural adaptability of wet soils of the North
Carolina Coastal Plain, p. 225-237, in Richardson, C. J., Ed.,
Pocosin Wetlands: Stroudsburg, Pa. ,Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co.
Campbell, R. N., Jr., 1981, Peat for energy program -First Colony Farms,
Inc., p. 214-224, in Richardson, C. J., Ed., Pocosin Wetlands:
Stroudsburg, Pa., Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co.
Cohen, A. D., 1979, Peat deposits of the Albemarle-Pamlico peninsula,
North Carolina: Report to North Carolina Energy Institute, 50 p.
Daniel, C. C., 111, 1981, Hydrology, geology, and soils of pocosins,
p. 69-108, in Richardson, C. J., Ed., Pocosin Wetlands: Stroudsburg,
Pa., Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co.
Gilliam, J. W. and Skaggs, R. W., 1981, Drainage and agricultural
development -effect on drainage waters, p. 109-124, in Richardson,
C. J., Ed., Pocosin Wetlands: Stroudsburg, Pa., Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co.
Ingram, R. L. and Otte, L. J., 1980, Peat deposits of Light Ground Pocosin,
North Carolina: report to U.S. Dept. Energy, 24 p.
, 1981a, Peat deposits of Croatan Forest, North Carolina: report
to U.S. Dept. Energy, 20 p.
, 1981b, Peat deposits of Dismal Swamp, North Carolina: report to
U.S. Dept. Energy, 25 p.
Lohman, S. W., 1972, Ground water hydraulics: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper
708, 70 p.
27
Oaks, R. Q. and Whitehead, D. R., 1979, Geologic setting and or1g1n of the
Dismal Swamp, southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina,
p. 1-24, in Kirk, P. W., Ed., The Great Dismal Swamp: Charlottesville,
Univ. Press of Virginia.
Whitehead, D. R. and Oaks, R. Q., 1979, Developmental history of the Dismal
Swamp, p. 25-43, in Kirk, P. W., Ed., The Great Dismal Swamp,
Charlottesville, Univ. Press of Virginia.
28
APPENDIX
PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE ANALYSES
OF
PAMLIMARLE PENINSULA PEATS
Arranged alphabetically by topographic quadrangle
Location on a topographic quadrangle is given by the following scheme:
1 2 3
4 5 6
I I
X
.... + +
7 9
'-+ +
I I
Location of X is 8-2
Analyses marked FC were provided by First Colony Farms, Inc., Creswell, N.C.
All other analyses were performed by U.S. Department of Energy laboratories
at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, or Grand Forks, North Dakota.
Moisture Free
Site No. H2o Vol a-
ti le
Fixed
Carbon Ash H C N s 0
(Depth-ft) County Topographic Quad. '% % % % % % ,% % % BTU/lb
(0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
(6-8)
Dare Buffalo City: 1252 87.9
90. 9�
90. 1
89,5
61.3
62. 1
60.0
58. 1
27.6
34.2
37.2
37.8
11. 1
3.7
2.8
4.2
5. 1
5.2
5.2
5,0
51. 8
57.4
58.3
58. 1
1. 6
1.2
1.2
1.6
0.8
0.5
0.6
1. 4
29.6
31.9
32. 1
29.8
8870
9600
9630
9490
FC4 (0-2)
(2-5)
(5-8)
Tyrre 11 Creswell SE: 916 85.2
87.2
86.7
63,7
61.9
63.9
30. 1
30,7
25.6
6.2
7.4
10.8
5:5
5.4
5,9
55,7
57,9
56.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.5
30.8
27.4
24.6
9780
10020
10230
(2-4)
( 4-6)
(6-8)
Tyrrell Creswell SE: 9658 85.6
86.6
85.8
63.8
63.8
64.3
32.8
32. 6
32,7
3,4
3,5
3.0
5.6
5.8
5,9
58,5
61.5
61. 6
1. 7
1. 4
1.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
30.5
27,5
27,9
9990
10670
10630 N
\.D
(0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
Dare East Lake SE: 2672 89,3
88.6
90.0
62.4
60.6
60.8
33,6
34.7
31.9
4. 1
4.7
7,3
5,3
5,3
5.4
57,5
58. 1
56. 1
1. 8
1. 7
1. 8
0.4
0.4
0.6
30.9
29.8
29,9
9740
9880
9360
(0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
Dare East Lake SE: 8357 88.2
89.0
86. 1
63,7
62.3
61.5
33,0
34.6
34,3
3.3
3.2
4.2
5.6
5,3
5,3
59.0
58.3
57,2
1.3
1.3
1. 7
0.3
0.4
0.4
30.5
31 .6 .
31. 2
10050
9650
9730
FC6 (0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-7)
Dare East Lake SE: 878 86.6
87,9
89,5
63.6
61.3
64. 1
32.4
34.8
30.7
4.0
3,9
5.2
5.3
5. 1
5,5
56.5
56.3
57. l
2.0
1. 7
1.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
31.9
32.6
30.3
9320
9540
9980
.
Moisture Free
Site No.
(Depth-ft) County Topographic Quad.
H2o
%
Vo1ati
le
%
Fixed
Carbon
%
Ash
%
H
%
C
%
N
%
s
%
0
% BTU/1 b
AP127 (0-2)
(2-4)
(4-6)
(6-8)
(8-10)
(10-12)
Hyde Engelhard E: 1521 72.0
87,3
88.5
90.6
90.8
88.o
59.8
62.8
63.5
63.2
62.2
56,3
28.5
33,7
33,7
32.7
30.2
23.9
11.6
3,4
2.8
4. I
7,6
19.8
5.2
5.2
5.0
5.2
5.2
4:5
52,7
57.6
54.9
57,2
56.2
46.5
I. 6
1.7
1.3
I.8
1.7
1. 8
0.4
0.3
0.3
o.4
0.8
0.2
28. 6
31. 8
35,7
31.3
28.5
27.2
8940
9690
10050
9830
9860
8130
FC49 (0-3) Dare Engelhard NE: 179 89.6 49,5 26.5 24.o 4. 1 45.6 1.2 0.2 24.8 7650
FC48 (0-4) Dare Engelhard NE: 234 86.3 62.3 34. 1 3,7 5. 1 58.3 1.4 0.2 31. 2 9790
FC47 (0-6) Dare Engelhard NE: 242 90.5 62.3 35.2 2.5 4. 1 57.8 I. 4 0.2 33,8 9620 w
0
AP626 (0-2)
(2-4)
Dare Engelhard NE: '5699 81. I
91. 5
60. I
63.8
31.8
33,7
8. 1
3.0
4.7
5.0
54.2
59. 1
1.7
I.4
0.6
0.5
30,7
30.9
9170
9970
FC5 (0-2)
(2-6)
Dare Engelhard NE: 593 83,9
85.4
64.8
65.3
31. 8
30.7
3,4
4.0
5.6
5,9
59,7
60.5
1.2
1.0
0.3
0.4
29.8
28.2
10390
10570
FC50 (0-6) Dare Engelhard NW: 433 93,3 65.4 30.2 4.4 5.6 56.7 1.9 0.4 30.8 9800
FC45 (0-3) Dare Engelhard NW: 615 90.8 61.7 28.7 9,7 5.4 52.4 2. 1 0.4 30.0 9040
FC46 (0-5) Dare Engelhard NW: 693 90.3 . 57. 2 33.2 9.6 5.6 53.6 1. 4 0.2 29.5 8790
FC46B (0-5) Dare Engelhard NW: 693 91. I 63.6 33.0 3.4 5, I 55,7 1. 6 0.2 33,8 9330
Moisture Free
Site No.
(Depth-ft) County Topographic Quad.
H20
%
Vol a-
ti le
%
Fixed
Carbon
%
Ash
%
H
%
C
%
N
%
s
%
0
% BTU/lb
AP73 (0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
(6-8)
Hyde Fairfield: 2986 33.8
78.5
83.8
63.9
53.7
58.3
60.7
16. 1
42. 1
39.6
36. 1
9.5
4.2
2. 1
3.2
74.4
4.5
4.5
4.8
1. 4
60.2
62.2
60.3
18.8
1. 4
1. 1
1.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.3
0. 1
29.6
29.9
30. 1
4.8
9960
10300
10220
2560
AP158 (1-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
(6-8)
Hyde Fairfield NE: 8474 77.2
86.8
88.8
89.6
61.2
61.4
61. 1
59.3
33.2
33.2
32. 1
28.8
5.6
5.4
6.8
11.9
4:9
4.9
4.8
4.8
55.8
55.8
55.3
52. 6
1.7
1. 6
1. 6
1.7
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.9
31.8
31.9
31.0
28. 1
9380
9440
9460
9100
A63 (2-4)
( 4-6)
(6-8)
(8-10)
(10-12)
(12-14)
Hyde Fairfield NE: 9436 84. 1
87,5
89. 5
90.0
89.7
90.7
53.6
56.4
62. 8
63.9
61.9
61.4
29.7
34. 1
34. 1
29.8
30.6
28.9
16.7
9,5
3. 1
6.3
7-5
9.7
4. 1
4.3
4.9
5.3
5.0
4.9
49.4
54.5
58.2
57.8
55.4
52.9
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
1. 1
2.6
2.9
27.8
29.9
31. 8
28.0
28. 1
28. 1
8270
9090
9900
10160
9700
9250
~
AP121 (0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
Tyrre 11 Fairfield NW: 2736 78.8
86.9
86.7
60.7
59. 1
59. 1
32.6
35.6
34.8
6.7
5.3
6. 1
4.7
4.3
4.5
53.9
56.6
56.6
1. 6
1.5
1.7
0.9
0.7
0.7
32.2
3L6
30.4
. 9070
9520
9540
AP637 (0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
Tyrrell Frying Pan: 1541 85.6
90. I
90.4
60.9
60.5
54.3
31. 4
29.8
27.6
7.7
9.7
18. I
5.0
5. 1
4.4
55.8
53.6
47.3
1.7
1. 8
1.7
0.3
0.4
0.5
29.5
29.4
28.0
9560
9270
8060
FC2 (0-2)
(2-3)
(3-6)
(6-9)
Tyrrel I New Lake: 226 81.0
84.4
86.3
85. I
66.9
66.4
66.0
63.3
28~3
29. 1
29.2
26.5
4.8
4.5
4.8
10.2
5.4
5~8
5.7
5.6
57.9
60.5
61.8
58.7
2.0
1.5
1.4
1. 1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
29.6
27.5
26.1
24. I
10010
10690
10850
10580
..
Moisture Free
-
Site No.
(Depth-ft) County Topographic Quad.
H20
%
Vol a-
ti 1 e
%
Fixed
Carbon
%
Ash
%
H
%
C
%
N
%
s
%
0
% BTU/.1 b
AP347 (0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
(6-8)
(8-10)
Hyde New Lake: 4745 76.6
81. 8
85.3
85.7
84.5
59.0
59.9
61.9
62.4
59.3
38. 9
38.5
36.3
34.8
Jl .3
2. 1
1. 6
1. 8
2.8
9.4
4.4
4.6
5. 1
4.9
5.0 -
59.8
61.7
60.8
60.2
56.9
1.4
1. 1
1.2
1.2
1. 2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
32. 1
30.8
30.8
30.6
27. 1
9940
10360
10320
'10350
9870
FC60 ( 1-4) Hyde New Lake : 876 82.4 50.7 27.0 22.3 4.4 48. 1 1.5 0.4 22.3 8360
FC59 ( 1-7) Hyde New Lake: 887 88.3 61.6 34.4 4.0 5.4 59.0 1.7 0.4 29.5 10200
FC9 (0-5) Washington New Lake NW: 146 85.7 59.8 36.6 3.6 5.0 60.9 l.2 0.2 29. 1 10240 w
N
FC8 (0-6) Washington New Lake NW: 1'49 85.8 60.7 37.7 1.6 5.0 62. 1 1.1 0.2 29.9 10400
FC27 (0-5) Washington New Lake NW: 164 86.6 59. 1 38. 1 2.7 5.0 61. 1 1. 2 0.2 29.6 10300
FC21 (0-8) Washington New Lake NW: 175 84.7 60.2 37.6 1. 2 5. 1 61. 8 1.0 0.2 29.6 10330
FC28 (0-6) Washington New Lake NW: 183 87.7 58.o 37.2 4.9 4.8 58.7 1. 1 0.2 30.2 9780
FC33 (0-8) Washington New Lake NW: 186 87.8 61.3 37.3 1. 4 5. 1 61. 4 1.0 0.2 30.8 10350
FCl (0-1)
( 1-3)
( 3-6)
Washington New Lake NW: 241 80.3
84.3
83.8
. 57.S
61.3
63.4
39-5
36.4
33.9
3.0
2.3
2.7
4.8
5.7
s.8
60.9
61. 2
61.4
I. 4
1. 1
1.0
0. 1
0. 1
0.2
29.8
29.6
28.9
10080
10430
10430
FC16 (0-6) Washington New Lake NW: 248 87.0 60.3 37.7 2.0 5.0 61.5 1.0 0.2 30.2 10360
Moisture
Site No.
(Depth-ft)
FC17
FC2
FCl8
FC7
FC10
FC34
FC35
FC20
FCI I
FCl2
FC36
FC37
FC23
(0-6)
(0-1)
( 1-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
( 0-5)
(0-5)
(0-6)
(0-7)
(0-6)
(0-6)
(0-5)
(0-4)
(0-6)
(0-4)
(0-5)
'
County
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Topographic Quad.
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
Lake NW:
271
273
274
412
414
423
425
436
441
444
452
458
468
H20
%
87.4
81. 5
84.8
87.5
85.5
86.7
84.0
87.4
87.8
86.7
88. 1
85. 7
84.3
85.3
86.7
85.5
Vol a-
ti le
%
61. I
60.6
58.9
59.8
62.6
60.5
61.6
60. 761.
6
61. 5
60.9
57. 1
61.7
61. 4
60.0
60.7
Fixed
Carbon
%
36.5
36.2
38.4
36.5
34.4
37.7
36.0
37. 1
37. 1
36.8
36.3
33.8
34.7
37.0
32.6
36.4
Ash
%
2.4
3.2
2.7
3.7
3.0
I. 8
2.4
2.2
1.3
I. 6
2.8
9.2
3.5
1.5
7.4
2.9
H
%
5. 1
5.2
5.0
5.2
5.5
5.2
5.2
5. I
5. 1
5.0
5.0
4.8
5.3
5.2
5-3
5.2
C
%
61.4
58.3
60.5
60.4
60.2
61.9
61.6
61.8
62.2
61.7
60.3
58.6
60.8
6I. 5
59;0
61.9
Free
N
%
1. 1
1.5
1. 2
I. 2
1.0
I. 1
1.0
1. 1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1. 2
I.I
I. I
1.2
s
%
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
%
29.8
31. 6
30.4
29.3
30. I
29.8
29.5
29.4
30. I
30.3
30.7
26.0
28.8
30.4
26.8
28.6
BTU/lb
10120
9820
10170
10280
10430
10400
10250
10390 w
w
10460
10410
10040
9790
10340
10270
10100
10580
.
.
Moisture Free
Vol a-Fixed s 0 I H20 tile Carbon Ash H
%
C N% % % BTU/lb
i . .
% %
! SI te No. % % %
County Topographic Quad.
j( Depth-ft)
0.2 29.6 10750
5.2 62.4 l.1
I
463 87.3 62. 1 36.5 l.4
New Lake NW:
FC22 (0-5) Hyde
61.7 l.2 0.2 29.5 10380
481 86.5 61. 8 36.2 2.0 5.3
FC38 (o-6) Hyde New Lake NW:
2. 1 5.2 61.5 l. 1 0.2 29.8 10370
487 87.7 61.3 36.7
FC39 (0-7) Hyde New Lake NW:
5. 1 60.3 l.2 0.2 28.6 10280
New Lake NW: 492 86.8 59.4 36.3 4.5
FC24 (0-4) Hyde
61.7 l.2 0.2 29.6 10620
1.9 5.3
86.6 62. 1 36.0
FC25 (0-5) Hyde New Lake NW: 498
5.2 61.5 1.0 0.2 30.3 10330
J:
511
87.4 60.7 37.6 1.7 vJ
FC 19 (0-6) Washington New Lake NW:
5. 1 61.4 1.0 0.2 29.5 10460
85.3 62.0 35.4 2.6
New Lake NW: 713
FC40 (o-6) Hyde
61. 8 l.2 0.2 28.8 1070086.2 62.4 35. 1 2.5 5.5
New Lake NW: 732
FC26 (0-5) Hyde
6.6 4.8 57.8 1.5 0.2 29. 1 9410
765 66.6 58.4 35.0
New Lake NW:
FC30(Windrow)Hyde
0.2 30.4 10320
51. 4 59.6 38.3 2. 1 4.7 61. 4 1.2
30.8 10530
9626 61. 1 l.2 0.3
Hyde New Lake NW:
63. 1 35.0 1.9 5.2
29.8 10170
AP805 (2-4) 74.9
3.7 5.0 59.6 1.3 0.6(4-6) 84.0 61.3 35.0 (6-8)
0.2 24.6 8400
18.4 4.0 51. 4 1.3
New Lake� SE: 119 81.2 50. 1 31.5
FC51 (0-3) Hyde
46.2 1.2 0. 1 22.5 758084.8 45.4 28.2 26.3 3.6
New Lake SE: 169
FC56 ( 7) Hyde
Moisture
H20
%
72.9
83.4
85.9
78.5
89.8
90.0
88.8
88.6
88.8
82. 1
85.7
84.5
80.0
70.2
78.4
78.o
78.3
61. 8
Vol a-
ti 1 e
%
60.9
61.0
65.2
57.4
61.9
62.3
60. 1
59. 4.
63.5
36.3
56.0
53.4
45.8
59.3
58.9
62.4
62.8
47.0
Fixed
Carbon
%
35.4
37.5
31. 6
-28. 2
34.9
34.6
36.3
33.8
33.8
21.6
34.4
30.3
24.2
37.4
38.3
34.5
30.0
31.0
Ash
%
3.7
1.5
3.2
14.4
3.2
3. 1
3.5
7.3
2.7
42. 1
9.6
16.3
30.0
3.3
2.8
3. 1
7.2
21.9
Free
N
%
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.5
1. 2
1. 6
0.9
1.4
1.3
1. 4
1.4
1. 4
1.2
1. 2
1.3
s
%
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
O. 1
0.2
0. 1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.2
0
%
32.2
30.3
28.5
25.3
29.4
29.6
28.2
28.2
30.0
17. 54
27.0
24.7
30.0
30.9
30.2
29.4
25.7
23. 1
BTU/lb
9640
10400
10770
9620
10300
10260
10150
w
\.n
9770
10140
5860
9460
8910
7280
10000
10160
10200
1071 O
8170
Site No.
( Depth-ft)
AP43
FC58
FC57A
FC57B
FC55
FC54
FC52
FC53
FC62
FC61
AP34
(0-2)
(2-4)
( 4-6)
(6-8)
(1-7)
(2-6)
(2-5)
(?)
(?)
( 0-3)
(?)
( 1-2)
( 1-2)
(0-2)
(2-4)
.( 4-6)
( 6-8)
FC31(Windrow)Hyde
County
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Topographic Quad.
New Lake SE:
New La-ke SE:
New Lake SE:
New Lake SE:
Panzer:
Lake SE:
Lake SE:
Lake SE:
Lake SE:
Lake SE:
Lake SE:
Lake SE:
1888
222
223
223
254
264
286
292
382
386
5572
122
H
%
4.5
5. 1
5.7
5.0
5.4
5.4
4.8
4.6
5.2
3. 1
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.6
4.4
5.2
5.5
3-9
C
%
58. 1
61. 6
60.8
53.8
60.0
59.8
61.6
58.6
60.2
36. 1
57. 1
52.8
42.6
59.6
61.0
61. 0
60.0
49.4
Moisture Free
Site No. H20 Vo 1a-
ti 1 e
Fixed
Carbon Ash H C N s 0
(Depth-ft) County Topographic Quad. % % % % % % % % % BTU/lb
FC32(Windrow)Hyde Panzer: 124 65,5 40.5 24.8 34.8 3.4 40.6 1. 1 0.2 20.0 6760
FC44A (1)
B ( 1 )
C { 1)
D (sod)
E ( sod)
F ( sod)
Washington Panzer: 32 79.8
80.6
81. 4
-
-
-
67.5
67.0
67.4
62.2
63. 1
63.2
30.4
29.5
31. 4
32.0
32.4
32.2
2.2
3.4
1.2
5.8
4.5
4.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.8
5.2
4.9
63.7
63.0
64.2
58.4
60.2
58.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.2
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
27.0
26.5
27.4
29.5
28.6
30.2
11180
11000
971 0
9680
10030
10000
FC42 ( 0-5) Washington Panzer: 365 82.4 55.7 32.5 11. 8 4.6 56.7 1.0 0.2 25.7 9580
,\,>,I
FC41 (0-5) Washington Panzer: 368 84.3 61.2 36.5 2.3 5. 1 62.2 1. 1 0.2 29.0 10380 "'
FC43 (0-5) Washington Ponzer: 394 84.6 60.3 36.6 3. 1 5. 1 61.5 1.0 0.2 29.0 10270
FC29 (0-5) Washington Ponzer: 397 82.9 61.2 35.4 3,4 5.2 61.3 1. 1 0.2 28.7 10300
FCl3 (0-5) Hyde Pungo Lake: 693 84. I 61.4 36.6 2. I 5.0 62.5 1. I 0.2 29.0 10530
FC I 4 (0-5) Hyde Pungo Lake: 696 84. I 61.7 .35.5 2.8 5. I 61. 8 1.0 0.2 28.9 10520
FCl5 (0-4) Hyde Pungo Lake: 933 83.0 58.2 35.0 6.8 5.0 60.0 I. 2 0.2 26.7 10170
PLATE 1
2 ft thickness interval.
+'s mark corners of orthophotographic maps.
Names of maps are in script letters.