_ Baden, Pa. A man at.a-gas station directedshe found herseriving on the scene spotted one of them en-Ze Michigan Ave., Chicago, Il. 60616,y-ellagelpelaegsmebaalng allthome, she made a wrong turn, drovenight and wound up 250 miles away inWoodman to a motel, where several em-ployees offered to drive her home. She de-cliaed and decided to drive herself.Ss lost again. Tuesday afternoon,and herself in Edgeworth, Prflagged down Edgeworth resident NancyMerrill, who noticed she seemed exhaust-ed and drove her to the police station.Woodman spent Tuesday night at a mo-tel, then made the five-hour trip homeWednesday afternoon in a limousine rent-ed by her son. :Curses, foiledPolice in Edmonton, Alberta, arrested twoyouths who allegedly accosted a pizza de-ages 17 and 18, then decided to take his carinstead, Their getaway was thwarted be- |cause they didn Tt know how to drive a stan-ane caerman Wes Bellmore said, adding that thewere apprehended after officers ar-the home where the pizzas were to beThailand Ts health ministry announced itis dispatching a troupe of dancers to _show women how to increase their bustsizes. Thai women who have been bom-barded by media images of big-bustedwomen often feel inadequate and resortto wearing ill-fitting brassieres, accord-ing to Pennapa Subcharoen, deputy direc-tor-general of the neg dh departmentof traditional medicine. o any women~are not aware that wearing an appropriatei taking bosom-their wish comewe are training 12true, ? she said, oSo2. iOTmal-chested and one large-chested instructor.Worth the riskIncreased cellular phone use has led tomore car accidents, but the value usersplace on being able to call from the roadroughly equals the accidents T cost, ac-cording to the Harvard Center for RiskAnalysis. The center's study concludedthat the yearly cost of accidents causedby cell phones, including aerateand property damage, 8 illion.This figure is virtually the tune as re-searchers arrived at for the value of callsmade while driving.First things first@ Willmar, Minn., resident TylerBratsch, 25, was sentenced to a year injail after he admitted visiting pornograph-ic, sports and miusic Internet sites andchecking e-mail instead of watching his13-month-old son, who drowned whiletaking a bath unattended.@ Police in Placentia, Calif., chargedJanet Chen, 31, with leaving her twoyoung children home alone for nearlythree weeks while she went to North Car-olina to visit-a man whom she met on theInternet. Officers, who discovered Chen Ts7-year-old daughter and 4-year-old sonafter neighbors reported hearing themcrying inside the apartment, said the chil-dren had been living on frozen meals,Bagel Bites and cold cereal. Chen told -investigators that she had a falling outwith the man but slept in her rental carfor the next week rather than come homebecause she didn Tt want to pay for a newairline ticket.Lucky... notPaul Smith, 37, survived his van rollingdown an embankment outside Moosic, Pa.After climbing back to the highway andwalking a half-mile along the shoulder,ries he was killed by a hit-and-runver.FrancofolliesA group of French chefs, writers andcelebrities announced it wouldaea2 CORSISE ©Compiled by Real Times, Inc., 2400 §."| The history ofor Westerners, the slave trade specifially denotes the. by economics to presslavBLACK HISTORY MONTH ={across the Atlantic to North America and the Caribbean. Ot_ The slave trade began in America in the 16th century; mostPa xoe 3ever avery rye OErFS poe a meee Coleae koa to America and beyondpeans, but many of the people who kidnapped those for this trade were Africans and Arabs.Another source for large numbers of slaves was prisoners captured in inter tribal conflict or warfare. It wasthem to other tribes or slave traders for sell at the coast to shipperscommon practice to kill captives-or tradein the slave trade.The trade was bannedBritish Royal Navy wasthe end of 19th century. _For the British to énd the slave trade, significant dbstacles had to be overcome. In the eighteenth centurythe slave trade was an integral part of the Atlantic economy. The economies of the European colonies in theCaribbean, the American colonies, and Brazil required vast amounts of man power to harvest the bountifulagricultural goods. In 1790 the British West Indies, islands such as Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad, had aby international agreement in the eatly 19th century, but this ban was ignored and theordered to enforce the ban, this succeded in eliminating the Atlantic slave trade byslave population of 524 000, while the French had 643 000 in their West Indian possessions.; Other powers such as Spain, the Netherlands, andDenmark had large numbers of slaves as well. Despitethese high populations more slaves were always required, Harshconditiees and ic i left the stave popula-tion with well below replacement fertility levels. .By 1800 the English had imported around 1.7 million slavesto their West Indian possessions since 1600, the fact that therewere well over a million fewer slaves in the British coloniesthan had béen imported to them illustrates the conditions inwhich they lived, ;The immorality of slavery was excused by economics. Slav-ery was involved in some of the most immensely profitable in-dustries of the time. Seventy percent of the Slaves brought to thenew world were used to produce sugar, the most labor intensivecrop. The rest were employed harvesting coffee, cotton, and to-These eproden acts woekd te ae Europe or Africa. Thshipped to or Africa. Theships from Europe would then return cafrying manufacturedmaterials and foodstuffs.The ships from Africa would return carrying slaves. The en-ire economy of the Atlantic sector depended on fresh suppliesof slaves to the West Indies, and this triangular Atlantic tradeformed the core of maritime trade throughout the world. Thesecolonies were some of the most important possessions of eachwer.France in 1763, for instance, agreed to lose the entire vastcolony of New France in exchange for keeping the minute is-land of Guadeloupe.By far the most successful West Indian colonies in 1800 be-longed to the United Kingdom. -aw " plan lela SESom cboliegie be,' i Pein 7was, Géniei , ' nineops- The British islarids T produced the most sugar, and quicklyBritish p became the largest consumers of sugar. West In-dian sugar ubiquitous as an additive to Chinese tea.-Products of American slave labor soon permeated every levelof British society with tobacco, coffee, and especially sugar allbeing indispensable elements of daily life for all classes.To its colonies Britain also had the largest fleet ofslave ships, mostly operating out of Liverpool and Bristol.In Liverpool, by the late seventeenth century, one out of everyfour ships that left harbour was a slaver. They were highly prof-itable ventures and played very important economic roles inthose two cities.How did the abolition of the slave trade occur if it was SO eco-nomically important and successful? The historiography of an-swers to this question is a long and interesting one. Before theSecond World War the study of the abolition movement wasperformed primarily by British scholars who believed that theanti-slavery movement was probably among the three or fourperfectly virtuous pages in the history of nations.This opinion was controverted in 1944 by the West Indian his-torian, Eric Williams, who argued that the end of the slave tradeto economic transitions totally unconnected to any morality.iams T thesis was soon brought into question as well, how-ever. Williams based hisIndian colonies were in decline at the early point of nineteenthcentury and were losing their political and economic importanceto Britain. This decline the slave system into an econom-ically burdensome one that the British were only too willing todo away with. .ihe main difficulty with this argument is that the decline on-y1807 before which slavery was flourishing economically.The decHine in the West Indies is more likely to be an effect ofthe suppression of the slave trade as the cause. The falling pricesfor the commodities produced by slave labor such as sugar andcoffee can be easily discounted as evidence shows the falls inPrice lead to great increases in demand, actually increasing totalprofits for the importers.Profits for the slave trade remained at around ten percent ofinyestment and showed no evidence of being on the decline.Land prices in the West Indies, an important tool for analyz-ing the economy of the area did not begin to decrease until afterthe slave trade was discontinued. The Sugar colonies were not indecline at all, in fact they were at he peak of their economic in-fluence in 1807,Williams also had reason to be biased, He was heavily in-volved in the movements for independence of the Caribbeancolonies and had motive to try to extinguish the idea of such amunificent action by the colonial overlord.A third generation of scholars lead by the likes of Drescherand Anstey have discounted most of Williams arguments, butstill acknowledge that morality had to be combined with theforces of politics and economic theory to bring about the end ofthe slave trade.The movements that played the greatest role in actually con-vincing Westminster to outlaw the slave trade were religious.The " of evangelical protestant groups coupled with theThese were certainly a minority, but they were a fer-vent one many dedicated individuals. These groups alsoa a parliamentary presence controlling 35-40 seats atous positon of the governsKnown as the osaints ? this group was led by William Wilber-force, the most important of the anti-slave campaigners. Theseparlimentariansagainst slavery as a divinely ordained crugude.British ended their own slave trade, the were forcedother nations into placing themselves inWould become uncompetitive with those of other nations,The against the slave trade by other nationswas an policy effort.viewing slavery as a blight upon humanity.and their numbers were magnified by the precari-were extremely dedicated and often saw theirpersonal battleAfter the Tthe same economic staightjacket, or else the British coloniesa'small player in the international slave trade, andmereacitering the sugar colony business late British naval su-aksae eethe United States banned the trade during the same period asGreat Britain.Other small trading nations that did not have a great deal togive up such as Sweden quickly followed suit, as did the Dutch,who were also by then a minor player.Five nations objected strongly to surrendering their rights totrade slaves: Spain, Portugal, Brazil (after its independence),France and the United States. aBritain used every tool at its disposal to try to induce these nationsto follow its lead. Portugal and Spain, which were indebted toBritain after the Napoleonic Wars, slowly agreed to accept a largecash payments to first reduce and then eliminate the slave trade.By 1853 the British government had paid Portugal over threemillion pounds, and Spain over one million in order to end the Slave trade. Brazil, however, did not agree to stop trading in slavesuntil Britain took military action against its coastal areas in andthreatened a permanent blockade of the nation Ts ports in 1852."For France the British first tried to impose a solution duringthe negotiations to at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, but Rus-sia and Austria did not agree. The French people and govern-ment had deep.misgivings about conceding toBritain Ts demands. Not only did Britain demand that othernations ban the slave trade, but also demanded the right to po-lice the ban.The Royal Navy had to be granted permission to search anySuspicious ships and seize any found to be carrying slaves, orequipped for doing so. It is these conditions especially that keptFrance involved in the slave trade for so long.While France formally agreed to ban the trading of slaves in '1815, they did not allow Britain to police the ban, nor did theydo much to enforce it themselves and thus a large black marketAlso such a reformist movement was viewed as tainted by theconservative backlash after the revolution.The French slave trade thus did not come to a complete haltuntil 1848.While slavery had been abolished in the U.S. following theCivil War, it took another 100 years before apartheid was final-ly outlawed. .argument upon the idea that the West.to manifest itself after slave trading was banned in TWhere Black History beganby Valerie CunninghamSpecial to the Tri-State DefenderFor more than a century Africans and black Americans wereopenly bought and sold throughout the colony along with otherimported items. Surviving documentation shows that slave mer-chandising in Portsmouth was conducted according to commonbusiness practices of the day.Samuel Moore, a ship owner and captain whose enterprisesinvolved trips to the slave coast of Guinea, sold two male slavesto Archibald McPhaedres in 1726.The accounts of Hugh Hall show him importing slaves fromBarbados aboard his ship the Katherine in 1729 and 1730. TheNew Hampshire Gazette advertised slave sales from ships trad-ing between Africa, the West Indies and America, as in this ex-ample: oTo be sold ...a few Negroes, lately imported in the snowGen. Townshend . . . from the West Indies . .. at Stavers Tavern. ?Some slave sales occurred at public meeting places. One adver-tisement announced that a slave could be purchased "oppositethe north door of the State House. ?There were also private sales: To be sold by Mrs. DorcasBradford, a likely Negro woman about thirty years of age, suit-able for any business. ? .Although the importation of slaves was not a major business,it occurred frequently enough to be an unremarkable event. De-parting ships carried purchase orders from wealthy area resi-dents, perhaps specifying a preference for "Guinea" Slaves directfrom Africa or "seasoned" slaves, those already trained in West-ern ways and with particular skills learned in the Americansouth or Caribbean Islands.Two slaves from Barbados, a man and woman, were orderedand delivered to Jeremiah Wheelwright in 1752 but when thepair arrived in poor health and unable to perform productivework, Wheelwright sued the shipmaster, Archibald Smith ofSomersworth, for damages.John Moffatt's ship, the Exeter, returned from Africa in 1756with 61 slaves: 20 men, 15 women, 7 "man boys," 2 "womengirls, ? 10 boys and 7 girls. The ship's carpenter, John Winkley,ad contracted with Moffatt to receive in exchange for his laboron the trip free passage and his choice of "a prime slave ? at theprice paid T"on the coast of Guinea." |John Moffatt acquired one slave by stealing him from his.Massachusetts owner and taking him on a voyage to Portugal;Moffatt was convicted in, 1725 for the kidnapping. 36 slaves al-80 were available from brokers at major American auction cen-ters from Boston to New Orleans.Slaves were owned by well-known and affluent northern fam-ilies who benefited from a thriving economy -- an economy thatironically was partially based on the international slave trade.The 1727 oInventory of the Polls and Estates of Portsmouth,"showed two or more slaves living in the households of Capt.Walker, William Vaughn, Col. Wa den, Richard. Wibird, R. Wa-whose and George Jeffries; at least thirty-five additionalslave&Mived "singularly" in other households,This pattern continued until the revolutionary period when -one-third, (or a total of at least 81) of the families represented bynames on the Association Test list of 1776, :Next week, How bad behavior made slaves prices godown.enslavement of Africans and their transportof the ships were owned and crewed by Euro-\ From Atrica a oi1. Other cultures as well have traded in slaves, oS as ain(inde ty Frencty poople-haainally been as opposed tote us the B SOeiame 2 matter of national pride-rebibdied.t Ww: then ts to be dictated to them bythe British. 7:| southwestern state of Oyo, T to deal with suck| Prophet - over the past four years, .__ ViolentGerman aid worker as he drove up to hisresidence in the Kenyan capital at the week. »No arrests have been made in connection T. :| with the murder, Mwangi said.Violent robbery and car hijackings arecommon in Nairobi.te 4 T| Sharia law moves to southIslamic sharia law is making inroads into, the predominantly Christian south of Nigerta 'at atime when religion is expected to be a .crucial issue in looming general elections.Muslim officials have set up sharia courts °in Lagos, Nigeria Ts biggest city, and in the °° _civil matters as divorce, inheritance ques-tions and contract disputes, " 2,The courts are for Muslims only and do :not extend to criminal matters, which causedmuch controversy in the 12 predominantly »:Islamic northern states that implemented osharia - canonical law based on the teachingsof the Qu Transand the traditions of the 5 oThe course is clear to the introduction of .sharia to those states in the south that have "significant Muslim populations, ? says LateefAdegbite, head of Nigeria's Supreme Coun-:cil for Islamic Affairs. oThere is no constitu: |tional or legal impediment to the extension eatof Sharia to the south. ? teAdegbite says the Qu Tran tells Muslims ta ?:follow sharia, so Muslims need to have ac- reycess to sharia courts to live a full Islamic "ytlife. at oWe have repeatedly told non-Muslims ! :that sharia will not be extended to them, ? ' -Adegbite told Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpa,."; oThe application of sharia to the Muslims °should not be their concern. ? eaNigeria Ts constitution gives Muslims the i:right to practice their religion freely and that:includes organizing sharia courts, says Is- weHaq Akintola, director of Lagos-based Mus:*:lim Rights Concern. 24) oWe're not talking about introducing crim.inal sharia in southern Nigeria at all, ? says ,Akintola. oWe Tve seen how it created doubts:and gulfs between the people and generated Adifear. ? oProtests in Christian enclavessome gfates of northern Nigeria. Worst-hit -was Kaduna, where an estimated 2,500 peorple died in religious clashes. ~~UGANDAHIV vaccine trials beginUgandan researchers have begun inject-ing volunteers with one of the world Ts few .prototype HIV vaccines targeting the strain;of the virus ravaging east Africa, the re-search team said this week.The trial will involve uninfected volun- : .teers in Uganda considered to be at low risk:of HIV infection who will be given the vact, Cine to see whether it is safe and creates im:munity. : oThe trials will go on for about two year$after which we hope we can move it to the:next phase, ? principal researcher Pontiano .Kaleebu told reporters. 7About half a million people have died in T:Uganda from the deadly disease and it is es:timated that about 1.5 million are infected .with HIV, the virus that causes Aids.The vaccine being tested does not contaiftHIV and cannot cause HIV infection,Kaleebu said. + :Researchers say the vaccine is the only |one being tested on humans that is tailored Tto the virus common in Uganda and other :east African countries, HIV subtype A.Most vaccines being tested on humans oare for subtypes other than A, the re- - \searchers said. It was possible that different:vaccines may have to be developed to treat T:different subtypes prevalent in various re- *.gions, they added. :Making a vaccine against HIV is difficultbecause the virus integrates itself into cells T.and attacks the very immune cells that are 'normally stimulated by a vaccine.ZAMBIAMinister stoned in ZambiaA leading opposition politician in Zambid.has been stoned by his supporters for ac-Cepting a ministerial post, 7orum for Democracy and Development::(FDD) Supporters stoned Jeff Samukonga, ©:leaving the forehead,oanLahim with a cut onwhen he visited his constituency before be-ing sworn in as deputy commerce minister: .resident Levy Mwanawasa has int-:?,?d eight opposition MPs to minister postsin a bid to reconcile opposition parties wha'are challenging his election in court. i;D rejected his offer, but T rSamukonga and two other FDD MPs ac-cepted posts oD leader Christon Tembo said the tricshould consider themselves expelled, Ex-pulsion would cost them their seats andposts. , 7