All quotation marks retained as data.
All end-of-line hyphens have been removed, and the trailing part of a word has been joined to the preceding line.
All smart quotes have been converted into straight quotes.
[This text is machine generated and may contain errors.]
North Carolina Libraries
At SIRS, We DonTt
Play the Numbers
Research with some CD-ROM databases is like
playing a numbers game. Some CD-ROMs contain hundreds of thousands
of citations, abstracts or articles. But how many of them are really useful?
At SIRS, we believe itTs whatTs inside that counts. So all the articles and
documents on SIRS Researcher* and SIRS Government Reporter** CD-ROM
programs are carefully chosen by the 25 members of our research staff. They
read over 800 national and international sources looking for the best and most
informative articles on a wide range of important subjects. When a patron uses
SIRS CD-ROM databases every search is a winner. For a 60-day no-obligation
preview, call 1-800-232-SIRS.
* Formerly SIRS Combined Text & Index CD-ROM.
** Selected full-text Government Documents.
x ) Social Issues Resources Series, Inc.
P.O. Box 2348
apy a ce _, Boca Raton, FL 33427-2348
; Toll-free: 1-800-232-SIRS
SUMTER Fax: 407-994-4704
ee ee ee eee a eee
Volume 92, Number 7/4
ISSN 0029-2540
ORTH
ROLINA
Libraries
mums = HE VIRTUAL LIBRARY
Guest Editor, Gary Harden
Fall Winter 1994
98 Networking Glossary, compiled by Gary Harden
99 The Virtual Library: What Is It and Where Are We Headed?, Gary Harden
102 The Internet Connection: An Interview with Gopher Guru Eric LeaseT Morgan,
Paul B. Baker.
107 Electronic Journals: Are We There Yet?, Robert Burgin
111. Virtual Public Libraries: Issues and Challenges, Frank Clover
a 14 ~Virtual Reality and the School Library/Media Skills Curriculum, Veronica S. Pantelidis
117 The Virtual Library: A Selective Bibliography for Exploration,
Elaine J. Christian and Marilyn Hastings
me RS eRe EERIE:
Q6 Letter From The Editor
Q7 From the President
122 & In Edition: Leisure Reading Collections in Academic Libraries, Linda A. Morrissett
126 Point: Say Goodbye to the Book ... the Future Is Virtual, Harry Tuchmayer
127 Counter Point: Sleeping with the Enemy? Tom Moore
128 Wired to the World, Ralph Lee Scott
129 About the Authors
130 North Carolina Books
138 Lagniappe: North Carolina Periodicals Index, David L. Burke and Maurice C. York
141. NCLA Minutes
149 Index to North Carolina Libraries, Volume 52
Advertisers: Book Wholesalers, 147;
Broadfoot's, 144; Checkpoint, 143;
Current Editions, 105;
G. K. Hall, 133; Mumford Books, 125;
Newsbank, 140; Phibig, 110;
Quality Books, 101; ~
SIRS, front cover; Solinet, 113; Cover: Illustration by Joel Sigmon.
Southeastern Microfilm, 109; North Carolina Libraries is electronically produced. Art direction and design by Pat Weathersbee of TeamMedia,
VTLS, 137; UNC Press, back cover. Greenville, NC.
FROM THE EDITOR ...
Norrly
ROLINA
Li b RA R ES FRANCES BRYANT BRADBURN, EDITOR
Media and Technology, State Dept. of Public Instruction, 301 N. Wilmington St., Raleigh, NC 27601-2825
(919) 715-1528 © FAX: (919) 733-4762 © e-mail: FBRADBUR@DPI1 .DPILNC.GOV
August 2, 1994
To: North Carolina Libraries Editorial Board
From: Frances Bryant Bradburn, editor
Topic: Schedule Changes
After a great deal of conversation with others and soul-searching myself, | have decided that the best way to
handle the financial problems of both North Carolina Libraries and the Association is to publish only one more
issue this biennium. This would allow NCL to come close to breaking even for the biennium and start the new
biennium with a budgeted $8,000 per issue. While this action is not necessarily without risk (the Association
could ask NCL to cease publishing any issue to make up for a temporary shortfall of funds), | feel that the
potential goodwill far outweighs that possibility. First, as one of the major financial players in the Association,
we are modeling fiscal responsibility. Second, we will have the opportunity to begin afresh with the Spring
1995 issue, and not have to try to make up $8000 somewhere in the next biennium. Finally, we are sending a
message to the Association membership that money is tight across the organization, especially in an area that
must rely on the public (US Postal Service) and private sectors (printing, paper, etc.); consequently some
priorities must begin to be considered. Frankly, | see the journal in a win/win situation here, especially since
we have made this decision ourselves rather than forcing the Executive Board or Finance Committee to ask
this of us.
eee eee ree
Above is the letter that determined the fate of this issue of North Carolina Libraries. You have before you a
double issue " the first ever in the history of the North Carolina Library Association. In order to remain
fiscally responsible, the journal will have only seven issues this biennium; we will return to our quarterly
format with the Spring 1995 issue. While we are delighted with our additional funding for the 1995-97
biennium, we apologize for the inconvenience that this double issue will cause " as fellow professionals,
we are aware of the angst this will create for the serials librarians among us. We can only assume that the
ends will justify the means of this decision.
More importantly, however, this double issue is a reminder of how tenuous the perks of membership in
the North Carolina library community may be. Without the commitment of ALL of us to the financial
well-being of our association, whether it be oour� conference year or not, we run the risk of losing the
major source of our statewide professional development opportunities and our personal job-related
support groups. Let us vow that this double issue of North Carolina Libraries will set only the precedent of
increased financial commitment to the North Carolina Library Association, not the precedent of budget
cutting at the expense of our national reputation and professional knowledge-base.
96 " Fall-Winter 1994 North Carolina Libraries
ee
From the President
Gwen Jackson, President
North Carolina Libraries
ongratulations to the Technology and Trends (TNT) Round Table " NCLATs newest kid on
the block. Technology and Trends, however is no newcomer to the Executive Board. It has
been a vital committee of NCLA since 1988 when the Media and Technology Committee
was renamed. The purpose of this committee as stated in the July 29, 1988, minutes of the
Association was oto act as a Clearing house of information on technology applications in
North Carolina libraries and to promote technology in North Carolina libraries of all types.� The
objectives of TNT Round Table as stated in its Bylaws are oto unite in this group, North Carolina
Library Association members interested in the advances and uses of technology, to provide an
opportunity for discussion and activity, and to seek to fulfill the purposes of the North Carolina
Library Association.� In six short years the emphasis of this unit has changed from being an
information clearinghouse to being an oindispensable� information tool.
It is most appropriate that the Technology and Trends Round Table is welcomed officially in this
issue of North Carolina Libraries which focuses on virtual libraries. Guest editor Gary Harden notes that
olibrarians must educate themselves in the use and application of new technologies and become
involved in the design of information delivery systems in cooperation with computing and networking
professionals.� The leadership of TNT has established several goals that endorse the need stated by
Harden, including electronic distribution of our newsletter and the NCLA listserv.
It has been most gratifying to note the variety of professional development opportunities that
have been sponsored by our sections and round tables during the fall. Many of these activities have
had a technological emphasis and have ranged from Collection Management in the Electronic
Environment (College and University Section); Managing Self, Managing Others (Library Admin-
istration and Management); the Information Highway from the UserTs Point of View (Reference
and Adult Services); the Internet (New Members); and Understanding Yourself and Others (Status
of Women). In addition to these offerings, the Association of School LibrariansT biennial
conference has provided programming on a variety of technology-, curriculum-, and literature-
related topics. Several NCLA sections and round tables co-sponsored programs during the
Southeastern Library Association conference in Charlotte.
Yes, the North Carolina Library Association is indeed alive and well! Because of you, we are
strong in our:
¢ count (2,122 members)
* commitment to provide services from the ~cradle to the graveT
e collaboration between all types of libraries.
In his introductory article, Harden challenges us to odevise new and innovative services� in
our libraries to take full advantage of the virtual library. He further reminds us that owe have the
opportunity to establish the direction of a major transition in librarianship and library service. The
choice is ours.� How are you accepting the challenge proposed by Harden to make our profession
the front runner in this information age?
Take time to osmell the roses� and practice some of the suggestions, observations, and
reminders on how to live a happy and rewarding life that H. Jackson Brown, Jr., gives in his LifeTs
Little Instruction Book. A few of my favorites are:
e Be forgiving of yourself and others.
¢ Make new friends but cherish the old ones.
e DonTt postpone joy.
e Never give up on anybody. Miracles happen every day.
e Vote.
e Live so that when your children (colleagues) think of fairness, caring, and integrity, they
think of you.
¢ In business and in family relationships, remember that the most important thing is trust.
e Think big thoughts, but relish small pleasures.
e Strive for excellence, not perfection.
e Wear audacious underwear under the most solemn business attire.
¢ Become the most positive and enthusiastic person you know.
e¢ Remember that winners do what losers donTt want to do.
Above all, have a joyous holiday season. Celebrate life and libraries!
Fall-Winter 1994 " 97
Networking Glossary
compiled by Gary Harden
(Note: Many of these terms appear in articles in this issue; other general interest networking terms have
been included as well.)
ARCHIE © a utility program which locates files available through anonymous FTP.
ARPANET @ Advanced Research Projects Network
CYBERSPACE @ the virtual environment one occupies when using a computer connected to
the Internet.
CWIS © Campus Wide Information System
DARPA # Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DNS © Domain Name System; distributed name and address system used on the Internet.
FTP File Transfer Protocol; a TCP/IP protocol that lets a user on one computer system
transfer files to and from another computer system over a network.
GOPHER a distributed information delivery system developed at the University of Minnesota.
HTTP # Hypertext Transfer Protocol; the protocol used to deliver information in the World
Wide Web.
IRC © Internet Relay Chat; a protocol which allows real time conversations between
computers on the Internet.
LISTSERV © an automated electronic mailing list distribution system.
MOSAIC @ a World Wide Web browser (client) program developed by the National Center
for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois, Champaign.
MUD © Multi-User Dungeon or Multi-User Domain; a virtual environment in which
computer users can interact in real time.
NIC © Network Information Center; provides information and assistance to network users.
NII © National Information Infrastructure
NNTP # Network News Transfer Protocol; a protocol for the distribution and retrieval of
news articles.
NREN @ National Research and Education Network
NSFNET @ National Science Foundation Network
PPP © Point to Point Protocol; protocol for transmitting data packets over telephone lines.
SLIP @ Serial Line Internet Protocol; protocol for transmitting data packets over telephone
lines.
SMTP © Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; protocol used for transferring electronic mail over
the Internet.
TCP/IP # Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol; transmission and application
protocols used on the Internet.
TELNET © virtual terminal protocol; lets users access remote computer systems and use
applications and services.
UNIX © a multi-user computer operating system developed at Bell Laboratories.
USENET © the news distribution system which operates over the Internet.
UUCP @ Unix to Unix Copy Program; lets one Unix system send files to another Unix
system over telephone lines.
VERONICA @ a utility which provides for keyword searching of gopher server menus.
VR © Virtual reality
WAIS © Wide Area Information Server; a distributed information retrieval system developed
by Thinking Machines Corporation.
WWW © World Wide Web; a distributed hypermedia information system developed at
CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics.
98 " Fall-Winter 1994 North Carolina Libraries
eee ee ee eg ee ee a, tat
The Virtual Library:
What Is It and Where Are We Headed?
uch has been written re-
cently about the ovirtual
library.� Some say that
the virtual library will
make librarians obsolete.
Others say that the library
profession is on the verge
of a major transition and stands to gain in
professional stature from the develop-
ment of virtual library services. So, what
is the virtual library and what are the
potential effects on library service and
librarianship?
To understand how the virtual li-
brary concept has developed, a bit of
historical background is in order. The
foundation upon which the concept is
based is the development of high-speed
computing and networking technology.
Although the development of computing
machinery had its beginnings with Charles
BabbageTs difference engine and Herman
HollerithTs tabulating machine in the
1800s,! the modern era of digital comput-
ing began in the 1930s. In 1936 Howard
Aiken, a Harvard professor of mathemat-
ics, approached Thomas Watson, Sr., of
IBM with a proposal to build a large scale
computing machine. Watson was im-
pressed by the design and provided $1
million in funding for the project. The
resulting Harvard Mark I was unveiled in
1944.2 Around the same time Dr. John
Atanasoff, a professor of physics at lowa
State University, designed the first true
electronic digital computer. As the United
States entered World War II, the military
became interested in machines that could
beused in the war effort. Dr. John Mauchly
of the University of Pennsylvania and his
student assistant, J. Presper Eckert, began
work on a computer for the military that
could calculate artillery and missle trajec-
tories. Their design was a refinement of
AtanasoffTs digital computer. The ENIAC
North Carolina Libraries
by Gary Harden, Guest Editor
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Cal-
culator) was completed in February 1946,
too late to be used in the war effort.3 The
ENIAC was cumbersome to use because
its programming was ohard-wired.� Each
time that a new program was to be run,
the machine physically had to be rewired.
Dr. John Von Neumann, a mathemati-
cian and team member of the Manhattan
Project, proposed a new design which
would use the stored program concept.
The EDVAC, or Electronic Discrete Vari-
able Automatic Computer, would store
all program instructions in computer
memory. Switching from one program to
another could now be accomplished
quickly and easily. This set the stage for
the beginning of the Information Age.4
In the relatively short span of forty
years, computing technology has devel-
oped to an astonishing degree. The ENIAC
occupied fifteen hundred square feet of
space and weighed thirty tons. The mi-
crocomputer of today fits on a desktop
and is many times more powerful than
the original ENIAC. This reduction in size
and increase in power is one factor lead-
ing to the development of virtual library
services. The other major factor in this
development is the maturation of net-
working technology. Effective informa-
tion delivery depends upon the ability to
interconnect disparate computing plat-
forms into a cohesive network that uti-
lizes a standard communications proto-
col. A network which could provide this
functionality began to take shape in 1969.
The ARPANET was established by the
Department of Defense Advanced Re-
search Projects Agency (which became
known as DARPA) as an experimental
network linking researchers at academic
institutions and government laboratories.
Over time other networks were intercon-
nected with ARPANET using the commu-
nications protocols (TCP/IP) developed
by DARPA. By the early 1980s, the
ARPANET had split into two intercon-
nected networks and the oInternet� was
born. The single most important factor
contributing to the explosive growth of
networking was the establishment of the
National Science Foundation Network
(NSENET) in 1986. From this point for-
ward, the Internet has expanded to be-
come an open global network intercon-
necting thousands of local and regional
networks.®
Research and development during the
last half-century have given us the means
to implement the ovirtual library,� but
what exactly is it? The virtual library can
be defined as a collection of books, docu-
ments, images, recordings, etc., thatis stored
in binary (machine-readable) format and
which can be accessed through electronic
means. The concept implies that one can
have access to the contents of materials
without having the physical materials
themselves. Dr. Vannevar Bush, Director
of the Office of Scientific Research and
Development during World War II, hinted
at the virtual library concept in a land-
mark article published in The Atlantic
Monthly in 1945. Bush recognized the
overwhelming growth in humankindTs
vast store of knowledge and the difficul-
ties inherent in accessing specific infor-
mation: oThe summation of human expe-
rience is being expanded at a prodigious
rate, and the means we use for threading
through the consequent maze to the mo-
mentarily important item is the same as
was used in the days of square-rigged
ships.�© The visionary Bush foresaw the
development of sophisticated computing
devices that would facilitate the organiza-
tion and distribution of information: oThe
advanced arithmetical machines of the
future will be electrical in nature, and
Fall-Winter 1994 " 99
they will perform at 100 times present
speeds, or more. Moreover, they will be
far more versatile than present commer-
cial machines, so that they may readily be
adapted for a wide variety of operations.�7
Bush believed that specific data became
increasingly difficult to locate as the vol-
ume of stored information grew. He felt
that the hierarchical systems of indexing
in use at the time were artificial and did
not reflect the natural processes of the
human mind: oThe human mind ... oper-
ates by association. With one item in its
grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is
suggested by the association of thoughts
... Selection by association, rather than by
indexing, may yet be mechanized.� Bush
visualized a device for personal use which
could function as a mechanical file and
library. He called this device a omemex.�
The memex would store books, records,
communications, etc. and would enable
this stored information to be searched
quickly and in a flexible manner. He
wrote, oIt affords an immediate step, how-
ever, to associative indexing, the basic
idea of which is a provision whereby any
item may be caused at will to select imme-
diately and automatically another. This is
the essential feature of the memex. The
process of tying two items together is the
important thing.�?
The desktop microcomputer, with
communications links to the global
Internet, can be viewed as the logical
extension of the memex conceived by
Vannevar Bush. Microcomputers have
developed to such a degree that they can
be used to retrieve, store, and manipulate
prodigious amounts of data in every con-
ceivable format: text, graphical images,
video files, audio files, binary files, etc.
Through the use of graphical client soft-
ware (such as Mosaic) to access servers
running HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Proto-
col), the concept of oassociative index-
ing� moves closer to becoming a reality.
HTTP provides the means to create
olinked� documents across many differ-
ent computer systems. The researcher can
followa specificinformation othread� across
the Internet by choosing associated links
in HTTP documents. These links can point
to related documents in different formats.
For example, one could connect toa server
offering a biographical text file on Doc
Watson, choose a link in the document
which would connect to a document con-
taining photographs of Watson and his
family, and then choose a link which
would connect to audio files of an actual
performance by the famous musician.
Different types of information in differ-
ent formats brought together through as-
sociation " the essence of the memex.
Anumber of electronic library projects
100 " Fall-Winter 1994
have developed over the past decade.
Notable among these projects are the
Mann Library Gateway at Cornell Univer-
sity, Project JANUS at the Columbia Uni-
versity Law School, and the Library of
CongressT American Memory Project.
The Albert R. Mann Library at Cornell
University implemented an electronic li-
brary service in 1991. The service, known
as the Mann Library Gateway, includes
numeric data files, computerized journal
indexes, corporate profiles, library cata-
logs, and the full text of journal articles
and reference works.!0 This electronic
library project was developed by the Pub-
lic Services, Collection Development, and
Technical Services divisions in coopera-
tion with the Information Technology
Section. The Mann Library received the
first ALA / Meckler Library of the Future
award in 1993 for their work on the Mann
Library Gateway.1! Access to the elec-
tronic library is currently restricted to the
Cornell University community due to da-
tabase restrictions, but a opublic� version
of the Gateway will eventually be avail-
able to anyone on the Internet.
In 1990, the Columbia University Law
School Library was charged with develop-
ing an alternative mode of library access
which would preclude the expansion of
existing space. The law librarian, James
Hoover, and the director of Computer
Systems and Research, Willem Scholten,
developed a virtual library concept based
on the use of a supercomputer. Project
JANUS took shape in November 1992,
when aCM-2 supercomputer from Think-
ing Machines Corporation was installed
in the Law Library. This is the first library
on record to utilize a supercomputer for
virtual library services.12 oProject JANUS
is a prototype digital library which uti-
lizes the power of a massively parallel
supercomputer to provide users with ac-
cess to texts, images, sound, and video
from remote and local workstations. As
the JANUS project is developed, users will
beable to have access to tens of thousands
of books, both archival and current copy-
righted editions. In addition, JANUS is a
means of preservation and enhanced ac-
cess to archival collections such as the
Perlin Papers (the Rosenberg/Sobell FBI
Surveillance Archive) and the Nuremburg
Trial Papers.� 13
The American Memory Project began
development in 1990 as a means to pro-
vide electronic access to the Library of
CongressT collections of archival materi-
als. A variety of multimedia materials are
available, including films, audio record-
ings, broadsides, and photographs. As
initially conceived, American Memory
was provided on videodisc to forty-four
libraries.14 Recently the Library of Con-
gress implemented an HTTP (World Wide
Web) server which provides Internet ac-
cess to the American Memory collections.
(http://marvel.loc.gov/homepage/
Ichp.htnl) These valuable historical col-
lections are now accessible to any library
having an Internet connection.
The virtual library is no longer just a
concept. As the cited examples demon-
strate, it exists now in various forms at
numerous institutions around the globe.
Although still in its developmental stages,
the virtual library of today portends the
future library of tomorrow, but techno-
logical developments in any field are not
without consequences. Are physical li-
braries and librarians becoming obsolete?
Are books in danger of disappearing?
These questions currently are being de-
bated among library professionals.
Michael Gorman writes, oLibraries are
under attack as never before, and none
more so than academic libraries. The en-
emies of academic libraries fall into three
classes. The bureaucrats know little or noth-
~ing of education or libraries. They know
only that they cost a lot of money; money
that could be saved if libraries were to be
dismantled behind a smokescreen of tech-
nology. The technocrats, or at least some
of them, believe that technology can be
used to provide something equal to, or
better than, ~traditionalT library services.
The technovandals want to use technol-
ogy to break up the culture of learning
and, in a weird mixture of nineties
cybervision and sixties radicalism, to re-
place that world with a howling wilder-
ness of unstructured, unrelated gobbets
of 'information' and random images in
which the hapless individual wanders
without direction or sense of value.�15
Mr. Gorman argues (rightly, I think)
that the book and libraries must be saved
from destruction. On the other hand, he
assumes that the book can take only one
form, that of ink on paper. John Kountz
observes that oIn the next five years or so,
the market for " and the availability of "
information printed on paper can be an-
ticipated to shrink by 50 percent. By the
turn of the century, paper will satisfy less
than 5 percent of the total commerce in
information.�1!® It is inevitable that, as
technology becomes more sophisticated,
products and services are replaced by new
designs andTprocesses. The printed book
is a carrier of information just as the early
78 t.p.m. analog sound recordings were
carriers of information. Throughout re-
corded history, the media that are used to
carry information have changed as tech-
nology has developed more efficient, cost-
effective means to store that information.
The book is also destined to change in
form: oThe dollar relationship between
North Carolina Libraries
various methods of delivery for intellec-
tual matter " be it information, educa-
tion, or entertainment " must be recog-
nized by the library profession. In terms
of cold, hard cash, it is simply less expen-
sive to distribute information electroni-
cally than by paper ONCE THE COMMU-
NITY IS EQUIPPED ELECTRONICALLY.� !7
The Sony Corporation recently intro-
duced what might be considered the first
ovirtual book� in the form of the Bookman,
asmall, personal CD-ROM reader. Virtual
books will take other forms as well.
Raymond Kurzweil writes, o Virtual books
will undoubtedly take many forms, but
we can envision the basic model as a thin
light slab with sizes ranging from pocket-
sized to the full surface of oneTs desk.
Resolution, color, contrast ratio, and lack
of flicker will all match high-quality pa-
per documents. These truly personal com-
puters will be able to send and receive
virtual books instantly through wireless
communication.�18
Books and libraries are in transition.
The library profession must now face the
inevitable " the library of the twenty-
first century will be very different from
the library of today. Those who complain
that the traditional library is dying are
correct. If those same people do not em-
brace the new technologies and take an
active role in determining their applica-
tions in the library, they will surely be left
behind. The development of electronic
library services should not be left to the
technocrats. Librarians must educate
themselves in the use and application of
new technologies and design informa-
tion delivery systems in cooperation with
computing and networking professionals.
Consequently, graduate library programs
need to revise their curricula to provide
effective training in the the use of sophisti-
cated technologies as well as the design of
integrated information delivery systems.
The electronic library concept offers
almost unlimited opportunities to devise
new and innovative services. If we accept
the challenge, the profession stands to
gain immeasurably from the development
of the virtual library. We have the oppor-
tunity to establish the direction of a ma-
jor transition in librarianship and library
service. The choice is ours.
References
1H. L. Capron and Brian K. Williams,
Computers and Data Processing (Menlo Park,
CA: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing,
1982), 49-51.
2 Tbid., 52-53.
3 Tbid., 55-56.
4 Ibid., 57.
5 Tracy LaQuey with Jeanne C. Ryer,
The Internet Companion (Reading, MA:
Bringing You the
World of Small Press and Video
e Annotations Services
North Carolina Libraries
e 1500 Presses
e All in Stock
Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1993), 3-6.
6 Vannevar Bush, oAs We May Think,�
The Atlantic Monthly 176 July 1945): 102.
7 Thid., 104.
8 Ibid., 106.
9 Tbid., 107.
10 Susan J. Barnes, oAn Electronic Li-
brary Grows,� Computers in Libraries 13:
(September 1993): 12.
11 Tbid., 15.
12 Welcome to Project JANUS, the Co-
lumbia Law School Digital Library
[Online]. (1993, November 30). Available
FTP: ftp.janus.columbia.edu Directory:
pub/general File: jan_info.asc.
13 Tbid.
14 Harriet Hagenbruch, oAmerican
Memory " History Meets the Age of Tech-
nology,� Library Software Review 13 (Spring
1994): 35.
15 Michael Gorman. oThe Treason of
the Learned: the Real Agenda of Those
Who Would Destroy Libraries and Books,�
Library Journal 119 (February 15, 1994): 130.
16John Kountz, oTomorrowTs Librar-
ies: More Than a Modular Telephone Jack,
Less Than a Complete Revolution " Per-
spectives of a Provocateur,� Library Hi Tech
40, 10 (1992): 39.
17 Tbid., 40.
18 Raymond Kurzweil, oThe Virtual Li-
brary,� Library Journal 118 (March 1S,
1993): 54
e 7000 Titles
e Adult Non-Fiction
e Preview/Approval Plans
e Electronic Ordering
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QUALITY BOOKS INC.
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Fall-Winter 1994 " 101
The Internet Connection:
An Interview with
Gopher Guru Eric Lease Morgan
ow are libraries in North
Carolina providing access
to the Internet? Should you
be providing this service?
How can you make Internet
information available in
your reference department? This article
examines the ways librarians are connect-
ing to the Internet now, and looks toward
the future of Internet access. Many librar-
ies currently are using gopher as a porthole
to the Internet.
Gopher is an Internet browser that
offers an easy menu to the end user. When
I first saw gopher, I realized that this was
the breakthrough that would make the
Internet user friendly. I thought at the
time, oThis is really significant. This is
Internet for the people!�
Gopher is a wonderful way to browse
the Internet. With gopher, you can poke
around for hours on end and get a very
good feel for what is out there. You can
access databases throughout the world by
making logical menu choices. One menu
leads to another and another and finally
to the desired information.
In order to understand how gopher
works, it is important to understand the
client/server concept. The bigger com-
puters that hold a lot of information have
installed gopher oserver� software so that
people can access their information. These
big computers are the gopher oservers,� and
they usually belong to large universities or
corporations. Most of us who just want to
use the information become oclients� of
those big oservers.� Thus we use gopher
oclient� software to connect. Gopher cli-
ent software lets us move smoothly from
one gopher to another by choosing some-
thing like oother gophers� from the menu.
102 " Fall-Winter 1994
by Paul B. Baker
All of the gopher servers have put
different resources in their menus. If the
gopher you are viewing doesnTt have what
you want, you can move easily to one that
does. You can literally get to oall the go-
phers in the world� by making menu se-
lections. Gopher software makes the con-
nections invisibly in the background.
Gopher was developed at the Univer-
sity of Minnesota, and that is where the
original Master Gopher resides. You can
get to the University of MinnesotaTs Go-
pher if you telnet to osunsite.unc.edu,�
login as ogopher,� and put in your termi-
nal type as ovt100.� (You can also dial in
with a modem to UNC at 919-962-9911,
choose SUNSITE services from the menu,
login as ogopher,� and put in your termi-
nal type as ovt100.�) Next, choose oSurf
the Net! " Archie, Libraries, Gophers, FTP
Sites� from the main menu, and then
choose oMaster Gopher at UMN.� Here
you will find information about the origi-
nal gopher and about gopher in general.
This is a good place to look for information
about starting to provide gopher service.
(It is important to mention here that go-
pher administrators frequently rearrange,
or otherwise change their menus. There-
fore, if something I suggest doesnTt work,
experiment a bit by making logical menu
selections to get what you want. )
To find out what is going on with
library gophers in North Carolina, I talked
with Eric Lease Morgan, Systems Librarian
of North Carolina State University in Ra-
leigh. He was the first librarian to set up a
gopher in this state. He is recognized
throughout the world, not because he was
the first librarian who got a gopher up and
running in North Carolina, but because he
organized his gopher menu from the per-
RTS
spective of a librarian. His ostudy carrel�
arrangement by broad general subject
headings was the first of its kind. He made
it easier to access information in a given
discipline by providing a simple menu
choice such as oMusic� or oSociology.� He
recently has added World Wide Web to his
Internet services at North Carolina State
University, and is using Mosaic as the
client which provides an interface to World
Wide Web information. (ITll explain these
new developments later in the article.)
Because of EricTs pioneering accom-
plishments and the recognition he has
received, I arranged an interview with him
to find answers to the questions I had
about providing Internet service. When I
arrived at his office, I found him to be an
animated, dynamic young man. His office
has a large window overlooking the NCSU
campus. He is surrounded by pictures of
his family, and an impressive looking
Macintosh computer system. During the
two-hour dialogue, which seemed like
twenty minutes, there was nary a dull
moment! Eric is a terrific teacher with an
extraordinary ability to make difficult con-
cepts absolutely clear. Here is my edited
version of our conversation:
Paul: What factors caused you to decide to
implement gopher?
Eric: I was a member of a group studying
problems, including the oserials crisis.�
Journal prices were going through the roof.
What could we as librarians do about this?
At the same time I heard about many
electronic journals. lalso heard about WAIS
and gopher. I thought maybe I could apply
these technologies to systematically col-
lecting electronic journals. Libraries could
collect electronic journals, and archive
North Carolina Libraries
them, and index them with WAIS in order
to search them. This would be an alterna-
tive to paying the high prices for paper
journals. We could eliminate the pub-
lisher. I decided to set up a gopher because
I was enraged. I was mad! I wanted to come
up with a better solution " to collect
electronic journals.
Paul: After you made the decision to use
gopher, what were the steps you took to
get it set up and running?
Eric: I read a USENET newsgroup called
comp.infosystem.gopher. I read it reli-
giously every day. I used it as my support
group. I FTPTd the necessary software from
Minnesota, put it on my UNIX computer,
uncompressed it, read the instructions,
compiled the baby, and did it. It worked.
When it didnTt work, I consulted the
newsgroup for help. I got the first version
up in two weeks. The single most helpful
thing was the newsgroup and communi-
cating with them using e-mail.
Paul: Can anyone set upa gopher? Should
they? What is needed to do so?
Eric: Yes, you have to have the appropriate
hardware, software, and time. You can set
it up on almost any kind of machine "
Macintosh, UNIX, DOS, etc. Whether a
library should set one up depends on
who they are serving. If you mainly
serve children who canTt yet read, a
gopher server may not be useful. But if
you are in an academic library and you
realize there is a lot of information on
the Internet that you canTt get in printed
form, then a gopher is a great way to
collect and organize this information and
make it available to your clients. Here the
answer would be oYes, you should create a
gopher server if possible.� Many would
want to set it up on a large computer, but
if your population is small, then a lesser
computer would work.
If you want to provide service outside
your library, then you really need an
Internet connection. Once only educa-
tion and government had simple access to
the Internet. Now more and more com-
mercial providers are offering a way to
hook on. If you donTt have an Internet
connection, you can connect to an exist-
ing gopher using a modem. The problem
with this is that you are relying on them to
provide the sort of information that you
need. It is feasible to connect to our ser-
vices, and once you get to our gopher, you
can get to any other. The problem is that
you wonTt have control over how all this
information is organized. It is sort of like
having a library without books and de-
pending entirely on interlibrary loan. It is
certainly better than nothing, which would
be having no access to books.
North Carolina Libraries
Paul: What were the biggest problems or
obstacles that you encountered?
Eric: At first, it was the learning curve to
get it going. I knew very little UNIX. I
did not know how to program in C, and
the thing is written in C. I did not know
how to compile and that sort of stuff.
That was a challenge. But I just read the
instructions.
The next challenge was to organize
the material. I had to come up with an
organizational scheme to classify the things
I found out there. I had to come up with a
model that would make the most sense to
the people I am serving here at NCSU. If
people in other places want to use my
service, thatTs fine, but when I set it up, I
was thinking about the people here out-
side my window.
The next part was maintaining it. This
is ongoing. I put things that I liked from
other places in my server, and then these
other places sometimes reorganize and
change the links that I used to connect to
them. I have to then go in and ofix� these
broken links. This is like library work,
weeding the collection, shifting shelves,
mending books. ItTs the same idea. This is
ongoing.
| decided to set up a gopher
because | was enraged.
Another obstacle was teaching other
librarians how to use it. You canTt telnet
directly to our gopher address and use it.
You have to install gopher client software
to go this route. I feel comfortable with
computers. They are dumb boxes, but I
can make them hop. I am very comfort-
able with them. Trying to teach other
people a little bit about UNIX so they can
maintain a gopher server is difficult be-
cause there is not a lot of enthusiasm.
Some people consider it a chore. I donTt
really know a lot about my computer, but
Ican make it go. ITm like the race car driver.
I donTt know how to fix it, but I can drive
real fast!
Paul: Who uses your gopher? Whatare the
ways they can access it? (For example, the
library gopher at UNC-Chapel Hill has
been added to the online catalog menu. It
can be accessed from any terminal in the
library. Of course, many students have
modems at home and can access it through
dial-in to the university computer.)
Eric: Who uses it? Everybody. There were
872,000 connections last year. (For these
statistics, each menu selection counts as a
oconnection.� Therefore obtaining one
piece of information might count as four
or five connections, if the user moved
through four or five menu choices to get to
the information.) About 12 percent of
users are here on campus, and 95 percent
of that 12 percent campus use comes from
the library terminals. OhioLink, a consor-
tium of libraries in Ohio, is second at 10
percent. They have us on their top menu.
They are our single heaviest user. Next is
Delphi, a commercial service which sells
connections to the Internet, at S percent.
The Library of Congress is next at 4 per-
cent. About 70 percent of users are others
who connect less than 1 percent of the
time, but this can still be a lot when you
consider more than 872,000 connections.
Last year, the average was one connection
every 37 seconds. In June 1994, there was
one connection every 14 seconds. Overall,
more than half of the use is by educational
institutions. About 10 percent are com-
mercial institutions. Less than 10 per cent
are network institutions. About 25 percent
are oother,� and many of these are from
outside the country.
To access our gopher, once you
have a real connection to the Internet,
you need to retrieve a gopher client.
What client you finally select depends
on the computer system you are using.
Examples are Turbogopher, HGOPHER,
UNIX Cursus client; there are bunches
of them. Pick one of these pieces of
software, put it on your computer, and
somewhere in the configuration, it will
ask you where you want to go. Then you
can point your gopher to dewey.lib.ncsu.
edu on port 70. That is the best way to get
here. Alternatively, if you do not have a
gopher client, you can telnet to the
NCSU libraryTs information system
(library.ncsu.edu) and you can navigate
the menus and in there somewhere is our
gopher. If you dial in to someone elseTs
gopher, you probably will be using the VT-
100 client, and there is usually available
(but not always) the oO� command. You
can press O and it says oWhat other gopher
do you want to go to?� You put in
odewey.lib.ncsu. edu� and you are here.
Or if that doesnTt work, you can find us in
oOther Gophers� in someone elseTs menu.
(You only need the client software if you
have a true Internet connection. If you are
dialing in or using telnet, you are using
someone elseTs client software which is
already in place on the other machine. )
Paul: Some gopher menus offer clear
choices that lead easily to desired informa-
tion. Others are confusing. They may pro-
vide cryptic choices, making it hard to
Fall-Winter 1994 " 103
search for information. How would you
describe the menu for your particular go-
pher server?
Eric: When I first started looking around,
I noticed the organizational schemes in
use at the time were not interesting to me
as a librarian. They were more of a general
campus interest, like class schedules. I was
into collecting academic information. Ex-
isting menus had choices like oneat stuff�
or ocool things� or ogeneral� or oother.�
These can waste a lot of time. I wanted to
create a oLibrary Without Walls.� I de-
cided not to use something like Dewey
Decimal or Library of Congress classifica-
tion schemes, because they can put people
off with somewhat negative images about
libraries. No one really understands those
systems besides librarians.
So what would people understand?
I thought of used bookstores and how
they put materials under broad general
subject categories, like oMusic.� I de-
cided to use categories like that. At the
same time, I was playing with this
thing called a oMUD,� meaning Multi-
User Dungeon. ItTs kind of like a game
but not really. There isa MUD at MCNC
and you could telnet to it. It was like a
virtual reality. You could go left, go
right, go up, go down and look around
and see things. They had this idea they
called a ostudy carrel.� You had to pick
a study carrel based on the first letter of
your last name, so I went down to the MTs.
You could create your own virtual space. I
created a space with only a table, a chair,
and a flower. The flower wilts as you ap-
proach it, and as you go away the flower
comes back to life. Then I added a com-
puter in the space. As you walk up to the
computer, itasks you questions about your
information needs. You answer the ques-
tions. It gives you the answers and you go
away Satisfied.
Based on the fact that I wanted to
organize things by subject, rather than
ocool things� or oother,� and based on my
playing around with this MUD, I got this
idea of study carrels. I made up what I call
the oused bookstore model.� I created
broad categories to name my study carrels
as I found resources. I would say, oHere is
an Internet resource. I think it has some
useful information for me and my clients,
so ITm going to create a link to it. ITll put it
in the Sociology study carrel because it
relates to sociology.� I more or less cata-
loged. It was not a straightforward process.
I was influenced by bunches of stuff I
encountered along the way. You take this
good part from over here and that good
part from over there and mold it into
something new. ThatTs what learning and
scholarly activity is all about, taking parts
104 " Fall-Winter 1994
of other peopleTs ideas and making a new
idea. The study carrel structure is an open
architecture, and I can add more study
cartels if I need them as new things come
along. You have to be careful though; you
canTt just add them randomly. It is a frus-
trating thing for users if they open a study
carrel called oWestern History� and they
say, oOh, thatTs exactly what I want!�
Then they open it and it has only one
thing there. That is really frustrating to
people. There must be enough resources in
there. That was my collection manage-
ment policy. I had to wait until there was
what I call a critical mass of items " four.
Paul: What distinguishes your gopher
from others?
Eric: Our gopher is popular. It has a library
Our gopher is popular. It
has a library feel to it. It's
structured like a library ....
There's a "reference desk" ..
"study carrels" ... "stacks" ..
feel to it. ItTs structured like a library, as
opposed to a campus department or a
campus-wide information system. ThereTs
a oreference desk,� just like in libraries.
There are ostudy carrels� like there are in
libraries. ThereTs the ostacks� like there are
in libraries. Even though I call it the used
bookstore model, it ends up looking like a
library anyway.
Paul: What special resources have you
added to your gopher menu?
Eric: I have very few unique items in my
server. Very few. Most of the things that
we have point to other peopleTs. I have just
created this big bibliography. ItTs like I
donTt really have this obook�; itTs over
there in another library someplace. Most
of the things I have are really somewhere
else, except when it comes to things like
guides to our library. These are lists of our
NCSU library resources. You can see what
sociology reference books you may want
to use if you come here. Those lists are text
files that are unique to our server.
Another thing that is unique to us
goes back to the reason | did this in the first
place: collecting electronic serials. That
was my whole point. This other stuff about
collecting Internet resources came along
as I was putting it all together. I was teach-
ing Internet classes. Every time I went to
i a a a a
class, I was carrying all these big books
with me, like HitchhikerTs Guide to the Internet
and Internet Resource Guide. Huge things!
People would say to me, oDo you know a
good resource for um-um-um-um?� ITd
say, oITve heard of that; let me look in my
guide.� ITd pull it out and hunt and say,
oHereTs the number.� I literally had a big
black book of Internet addresses " like a
little black book of telephone numbers.
And then I thought oWait a minute. Whoa,
ITm not going to be able to remember all
these numbers after a while. ITm going to
write them down and put them in my
gopher server.�
The only unique thing so far is my
collection of electronic journals. This was
the whole point of my starting the gopher
in the first place.
I created a gopher server that
worked. And then I created a WAIS
server. WAIS is a program that in-
dexes data. It works on the client/
server model just the same way go-
pher does. You have one program,
the server, that holds the data.
You've got another program, the
client, that queries the server. WAIS
indexes data. Indexes are what li-
brarians are all about. Our card cata-
log is an index. You have, for ex-
ample, Library Literature, which is
an index to library-related maga-
zines"journals.
WAIS creates indexes to whatever you
want. I collect electronic journals which
are text files. If you have a big pile of these
journals, how do you find a particular
article on a particular subject in that great
big pile? You need an index. You need a
way to search the thing. You can browse.
You can look at one article and then an-
other, but this could take forever. You
need a way to search. WAIS allows you to
do this. I collected these electronic jour-
nals and put them in a opile.� So hereTs a
whole bunch of text files. Now I indexed
them using WAIS. The index is based on
the whole text of the journals, not just
abstracts. You use the WAIS software on
your computer to find all the articles that
contain the word NREN. The WAIS server
looks at its index and says, oLook, these
five things have the word NREN.� You say,
oO.K. Iwould like to look at number four.�
The WAIS server then goes and gets num-
ber four and gives it back to you.
WAIS counts the number of times the
word or words you requested appears in
each document it retrieves. If you look for
the word DOG, it will search its index and
come back with a list of all the things that
have the word DOG in them. The articles
at the top contain the word DOG more
times than the ones at the bottom. They
assume that the ones that contain the
North Carolina Libraries
word more often are going to be more
relevant to you. This is called relevance
searching. Early WAIS software did not do
Boolean searching, but the relevance
searching provided valuable information.
The newer WAIS software can do full Bool-
ean searching, and it still ranks the results
so that the documents with the highest
number of hits still appear at the top. You
can now form sophisticated Boolean
searches such as CAT and DOG not MICE.
You can use truncation. You can search for
phrases such as TEDDY BEAR. The point
here is that relevance searching has a lot of
value, and we as librarians are not paying
attention to that because we have been
stuck on Boolean searching since the early
seventies. ThatTs when we really got into
using DIALOG. We librarians need to ex-
plore this new way of searching " rel-
evance searching.
But back to the question of what dis-
tinguishes our gopher and what special
resources we have. My whole point was to
collect electronic journals. I decided to be
very specific. I only collected library and
information science related titles. Right
now, there are about twelve of these. Only
three or so are scholarly. The rest are like
newsletters. I started making these acces-
sible through our gopher server, and just
recently I started putting the current issues
on our new World Wide Web server.
AuthorTs Commentary
Here I need briefly to introduce oWorld
Wide Web. o World Wide Web (also called
WWW) is another way to provide access to
Internet information. Eric Morgan pre-
dicts that World Wide Web will replace
gopher in two or three years.
World Wide Web is similar in many
ways to gopher. It does even more and
provides a better looking interface for the
user. Using World Wide Web, you can
look at a formatted document, select (or
oclick on�) a highlighted word or phrase,
and then the software connects you to a
link somewhere else on the Internet. That
link provides more information about the
word you just selected, a footnote if you
will. The additional information may be
in the form of text, a picture, a sound file,
or a movie.
Once you view this link, you can eas-
ily move back to the original document.
World Wide Web can connect to the other
World Wide Web servers and all the go-
pher servers too. World Wide Web adds a
new way to make Hypertext documents
accessible. Multimedia links provide new
and more exciting ways to view informa-
tion. World Wide Web is already being
implemented in many academic institu-
tions. Even though it is a different proto-
col, it provides a path to existing gophers.
Mosaic has become the most popular
client software for using World Wide Web.
Mosaic is a browser interface for World
Wide Web. When people talk about Mo-
saic, they are really talking about World
Wide Web. (Mosaic is to World Wide Web
as Turbogopher or HGopher are to gopher
servers.)
Lynx is yet another WWW browser
program that permits using WWW in
situations where the user is not equipped
to receive all the picture and multimedia
options (for example, when dialing in with
a modem). Lynx makes the textual mate-
rial available and provides the Hypertext
linking feature of World Wide Web.
Eric: I had a gopher server and | also had
a WAIS server. I indexed my electronic
journals with WAIS and I provided access
to them through my gopher. I also have a
list you can browse and get the latest
issue, or you can look for an article in any
issue. But, if you want to search the entire
collection of PACS Review for the word
NREN, you can do that as well. WAIS
would present a list of articles containing
NREN. This is really the only unique thing
about our server. I have collected elec-
tronic serials that deal with libraries. But
there was an unexpected surprise. I have
indexed each of the serials, so you can
search each one individually. And then I
thought, oITve got the whole collection,
so why donTt lindex the whole thing?� So
I indexed the whole pile and created a
new index. Now you can search the whole
pile for articles that contain the word
NREN, and it finds them all! ItTs just ex-
actly like Library Literature.
What we should now do as libraries,
in my opinion, is collect electronic jour-
nals in other disciplines, for example zo-
ology and medicine. We wonTt get rid of
the standard library indexes and abstracts,
but we wonTt have to rely on them for
indexing purposes. We can create infor-
mation instead of just buying it from
other people. Now that I have collected
library titles and demonstrated that I can
do this effectively, 1 am branching out
and collecting other electronic titles. I
invented this guy named oMr. Serials�
who lives on my UNIX computer. He
subscribes to these things and when he
gets new mail, he files it away. Everything
gets reindexed automatically every day at
2:30 in the morning. In May of this year,
I decided to add current issues of the
serials only to our World Wide Web server.
With the advent of Mosaic and Lynx, I
started maintaining a World Wide Web
interface to this collection and stopped
maintaining the gopher interface. Com-
pared to gopher, Mosaic provides supe-
rior presentation capabilities. The earlier
journals are still there on gopher, but the
recent ones are only available through
our newer World Wide Web service.
Paul: Please share your views on the future
of Internet access using gopher at NCSU.
What changes do you think you will
implement in the future?
Eric: Gopher is going to die. ItTs becoming
old hat. ItTs sort of embarrassing to say
that, because itTs been so cool for a couple
of years. The next wave is going to be
World Wide Web. World Wide Web is
older than gopher. It started out in Swit-
zerland. It can do everything gopher can
and more. With Gopher, everything is a
menu and everything looks pretty much
the same. With World Wide Web, you can
CURRENT EDITIONS, INC.
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"Support North Carolina Libraries"
North Carolina Libraries
Fall-Winter 1994 " 105
format your page " what the person sees
on the screen. You can indent things and
have bullets and numbered items. The
real idea behind World Wide Web is this.
Scholarly papers have footnotes. I read
along and come to a footnote. I select or
click on that footnote and it goes off some-
where else and gets and displays the foot-
note. When ITm done treading the foot-
note, I come back. ItTs a Hypertext sort of
idea. With a World Wide Web browser
(probably Mosaic, since it is by far the
most popular), you can access all the go-
pher servers and all the other World Wide
Webservers. You can telnet around and do
all sorts of other Internet things. World
Wide Web is much more capable
than gopher, and itTs a lot easier to
maintain, too.
As history progresses, we change
more quickly. Look how quickly
styles of music, for example, come
and gonow. The same thing is going
to happen in computer land. We
once had ways of doing things and
they lasted a long time. Technology
is changing rapidly. WeTre chang-
ing so much faster than we used to.
FTP came along and we used that for
a long time. Then Gopher came
along and it improved FTP and
telnet. That was great. Gopher was a big
flash in the pan for a couple of years, and
it will probably continue for a while.
And now the big flash in the pan is
World Wide Web because it can do gopher
and it can do telnet and FTP. It can do
everything we could do before " and
more. I predict that fewer gopher servers
will be created and more World Wide Web
servers will be created. Gopher is going to
fade away in about two to three years, as
far as new installations go. However, I
think that gopher servers will be around
coexisting with World Wide Web for a
long time, maybe ten years.
We still will use the strengths of go-
pher, which include simple lists. When we
have an Internet resource that is a simple
list, then we will use gopher. If we have
something that is more textual and de-
scriptive, weTll use World Wide Web. The
way I see it, for the short term weTll have
World Wide Web as our front end. There
will be items behind there that will in-
clude things like gopher or telnet or FTP or
OPACs. These will hang out in the back-
ground, behind World Wide Web, but will
be readily available.
Paul: What should libraries in North Caro-
lina be doing to provide Internet access to
their clients? Are we doing as much as we
should, or do we need to do more?
Eric: I believe other libraries should take
amore aggressive approach to using com-
106 " Fall-Winter 1994
puters to provide library service. I am a
systems librarian and therefore biased.
What do libraries do? What are we about?
Libraries are about information. WeTre
not about books, magazines, videotapes
and microfiche. WeTre about information.
For a long time, libraries were associated
with those things because information
was contained in.a book or one of the
other formats.
Libraries collect information " thatTs
collection management. Then we orga-
nize it " thatTs cataloging. Then we store
it. Then we disseminate it, give it away,
through channels which include circula-
tion and interlibrary loan and reference.
If we as libraries demonstrate
that we can use our computers
to provide the same services a
publisher provides, then we
can eliminate the publishers.
We also evaluate information. We might
say we donTt, but we do " all the time.
Computers are great tools for doing
all these things. You can archive informa-
tion on your hard disk. You can subdivide
your hard disk into directories. You have
just organized your information. You can
turn your computer on and let other people
come in and get your information. ThatTs
dissemination. You also have programs
such as spreadsheets and database manag-
ers and querying programs. ThatTs evaluat-
ing information.
Computers are great tools for doing
the same things that libraries do. There-
fore I believe that next to a librarianTs
mind anda librarianTs peers, the computer
is a librarianTs primary tool. Librarians
should be aggressively exploring ways to
use computers to provide library services.
These might include things like gopher
and World Wide Web servers. We librar-
ians have already started doing this in
some ways, such as with our OPACs.
Recent literature says the journal cri-
sis is not going ~to go away. We still are
basically up the ~crick.T Some people be-
lieve if we can eliminate the publishers, we
can fix the problem. Some believe if we
can improve the scholarly communica-
tions process, we can fix the problem. If we
as libraries demonstrate that we can use
our computers to provide the same ser-
- vices a publisher provides, then we can
eliminate the publishers. I hope that other
libraries explore these things as well.
As librarians, we donTt pursue new
things. For example, we have not explored
relevance feedback. We think Boolean is
the only way, but thatTs not true. We are
stuck thinking that libraries are about
books. They are not about books or video-
tapes or computer files either. They are
about information. This has been true
forever. If we internalize this, then we will
have a different view of what we are sup-
posed to be doing, and as a result, we will
provide different service.
If librarians have access to a true
Internet connection, they should create a
menu for their users. On the menu will be
a list of books they own, library
hours, guides to the library, and
an Internet porthole. That port-
hole might be a gopher client or
a World Wide Web client such as
Mosaic. They probably wonTt
need to make a server. They can
probably get client software and
put that on the main menu for
their institution. If possible, go
with World Wide Web from the
beginning. While gopher pro-
vides tremendous powers for col-
lecting, organizing, and dissemi-
nating information, it pales when
compared to the Hypertext Transfer Pro-
tocol of World Wide Web. We started a
World Wide Web server here at NCSU at
the beginning of 1994.
Yes, librarians who are planning to
offer Internet services should start right
out with World Wide Web, using Mosaic
for the client software. This, of course, is
contingent on whether they have a true
connection to the Internet and can obtain
adequate equipment. Right now, for some
librarians, this is not the case. If not, they
should start providing access with gopher,
but it would be helpful to learn about
World Wide Web, which is rapidly be-
coming the system of choice.
Conclusion:
Eric Morgan says libraries should be pro-
viding a way to get out to the Internet.
Librarians who are not currently provid-
ing service should get connected. If re-
sources are limited, it is simple and inex-
pensive to connect with a modem. When
a library uses a modem, it is easy to con-
nect to someone elseTs gopher. From there,
the library can get to all of the 1,800 or so
gophers that currently are available.
Eric is unconditionally enthusiastic
about the Information Highway. He af-
firms a conviction that librarians should
give it full support. The role of libraries is
to furnish information. Information is
the meaningful element " not the format.
North Carolina Libraries
a a ae
SS ARP AR EE SE I I SEE SE SOI EE EE CE A ISBT RTE SRT CN RO A AAR SAREE PSR PR SS ESSE DTA ER AS
Electronic Journals:
Are We There Yet?
rint journals play a central role
in the scholarly process. Fac-
ulty members are paid to gener-
ate knowledge and then are en-
couraged by their employing
colleges and _ universities
(through a opublish or perish� tenure pro-
cess) to publish that knowledge in print
journals. Faculty members also use print
journals to obtain feedback from colleagues
on the viability of their ideas. Articles in
print journals may include the method-
ological details that lay behind the pub-
lished discoveries and thereby support the
mechanism of replication in the scientific
process.
Unfortunately, there are problems
associated with print journals that make
them less than effective in meeting some
of the goals of the scholarly process. For
example, the process of getting an idea or
a discovery in print is often painfully slow.
John BuddTs survey of seventy-two hu-
manities journals found that the average
time from submission of a manuscript to
the publication of the article was thirteen
months, just over a year.! This lack of
speed in turnaround is hardly conducive
to providing timely feedback or to provid-
ing an interactive environment in which
ideas can be shared and discussed. As an
electronic journal guru, Stevan Harnad,
puts it, oIt usually takes several years, ...
before the literature responds to an author's
contribution (if it responds at all) and by
that time the author, more likely than not,
is thinking about something else. So a
potentially vital spiral of peer interactions,
had it taken place in ~realT cognitive time,
never materializes, and countless ideas are
instead doomed to remain stillborn.�2
Print journals also are expensive and
North Carolina Libraries
it ee
by Robert Burgin
are becoming even more so. Librarians in
general and serials librarians in particular
are well aware of the problem of serials
costs. Between 1976 and 1988, for ex-
ample, the average price of serials rose 350
percent, and the average percentage of the
materials budget devoted to serials rose
from 40.4 percent to 56.2 percent among
ARL member libraries. Recent annual
increases in print journal prices have ex-
ceeded the Consumer Price Index by 100
to 400 percent in some cases.4 The grow-
ing burden of these price increases is espe-
cially infuriating given the nature of the
scholarly process whereby universities are
ogenerating knowledge, giving it away to
the commercial publishers, and then buy-
ing it back for our scholars at increasingly
prohibitive prices.�5
Electronic Journals and the
Scholarly Process
One attempt to solve some of the prob-
lems associated with print journals is the
electronic journal. Such publications of-
fer a number of advantages over print
journals, including the advantage of speed.
Julene Butler of Rutgers University, sees
significant time savings for electronic jour-
nals both by speeding up the production
phase (where print journals report time
lags of up to eighteen months from sub-
mission to the printer to actual distribu-
tion of the journal) and by making the
article the unit of distribution. With elec-
tronic journals, an individual article can
be distributed as soon as it has been re-
viewed and approved; by contrast, an ar-
ticle submitted to a print journal must
wait for the traditional issue containing
five to eight articles. 6
More importantly, some argue, elec-
tronic journals can provide more timely
feedback from fellow scholars on ideas
and findings. One electronic journal,
Psycoloquy, is explicitly devoted to this
kind of interaction, what its editor terms
oscholarly skywriting, the radically new
form of communication made possible by
the Net, in which authors post to Psycoloquy
a brief report of current ideas and findings
on which they wish to elicit feedback from
fellow specialists as well as experts from
related disciplines the world over.�7
Future developments should enhance
even further the capabilities of electronic
journals. Improved retrieval software
should allow quick, easy full-text searching
and thereby enhance access to the intel-
lectual content of journals. As an editor of
an electronic journal Jean-Claude Guedon
suggests, oIn a few years (three to five at
most), people will routinely ask: give me
all documents dealing with, e.g., Boyle
and Hobbes; or find me anything that has
to do with the year 1492.�8 Likewise,
electronic journals will soon match print
journals by incorporating graphics and
photographs and then surpass print jour-
nals by including sound and animation.
Electronic Journals and Libraries
Libraries " academic libraries in particu-
lar " support the scholarly process by
providing access to the print journals in
which scholarly research is published. To
the extent that electronic journals benefit
the scholarly process in the ways outlined
above, they also benefit libraries and their
users. From the point of view of libraries,
however, there is an additional advantage
to electronic journals " reduced costs.
Because oup to half the overall costs of
publishing a journal are paper-bound,�9
Fall-Winter 1994 " 107
electronic journals are potentially cheaper than their print coun-
terparts. (The editor of Psycoloquy, Stevan Harnad estimates that
the annual costs to produce that electronic journal are about fifty
cents per reader/subscriber.!9) In fact, the majority of electronic
journals available over the Internet today are free. Even if
electronic journals did charge for subscriptions, they might be
willing to develop opay-as-you-go� systems whereby libraries
could acquire individual articles of interest, rather than having to
pay for entire issues. 11
Making Electronic Journals Work
Electronic journals hold great promise for libraries and for
others involved in the scholarly process. Unfortunately, that
promise has yet to be realized, and electronic journals are still
largely tangential to the scholarly
process that college and university
libraries, in particular, support.
There are far fewer electronic jour-
nals than there are print journals:
only 240 electronic journal titles are
listed in the latest ARL Directory of
Electronic Journals and Newsletters.
Fewer than a dozen are refereed, and
itis unlikely that faculty will publish
widely in electronic journals until
they are refereed. Even fewer two or
three at most " are indexed in stan-
dard indexing services such as MLA
or ERIC, and it is difficult for faculty
members to know that articles of
interest to them have been published
in electronic journals.
~ Julene Butler has suggested that
two important goals must be
achieved if electronic journals are to
fulfill their promise: electronic jour-
nals must reach a large portion of the
scholarly community; and such jour-
nals must achieve a level of respect-
ability within that community.1!2
Unless both goals are achieved, pub-
lications in electronic journals will
not be taken seriously by tenure com-
mittees and faculty members will not be interested in submit-
ting manuscripts to them.
In order to reach a large share of the academic market, Butler
argues, users of electronic journals must be ensured both access
to, and retrievability of, those journals. Access to electronic
journals will be accomplished by having those journals indexed
in the standard indexing and abstracting services used by mem-
bers of the academic community, by having scholars cite articles
from electronic journals ~in their own publications, and by
making members of the academic community aware of indi-
vidual electronic journals. Retrievability of electronic journals
relies on individuals having access to the hardware and software
necessary to connect to the Internet and also having the skills
needed to access electronic journals via the Internet. Retrievability
may also be achieved through libraries collecting and making
electronic journals available to individuals who may not other-
wise have access.
In order for electronic journals to be seen as respectable
vehicles for scholarly publication, Butler notes, there must be a
rigorous peer review ofall submissions; in fact, she argues that the
reviewing standards for electronic journals may need to be even
more rigorous than those for print journals in order for electronic
journals to prove themselves. Electronic journals must also
journals.
108 " Fall-Winter 1994
... electronic journals must
reach a large portion of the
scholarly community; and
such journals must achieve a
level of respectability within
that community.
In order to reach a large
share of the academic market,
... users of electronic journals
must be ensured both access
to, and retrievability of, those
disseminate research results and commentary on such results in
a timely fashion and they must enable further dialogue to take
place between authors and journal readers. Finally, she argues,
electronic journals must have well-known and respected edito-
rial board members and must be able to stand the test of time.
How Librarians Can Help
It is clear that libraries can support the goal of making electronic
journals available to a larger portion of the academic market and
that libraries are therefore critical to the success of electronic
journals. As Butler argues, oLibraries must collect and make
available e-journals so that individuals (who do not otherwise
have access) are guaranteed retrievability. Implied here is the
need for libraries to publicize the availability of e-journals and
train users in their access.�13
Butler is not the only propo-
nent of electronic journals to see
librarians as instrumental in bring-
ing about their success. An elec-
tronic journal editor, Lon Savage,
claims that the ofuture success of
electronic scholarly journals can be
materially affected by concerted ef-
forts of libraries� and that oAll in-
volved in scholarly communication
will be the beneficiaries of [elec-
tronic journals], but none will ben-
efit more than the libraries.�14
Stevan Harnad calls libraries oallies
in hastening� the coming of elec-
tronic journals and argues fora ostra-
tegic pro-revolutionary alliance�
among libraries, learned societies,
and the scholarly community.15
Linda Langschied of Rutgers Uni-
versity library claims that oif the
potential of the electronic journal is
to be realized, it will require librar-
iansT collaborating with the authors,
editors, and scholarly societies who
are currently acting as champions of
this new form of scholarly commu-
nication.� 16
The most obvious role to be filled by libraries, then, is the
traditional one of providing access to information; in this case,
access to information in a different, electronic format. Access
may also include providing downloading and printing capabili-
ties to patrons, as Jean-Claude Guedon has suggested:
Libraries must have the electronic links to the databases
where these e-publications originate. They may choose
to mirror them, but systems such as a gopher bookmark
avoids [sic] actual local storage. Downloading capability
and possibilities of printing the result (as most people
will prefer to work with a paper version if they need to
do odeep reading� of a paper) are what libraries should
be thinking about.!7
Librarians also need to be aware of the difficulties " as well
as the promises " of providing access to electronic journals.
There are a number of thorny questions associated with elec-
tronic journals, and librarians should be defining those problems
and seeking solutions to them. For example, what kinds of access
should librarians provide to electronic journals? Should print
copies of electronic journals be produced as a matter of course,
should print copies be made by patron request only, or should the
library merely provide printers for patrons to make print copies?
North Carolina Libraries
ee
Should libraries provide downloading capabilities to patrons or
send electronic journals to patrons via electronic mail? Should
libraries provide access to electronic journals via their OPACs? If
print copies of electronic journals are produced, should they be
bound and shelved? Should electronic journals be fully cata-
loged and classified? Should libraries provide value-added capa-
bilities like keyword or string searching for electronic journals?
Should access be limited to free electronic journals or should the
library pay to acquire fee-based electronic journals? Who will
select or recommend electronic journals for the library to ac-
quire? Which library departments will have the responsibility for
subscribing to, checking in, and distributing electronic journals?
Good introductions to these and other issues are provided by
reports of the library task forces at Virginia Tech and MIT in
recent issues of Serials Review.18
North CarolinaTs Academic Libraries
It is clear that electronic journals offer a promising alternative to
print journals. It is also clear that the success of electronic
journals depends on the support of libraries and, in particular, on
the support of college and university libraries. To what extent,
then, are North CarolinaTs academic libraries engaged in activi-
ties that support the viability of electronic journals?
To investigate the situation, the author sent a four-page
survey to fifty-four college and university libraries in North
Carolina. All North Carolina libraries listed as college and
university libraries in DIALOGTs American Library Directory
database were included, along with all medical and law libraries
associated with North Carolina universities. The survey instru-
ment was based largely on an Internet survey conducted by Sam
A. Khosh-khui, the Serials Cataloging Librarian at Southwest
Texas State University.!9 Twenty-nine (54 percent) of the surveys
were returned.
Nineteen of the respondents (66 percent) provide no patron
access to electronic journals whatsoever. Of the remaining ten
respondents, five subscribe to at least one electronic journal title;
the other five do not subscribe to electronic journals, but provide
patron access in other ways, usually by providing some kind of
Internet access. In fact, six of the ten respondents who provide
some kind of access to electronic journals do so by means of
Internet access outside the library OPAC, and two provide gopher
access as menu options on their OPACs. Four of the ten respon-
dents who provide some kind of access to electronic journals
allow downloading to floppy diskette. Three run printouts of the
journal text for patrons by request only, and three provide
printers for patrons to print the journal text themselves.
Of the five respondents who subscribe to electronic journals,
three reported subscribing to only one title; one subscribes to two
titles; and the remaining respondent subscribes to fifty-one titles.
Only two libraries subscribe to journals with a paid subscription.
Only one respondent fully catalogs and classifies its electronic
journals; one briefly catalogs them but does not classify them;
and one respondent noted that complete cataloging and classi-
fication was oimminent.�
Of the five respondents who subscribe to electronic journals,
selection responsibility rests with librarians in four cases and
with faculty in two. The responsibility for subscribing to and
setting up check-in records is assigned to acquisitions at one
library, serials at another, and automation at a third (although
this last respondent noted that the responsibility might be
transferred to acquisitions in the near future). The responsibility
for distributing electronic journals is assigned to reference at two
libraries, to serials at another, and to automation at another.
Unfortunately, the most obvious finding of the survey is the
lack of participation in the new medium. Nearly two-thirds of
the academic libraries that responded to the survey do not
North Carolina Libraries
A ee eee
provide patron access to electronic journals. Furthermore, North
CarolinaTs academic libraries are not atypical in their failure to
provide access to electronic journals. A January 1992 survey of
ARL libraries found that just half of the responding libraries (49
percent) subscribed to electronic journals or intended to sub-
scribe to them.2° Khosh-khui himself only received twenty-five
responses to his survey, which was distributed nationwide via an
Internet discussion group devoted to serials in libraries. In spite
of the promises that electronic journals offer to academic librar-
ies, few appear to be providing access to this medium.
Conclusion
Libraries and those served by libraries have much to gain from
the success of electronic journals. Electronic journals promise to
provide a more rapid and more effective means of sharing
scholarly ideas and discoveries with other members of the aca-
demic community and to do so at much less cost to libraries than
do current print journals.
However, the promise of electronic journals cannot be
realized without the help of librarians. Librarians should make
their users aware of electronic journals, provide access to such
journals (especially for individuals who do not otherwise have
access), and provide downloading and printing support. Librar-
ians should be aware of the wide range of options for providing
access to electronic journals, storing such journals, and catalog-
ing such journals. Librarians should be involved in the publica-
tion of their own electronic journals and should subscribe to
those that focus on topics related to electronic journals (such as
Ejournal). In short, librarians should become active players in
making electronic journals a successful medium for scholarly
communication.
Librarians have much to gain from participating in the effort
to make electronic journals work, because it is early enough in the
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Fall-Winter 1994 " 109
development of this alternative medium for librarians to make a
meaningful difference. As members of the Electronic Journals
Task Force at the MIT Libraries have pointed out:
We can wait and then attempt to accommodate our-
selves to new systems after the fact, or we can move to
shape what our future will look like.2!
References
1john M. Budd, oHumanities Journals Ten Years Later,�
Scholarly Publishing 22 (July 1991): 200-16.
2 Stevan Harnad, oPost-Gutenberg Galaxy: The Fourth Revo-
lution in the Means of Production of Knowledge,� The Public-
Access Computer Systems Review 2 (1991): 44.
[To access this article, send the following electronic mail message
to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU: GET HARNAD PRV2N1
F=MAIL]
3 Ann Okerson, oReport on the ARL Serials Project,� Serials
Librarian 17 (1990): 113.
4Gatry D. Byrd, oAn Economic ~CommonsT Tragedy for
Research Libraries: Scholarly Journal Publishing and Pricing
Trends,� College & Research Libraries 51 (May 1990): 184-95.
5 Patricia Battin, oThe Library: Center of the Restructured
University,� College & Research Libraries 45 (May 1984): 175.
6 Butler, J. (1993, November 24). Time Lag in E-Publications.
Interpersonal Computing and Technology Discussion List [Online].
Available e-mail: IPCT-L@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU
7 Harnad, 48.
8 Guedon, J. (1993, November 20). Proliferation of E-Publi-
cations. Interpersonal Computing and Technology Discussion List
[Online]. Available e-mail: PCT-L@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU
9 Paul Metz, oElectronic Journals from a Collection ManagerTs
FOREIGN BOOKS
and PERIODICALS
CURRENT OR Out-OF-PRINT
Specialties:
Search Service
Irregular Serials
International Congresses
Building Special Collections
ALBERT J. PHIEBIG INC.
Box 352, White Plains, N.Y. 10602
FAX (914) 948-0784
110 " Fall-Winter 1994
Point of View,� Serials Review 17 (Winter 1991): 82.
10 Harnad, S. (1992, November 25). Electronic Journals. Serials
in Libraries Discussion Forum [Online]. Available e-mail:
SERIALST@UVMVM.UVM.EDU
11 Linda Langschied, oThe Changing Shape of the Electronic
Journal,� Serials Review 17 (Fall 1991): 7-14.
12 Butler, J. (1993, November 20). Proliferation of E-Publica-
tions. Interpersonal Computing and Technology Discussion List
[Online]. Available e-mail: IPCT-L@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU
13 Butler, November 20, 1993.
14 Lon Savage, oThe Journal of the International Academy of
Hospitality Research,� The Public-Access Computer Systems Review
2 (1991): 54-66. [To access this article, send the following elec-
tronic mail message to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU: GET
SAVAGE PRV2N1 F=MAIL]
1S Harnad, oPost-Gutenberg Galaxy,� 50.
16 Linda Langschied, oElectronic Journal Forum: Column I,�
Serials Review 18 (Spring/Summer 1992): 131-36.
17 Guedon, November 20, 1993.
18 oElectronic Journals: Considerations for the Present and
the Future,� Serials Review 17 (Winter 1991): 77 - 86; Marlene
Manoff, Eileen Dorschner, Marilyn Geller, Keith Morgan, and
Carter Snowden, oReport of the Electronic Journals Task Force
MIT Libraries,� Serials Review 18 (Spring/Summer 1992): 113-29.
19 Khosh-khui, S. (1993, June1). E-Journal Survey. Serials in
Libraries Discussion List [Online]. Available e-mail:
SERIALST@UVMVM.UVM.EDU
20 Association of Research Libraries. Office of Management
Services. oThe Emerging Virtual Research Library.� SPEC Flyer
186. July/August 1992.
21 Manoff, et al., 114.
Electronic Journals of Interest
For a recent edition of the ARL Directory of Electronic Journals
and Newsletters (available as two ASCII files), send the follow-
ing commands as an e-mail message to
LISTSERV@ACADVM1.UOTTAWA.CA:
GET EJOURNL1 DIRECTRY
GET EJOURNL2 DIRECTRY
Fjournal. Discusses the implications of electronic journals and
other forms of electronic text. To subscribe, send the
following electronic mail message to
LISTSERV@ALBANY.EDU: SUBSCRIBE EJRNL
Interpersonal Computing and Technology Journal. Addresses
concerns about the use of electronic journals for scholarly
publication. To subscribe, send the following electronic
mail message to LISTSERV@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU:
SUBSCRIBE IPCT-L
New Horizons in Adult Education. Refereed. Surveys current
thinking and research in adult education and related
fields. One of the few electronic journals to be indexed by
a traditional indexing service " ERIC. To subscribe, send
the following electronic mail message to
LISTSERV@SUVM.ACS.SYR.EDU: SUBSCRIBE AEDNET
Postmodern Culture. Analytical essays and reviews related to
postmodernism. Created and edited by faculty members
at North Carolina State University. To subscribe, send the
following electronic mail message to
LISTSERV@NCSUVM.CC.NCSU.EDU: SUBSCRIBE PMC-
LIST
Psycoloquy. Refereed. Stevan HarnadTs journal of peer com-
mentary in psychology. Brief reports of new ideas and
findings, designed to solicit rapid peer feedback. To
subscribe, send the following electronic mail message to
LISTSERV@PUCC.PRINCETON.EDU: SUBSCRIBE PSYC
North Carolina Libraries
Virtual Public Libraries:
Issues and Challenges
by Frank Clover
ith less than a third of the public libraries in the
United States connected to the Internet, its
potential to supplement or replace traditional
public library information sources by provid-
ing immediate access to electronic information
located elsewhere on the network is still un-
clear. In 1992, Laverna M. Saunders defined this type of virtual
library as oa system by which a user may connect transparently
to remote libraries and databases by using the local library's
online catalog or a university or network computer as a gate-
way."! Currently 12.8 percent of the public libraries in the
United States that are connected to the Internet are following the
lead of academic libraries by offering some level of Internet access
to remote information sources through their online public access
catalog systems.2 The Seattle Public Library and the Enoch Pratt
Free Library in Baltimore have gone so far as to announce that
they plan to sell Internet access accounts to patrons.3 While it is
still too soon to determine the success of these virtual public
library services, making the Internet available to public library
patrons (at least in its current state) as an information retrieval
system will create more problems than it will solve.
~ Virtual libraries in academic and corporate settings typi-
cally restrict access to specialized collections of electronic re-
sources toa limited patron base of faculty, graduate students, or
employees, all of whom generally have access to the same
equipment needed to use remote databases. Public libraries are
expected to provide an equal level of service to a wider and more
undefined patron base, not all of whom have the same level of
technological expertise. Public libraries do not bear the same
exclusive relationship to their patrons in providing access to
virtual information resources as do academic libraries and
campus computing centers or
management information sys-
tems (MIS) departments. In the
two years since SaundersTs ar-
ticle appeared, public libraries
have discovered the Internet
at the same time as their pa-
trons, while the number of
points of access to it have in-
creased dramatically. Online
services such as America Online
and Delphi are adding selected
features of the Internet to their
menu of services. Many users
North Carolina Libraries
tt Eo Sse eel oigne ees ~2
... making the Internet available
to public library patrons
(at least in its current state)
as an information retrieval
system will create more problems
than it will solve.
of local dial-up bulletin boards have increasing access to Internet
e-mail and newsgroups through UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy
Program). The Cleveland Freenet and other non-profit commu-
nity networks provide limited network accounts in at least
twenty-five North American cities. Most importantly, new com-
panies have sprung up specifically to provide full Internet
accounts, in some cases over coaxial television cable.4 Public
libraries are thus not the only means of access to the Internet for
the general public.
The increasing availability of affordable Internet access has
the potential to change permanently public librariesT role as
their communitiesT primary information provider. Public librar-
ies have been nodes in a print-based national information
network for decades, a opaper-net� comprised of book and
magazine publishers and distributors, the postal system, interli-
brary loan consortia, fax machines, and, in the words of William
Graves, other oartifacts of industrial age infrastructure,�5 and
traditionally have been their communitiesT only source for spe-
cialized print- or microform-based information. The information
available without charge on the Internet, however, is accessible
- from any point on the network, regardless of physical location,
threatening oto collapse the costs of distribution and remove the
middlemen,� including public libraries.© Libraries have responded
to this potential loss of bureaucratic control over the flow of
information by raising the possibility that society will be divided
by access to technology into the information-privileged and
-underprivileged.7
Integrating the Internet into the existing physical structure
of the public library in the form of Internet rooms or as an added
feature to an OPAC to ensure equal access to information still
will maintain the division between information ohaves� and
ohave-nots� and displays a mis-
understanding of the funda-
mental nature of the Internet.
A disparity still will exist be-
tween those patrons with a per-
sonal computer and modem
who can access the Internet
from home through dialing
into a library OPAC, a private
account vendor, or a commu-
nity network, and those pa-
trons without the necessary
hardware who will be able to
use virtual reference sources
Fall-Winter 1994 " 111
only during the operating hours of the nearest available library,
where they will have to share terminals and search time with
other patrons. Although this may help to guarantee a continu-
ing high visitor count, an unequal level of access will still exist.
Furthermore, the purposes for which public librarians expect
their patrons to use the Internet have already proven not to be
those for which patrons themselves necessarily want to use it.
The Internet was never originally designed to be a collection of
databases, but a means by which DARPA (Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency) researchers could communicate di-
rectly and exchange data with each other; and, despite the
development of search tools such as gopher and WAIS, the
network is still used primarily to communicate with other people.
The top four network services that accounted for the most packet
traffic on the NSFNET backbone in March 1994 were file transfer,
telnet (which includes traffic devoted to playing Multi-User
Dungeons), USENET news, and electronic mail.8 Using these
services requires an Internet address, disk space to store files, and
sufficient time and privacy to read and send messages, a level of
service that the average public library will not be able to afford to
offer immediately, if ever.?
This is illustrated by the account of Australian librarian Craig
Anderson, who, while visiting the Seattle Public Library (one of
the first public library systems in the country to offer public
access to the Internet from its OPAC menu), observed a group of
teenagers (who had managed to reach a bulletin board in lowa by
way of a gopher server in California that gave them Internet Relay
chat privileges), clustered around a terminal as well as a local
academic who wanted to use the systemTs Internet connection to
continue playing his virtual game of cards with colleagues across
the country. Initially, at least, the expectations of patrons who
see the Internet as a means of interacting with individuals are
bound to conflict with public librariesT concept of the Internet as
an electronic extension of their reference collections.
Competing with commercial vendors in providing access to
the Internet and the network which will evolve from or replace
it will not make access more affordable or equitable to public
library patrons " ask anyone who has waited three months to
borrow the single library copy of a feature film available for a few
dollars at a video rental store. Any attempt to do so by all but the
largest library systems inevitably would involve eliminating
existing services, several of which will be essential if public
libraries are to survive as an institution of any relevance.
The number of monographs, public documents, and journal
articles currently available on the Internet in full-text is infini-
tesimal in comparison to the amount of information in the form
of library OPACs or electronic journal article summaries such as
Edupage. Public libraries are the only institutions that provide
equal access through interlibrary loan and document delivery to
the vast majority of information that will never be available in
machine-readable form. The participants in Project GAIN, a
project sponsored by NYSERNET that provided computers and
Internet accounts to five rural public libraries in New York State,
all reported a sharp increase in interlibrary loan requests once
their patrons discovered how to use remote public access cata-
logs: oIn one case, the librarian was convinced that interlibrary
loan requests doubled as a result of access to the Internet. One
librarian commented that oI had to have my custodial person
start doing interlibrary loan requests!T She also pointed out that
her workload increased significantly."!°
Public librarians having conducted market research for years
in the form of answering reference questions are in a_ better
position to know the real information needs of their patrons and
are more receptive to them than either the telecommunications
industry or the designers of the Internet. Public librarians who
have tried to use the motley collection of reference sources on the
112 " Fall-Winter 1994
Internet to answer more than the occasional question are aware
of the disparity between what is currently available online and
the questions most frequently asked by their patrons. For ex-
ample, community information, such as contacts for local gov-
ernment offices and non-profit agencies or local employment
openings, was rated by library users in two recent surveys as
higher in importance than reference services or popular materi-
als.1 1 With the exception of cities served by community Freenets,
this type of information still is available only in print.
There are few free online versions of the print or CD-ROM
reference tools used most in public libraries, such as investment
information, magazine indexes, or used car price guides. The full-
text information sources that are available on the Internet
without charge are primarily government documents or older
works in the public domain that are easily obtainable in print. As
the commercialization of the Internet increases, reference book
publishers and database vendors still will rely on public libraries
for much of their income while patrons will not expect to pay
online for what they have used hitherto for ofree� in print.
Using the Internet can be so seductive that it is easy to
confuse its potential as a means of disseminating information
with the reality of its current limitations. The experimental
information retrieval tools and tentative attempts at electronic
publishing and distribution that are available so far should not
obscure the fact that an affordable, ubiquitous information
infrastructure does not yet exist. Public libraries can afford to
wait for the inevitable disillusionment that comes after the
intitial ogee-whiz� phase, when patrons use the network enough
to realize that much of the information they want is not instantly
retrievable as a text file, costs money, or simply isnTt available
online. The most challenging task facing public libraries is
convincing trustees and taxpayers that the information age is not
arriving as quickly as expected.
References
1 Laverna K. Saunders, oThe Virtual Library Today,� Library
Administration and Management 6 (Spring 1992): 66.
2 Evan St. Lifer and Michael Rogers, oNCLIS Study Indicates
21% of Public Libraries on the Internet,� Library Journal (June 1,
1994): 16.
3 Frank Langfitt, oPratt Library Puts the Public Online,�
Baltimore Morning Sun, July 27, 1994, sec. B, p. 1.
4 Bernard Aboba, oCable Data: The Shape of Things to
Come,� Boardwatch Magazine 8 (January 1994): 59.
5 William Graves, oHow Is the Information Society Evolv-
ing?,� public testimony before the NTIA Open Access Hearing,
Duke University, April 27, 1994.
6 George Gilder, oLife After Television, Updated,� Forbes
ASAP (February 28, 1994): 100.
7 Karen Nadder Lago, oThe Internet and the Public Library:
Practical and Political Realities,� Computers in Libraries (October
1993): 66.
8 Merit, Inc. (1994). NSFNET Traffic Distribution Highlights
March 1994 [Online]. Available FTP: NIC.MERIT.EDU Directory:
nsfnet/statistics/1994 File: nsf-9403. highlights
9 Lago, 68.
10 C.R. McClure, W. C. Babcock, K. A. Nelson, J. A. Polly, S.
R. Kankus. (1994) The NYSERNet Project GAIN Report: Connecting
Rural Public Libraries to the Internet [Online]. Available FTP:
nysernet.org Directory: pub/gain File: final_report
11 George DTElia and Eleanor Jo Rodger, oPublic Opinion
About the Roles of the Public Library in the Community: The
Results of a Recent Gallup Poll,� Public Libraries January-Febru-
ary 1994): 24-25; and Kenneth Shearer, oConfusing What Is Most
Wanted with What Is Most Used: A Crisis in Public Library
Priorities Today,� Public Libraries July-August 1993): 195.
North Carolina Libraries
ay
Southeastern Library Network
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North Carolina Libraries Fall-Winter 1994 " 113
Virtual Reality and the School Library/
Information Skills Curriculum
irtual reality (VR) is a computer-
generated simulation ofa real or
imaginary environment with
which the user can interact and
manipulate. Virtual reality, with
the potential to change the way
students learn in the school setting, can
play an important role in the school li-
brary/media skills curriculum. The pur-
pose.of this paper is to describe some of the
ways VR can be used in this curriculum.
Three applications for VR in the learn-
ing process have been identified by
Ferrington and Loge.! Visualization, the
manipulation and rearrangement of in-
formation spatially and temporally so it
can be easily understood, is of primary
importance to the information skills in-
structor. Simulation of the real world or
imaginary or constructed phenomena isa
second application. Third is the develop-
ment of participatory environments
and activities that can exist only as
computer-generated worlds. All three
applications can be used in the media
skills curriculum.
Currently, VRcan be divided into
two broad types, text-based and
graphics-based. Graphics-based VR
uses 3D visualization software to cre-
ate a virtual environment or world
with which the user can interact.
This world can be a faithful render-
ing or a simulation of the real world
or of an imaginary one. Text-based
or network-based VR uses virtual en-
vironments that are created by par-
ticipants in multi-user domains, or
MUDs, accessed through networks
such as the Internet. Creative writ-
ing skills are honed as users create a
simulated environment or world. Par-
ticipants in the MUD may be from
114 " Fall-Winter 1994
by Veronica S. Pantelidis
around the globe or in a single classroom.
While both types of VR can be used in the
media skills curriculum, graphics-based
VR is the type discussed in the remainder
of this paper.
Reasons to Use VR
There are numerous reasons to use graph-
ics-based VR in teaching. First, VR pro-
vides motivation in a way that no other
medium can. VR can illustrate some fea-
tures and processes more accurately than
other means. VR allows both extreme
closeup examination of an object and ob-
servation from a great distance. It allows
the disabled to participate in an experi-
ment or learning environment when they
cannot do so otherwise. It gives the oppor-
tunity for insights based on new perspec-
tives. It allows the learner to proceed
through an experience at his or her own
Three applications for VR in
the learning process have
been identified
... Visualization
... Simulation
... development of
participatory environments
and activities that can exist
only as computer-generated .
worlds.
pace. It allows the learner to proceed
through an experience during a broad
time period not fixed by a regular class
schedule. It provides experience with new
technologies through actual use. Since VR
requires interaction, active participation
rather than passivity is encouraged.
VR can be used wherever a simulation
would be used. For example, when teach-
ing or training using the real thing is
dangerous (injury to learner and/or in-
structor is possible), impossible (necessary
environment cannot be experienced in
the real world), or inconvenient, VR can
be a viable teaching alternative.
VR also can be used when mistakes
made by the learner or trainee using the
real thing could be devastating and/or
demoralizing to the learner, harmful to
the environment, capable of causing un-
intended property damage, capable of caus-
ing damage to equipment, or
costly.
Other reasons for using VR in
teaching and training include situ-
ations in which
¢ A model of an environment
teaches or trains as effec-
tively as the real thing;
e Interacting with a model is
as motivating or more moti-
vating than interacting with
the real thing, e.g., using a
game format;
e Travel, cost, and logistics of
gathering a class for training
make an alternative attractive;
e Shared experiences of a group
in a shared environment are
important;
The experience of creating a
simulated environment or
model is important to the
North Carolina Libraries
learning objective;
e Information visualization is
needed (manipulating and rearranging
information, using graphic symbols),
so it can be more easily understood;
e A training situation needs to be made
oreal,� e.g., practical experience under
realistic conditions;
e The imperceptible needs to be made
perceptible, e.g., using and moving
solid shapes to illustrate clashes of
ideas in group processes;
e Participatory environments and
activities that can only exist as com-
puter-generated worlds are needed;
¢ Tasks involving manual dexterity or
physical movement must be taught;
e Learning must be made more interest-
ing and fun; e.g., working with boring
material or with students who have
attention problems.
Uses of VR in the North Carolina
Competency-Based Curriculum
One of the projects of the Virtual Reality
and Education Laboratory (VREL) in the
School of Education at East Carolina Uni-
versity involves a study of the North Caro-
lina Competency-Based Curriculum ob-
jectives to identify those that can use
virtual reality as a measure or means to
attainment. To this end, objectives are
scrutinized and compared with the capa-
bilities of various VR software programs,
primarily at the less expensive end of the
cost spectrum. At the same time, research
on educational uses of VR and reported
educational and training uses are studied
as they are identified in publications, at
conferences, and in the VR discussion
groups (listservs) on the Internet. Many
additional uses have been identified as a
result of personal communications re-
ceived from the electronic distribution of
VRELTs bibliography, Virtual Reality and
Education: Information Resources;3 from
readers of the authorTs publications, Ro-
botics in Education* (which includes in-
formation on telepresence) and oVirtual
Reality in the Classroom,� and from
suggestions of students in Computers in
Education and Virtual Reality classes
taught at East Carolina University.
In the North Carolina Standard Course
of Study, the Teacher Handbook: Information
Skills/Computer Skills K-12 states that the
Information Skills Curriculum oempha-
sizes critical and creative thinking, prob-
lem solving, decision making, collabora-
tive learning, and the importance of inte-
grating information skills into all other
curriculum areas.�© The Teacher Handbook
is organized around competency goals,
with subsidiary objectives, focus areas and
... continured on page 116
North Carolina Libraries
ees ie ia Ai i 0 Sa atl ken Ti a
Specific Examples of the Use of Virtual Reality
with the North Carolina Information Skills Curriculum
Competency Goal 1: The learner will experience a wide variety of reading, listening, and
viewing resources to interact with ideas in an information-intensive environment.
Objective 1.1: The learner will explore reading, listening, viewing sources and formats.
Implications for Learning (Grades 3-5): Introduce computer software and other
technologies that encourage and motivate students to read, listen, and view.
Providing the student with different VR software opportunities will allow him or her to explore a
computer software format that is hightly motivating.
Objective 1.4: The learner will relate ideas and information to life experiences.
Focus: Collect information about diverse cultures, environments, and people.
Relate similarities and differences to personal life experiences.
Implications for Learning (Grades K-2): Students read a book about children
around the world going to school. One of the activities is to list similarities and
differences observed while reading the book.
Using VR, students could draw and furnish the school buildings and interiors described in the
book, and walk around outside and inside each one. They can gain an impression of how it.
might feel to go to school there, compared to going to their own school. New insights about
differences and similarities, unattainable through reading, can be gleaned.
Implications for Learning (Grades 6-8):
e Learning about Ourselves in the World Community
" Develop a questionnaire and collect curlural information about the entire class,
such as church affiliation (Methodist, Baptist, Jewish, etc); family configuration
(mother, father, # of brothers, etc.); housing (house, apartment, condominium,
mobile home, etc.); customs, holidays traditions.
" Produce a video that captures the class culture and exchange with another class.
A VR environment illustrating aspects of the class culture, such as housing or holidays, could be
drawn and exchanged with another with another class. Using two computers or video players
side by side, students could compare class cultures, screen by screen or frame by frame.
Objective 1.5: The learner will communicate reading, listening, and viewing experiences.
Focus: Produce media in various formats based on reading, listening, viewing
experiences.
Implications for Learning (Grades 3-5, 6-8, 9-12): oFollowing various reading,
listening, viewing activities, communicate what you have experienced by producing
one or more of the following: [a wide variety of media is listed with which to ~design/
construct, create/compare, perform/present, or write/computeT].�
Using VR software, the student can design a virtual environment illustrating an experience with
which others can take a prerecorded walk to reenact the experience, or which others can modify
to see how alternative interpretations change the experience.
Competency Goal 2: The learner will identify and apply strategies to access, evaluate,
use, and communicate information for learning, decision-making, and problem-solving.
Objective 2.1: The learner will explore research processes that meet information needs.
Implications for Learning (Grades 9-12):
¢ Locate, interpret, and present statistical information.
" Deveop tables, charts, graphs (bar, picture, circle) or games from statistical
information.
" Present the information using computers, posters, overhead transparencies, or
other visual resources.
Using VR, the student can draw three dimensional objects to scale according to the size of the
statistical information. Different colors, shapes, and locations can be used to differentiate
between types of data. The user can then walk among the data objects to get a feel for size
differences. Visualizing statistical data is already a feature of some VR systems used in stock
market data analysis.?
Objective 2.2: The learner will engage in a research process to meet information needs.
Implications for Learning (Grades K-2):
© Media Coordinator/teacher coordinate(s) the development of a product by students.
" Support students in presentation of information, as they:
e Draw a picture ¢ Makeamodel_ .
¢ Write a story * Create a dramatic presentation
Students can use VR software to make a model of an object that they have researched to
communicate to others how that object looks, its color, the environment in which it is found,
and other attributes.
Fall-Winter 1994 " 119
implications for learning. The two com-
petency goals for the Information Skills
Curriculum are
Competency Goal 1: oThe learner will
experience a wide variety of reading,
listening, and viewing resources to
interact with ideas in an information-
intensive environment.�� (Includes
five objectives.)
Competency Goal 2: oThe learner will
identify and apply strategies to access,
evaluate, use, and communicate in-
formation for learning, decision-
making, and problem solving.�® (In-
cludes two objectives.)
VR can be used either as a means of
attainment or as a measure for a number of
the objectives detailed under the two com-
petency goals. Wherever students can
illustrate information with pictures or
graphically, wherever a comparison of pic-
tures based on information gathered is
required, or wherever a simulation can be
used, VR will prove useful. (See sidebar.)
Examples of VR Software
Currently Available
Desktop VR software, e.g., software that
requires no special equipment other than
a microcomputer, is available at afford-
able prices. One of the most useful pieces
of VR software for the school media cen-
ter is Virtus WalkThrough.!9 This desk-
top VR allows the user to build anything
that has volume and then walk through
what has been built. The screen of Virtus
WalkThrough is divided into a 2D draw-
ing side and a 3D rendering of what is
drawn. Since everything drawn has vol-
ume, even the leg of a chair can be en-
tered. A large number of already drawn
objects, as well as some VR models, come
with the program. Others are available via
FTP (file transfer protocol) from sources
on the Internet. This VR software can be
used to draw rooms, homes, boats, build-
ings, and even molecules, and can also be
used to draw models for visualization of
statistical data.
Virtus WalkThrough was originally
developed for architects, but has found
wide acceptance in many fields, such as
urban planning, theater production, and
retail merchandising. There are several
versions, including ones for both the
Macintosh and PC-compatibles using
Windows, Virtus WalkThrough Pro, and
Virtus VR. Reviews have appeared in PC/
Computing!! and Macworld12 as well as
other magazines.
Another useful desktop VR program is
Virtual Reality Studio 2.0.13 The user draws
the VR environment and walks through in
116 " Fall-Winter 1994
the same screen area. This VR software can
be used to build 3D animated objects with
which the user can interact. It also sup-
ports sound cards for interactive sound. A
library of clip-art objects comes with the
program. Like Virtus WalkThrough, Vir-
tual Reality Studio 2.0 is available in a
version selling for less than $100.
A third VR software program that can
be used for teaching media skills is
VREAM.!4 VREAM (ovirtual dream�) is
somewhat more expensive but supports
allmanner of VR equipment such as gloves
(that allow the wearer to oreach into� the
virtual world to manipulate objects), head-
trackers (devices that track the position of
the head), and head-mounted displays
(helmet- or goggles-based devices that in-
clude a tiny video monitor mounted in
front of each eye to create a 3D image).
Elaborate VR environments with which
the student can interact can be built.
No computer programming skills are
required to use any of these VR programs,
making them ideal for school use. Stu-
dents can use the models and objects that
come with a program, modify objects and
models, and draw their own. All of these
VR programs provide endless opportuni-
ties for creativity, exploration, under-
standing, communication, and learning.
The Future
There will be many uses for VR in teach-
ing information/media skills in the fu-
ture. Four possible uses include: students
building an entire library/media center,
with animated students and media per-
sonnel, that allows them to interact and
role play in the environment without risk
of social or psychological harm; students
building a model of an existing media
center to try out, by moving furniture and
fixtures around, suggesting changes to
the physical facilities that might enhance
its use; students trying out various types
of interaction with media personnel and
reference sources to discover which most
effectively gives them the information
they are seeking; and computers auto-
matically matching any learning objec-
tive with an appropriate VR environment
for the instructorTs use.
Information can be visualized rou-
tinely using different shapes, colors, sizes,
and movements, for clarification and bet-
ter conceptualization. Using VR to im-
merse the student in the information will
be a new service level for reference and
research. Information thus symbolized,
manipulated, and experienced might un-
cover new relationships, and perhaps even
lead to new knowledge.
Reading and interpreting a story or
play will be augmented with virtual real-
ity. Dan Barron!}5 suggests that, using VR,
instead of viewing the flatland film, stu-
dents studying Shakespeare could actually
go to the Globe Theatre or to New York
and see full-sized images of professionals
presenting the plays.
VR will become an integral part of the
school library/media skills curriculum in
the future. Using VR programs already
available, we can begin enhancing media
skills now.
References
1 Gary Ferrington and Kenneth Loge,
oVirtual Reality A New Learning Environ-
ment,� The Computing Teacher 19 (April
1992): 17.
2 Lawrence W. S. Auld and Veronica
S. Pantelidis, oExploring Virtual Reality for
Classroom Use; The Virtual Reality and
Education Lab at East Carolina Univer-
sity,� Tech Trends 39 (January/February
1994): 29-31.
3 Veronica S. Pantelidis, Virtual Real-
ity and Education: Information Resources,
(current edition May 1994, updated
regularly). Available at FTP site
ftp.u.washington.edu dir /pub/user-sup-
ported/VirtualReality/misc/papers/
Pantelidis-VR-Education-Bibl.txt
4 Veronica S. Pantelidis, Robotics in Edu-
cation: An Information Guide. (Metuchen,
NJ: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1991).
5 Veronica S. Pantelidis. oVirtual Re-
ality in the Classroom,� Educational Tech-
nology 33 (April 1993): 23-27.
6 North Carolina Department of Pub-
lic Instruction, Teacher Handbook: Informa-
tion Skills/Computer Skills K-12. (North Caro-
lina Department of Public Instruction,
Division of Curriculum and Instruction,
1992); oe
7 Tbid., 11.
8 Ibid.
9 vrTraderTM (Avatar Partners).
10 Virtus Corporation, 117 Edinburgh
S, Suite 204, Cary, NC 27511.
11 Wendy Taylor, oVirtusTs Incredible
Walkthrough: Virtual-Reality-Based
Drawing,� PC/Computing 6 (September
1993): 60.
12 Carlos Domingo Martinez, oVirtus
WalkThrough 1.1.3,� Macworld 10 (July
1993): 164.
12 Domark Software, Inc., 1900 South
Norfolk Street, #202, San Mateo, CA 94403.
14 VREAM, Inc., 445 West Erie Street,
#3B, Chicago, IL 60610.
1S Daniel D. Barron, oBooks and
Cyberspace: Celebrations of Tradition and
Innovation in the School Library Media
Program,� School Library Media Activities
Monthly 9 (November 1992): 49.
North Carolina Libraries
SE
North Carolina Libraries
Visions
The Virtual Library:
A Selective Bibliography for
Exploration
by Elaine J. Christian and Marilyn Hastings
What are we talking about here? What is a virtual library? No single consensual definition
exists; rather, various definitions abound, all of which include the concepts of remote electronic
access to your libraryTs resources and electronic access to resources that are not physically
available in your library. See the Visions section below for more elaborate definitions which
venture far beyond questions of access. Clearly, the concept of a virtual library gives us much to
think and dream about.
Librarians are pushed and pulled to think about virtual libraries. They are pushed by
problems: overwhelming quantities of information, inadequate funding, increasing expecta-
tions. They are pulled by opportunities: computing power grows more affordable; networks
become more accessible, easier to use, and offer constantly expanding information. Meanwhile,
questions that libraries had previously resolved appear once again as a result of technological
changes: intellectual property rights need to be protected in order to promote the production of
new information resources; competition arises from other information sources (as networks
proceed to dissolve distance); cataloging rules need to be stretched to include online information
that may change without clear notice. See the Issues sections below for consideration of these
questions as well as a consideration of Special Issues by Library Type (school, public,
academic, and special).
Powerful organizations are now interested in the potential of information via networks.
Librarians need to become politically active if libraries are not to be trampled in this odance of
the elephants� as more powerful groups join the struggle to define information policy and grab
what they want. See the Policy and Politics section for consideration of these questions.
Finally, to monitor issues and trends regarding the virtual library, see the For More
Information section. We hope that exploring the virtual library intrigues and excites you as
it does us.
Browning, John. oWhat Is the Role of Libraries in the Information Economy?� Wired 1 (1)
(1993). Also available electronically (via e-mail): Send the following text (in the body of
the message): get 1.1/features/libraries, via e-mail to: info-rama@wired.com (Internet
address).
Browning provocatively considers the implications of technological change for
information use and compares how several great national libraries are responding.
Hawkins, Brian L. oPlanning for the National Electronic Library.� Educom Review 29 (May/
June 1994): 19-29.
To meet the economic problems facing libraries, as well as the challenges of the
information explosion, Hawkins proposes a model for the creation of a shared
electronic library.
Fall-Winter 1994 " 117
118 " Fall-Winter 1994
King, Hannah. oWalls Around the Electronic Library.� The Electronic Library 11 June 1993):
165-74.
Should the vision of the electronic library drive library budgets and strategic
planning? King takes a critical look at popular conceptions of the electronic library
in light of social and economic realities limiting user access to information. She
suggests the need for new roles for librarians, presents models to guide the manage-
ment of information resources and services, and proposes an action agenda.
Lynch, Clifford A. oVisions of Electronic Libraries.� In The Bowker Annual: Library and Book
Trade Almanac, compiled and edited by Filomena Simora, 75-82. New Providence, NJ:
R. R. Bowker, 1991.
Lynch presents more exciting visions of electronic libraries, including the
collaborative concept where access to information, research tools, and colleagues is
combined in a single information environment.
Malinconico, S. Michael. oInformationTs Brave New World.� Library Journal 117 (May 1,
1992): 36-40.
According to Malinconico, new electronic technologies will either displace librarians
or magnify their importance. Librarians are familiar with the tools that users need to
make sense of the vast array of resources available. It is up to librarians to make
users aware of their skills in information management.
Penniman, W. David. oThe Library of Tomorrow: A Universal Window Serving Independent
Problem Solvers.� Library Hi Tech 10 (4) (1992): 23-26.
Penniman argues that the library of the future requires a revised mission: to help
citizens become independent problem solvers who can use information from the
library to address their challenges. He considers barriers to this vision and what the
Council on Library Resources is doing to promote progress toward it.
Saunders, Laverna M. oThe Virtual Library Revisited.� Computers in Libraries 12 (November
1992): 51-54.
Saunders discusses implications of the virtual library for users.
RS Spey ites Sek Gia ist RASS et ea Seri ifn ead the Classroom,� duks atfoval Teo
Brugger, Judith M. oCataloging the Internet.� MC Journal: The Journal of Academic Media
Librarianship 1 (1993). Available electronically (via e-mail): Send the following text (in the
body of the message): get brugger mcj01006, via e-mail to: listserv@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu
(Internet address).
Brugger outlines problems inherent in cataloging the variety of information sources
found on the Internet.
Graham, Peter S. oIntellectual Preservation in the Electronic Environment.� In After the
Electronic Revolution, Will You Be the First to Go?, edited by Arnold Hirshon, 18-38.
Proceedings of the 1992 Association for Library Collections & Technical Services President's
Program. Chicago: American Library Association, 1993.
How can information be preserved when technology allows interaction with it?
This question and others are addressed here and some strategies are outlined.
Hoffert, Barbara. oBooks into Bytes.� Library Journal 117 (September 1, 1992): 130-35.
Hoffert explains the move by publishers into electronic publishing and how this
development will affect libraries.
Kurzweil, Raymond. oThe Future of Libraries, Part 3: The Virtual Library.� Library Journal
117 (March 15, 1992): 63-64.
In the earlier parts of this series, Kurzweil recognizes the common life-cycle pattern
of several technologies and predicts the obsolescence of books. Here he considers
what this obsolescence means for libraries.
Lowry, Anita. oLandlords and Tenants: Who Owns Information, Who Pays for It, and
How?� Serials Librarian 23 (3) (1993): 61-71.
Lowry considers current restrictions on ownership and use of information in
electronic form compared to traditional library ownership of information in print
form and questions the constraints these developments put on library missions.
North Carolina Libraries
Special Issues by
Library Type
. School
North Carolina Libraries
Lynch, Clifford A. oNetworked Information: A Revolution in Progress.� In Networks, Open
Access and Virtual Libraries: Implications for the Research Library, edited by Brett Sutton and
Charles H. Davis, 12-39. Urbana-Champaign, IL: Graduate School of Library and
Information Science, 1992.
Lynch argues that the information revolution is a true revolution, in the sense that
power will shift. He considers developments that are the source of this revolution
and the implications for different library types. Although pessimistic about the
future of libraries, Lynch is optimistic for the next avatar of librarians: information
specialists.
McClure, Charles R., Mary McKenna, William E. Moen, and Joe Ryan. oToward a Virtual
Library: Internet and the National Research and Education Network.� In The Bowker
Annual: Library and Book Trade Almanac, edited by Catherine Barr, 25-45. New Providence,
NJ: R. R. Bowker, 1993.
McClure, McKenna, Moen, and Ryan present a good introduction to the impact
that the Internet is having on different types of libraries: academic, special, public,
school.
Veron, Ilyse J. oNationTs Library Maps Route to the Electronic Age.� Congressional Quarterly
Weekly Report 51 (March 15, 1993): 1201-4.
Veron considers the electronic dreams and wonders of the Library of Congress (LC)
and the problems LC is having with opposition from interest groups as well as with
securing funding for innovations.
von Wahlde, Barbara, and Nancy Schiller. oCreating the Virtual Library: Strategic Issues.� In
The Virtual Library: Visions and Realities, edited by Laverna M. Saunders, 15-46. Westport,
CT: Meckler, 1993.
The creation of an electronic library is seen as an evolutionary process requiring
changes in our thinking about the nature of information, intellectual property,
copyright, publishing, libraries, and librarians. Many issues that library
administrators must deal with are considered. Although all examples are from
academic libraries, von Wahlde and Schiller contend that other types of libraries will
have similar concerns.
Butterworth, Margaret. oThe Concept of the Virtual School Library.� Australian Library
Journal 41 (November 1992): 247-56. :
Butterworth explores the possibilities of the virtual library concept in a school
setting and describes Campus 2000 in Britain and NEXUS in Australia, two school-
oriented online information services. She discusses examples of classroom activities
using commercial online databases and e-mail. She also comments on the role of
the librarian in the virtual school library.
Kilian, Crawford. o2005: A Virtual Classroom Odyssey.� Educom Review 29 (May/June 1994):
17-18.
Kilian forecasts the impact of technology on education. Students in the electronic
classroom of the near future will still require guidance, advice, and encouragement
in the use of instructional resources.
Mancall, Jacqueline C. oThe Changing Library Landscape: Impact on Student Instruction
and Use.� In School Library Media Annual, edited by Carol Collier Kuhlthau, 66-75.
Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc., 1993.
Mancall considers how media specialists can help students become information
literate.
Fall-Winter 1994 " 119
Public
Academic
Special
Policy and Politics
120 " Fall-Winter 1994
LaRue, James. oThe Library Tomorrow: A Virtual Certainty.� Computers in Libraries 13
(February 1993): 14-16.
LaRue makes the case that books and public libraries will remain vital parts of the
community in spite of the enormous steps toward the virtual library. He manages
to overcome his declared otechnolust� to acknowledge this reality.
McClure, Charles R., Joe Ryan, and William E. Moen. oThe Role of Public Libraries in the
Use of Internet/NREN Information Services.� Library and Information Science Research 15
(Winter 1993): 7-34.
McClure and his colleagues present findings from a national study of key issues
affecting public library use of the Internet. They encourage libraries to be active
participants in electronic communities so that their users have access to the
information riches of the networks. North CarolinaTs experience in launching the
North Carolina Information Network (NCIN) is cited.
The complete report is: McClure, Charles R., et al. Public Libraries and the Internet/
NREN: New Challenges, New Opportunities. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University, School
of Information Studies, 1992.
Peters, Paul Evan. oIs the Library a ~PlaceT in the Age of Networks?� Educom Review 29
(January/February 1994): 62-63.
Peters considers the opportunities and threats presented to higher education by
networking.
Rooks, Dana. oThe Virtual Library: Pitfalls, Promises, and Potential.� The Public-Access
Computer Systems Review 4 (5) (1993): 22-29. Also available electronically (via e-mail):
Send the following text (in the body of the message): get rooks prv4n5, via e-mail to:
listserv@uhupvm1.hu.edu (Internet address).
Rooks envisions the virtual library as another tool to assist users, discusses some of
the problems involved in full implementation, and presents a brief overview of
selected virtual library projects.
Bauwens, Michel. oWhat Is Cyberspace?� Computers in Libraries 14 (April 1994): 42-48.
Bauwens categorizes cyberspace into levels, from the conceptual space one occupies
when using basic computer connections, to the promise of multisensorial virtual
environments that will engage all of our senses. Progress toward the virtual special
library and speculations on future developments, including possible roles for
ocybrarians,� are discussed.
Piggott, Sylvia E. A. oThe Virtual Library: Almost There . . .� Special Libraries 84 (Fall 1993):
206-12.
Piggott describes prototypes of virtual library service at the Bank of Montreal and
the effects on staff and users. This article appears in a special issue devoted to the
virtual library.
Billings, Harold. oSupping with the Devil: New Library Alliances in the Information Age.�
Wilson Library Bulletin 68 (October 1993): 33-37.
Billings proposes that libraries supplement existing relationships with new alliances
with information organizations in the academic community and the private sector
to help meet the challenges of rising costs and new technologies. He cites examples
of some of these partnerships and describes their current projects.
Mitchell, Maurice, and Laverna Saunders. oThe National Information Infra-Structure:
Implications for Libraries.� Computers in Libraries 13 (November/December 1993): 53-56.
Mitchell and Saunders give background on the National Information Infra-Structure
(NII). Librarians are urged to take an active political role in defining national
information policy.
North Carolina Libraries
For More Information
Drabenstott, Karen M. Analytical Review of the Library of the Future. Washington, DC:
Council on Library Resources, 1994. Also available electronically (via FTP): Connect via
FTP to: sils.umich.edu (Internet address), log in as an anonymous user, and retrieve the
appropriate file(s) from the directory: /pub/papers/CLR
DrabenstottTs analytical review of the literature of the last decade on the digital
library includes an extensive annotated bibliography (almost 400 entries).
King, Lisabeth A., and Diana Kovacs, comps. Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters and
Academic Discussion Lists. 4th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries,
Office of Scientific and Academic Publishing, 1994.
This directory contains entries for nearly 1,800 discussion lists and over 400
electronic journals and newsletters with instructions for electronic access to each
publication.
Rheingold, Howard. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Reading,
MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993.
Rheingold presents interesting illustrations of communities that flourish in
electronic space and examines the implications of the information revolution for the
larger society"much more than libraries are involved.
Rinne, Teri Andrews, ed. Current Cites. Available electronically via e-mail, as a subscription
to an e-journal: To begin a subscription to this e-journal, send the following text (in the
body of the message): sub cites your name, via e-mail to: listserv@library.berkeley.edu
(Internet address).
Current Cites is a monthly, classified, online, and annotated bibliography of current
articles about electronic information technology and libraries which includes both
print and online articles.
Saunders, Laverna M. oExploring Library Resources on the Internet.� Internet World 4
(November/December 1993): 44-49.
Saunders explains how to locate library-related information using the Internet.
Scott, Ralph Lee. oWired to the World.� North Carolina Libraries.
Since its inception in 1993, ScottTs regular column in North Carolina Libraries informs
and instructs on different Internet topics.
Tuss, Joan. oRoadmaps to the Internet: Finding the Best Guidebook for Your Needs.� Online
18 (January 1994): 14-16, 18-22, 25-26.
TussTs review compares and recommends Internet books available as of January
1994. [See the next entry for guides available online.]
. oEasy Online Access to Helpful Internet Guides.� Online 17 (September 1993): 60,
62, 64.
Tuss presents a comparative review of guides to the Internet available online, with
explicit instructions on how to get them via FTP. [See previous entry for guides
available in print.]
North Carolina Libraries Fall-Winter 1994 " 121
SY ca edétion xx
Editor's Note: North Carolina Libraries presents this feature in recognition of the increase in excellent unsolicited manuscripts that merit
publication, but are not necessarily related to each issue's specific theme.
Leisure Reading Collections
in Academic Libraries:
A Survey
by Linda A. Morrissett
any articles exist in the professional literature about
encouraging students to read books that interest
them, from kindergarten through high school and
in summer reading programs. There is even a re-
spectable amount of material concerning adult read-
ers as targeted reading audiences. Reading habits of college
students, however, are infrequently addressed.
Academic librarians are concerned primarily with the infor-
mation needs of our students and faculty, which are, of course,
centered around the curriculum. We also assume that our stu-
dents have healthy reading interests and habits, long instilled in
them by the aforementioned K-12 reading programs. Many
academic libraries affirm these reading interests by providing
leisure or browsing collections of popular materials for their
patronsT pleasure and convenience.
A Leisure Collection Experience
In the summer of 1987, Western Kentucky University Libraries
initiated a small collection targeting the recreational reading
needs of the university community. The primary reason behind
this project was to encourage students to develop regular reading
habits which they might continue beyond their formal educa-
tion experlence.
A separate leisure collection makes it easy for patrons who
come to the library just to find a book to read. Attractive displays
of popular books entice students to grab one to read as they pass
time in the library between classes or to check one out on
impulse. Popular reading material is available to Western stu-
dents at the campus bookstore, area bookstores, and the Bowling
Green Public Library, but these sources require more effort, time,
and money than many students can spare. Although the local
public library is located within walking distance of campus, and
many Western students are eligible to obtain borrowing privi-
leges, its collection and services are strained to serve the growing
needs of local residents.
WesternTs Leisure Reading collection began with a core of
220 books obtained through BrodartTs McNaughton hardback
subscription plan. Bestsellers and other popular books not nor-
mally acquired for the regular collection are selected by a com-
mittee of librarians and paraprofessionals. Orders are placed
monthly using an annotated checklist of titles supplied by the
122 " Fall-Winter 1994
vendor, and the books arrive pre-processed. In-print books which
are recommended by students and staff but do not appear on the
vendorTs list also are ordered on the leasing plan. The most staff
time involved with the collection is spent adding and deleting
brief cataloging records in the database and in a quarterly
weeding project. Library staff enjoy the diversion of working
with these popular books, and they often take advantage of being
first to check them out.
The Leisure Reading collection is shelved in an alcove near
the circulation desk and main library entrance. Comfortable
upholstered chairs are arranged in this alcove, with a few of the
leisure books scattered on end tables to catch potential readers'
interest. A title list of books in the collection also is left on a table
for those who wish to scan it.
Most titles selected from the subscription plan are fiction.
Popular best-selling authors such as Danielle Steel, Dominick
Dunne, Tom Clancy, and John Grisham, and mystery writers
such as Sue Grafton, Dick Francis, and Lilian Jackson Braun are
the most heavily represented. Contemporary mainstream fiction
is always available: works by John Barth, Alice Walker, Walker
Percy, Toni Morrison, Joyce Carol Oates, Chaim Potok, James
Dickey, and Margaret Atwood are often selected. Biographies of
political figures (Kennedys, Clintons, Reagan, Carter, Truman),
other significant personalities (Thurgood Marshall, Leonard
Bernstein, Norman Schwarzkopf, Rush Limbaugh, Arthur Ashe),
and the British royal family are popular selections. The humor of
authors such as Dave Barry, Lewis Grizzard, and Andy Rooney is
available, as are science fiction (Ben Bova, Arthur Clarke) and
fantasy (Anne McCaffrey, Piers Anthony). Books about health,
education, business, the environment and other contemporary
issues are included as well.
Reaction to the Leisure Reading collection has been quite
positive among students, staff, and faculty, and circulation has
steadily grown. The size of the collection-was increased to three
hundred titles in 1989, and to five hundred titles in 1992. A
popular magazine collection was initiated in the fall of 1992 to
further encourage recreational reading. Current issues of about
fifteen popular titles, such as Car and Driver, Music City News,
Vanity Fair, Sports Afield, Advocate, Down Beat, Details, Countrv
Living and McCalls are displayed in a study lounge area where
food and beverages are permitted. As with the leisure books
North Carolina Libraries
collection, patronsT recommendations for additions to the collec-
tion are encouraged and usually incorporated.
The success of this thriving Leisure Reading collection leads
to several questions. What is the nature and source of leisure
reading collections in academic libraries and how widespread
are they? How are they treated bibliographically? Are they more
likely to be found in smaller colleges than large universities? The
best way to answer these questions is to survey academic
libraries. This paper provides the results of a survey of academic
libraries in southeastern states conducted by the author in 1993.
Survey Methodology
A brief survey instrument (Appendix A) was designed to find out
about leisure or browsing collections of books, magazines, and
videos in academic libraries. It sought information about the size
and nature of the collections, their bibliographic access, their
overall use, and the popularity of subjects. Finally, it requested
the size of the student body and whether the school is private or
publicly-supported.
The survey was sent to 120 academic libraries in twelve
southeastern states (Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennes-
see, Kentucky, Arkansas and Louisiana) during October 1993.
These libraries serve student bodies ranging from 600 to 28,000,
but the majority are in the 2,000 to 8,000 student range. Both
private and state-supported colleges and universities were in-
cluded in the survey.
Results were tallied to determine the prevalence of leisure or
browsing collections and to attempt to draw a general profile of
such collections. LibrariansT comments were recorded separately
with the intent to supplement the statistical data given.
Response
Eighty-five of the 120 academic libraries surveyed returned the
survey, a return rate of about 75 percent. Thirty-eight (45 per-
cent) of the libraries surveyed indicated they do have a browsing
or leisure reading collection. Forty-seven of the 85 academic
libraries (55 percent) responding to the survey indicated they
have no leisure collection, or at least none specifically designated
as such.
Leisure Collections
Several of the libraries surveyed have more than one type of
material in their leisure collection. Any combination of book
rentals, paperback books, hardback books, gift books, videos, and
magazines may be maintained; each omini-collection� may be
cataloged and circulated differently. The 38 libraries described a
total of 61 such collections they maintain. (This explains the
apparent discrepancy in the data tabulated below).
Most of these 61 collections are books, but a few also include
magazines (7 libraries) and videos (9 libraries). Sixteen libraries
participate in a rental plan from either Baker & Taylor or
McNaughton. Other collections include donations from staff
and Friends organizations, or even items selected from the
regular collection. Fifteen libraries maintain paperback leisure
collections.
The size of institution does not appear to be a factor in
whether the library has a leisure collection. (See Table I) In each
size-range category, a fairly even distribution can be seen. The top
and bottom range, over 20,000 and under 1,000 enrollment
respectively, are more likely not to have leisure collections.
However, the sample size is not large enough to assume a
correlation.
Private schools are somewhat more likely to have leisure
collections: 44 percent of private colleges responding to the
North Carolina Libraries
Vi.
The following tables show responses from the 38 libraries
which have leisure collections. Percentages shown are of
all positive respondents, not the total sample. (Note: The
total will not be 38 in these tables since several libraries
have more than one type of leisure collection, and there
was an occasional ono response�.)
. Responses by Size of Institution
Number of Leisure/Browsing No Leisure
Students Collection Collection
600-1,000 2 4
1,001-3,000 id 2)
3,001-6,000 9 10
6,001-10,000 4 5
10,001-15,000 5 5
15,001-20,000 2 z
20,001- 3 5
Size not given Zz 3
Private vs. Publicly Supported Institutions
Leisure No Leisure
Collection Collection
Private 12 15
Public 19 30
Types of Collections
Leased books
Baker & Taylor
McNaughton
Library's books
Paperbacks
Magazines
Videos
(42%)
(11%)
(29%)
(37%)
(40%)
(18%)
(24%)
. Bibliographic Access
Full bibliographic record
Brief bibliographic record
Separate list or file only
No bibliographic access
(55%)
(34%)
(13%)
(18%)
Circulation Procedures
Circ records integrated with
oregular� collection 30 (79%)
automated circ system 22, (58%)
manual circ system 8 (21%)
Circ records kept separately 3. (6%)
No circ records kept 21 (6%)
Length of Loan as Compared to oregular� collection
Same 217 5%)
Shorter 112%)
Most Popular Genres
Mystery 22 (58%)
Historical Romance 122 (32%)
Fiction 11 229%)
Science Fiction 10 (26%)
Biography 9 (24%)
Horror 4 (11%)
Fall Winter 1994 " 123
survey have leisure collections, compared with 39 percent of the
state-supported institutions which report having such collec-
tions. (Table II)
Bibliographic Access
Overall, patrons have good bibliographic access to leisure collec-
tions. Twenty-one collections described by survey respondents
are fully cataloged, while 13 have brief records in their catalog.
Five collections have only a separate file or list for patron access:
3 rental collections, 1 video collection. Three collections are
accessible by a separate list in addition to the catalog.
Seven collections have no biblio-
graphic access; 6 of these are paperback
browsing collections kept in display ar-
eas for patrons to take and read at will.
One uncataloged collection is from a
rental plan.
Bibliographic control is a signifi-
cant investment in the collection, and
the strong showing of bibliographic ac-
cess to leisure materials indicates an
acknowledgement of the importance of
the collections. Paperbacks have a short
shelf-life, and are understandably less
likely to be cataloged.
Circulation
Thirty-two of the 38 respondents said
they use the same circulation system for
leisure materials as for the regular collec-
tion. Twenty-one of these libraries use
the same loan period as for similar mate-
rials from the regular collection. Eleven
use a shorter loan period. Three stated
they allow no renewals for leisure books.
Three libraries circulate leisure materials using a method
other than the regular circulation system. Two libraries do not
keep circulation records for leisure books. One gave no response.
Overall, most leisure collections are circulated like regu-
lar collections, although several have shorter loan periods.
Again, this shows general interest in treating all library
materials alike. The fewer the exceptions, the easier it is to
handle circulation records.
Most respondents did not provide circulation statistics.
Often these statistics are not broken out from other circulation
records in automated systems. Many librarians noted there is a
high interest in and heavy circulation rate of leisure materials:
oHigh circ. collection� " Public institution of 16,000 students;
oThe students, faculty and staff love the browsing collection� "
public institution of 12,000 students with browsing collection
circulation of over 9,600.
Popular Genres
One open-ended question on the survey was oWhat genres
appear to be most popular with your patrons?� This is, of course,
quite a subjective question based on observation of what is
circulated and reshelved and what is requested. The popularity of
genres is also dependent on what genres are available on the
shelves.
It is interesting, although not surprising, that the most
popular genres identified were mystery, historical romance,
fiction, science fiction, and biography. (See Table V1) Also men-
tioned as popular with readers were horror, adventure/thriller,
spy novels, current events, sports, humor, Westerns, travel, true
crime, and popular psychology.
124 " Fall-Winter 1994
Bibliographic control is a
significant investment in
the collection, and the
strong showing of
bibliographic access to
leisure materials indicates
an acknowledgement of
the importance of the
collections.
No Leisure Collection
Of the 47 libraries stating they have no leisure collection, two
were in the beginning stages of providing a book exchange at the
time of the survey. The book exchange area contains materials
left by students, faculty, and staff for other patrons to read in
return for similar donations. oIt seems to be catching on,� one
librarian noted on the survey.
Several respondents commented that leisure or light reading
is specifically provided for and funded in the development of the
collection as a whole, and is not treated as a separate collection.
One of these libraries also serves as a local public library and
spends $1,500 to $2,000 a year to
purchase popular fiction and
bestsellers; they also have a olight
reading� magazine collection anda
video collection of classic films.
In their comments, a few re-
spondents indicated that they in-
clude fiction and other light read-
ing as an integral part of the collec-
tion. However, two librarians com-
mented that as academic libraries
their function is to support the cur-
riculum, not provide light reading.
Only one of these librarians
madea distinctly negative comment
about leisure collections: oWe did
away with the oleisure� collection
about eight years ago ... Certainly
simplified everybodyTs life and no
one seems to miss it or expect it.�
This statement may refer indirectly
to the fact that extra maintenance is
needed to keep a separate leisure
collection. No other respondents
remarked on this fact, so one may assume that patronsT high
interest in and use of these collections override the problems and
inconvenience of providing this service.
Summary and Conclusion
This survey shows a significant interest and investment in
leisure reading collections among academic libraries in the
Southeast. These collections vary in composition, from paper-
back swap racks to rented material to popular titles rotated from
the regular collection. Magazines and videos also may be part of
these popular collections. Leisure materials may be bought with
Friends money, a portion of the regular materials budget, or be
dependent upon donations. With a few exceptions (usually
paperback books), leisure materials tend to have bibliographic
access and circulation control comparable to materials in the
regular collection.
Academic librarians do have an interest in promoting recre-
ational reading. Often, we expect our students will find light
reading in the regular collection of books and periodicals. Provid-
ing a separate collection of popular material allows the patron to
identify and access titles quickly. A separate leisure reading area
spotlights and promotes extracurricular reading, which may
often be overlooked in an academic environment.
North Carolina Libraries
Appendix A:
Survey of Academic LibrariesT
Leisure Collections
Does your library maintain a separate collection(s) for patrons' leisure or recreation?
No (If no, please skip to the last question to describe your institution)
Yes
If you do maintain such collections, please characterize them by checking all the following which apply.
Also state approximate size of the collection and fiscal year 1992/93 circulation statistics, if available.
Collection of leased books
McNaughton Baker & Taylor Other (specify)
Number of titles (approx.) Circulation, FY 1992/93
Paperback books
Number of titles (approx.) Circulation, FY 1992/93
Magazines (separate from periodicals collection)
Number of titles
Videos
Number of titles (approx.) Circulation, FY 1992/93
Rental plan? Yes __-_"=s"s Noo
What genres appear to be the most popular with your patrons? (e.g. biography, science fiction, how-tos, mystery, etc.)
What type of bibliographic access do your patrons have to leisure materials?
Full record in public catalog
Brief record in public catalog
Separate list or card file
No bibliographic access " browsing only
Please check all the following that apply about circulation of leisure materials.
Circulation records maintained in the same system as other library materialsT records
Online system _____"- Manual system ____
Circulation records maintained in a separate system from other library materialsT records
Online system _____"»- Manual system
Circulation period for leisure materials is:
Same _____ Longer _____ Shorter ______ compared to similar library materials in oregular� collection.
Please describe your institution:
Public _____ Private
Approximate number of students
Comments of-other information you would like to add: = =
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North Carolina Libraries Fall-Winter 1994 " 125
PoInt
Say Goodbye to the Book ...
the Future is Virtual
by Harry Tuchmayer, Column Editor
Ithough I feel like some sort of evil person gloating over the death of a hapless
victim, I canTt help thinking that the growth of the virtual library and the death of
the book as we know it is really a good thing. I love books! In fact, I like them so
much that at first it pained me to think about their demise. But after agonizing over
the issue, ITve come to the realization that maybe itTs time for the book, as we have
come to know it, to face facts and finally give up the endless struggle with changing
technologies and just expire gracefully.
This is not the first assault on books. Since the invention of the printing press
(a rather disastrous invention if you happened to be a scribe facing unemployment),
... maybe itTs time for
the book, as we have
come to know it, to
face facts and finally
give up the endless
struggle ....
" Tuchmayer
Computer nerds are
scaring those of us
who find computers a
tool but arenTt ready
to sleep with them
every night.
" Moore
126 " Fall-Winter 1994
books have come under attack from changing technology. And each time theyTve rebounded,
slightly redesigned, slightly less attractive, and slightly less artistic than the version before. But
today they face a more dangerous threat, because this time the assault is not on the form of the
book but on its very substance. And, I have to tell you, itTs about time!
Books as information just donTt cut it anymore! By the time a book is pub-
lished, itTs just not current enough. Now I know that the industry is trying to
produce the instant book. Those cheap paperback accounts of the Gulf War and
the rape of Kuwait that are littering the shelves of most libraries immediately
come to mind. But, come on now, have you ever read one of those things? As far
as ITm concerned, they are about as dull and unappealing as most of the junk we
find on the Internet. With few exceptions, the information is only minutes old,
and you can discard the stuff before it messes up the collection.
I know what you're thinking: sure, itTs easy to attack books if all youTre
concerned about is quick information. But what about books as literature, creative
pieces that push oneTs mind and imagination to the limit? What about those
titles, fiction and non-fiction, that explore the furthest reaches of our universe?
Nothing one can find on the Internet can ever match that kind of oreading.�
I donTt know about you, but those titles are becoming increasingly more
difficult for me to find. For years now, it seems that publishers are more con-
cerned about profits than quality. Just about every bestselling author seems to
have decided that his books are off limits to editors, as if every word written is
worth preserving. And publishers seem to feel that the extra 250 pages of ogenre
babble� justifies the higher price tag. Well, as far as ITm concerned, nobodyTs
going to curl up with a three-pound wad of cheaply-bound and poorly-glued
paper full of run-on thoughts and sentences.
But all is not lost. The current debate over the death of the book reminds me
of a scene in my favorite movie when Miracle Max explains the difference
between omostly dead and all dead.� When someone is all dead, he reasons, there
is nothing one can do but ogo through his pockets and look for loose change.�
Ah, but mostly dead is not all dead! Life is still a possibility if there is something
truly noble to live for. We will all be a lot better off if those bits and pieces of
orequired reading� that we have all had to struggle with die a quick and painless
death as a result of the virtual library. But the preservation of good books is a
truly noble cause. As a bit of a romantic myself, I know that the preservation of
those books, like the true love of Wesley and the Princess Bride, shall live happily
ever after!
North Carolina Libraries
-Gounter- Point
Sleeping with the Enemy?
by Tom Moore
think that all this talk about virtual libraries is poppycock!! Computer nerds are scaring
those of us who find computers a tool but arenTt ready to sleep with them every night.
Computers and the information to which they provide access are important tools for the
present and the future. They only threaten libraries when librarians become their slaves.
A computer is only a tool to access information stored in an electronic format.
Storing and transferring information electronically is a cost-effective method of making
a lot of information available to a large audience. Because so much information can be
stored electronically, it is also a very cost-effective method of providing very esoteric
information to a very small audience.
Almost all of this transfer occurs on an individual basis. One person sitting at a computer
directly accesses the information needed. There might be another thousand or so who are
accessing the same information simultaneously. All of those people do not live in the same
community. They live all over the country. They could not be so served by a single library. The
publishers of electronic information recognize this. They market most of their services directly to
individuals. Those that do market directly to libraries do so because they package their informa-
tion on compact discs " fine storage devices, but inefficient retrieval devices. Libraries buy them
because of the amount of information they can hold, but recognize that they are used just like
books: for the most part, they serve one person at a time. Like books, they are updated regularly.
Libraries must purchase these new editions as they are published.
The question is, will the so-called virtual library replace or destroy todayTs public library? The
answer is, maybe. This will happen only if we (librarians) allow it to happen.
This is how I see libraries being replaced by the nebulous virtual library. If librarians forget
that computers are mere tools for our use and begin to think of them as ends in themselves, we
are well on the way to extinction. As a group we seem to be enamored with technology of any
kind. Look at how we embraced film, audio, and video technologies. If we had really had our
way, these technological items would have filled our libraries. The latest technological advances
for the first time pose a serious threat to our existence. We are not really thinking of filling our
libraries with computers so much as we are thinking of emptying them of books. The reasoning
is simple and direct. If I can access any information online that I might need for my customers, I
will not need to purchase the books that currently contain this information. Besides, these books
are usually out of date by the time that they are published. Therefore, I no longer will have to
select the best book on a subject, because I will be able to find online all the information there is
on that subject.
If we empty our libraries of out-of-date books so that we can get on the Information High-
way to get only the most current information, we are writing our own death certificates. All
books are out of date as soon as they are published. Our customers still prefer the book or journal
article for information purposes. Our customers need to be able to take information away from
the library in a format that they can access directly. When it becomes necessary for our custom-
ers to own a computer in order to use the information which we store, we will no longer be a
vital part of their everyday lives.
The virtual library will end public libraries if we allow ourselves to become so attached to
computers and online systems that we forget what the majority of our customers want. When
computer technology begins to reduce the amount of money that we spend on books and like
materials, the real library will begin to be replaced by the virtual library.
As everyone knows, virtual reality is intriguing and close to the real thing. In virtual reality
we can do many different things, like flying an airplane or driving a tank. Of course, being like
the real thing and really doing something are as different as night and day. You donTt walk away
from a real airplane crash. You wonTt be able to walk away from the virtual library with a real
book either. Too bad, I really like books.
North Carolina Libraries
Fall-Winter 1994 " 127
ired to the
hen this article comes out,
summer vacations will be a
fond memory for most of us.
To honor these vacations, I
would like to suggest that we
go on a obusmanTs holiday� and visit a
few library catalogs via the Internet. We
will visit the online catalog of Cam-
bridge and Oxford universities in the
United Kingdom via telnet and the
University of Minnesota home gopher. A
number of libraries in North Carolina
are using the University of Minnesota
home gopher as their gopher pointer.
This means that when you use a North
Carolina gopher server, you will actually
be pointed to the University of Minne-
sota as the root gopher for your
searches. Other systems to access library
catalogs besides gopher are front end
bulletin boards such as laUNCpad,
hypertext browsers such as the National
Center for Supercomputer Applications
MOSAIC program, the hypertext
program CELLO, and library Internet
systems such as CARL.
After you have logged on to a
gopher, you are faced with a number of
selection choices, each of which will
take you to another computer screen of
more choices (called a menu). Selecting
oLibraries� or "Library catalog,� on the
University of Minnesota gopher menu
screen will display another menu listing
the University of Minnesota Libraries
catalog, the Library of Congress, Library
Systems in the Twin Cities, Library
Catalogs via Z39.50, and Library Cata-
logs via Telnet. It is the oLibrary Cata-
logs via Telnet� selection that we will be
using. (The ovia Z39.50� selection is a
new interface that libraries are just
starting to implement. We will cover
Z39.50 searches in a later article.)
Selecting oLibrary Catalogs via Telnet�
will display another screen of menu
choices. These are Catalogs by Location,
128 " Fall-Winter 1994
Catalogs Search by Keyword, Instruc-
tions for different catalog types, Library
Bulletin Boards, Manuscript and Archive
Repositories " at Johns Hopkins, and
Paper List Barron's Accessing Online Bib
Dbase. Selecting oCatalogs by Location�
displays a menu choice of continents.
Choosing oEurope and the Middle-East�
displays a menu of European and Middle
Eastern countries. The selection of
oUnited Kingdom� provides a menu
choice of England, London, Northern
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. If you
select oEngland,� you will receive a
menu of choices of online library
catalogs and text documents that
explain access procedures. If you select a
telnet session to Cambridge University,
the gopher server in Minnesota connects
you to the catalog through a relay
satellite to the European Internet (called
Janet). Some instructions are provided in
the text documents and on the opening
Janet screens. At this point you are now
using computers in England to retrieve
your information.
When Janet asks you where you
want to go (login:), enter uk.ac.cam.ul
(the Internet four-part address for the
Cambridge University library catalog).
Most library catalogs at this point want
to know what type terminal you are
using (called terminal emulation by
techies). Most libraries support VT100
emulation. Usually, sending a o?� or
oHelp� will provide a list of terminals
supported by the library online catalog.
In the case of the Cambridge University
Library catalog, the screen reads oIf your
terminal is DEC VT100 ..., type Y and
press Return, or just press Return if it is
not or if you do not know.� I like that
kind of clear language. Some catalogs
just say oterm=", and leave you to figure
out if it is Spring or Fall semester. In any
case, if you have a VT100 terminal, just
typed Y.
ne a 5
" by Ralph Lee Scott
Next, you will see the opening
screen of the oCambridge University
Online Catalogues System.� The open-
ing screen gives Internet addresses for
humans to whom you can send mes-
sages reporting any problem you
experience. Then follows a list of the
major catalogues that comprise the
Cambridge Online Catalogues system.
They are: University Library post-1977
imprints (820,000 records); University
Library pre-1978 borrowable books
(570,00 records); Union Catalogue of
Departmental and College Libraries
(1,164,000 records); the Cambridge
Union List of Serials (115,000 records);
and the Cambridge Libraries Directory
(including abbreviations). My favorite is
the Cambridge Union List of Serials, and
that is where we will go next.
Pressing the number 4 and the
return key will connect you to the
Union List of Serials portion of the
Cambridge University online catalog.
The next screen gives you a brief
description of the Union List and four
choices. The choices are: oTitle keyword
search,� oFingerprint search on title,�
othe Cambridge Libraries Directory�
(which identifies the abbreviations of
the collections), and oChange to other
catalogue or Finish searching.� I like the
title key word search because you can
enter any portion of the title (even
fragments that the patron has given
you), and get a quick search of the
Cambridge Union List of Serials. I figure
that if Cambridge does not own it, itTs
going to be very hard to find. For
instance, I did a search on oNorth
Carolina� and got forty-nine periodical
hits. Included were such items as the
John Donne Journal (published at North
Carolina State University) and Carolina
Comments (published by the North
Carolina Division of Archives and
History). For each title, the entry gives a
North Carolina Libraries
| RE ER RE PR LE
brief holdings record and the location. (I
always like the location codes such as
olatest issues: p/hole T.658.�)
I like to try the Cambridge and
Oxford University Libraries online
catalogs for some of the real otoughies�
that I get on the public service desk. I
am often quickly rewarded for my
efforts. I also have taught a number of
patrons to access these two systems and
am amazed at the material that they
locate. There are many possibilities for
remote bibliographic verification here.
These catalogs are a reference librarianTs
dream (or nightmare, depending on
your point of view). The other Cam-
bridge University Library catalogs are
accessed through the opening menu by
typing numbers 1, 2, or 3 and pressing
the return key. The University has a
number of specialized departmental and
college collections that are very useful
for subject searching. They also are fun
to look at if you are a subject bibliogra-
pher or if you do collection develop-
ment.
To get to the University of Oxford
online library catalog from the Janet
host name prompt, type uk.ac.ox.pacx
and press return. When prompted for
which service, enter LIBRARY and press
return. Again, if appropriate, enter
VT100 as your terminal type when
requested. You should then connect to
the Oxford University Libraries online
catalog (OLIS). A menu lists the catalogs
of such famous collections as All Souls
College, Balliol College, the Bodleian,
Jesus College, Lady Margaret Hall,
Magdalen College, Maison Francaise, the
Oriental Institute, QueenTs College, St.
Edmund Hall, Trinity College, the
University Museum, and the Wellcome
Unit for the History of Medicine. Sixty-
seven different library catalogs can be
searched individually on the OLIS
system. Searching the catalog is similar
to searching the one at Cambridge and
it is basically menu driven.
If you have direct access to the
Internet through a direct telnet session,
you might try the two IPs for these
libraries:
131.111.12.21 (Cambridge)
and 129.67.1.46 (Oxford).
The University of Minnesota gopher can
provide librarians with access to many
other library catalogs. will We investi-
gate other sites in future oWired to the
World� columns.
North Carolina Libraries
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Paul B. Baker (baker@gibbs.oit.unc.edu)
Education: B.A., Emory and Henry College; M.L.S., North Carolina Central
University
Position: Electronic Reference Assistant, Davis Library, UNC at
Chapel Hill
Robert E. Burgin (burgin@nccu.edu)
Education: B.A., Duke University; M.S.L.S., UNC at Chapel Hill;
Ph.D., UNC at Chapel Hill
Position: Associate Professor, School of Library and Information
Sciences, North Carolina Central University
Elaine J. Christian (echristian@hal.dcr.state.nc.us)
Education: B.A., North Carolina Central University; M.L.S., Pratt Institute;
M.A., Teachers College, Columbia University
Position: Automation Consultant, State Library of North Carolina
Frank Clover (ccp\-fc@ecsvax.uncecs.edu)
Education: B.A., Ohio State University; M.L.S., Kent State University
Position: Online Librarian, Cumberland County Public Library
Gary Harden (gharden@hal.dcr.state.nc.us)
Education: B.A., Concord College; M.L.S., North Carolina Central
University
Position: Systems Librarian, State Library of North Carolina
Marilyn Hastings (hastings@acpub.duke.edu)
Education: A.B., Mount Holyoke College; M.P.A., Maxwell School,
Syracuse University; M.A., Duke University; M.L.S., North
Carolina Central University
Thomas L. Moore (tmoore@ecsvax.uncecs.edu)
Education: A.A., Springfield College; B.A., Cardinal Glennon College;
M.A.L.S., Rosary College
Position: Director, Wake County Public Library Systems
Linda Morrissett (morriss®@wkyuvm.wku.edu)
Education: B.A., St. Lawrence University; M.L.S., State University of
New York at Albany; M.A., (Humanities) Western Kentucky
University
Position: Circulation Services Supervisor, Helm-Cravens Library,
Western Kentucky University
Veronica S. Pantelidis (\spantel@ecuvm.cis.ecu.edu)
Education: A.A., University of Florida; B.A., University of Miami;
M.S.L.S., Florida State University; M.S. (Adult Education)
Florida State University; Ph.D., Florida State University
Position: Co-Director, Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, and
Associate Professor, Department of Library Studies and
Educational Technology, School of Education, East Carolina
University
Fall-Winter 1994 " 129
NORTH CAROLINA
Dorothy Hodder, Compiler
esidents who have lived in Winston-Salem a number of years and think
they possess a fair amount of local historical knowledge may find their
knowledge expanded after reading TursiTs book. He provides a wealth of
uncommon information about the vibrant history of Forsyth County and
Winston-Salem. Although little is known of the Indians that inhabited
this region in the 1700s, the early settlers, especially the Moravians,
carefully documented their everyday life. The author has used these resources to provide
the reader with unique insights. The pictures are plentiful and depict a way of life we
may not have seen before.
From the first page, Tursi introduces a pictorial display of early
Salem and Winston-Salem that encourages any reader to investigate
what lies behind the town's facade. He paints a compelling portrait of
the Moravians, a hard-working people who were determined to make a
Frank V. Tursi. "_ permanent place for themselves in the wilderness. Their primary wish,
Winston-Salem: as stated by Bishop Spangenberg, was to olive together as brethren,
° without interfering with others and without being disturbed by them.�
A His tory. This philosophy allowed them to conquer many obstacles, stay neutral
Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, Publisher, in war times, and build a flourishing community. They eventually sold
1994, xviii, 310 pp. $34.95. ISBN 0-89587-115-7. acreage one mile north of Salem which ultimately became Winston-
: Salem, hastening SalemTs demise as Winston-Salem flourished with a
new crop called tobacco.
Although it was initially the Moravians who introduced tobacco to
the region, R. J. Reynolds was the visionary who processed and marketed
oKing Tobacco,� which allowed Winston-Salem to prosper for many
years. Reynolds joined forces with Hanes, Grey, and Fries, other indus-
trialists representing textiles and banking, and beginning in the 1880s, this group
influenced all aspects of life in Winston-Salem for nearly one hundred years. While
today their influence still is felt because of past contributions of land, buildings, and
trusts, Winston-Salem is a city seeking to become more diverse and attract different types
of industry to the community.
The author supplies summaries at the end of each section of the book, with dates to
remember and people to know. The book provides a quality bibliography and an
adequate index. This publication would be a worthy addition to any collection, but
especially to academic or public libraries interested in or possessing a local history
collection.
" Dan Swartout
Wayne County Public Library
FRANK V. TURSI
130 " Fall-Winter 1994 North Carolina Libraries
rom the first words of the introduction to this little book of mountain folk-
lore, oThere is something that loves the night,� the reader is caught up in the
imagery of ghosts, beginning with the Cherokee belief that creatures came out
at night to bring home lost children and protect their people from their
enemies, like the horned snake with a flashing crystal in its head. Ambrose
BierceTs quote, oGhost: the outward and visible sign of an inward fear,�
invokes the idea that manTs darkest and most secret yearnings are manifested in the
spirits of the night.
Some of the short tales here are of the foreboding and eerie type, while others are
Gary Carden and Nina Anderson.
Belled Buzzards, Hucksters
& Grieving Specters.
Asheboro, N.C.: Down Home Press, 1994. 208 pp.
Paper, $13.95. ISBN 1-878086-28-6.
full of eccentricity and fun. Some are stories brought down through
family histories or found in old newspaper accounts. The authors
were allowed access to the historical files of Western Carolina Univer-
sity and had the support of the North Carolina Arts Council. They
say they also found out how many people still love to tell a good tale!
At first look, this volume seems to give short shrift to the thirty-
seven vignettes packed into its pages. Upon reading, however, the
imagination takes over and rich portraits emerge, somehow larger
than life, of everyday people overtaken by lifeTs unexpected dramas.
Entertaining for all age groups, this volume could easily be adapted
for television, enlarging upon the irony, curiosity, and life force so
abundant in each story.
" Judy Stoddard
Sampson County Public Library
avid S. Cecelski, historian and research fellow at the Institute for Southern
Studies in Durham, North Carolina, happened upon the opportunity to
research and write a book when he attended a homecoming for a high
school alumni association in Hyde County, North Carolina in 1983. His
book, Along Freedom Road: Hyde County, North Carolina and the Fate of Black
Schools in the South, details the events and circumstances surrounding the
boycott of Hyde County schools in 1968 and 1969. The black citizens of Hyde County
refused to send their children to school for an entire year to protest the Board of
EducationTs decision to close two historically black schools in order to comply with a
Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) desegregation plan that failed to incorporate the
David S. Cecelski.
Along Freedom Road:
Hyde County, North Carolina,
and the Fate of Black Schools
in the South.
Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press,
1994, xii, 235 pp. Cloth, $32.50. ISBN 0-8078-2126-8.
Paper, $14.95. ISBN 0-8078-4437-3.
concerns of the black community. The closing of the black schools
meant a loss of educational heritage as well as a loss of community
control. With the support of several prominent civil rights leaders
and organizations, they marched on Raleigh, staged sit-ins and
demonstrations, and persevered in spite of extreme odds. Through-
out the year, the black citizens and their children remained focused,
though there was obvious retaliation by the local school board, local
white merchants, law enforcement officers, and the Ku Klux Klan.
Cecelski credits his book with being one of the few that
explores the far-reaching consequences of the closing of black schools
in the South in an effort to achieve desegregation. He also refers to
his book as the chronicle of an important untold moment in civil
rights history and recognizes that many similar stories are waiting
and unrecorded. Statistical data relative to the impact of school
desegregation on black educational leadership are provided.
The book, which includes notes and a bibliography, is well documented and in-
dexed. It should prove valuable to coastal North Carolina history and to African Ameri-
can historical collections in academic and public libraries.
AR RR 2 RET A ST TO
North Carolina Libraries
" Waltrene M. Canada
Bluford Library, North Carolina A & T State University
Fall-Winter 1994 " 131
his book is a collection of six ofictions� set at various times in the last forty years
with references to places in North Carolina, mostly in the coastal plain where
the author grew up. ParkerTs strength as a writer is clearly his use of language,
which is both precise and admirable--and at times very funny. His characters
are lovingly drawn, even those who are not particularly lovable. Many, such as
the teenagers Walker and Bev in oCursive,� are ripe for (re)institutionalization;
most are in some way struggling with the effects of long-ago inflicted wounds and
circumstances.
The best offering in the collection is the novella, oGolden Hour.�
Here Parker combines serious issues with the highly amusing observa-
tions of three major characters, each describing the events surround-
Michael Parker. ing the breakdown of a funk band bus in front of an isolated techni-
; ° cal ocollege� somewhere between Wilmington and Raleigh. The
The Geog rap hical Cure: formal, latinate vocabulary and bearing of Nancy McFadden, Ph.D.,
Novellas and Stories. co-administrator of the night program with native son Mitchell
~ : Register, Ed.D., contrasts markedly with the laid-back RegisterTs
SLA emo ie le seo ea sey Ril ao reliance on the local vernacular. This difference in tempera-
ee ment and personality reflects a long-standing rivalry, which finally
and hilariously explodes when the breakdown delivers to them one
Franklin oCisco� Reed, incorrigible but inconsistent Marxist guitarist
miffed at the bandTs lead singer. Both oFancy� and Register are ultimately redeemed by
the experience.
Michael ParkerTs first book was Hello Down There, a 1993 New York Times Notable
Book. The Geographical Cure would be a good addition to the North Carolina collections
of public and academic libraries.
" Rose Simon
Gramley Library, Salem College
anette GreenwoodTs book focuses on the social currents that buffeted the
South after the Civil War through the lens of CharlotteTs obetter classes.�
Efforts such as Rufus BarringerTs organizing of North CarolinaTs only Civil War
peace protest and Louis McAdenTs founding of NationsBank shaped Charlotte
down to the present. The political exploits of Richard Schenck and social
observations of J. W. Smith offer two examples of the black obetter class�
fitting into Charlotte society.
But blacks fit into the community with diminishing success.
Despite their emancipation, they were not allowed to invest in post-
Civil War industrialization. Black political power under the Republi-
can umbrella disintegrated from fractionalization caused by populism
Janette Thomas Greenwood. and fusion politics. After a period of cooperation on prohibition and
° : social welfare, racial antagonism increased. Social Darwinism and
Bittersweet Legacy: white supremacy inflamed the enmity. Prominent whites such as
The Black and White "Better " Charles Tompkins and Heriot Clarkson cemented Jim Crow and the
"es laws of disenfranchisement firmly in place.
Classes" in Charlotte, 1850-1910. The black response proved Aisiscath The ostatus� of the black
Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, obetter class� derived from identification with their white counter-
1994, xiv, 318 pp. $45.00. ISBN 0-8078-2133-0. parts. This resulted in a lack of support from lower class blacks
during the onslaught to black civil rights. The outcome from both
black classes became identical: social and political abandonment.
GreenwoodTs tapestry of social forces and individual anecdotes provides convincing
history and compelling story telling. Her epilogue of both races working together during
the 1960sT civil rights movement underscores the bitter legacy of a people twice having
to regain what should have been theirs all along.
" William Fietzer
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
142 " Fall-Winter 1994 North Carolina Libraries
he Christ-Haunted Landscape: Faith and Doubt in Southern Fiction is a book
about Southern writers, their work, and religion. It delves into the power-
ful relationship between religion and creativity in Southern fiction.
Author Susan Ketchin is a writer, editor, and musician. She has served
as associate editor at Algonquin Books and is fiction editor at Southern
Exposure magazine. In her introduction, she quotes Flannery OTConnor as
saying, opeople in the South still conceive of humanity in theological terms. While
the South is hardly Christ-centered, it is certainly Christ-haunted.� This observa-
tion serves as the cornerstone for KetchinTs book.
Ketchin introduces the book by writing about the religious
and cultural influences on the writings of twelve contempo-
rary Southern writers. The book is a collection of commentar-
ies, interviews, and selections of fiction from these authors.
North Carolina writers include Lee Smith, Reynolds Price,
Doris Betts, Clyde Edgerton, Randall Kenan, Harry Crews, and
Allan Gurganus. Writers from other Southern states include
Susan Ketchin, ed. Larry Brown of Mississippi, Sheila Bosworth of Louisiana,
The Christ-Haunted Landscape: Sandra Hollin Flowers of Georgia, Will Campbell of Tennessee,
; and Mary Ward Brown of Alabama.
Faith and Doubt Each short story or excerpt from a novel is followed by an
in Southern Fiction. interview with the writer about his or her writing. The
interviews were conducted in a variety of informal settings
Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994. allowing for a relaxed, conversational tone. In several cases,
408 pp. Cloth, $40.00. ISBN 0-87805-669-6. the interviews include glimpses into the writerTs life and early
Paper, $16.95. ISBN 0-87805-670-X. religious experiences. Collectively, the interviews mirror a
combination of religious faith and doubt.
The Christ-Haunted Landscape is a book that can be read on
many levels and in different ways. Each selection or interview
can be read alone or in combination with other sections.
Taken as a whole, Ketchin captures a rare view into the
contemporary world of a current generation of notable South-
ern writers. Selected references are included for further reading.
Ketchin has succeeded in drawing a profound and fascinating portrait of the
relationship of fiction and religion in the modern South through its writers and
their words. This book will be of great interest to anyone who is interested in the
South and Southern writers. Recommended for academic, public, special, and high
school libraries.
" Joan Sherif
Northwestern Regional Library
Large Print Books
P.O. Box 159 Ralph Davis
Thorndike, ME 04986 P.O. Box 144
800-223-6121 Rockingham, NC 28379
FAX: 207-948-2863 800-545-2714
North Carolina Libraries ee: Fall Winter 1994 " 133
""""
he ogood olT days,� when education was of prime importance and students
worked very hard to achieve academic success and win that all-important
championship, when teachers and the community taught civic pride and
important lessons that carried through life, is the world recreated in Unfinished
Heaven. Betsy Holloway fondly recalls the thriving and bustling activity of a
growing Durham, North Carolina, from the beginning of the century through
1954. This book traces the histories of Carr Junior High and
Durham High School and the teachers, students, and events that
made them famous. Most of the emphasis is on Durham High,
which was considered the finest high school in the state.
Betsy Holloway. Unfinished Heaven is illustrated with numerous vintage postcards,
Unfini shed H. eaven: pictures, and excerpts from the schoolTs nationally recognized
. newspaper.
D urham, N orth Carolina, Betsy Holloway is a native of Durham, North Carolina, and is
A Story of Two Schools currently living in Orlando, Florida. She attended school in
Durham and graduated from Duke University with a major in
Orlando, Florida: Persimmon Press, English. Her first book taking readers on a stroll through history
1994. x, 324 pp. $23.95. ISBN 0-9616500-1-X. was Heaven For Beginners, published in 1986. Unfinished Heaven is
Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press,
Betsy Holloway
recommended for those interested in the history of Durham.
�"�~
" Lana Taylor
Randall Library, UNCW
n the chronicles of the War Between the States, irony and contradiction make
frequent appearances. Military men who had learned their craft together and
swore oaths of loyalty and friendship found themselves staring at one another
over the muzzles of cannon.
John Newland Maffitt was one such man. From 1842 to 1885 he worked for
the U.S. Coast Survey, mapping, plotting, and taking soundings in the coastal
waters from Maine to Florida, intimately gaining the exact knowledge he would soon
need to outwit the superior numbers of the Union blockade. A slave owner himself, he
spent his final tour of duty with the U.S. Navy in supression of
the slave trade. As Southern states began to secede, rather than
Royce Shingleton. deserting to the Confederate cause, he sailed his ship north to
New York, having refit at his own expense. His loyalty was
al
H 1S h Seas Conf ederate: repaid by a Federal bureaucracy that refused to reimburse him.
The Life and Times of He then resigned his commission and embarked on a legendary
career with the Confederate navy.
J ohn Newland M affitt. Drawing on the John Newland Maffitt papers in the Southern
Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina at
1994. xii, 160 pp. $27.95. ISBN 0-87249-986-3. Chapel Hill, Royce Shingleton traces MaffittTs life and career from
134 " Fall-Winter 1994
his beginnings near Fayetteville, North Carolina, through his U.S.
Naval service, his heroic and danger-laden exploits as one of the
most successful Confederate commerce raiders while command-
ing the C.S.S. Florida, and later as a dedicated blockade runner, to his postwar retirement
near Wilmington, North Carolina.
The author, professor of history at Darton College in Albany, Georgia, has previ-
ously written several books of regional interest, including Rural Life in the Old South
(1971), John Taylor Wood: Sea Ghost of the Confederacy (1979), and Richard Peters: Cham-
pion of the New South (1985).
This is a welcome addition to the naval literature of the Civil War. An appendix
details the captures by Maffitt during the C.S.S. FloridaTs first cruise. Also included are a
bibliographic note, forty-three pages of chapter-by-chapter notes, eleven pages of
halftone illustrations, and an endpaper map. While aimed at an academic audience, it
should find a home in the many public libraries where interest in Civil War history is at
an all-time high.
" Jeffrey Cannell
Wayne County Public Library
North Carolina Libraries
aul Green (1894-1981) lived an extraordinarily busy and productive life.
Fortunately for the scholar interested in his literary accomplishments, the
historian studying the social and political movements of his day, or the
general reader simply wanting to know more about the creator of The Lost
Colony drama, Green was also a letter writer. At his death, his files contained
copies of nearly ten thousand letters to friends, family members, fellow
writers, public officials, literary agents, and business associates.
Such a rich epistolary lode surely gave long pause to editor Laurence G. Avery,
chairman of the Department of English at the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill and the editor responsible for selecting the 329 letters published in A Southern Life.
The earliest letters show a bright young Harnett County, North
Carolina, farmboy whose education at the nearby state university
at Chapel Hill was interrupted by World War I military service.
The horrors of warfront France left a lifelong impression on Green,
A Southern Life: but in his letters home he valiantly sought not to alarm those left
behind. Such a strong sense of responsibility for family and friends
Letters of Paul Green, 1916-1981. is a constant theme in his correspondence.
Edited by Laurence G. Avery. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Many letters, of course, pertain to GreenTs remarkable literary
University of North Carolina Press, 1994. xlix, 735 pp. career, one marked by the Pulitzer Prize for drama in 1937; fifteen
$49.95. ISBN 0-8078-2105-5. outdoor historic osymphonic� dramas; production of his plays on
Broadway; and Hollywood screenwriting. Others document
GreenTs passionate devotion to social and political causes, includ-
ing civil rights for black Americans, abolition of capital punish-
ment, and world peace.
Supplementing the letters with concise, informative footnotes,
editor Avery offers in A Southern Life an intimate look at a remark-
able man who through both his literary endeavors and personal life sought to inspire his
fellow citizens to better the human condition.
Paul Green.
" Robert G. Anthony, Jr.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
r. Taft is in the White House, aeroplanes are in the news, the local
doctor has bought himself an automobile, and there is talk of giving
women the vote. For Medford Henry McGee, the young narrator of
Donald DavisTs first novel, the way of life that his family has known
for generations is fast disappearing, and othe real modern world is just
about here now.� Written as the Sunday afternoon journal entries of
the youngest member of the McGee family, the book depicts life in an Appalachian
community from January, 1910, until mid-1913. Medford is only ten years old when his
father sets him the task of oriting out my life.� At first Med fills his journal with the
everyday of farm life, the antics of his older siblings, stories from
the newspaper, and things that happen in school. Eventually,
when tragedy strikes, that also is detailed within the context of
. MedTs growing awareness. The McGee family, headed by a father
Thirteen Miles from Suncrest. who values education and is interested in politics and a mother
; who recognizes that oyou just have to keep on living� even when
Little Rock, Ark.: August House, ieatt Neeuaaiena, the Se of life is Pa ee is Benen een in contrast
; ~*~" with the Mayfields, a family with an abusive father and troubled
children.
Readers familiar with DavisTs collections of original and
traditional stories, Listening for the Crack of Dawn and Barking at a
Fox-Fur Coat, will recognize the authorTs wry humor and perfect
timing. In Thirteen Miles from Suncrest, Davis provides a convincing picture of the
hardships and joys of rural life in the early 1900s that is both moving and unsentimen-
tal. This book is appropriate for any library serving general readers.
Donald Davis.
" Ann B. Sullivan
Greenville, N.C.
em an Sree
North Carolina Libraries Fall-Winter 1994 " 135
Kemp Battle Nye.
hereTs an old country saying that oevery time an old man and his memories
die, itTs like a tree falling in the forest.� In this book Kemp Battle Nye has kept
the memories alive " memories of the days when Teddy Roosevelt was
in Washington; when in the mountains, up where North Carolina
touches Virginia, a writer named Taddick came looking for what the city
couldnTt supply. j
This is a novel that is so full of truth that itTs almost not a novel at
all but a history. NyeTs central character of Old Doc is based on the
famous mountain doctor Burgess Cox Waddell, and Taddick is really
~3 i Sherwood Anderson, who came to the mountains and found a friend in
Ripshin. Doc Waddell when Nye was a boy of twelve.
Carrboro, N.C.: Signal Books, 1994. 239 pp. The characters worm their way into the readerTs affections in this
Paper $12.00. ISBN 0-930095-30-8. nonstereotyped view of mountain life. The underlying theme is the
harsh exploitation of mountain folk by the logging interests, echoing
the exploitation of the Scottish Land Clearances which a century or
more before had brought many of these mountain peopleTs ancestors to
North Carolina in the first place. Incident follows incident, and tension
builds until it comes to a horrific climax at Ripshin Creek.
This is a powerful book which draws the reader into the whirlpool
of the charactersT lives. Nye has written the book Sherwood Anderson
wanted to write about the mountains.
" Grace Ellen McCrann
NCCU SLIS student
Other Publications of Interest
136 " Fall-Winter 1994
All libraries with fiction collections surely will already have purchased two fine novels
released earlier this year: Doris BettsTs Souls Raised From the Dead, a novel about a family
living through the death of a child; and Margaret MaronTs Shooting at Loons, the third
adventure of Judge Deborah Knott, in which she investigates competing coastal interests
leading to murder on Harkers Island. Another to be aware of is Inagehi, Jack CadyTs
hypnotically told story of a young part-Cherokee woman searching for the reason for her
fatherTs mysterious death on a mountain near Cherokee, North Carolina. (1994; Broken
Moon Press, PO Box 24585, Seattle, WA, 98124-0585; 258 pp.; paper, $13.95; ISBN 0-913089-
50-8.) Deborah SmithTs Silk and Stone is a romantic saga set in the wealthy mountain resort
of Pandora, North Carolina. (1994; Bantam Books, 1540 Broadway, New York, NY 10036;
518 pp.; paper, $5.99; ISBN 0-553-29689-2.)
Poetry collections will want Fred ChappellTs Plow Naked: Selected Writings on Poetry, with
essays on a wide variety of poetical issues and poets, including Randall Jarrell and Octavio
Paz. (1993; The University of Michigan Press, PO Box 1104, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1104; 147
pp.; paper, $13.95; ISBN 0-472-06542-4.) All North Carolina literature collections should
include The Language They Speakis Thingsto Eat: Poems by Fifteen Contemporary North
Carolina Poets, edited by Michael McFee (1994: University of North Carolina Press, PO Box
2288; Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288; 268 pp.; cloth, $24.95; ISBN 0-8078-2172-1; paper,
$12.95; ISBN 0-8078-4483-7), and Reynolds PriceTs account of his ordeal with cancer, A
Whole New Life: An Illness and a Healing. (1994; Atheneum, 866 Third Ave, New York, NY
10022; 213 pp.; $20.00; ISBN 0-689-12197-0.)
Students of Confederate Naval history will be interested in Robert G. ElliotTs well-
researched story Ironclad of the Roanoke: Gilbert ElliottTs Albemarle. Included is the
building of the Confederate vessel, as well as her service during the war. Forty-two
photographs, maps, and line drawings enhance the text. Recommended for Eastern North
Carolina and Civil War collections. (1994; White Mane Publishing Company, 63 West Burd
St., PO Box 152, Shippensburg, PA 17257; 388 pp.; $29.95; ISBN 0-942597-63-X.)
A profusely illustrated history of attempts to save the lives of victims shipwrecked off the
coast of North Carolina, the Graveyard of the Atlantic, is Joe A. MobleyTs Ship Ashore! The
U.S. Lifesavers of Coastal North Carolina. (1994; Historical Publications Section, Division
of Archives and History, 109 E. Jones St., Raleigh, NC 27601-2807; xii, 185 pp.; paper, $10.00,
plus $2.00 postage and handling; ISBN 0-86526-260-8.)
North Carolina Libraries
a ee ee == nnd
Libraries serving the sportsman will be happy to see Freshwater Fishes of the Carolinas,
Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, by Fred C. Rohde, RudolfG. Arndt, David G. Lindquist,
and James F. Parnell. The book identifies some 260 species, with information on catching
and maintaining them in captivity. It includes range maps and 200 color photographs.
(1994: University of North Carolina Press, PO Box 2288; Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288; 222
pp.; $29.95; ISBN 0-8078-2130-6.) Also for those fishermen interested in finding and
catching the most popular salt water game fish, there is Bob NewmanTs Inshore Fishing the
CarolinasT Coasts. (1994; Down Home Press, PO Box 4126, Asheboro, NC 27204; 151 pp.;
paper, $13.95; ISBN 1-878086-27-8.) G. Forest writes about rock climbing, motorcycling,
kayaking, rafting, fly-fishing, hiking, hot-air ballooning, caving, hang gliding, bungee
jumping, cross-country skiing, horseback riding, ORVing, and so on, with advice about how
and where the reader may enjoy the same, in Great Adventures in the Southern Appala-
chians. (1994; John F. Blair, 1406 Plaza Drive, Winston-Salem, NC 27103; 235 pp.; paper
$12.95; ISBN 0-89587-113-0.) And Lori Finley continues her informative series on mountain
biking the Appalachians with Mountain Biking the Appalachians: Northwest North
- Carolina /Southwest Virginia. (1994; John F. Blair, 1406 Plaza Drive, Winston-Salem, NC
27103; 191 pp.; paper $9.95; ISBN 0-89587-114-9.)
Several favorites newly released in paperback: Raised in Clay: The Southern Pottery
Tradition, by Nancy Sweezy, first published in 1984, is available in paperback with a new
afterword by the author, commenting on recent changes in the potting scene. (1994;
University of North Carolina Press, PO Box 2288; Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288; 284 pp.;
paper, $24.95; ISBN 0-8078-4481-0.)
Finally, a source of book reviews and news, and an opportunity for would-be book reviewers
and columnists, is Southern Book Trade, a monthly publication for book professionals in the
Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia. It began publication in September 1994, and is distributed
free of charge to libraries and bookstores. Write to Jack Fryar, Southern Book Trade, 4137
Princess Place Drive, Wilmington, NC 28405, to contribute or request a subscription.
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North Carolina Libraries Fall Winter 1994 " 137
he aguiappe' (North Carcliniana
compiled by Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.
The North Carolina
Periodicals Index
by David L. Burke and Maurice C. York
The North Carolina Periodicals Index seeks to provide access
to periodical literature pertaining to North Carolina and its
people. It is available through the gopher server maintained
by East Carolina UniversityTs Joyner Library. Easy to use and
broad in scope, the index reflects the content of hundreds of
articles in over forty magazines, journals, and newsletters
published in North Carolina. The index has proved to be not
only a valuable source of bibliographic information, but also a
meaningful learning experience for the staff members and
student assistants involved in its development.
The index grew out of a desire to help undergraduate
students at East Carolina University find current information
about the state. The scope and content of the index reflect
these needs. Thus, the periodicals chosen for inclusion " most
of which are not indexed in standard reference tools "
regularly contain useful articles pertaining to the arts, social
sciences, and sciences. Topics include artists and art exhibi-
tions, folk music, education, social conditions, history, travel
and tourism, politics and government, and the environment.
Owing to staffing limitations, however, no attempt is made to
index each title exhaustively or to include reviews of any kind.
Although indexing began in January 1992, some retrospective
work has been accomplished since that time. The product has
been surprisingly useful in locating articles of interest to the
libraryTs patrons.
Graduate students employed by the library have been vital
to the success of the project. As new issues of periodicals
arrive in the North Carolina Collection, a graduate assistant
selects articles thought to be substantive enough to merit
inclusion in the index. After reading an article, the student
completes a data entry sheet. These sheets contain fields for
complete bibliographic information, up to four Library of
Congress subject headings, and an abstract. The sheets are
given to the North Carolina Librarian, who edits them and
checks for consistency and appropriateness of subject headings
chosen by the student. The student then enters the informa-
tion for each article in a database. Because they realize that the
index is being used by many people, the students have found
unexpected gift or benefit. [Louisiana French]
178 " Fall-Winter 1994
the work to be very rewarding.
Using Microsoft Excel, the Systems Librarian designed a
data entry box for entering the data sheet contents into an
electronic database format. A macro program prompts the
student to add data to various fields and utilizes dropdown list
boxes to insure standardized entry of periodical titles, abbre-
viations, notes, and dates. In an attempt to maintain author-
ity control, the data entry system was programmed to bring up
another dialog box for subject entry. Subject headings that
have been used in previous entries can be cut and pasted to
the entry at hand, and new headings are added to a thesaurus.
To enable patrons to search the index through the
libraryTs gopher server, the periodicals database, after steps in
which it is converted to ASCII textfile format, is indexed with
the IUBio WAIS program developed by Indiana University.
WAIS enables the patron to employ a variety of search tech-
niques. These are explained in a scope and content note
available on the gopher.
Upon selecting the North Carolina Periodicals Index item
on the library gopherTs main menu, the patron can double-
click on one of two icons. The first one describes the database
and lists the periodicals indexed. After clicking on the second
of these, oSearch the North Carolina Periodicals Index,� the
patron is prompted to type a search string. Here the patron
can search by keyword using Boolean commands (and, not),
employ truncation, or enter literal phrases. A few examples
follow:
Boolean
To find articles dealing with water pollution, which have been
given the subject heading Water"Pollution, one can use the
search string water and pollution. The search string water
pollution will retrieve extraneous articles because the system
defaults to or in the absence of a Booleary operator, thus
locating articles dealing with many aspects of water or pollu-
tion. To limit a search by date, the patron must incorporate a
year into the string: Air and Cargo and 1993. The not
command can be used to restrict the scope of a search: crime
and prevention not juvenile.
North Carolina Libraries
Truncation
The asterisk (*) applied at the end of a partial word will match
all documents with words that begin with that partial word.
The query educat* results in all records containing such words
as educate, educators, and education.
Literal Phrases
If quotation marks (o) surround a phrase, then the result will
match that phrase exactly: oUniversity of North Carolina�.
When the search engine locates the search string any-
where in the database, a list of article titles that match the
search will appear on the screen. When the patron double-
clicks on a title, the full record appears. This information can
then be printed or downloaded to a disk.
The Joyner Library gopher server can be reached through
any gopher client. While these clients vary in how a specific
gopher server is accessed, the Internet address of the libraryTs
gopher server is fringe.lib.ecu.edu. The gopher is registered
with the Home Gopher Server at the University of Minnesota
and can be found under the listing of North Carolina gophers
as oEast Carolina University.�
Figure 3: List of record titles that match the search.
WSGopher 1.0 - North Carolina Periodicals Index (search) : water and pollution
Edit Bookmark Configure Window Help
File
Gopher main menu Bel
Narth Carolina Periodicals Index [~[-]
North Carolina Periodicals Index {search o[y]
North Carolina Periodicals Index (search) : water and pollution
2) (EET - a Threatened Resource?
Soil and Water Conservation Commission Adopts Guidelines for
Troubled Air, Troubled Water
Paint of View Options for Achieving Integrated Wastewater
Closed Shellfishing Areas: Where the Green Signs Mean Stop
EMC Adopts Modified Watershed Protection Rules
Effects of Urbanization and Season on Concentrations of Five Heavy
Variations in the Bioaccumulation of Zinc, Copper, and Lead in
N.C. Pesticide Board Adopts Generic Pesticide State Management
Army Corps of Engineers-Environmental Protection Agency Mitigation
gl
IES
BRB RPL
"Received 10 menu lien
The library plans to update the index at intervals of two
months, thus achieving the goal of making current informa-
tion about North Carolina available to its patrons " and, as
lagniappe, to anyone connected to the Internet.
a
Figure 1: North Carolina Periodicals Index listing on Gopher Main
Menu (Windows).
WSGopher 1.0 - Gopher main menu
Bookmark Configure Window Help
=
File Edit
Gopher main menu
ES) About the Joyner Library Gopher Server
3 About Joyner Library
5 Library Departments
fa@morth Carolina Periodicals Index
3 Internet Resources Fram Around the World
9 Guides to the Internet
9 Electronic Books and Journals
(9 Current Events
9 Job Listings
~$25 Teaching Resources
| Received 10 menu items ... don
Figure 2: Periodicals Index search prompt.
=
WSGopher 1.0 - North Carolina Periodicals Index (search)
File Edit Bookmark aut teat Help
) ola ie)
Gopher main menu Gap ermainmena
Bie "North Carolina Periodicals index sd
FE) About the North Carolina Periodicals Index
BeMNorth Carolina Periodicals Index (search)
Search for documents containing one or more of the following:
North Carolina Periodicals Index (search)
[water and pollution
COGOGRGGr
North Carolina Libraries
Figure 4: Part of a sample record.
WSGopher 1.0 - Soil and Water Conservation Commission Adopts Guidelines for
Edit Bookmark Configure Window _ Help
File
aoc
merce ala
Esl North Carolina Periodicals Index [search ~[-]
[=| Nosh Carolina Periodicals suse seal water and patiition [~|
e
=]
Hg
ENSoi and Water Conservation Commission Adopts Guidelines oa
Implementing An
PUBLICATION: VWater Resources Research Institute News
PUB ABBREVIATION: WAT RESOURCES RES INS NEWS
ieee ee
ITLE: Soil and Water Conservation Commission Adopts Guidelines
for Implementing Animal Waste Management Rules
ABSTRACT: The N.C. Soil and Water Conservation Commission has
adopted temporary guidelines for implementing the state's
inon-discharge rule as it applies to animal waste management
Figure 5: Complete bibliographic record as it appears on the
Macintosh gopher client.
@ File Edit Gopher Setup Recent
Bookmarks
Home Gopher Server
North Carolina Periodicals Index
Implementing An
PUBLICATION: Water Resources Research Institute News
PUB ABBREVIATION: WAT RESOURCES RES INS NEWS
NUMBER: 285
PAGES: pi-3
MONTH: Jan/Feb
YEAR: 1994
TITLE: Soil and Water Conservation Commission Adopts Guidelines
for Implementing Animal Waste Management Rules
ABSTRACT: The N.C. Soil and Water Conservation Commission has
adopted temporary guidelines for implementing the state's
non-discharge rule as it applies to animal waste management
operations.
SUBJECT 1: Animal waste
SUBJECT 2: Water--Pollution
Fall-Winter 1994 " 139
From North Carolina News
to National
Issues to
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140 " Fall-Winter 1994 North Carolina Libraries
NortH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
Minutes of the Executive Board
July 15, 1994
The Executive Board of the North Carolina Library Association
held its quarterly meeting on July 15, 1994, at Appalachian
State University. President Gwen Jackson called the meeting
to order at 9:30 a.m. Catherine Wilkinson introduced Mary
Reichel, University Librarian, who brought greetings to the
group. The following Executive Board members and Commit-
tee Chairs were present: Shelia Bailey, Augie Beasley, Margaret
Blanchard, Joan Carothers, Wanda Brown Cason, Eleanor
Cook, Michael Cotter, Martha E. Davis, Anne Marie Elkins,
Kem Ellis, David Fergusson, Martha Fonville, Janet L. Freeman,
Dale Gaddis, Edna Gambling, Beverley Gass, Gwen G. Jackson,
Plummer Alston Jones,Jr., Gene D. Lanier, Judy LeCroy,
Cheryl McLean, Maria Miller, Sandra Neerman, Sharon Snow,
Steven L. Sumerford, John E. Via, Catherine Wilkinson,
Cristina Yu. Others in attendance were Vice Chairs Phyllis
Johnson, Karen Perry, Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin, and Sheila
Core; North Carolina Libraries Editorial Board members
Suzanne Wise and Joline Ezzell; Finance Committee member
Teresa McManus; Past Chair of Reference and Adult Services,
Allen Antone; and State Librarian, Sandy Cooper.
Minutes from the April 15 board meeting were approved
with corrections stating that written reports had been submit-
ted by the ChildrenTs Services Section and by the North
Carolina Library Paraprofessional Association.
Wanda Brown Cason, Treasurer, presented two reports for
the second quarter: the Sections Report and the TreasurerTs
Report. As per suggestion, on the TreasurerTs Report the entire
budget for the biennium is now displayed. Total income for
the quarter was $16,047.91; total expenditures for the quarter
were $18,464.20. Total income for 1994 is $45,113.02; total
expenditures for 1994 are $43,357.29. The report was ac-
cepted as presented.
Martha Fonville, Administrative Assistant, presented a
Membership Report showing that the organization presently
has 2,043 members. She also reported that the NCLA office in
Raleigh has been equipped to respond to e-mail.
Committee Reports
Archives: Cheryl McLean asked that Board members be
sure to save files. Immediate predecessorsT work should be
kept for reference, but all files prior to that should be turned
over to the Archives Committee.
Conference: David Fergusson stated that a site for the
1997 Conference will be chosen within the next eight weeks.
Possible cities include Durham, Raleigh, Winston-Salem,
Greensboro, and Charlotte. President Jackson requested that
cities be asked to propose both for 1997 and for 1999. Some
discussion ensued concerning dates for the Conference,
beginning and ending times, and time for keynote address.
The Committee will make its proposal at the October Execu-
tive Board meeting.
North Carolina Libraries
Constitution, Codes, and Handbook Revision: Kem
Ellis distributed several pages for revision of the handbook.
Conference Handbook: Janet Freeman stated that this
committee will report in October.
Finance: On behalf of the committee, Chair Beverley
Gass presented the NCLA Proposed Budget for 1995-96. A
written report submitted by Gass stated that the committee
met on June 6 and June 20, 1994, to develop the budget. As
they formulated the budget, committee members made certain
assumptions, including that membership will remain about
the same as in the last biennium, that income will increase
with annual collection of dues, that the Association will rely
increasingly on the Administrative Assistant, that the journal
will continue at the same frequency and size as in the previous
biennium, that the Association will continue to use savings to
balance the budget, that the work of the Association will be
shaped by work group plans, and that the biennial conference
will remain about the same as in the last biennium. The
committee recommended that the price of labels be increased
to $75 for libraries and non-profit groups and to $200 for for-
profit groups.
The committee anticipates a total income of $215,395
during the biennium. An increase is projected in income from
North Carolina Libraries subscriptions and ads. Budget totals
appear to have increased significantly, but that is because
conference monies have not been included in past budgets.
The interest reported as income reflects two CDs owned by the
Association.
Expenses reflected in the budget include raising the
Administrative AssistantTs hours from twenty-five to thirty per
week with a 4% salary increase for each year of the biennium.
The budget reflects a slight increase in the TreasurerTs travel
allotment as well as additional money allocated for audits
since there will be full audits at the end of the biennium with
reviews on odd years. $8,000 per issue is needed for North
Carolina Libraries in order to retain the size and quality of the
journal.
Steven Sumerford expressed concern about the carry-over
of grant funds from outside sources. Several proposals were
suggested to protect those funds for use by the group who had
secured the grants rather than having them roll over into the
general fund.
It was proposed that the Association assume the cost of
publishing the newsletter which is produced after each
Executive Board meeting. Heretofore gifts have financed the
newsletter.
Annie Marie Elkins inquired as to whether there would be
money for special projects grants prior to October, 1995. She
noted that the Handbook sets forth dates for requesting such
funds. Several Sections and Round Tables had plans to
request funds for the fall of 1994. President Jackson stated
Fall Winter 1994 " 141
SB a SERS SSS SR SSR SS SESS SS SC
that special project funds are tied to the conference biennium
with the conference year being the first year of the biennium.
An Executive Board decision was made in 1992 that all
available funds would be spent on the 1993 conference;
therefore, no funds remain for 1994 special projects. To help
address such situations in the future, there is now a Special
Projects Committee in place which will study and make
recommendations regarding special projects funds. The
Special Projects Committee will decide whether to spend
profits from the 1993 Conference ($26,000) on the 1995
Conference or to retain some for special projects during the
fiscal biennium January 1995 - December 1996. Several Board
members noted that an annual budget structure might help to
alleviate some of these problems since dues will now be
collected annually. Parliamentarian Kem Ellis noted that there
is nothing in the Constitution and By-Laws to prohibit the
changeover to an annual budget. A straw vote was taken and
all who voted approved the suggestion to study the possibility
of an annual versus a biennial budget. Both John Via and
Janet Freeman suggested that the Board not change the
structure without careful study of annual revenues under the
revised dues structure.
Concern was expressed as to how the current budget will
be balanced. Wanda Brown Cason stated that the NCASL
Conference will likely bring additional memberships which
will boost the budget. Also, the North Carolina Libraries
Editorial Board has suggested that three issues be published in
1994 rather than the four that had been planned. The vote on
the 1995-96 Budget proposed by the Finance Committee will
be on October 5, 1994. Any ideas for revision must be
submitted to Martha Fonville by September 1.
. Governmental Relations: Carol Southerland submitted
a written report recounting the committeeTs work for Legisla-
tive Day in Washington, D.C, April 18-19. Twelve North
Carolina Senators and Representative or their designees
attended either the continental breakfast for the North
Carolina Congressional delegation or the ALA reception held
on April 19. NCLA focused on three areas of emphasis: 1)
retaining the school library resources clause in ESEA reauthori-
zation, 2) funding the construction component of LSCA, and
3) funding the Higher Education Act, Ch. II, College Libraries.
Intellectual Freedom: Gene Lanier informed the Board
that trends toward censorship have changed somewhat in that
challenges are now from groups both on the left and on the
right and their agendas are based on local issues. He urged
Board members to become participants in local politics. He
submitted the report which he had given at ALA in Miami in
June. The committee will meet at the NCASL Conference, and
one preconference at NCASL will deal with intellectual
freedom issues.
Literacy: Steve Sumerford reported that this committee
is stronger than ever because of a greater number of partici-
pants and a stronger relationship with the State Library. His
written report outlined the committeeTs involvement with
Smart Start Programs, spoke of networking with other literacy
organizations, told of the committeeTs consideration of
sponsoring a statewide literacy workshop next year, and
mentioned the possibility of sponsoring a library card sign-up
campaign targeting all students in the Basic Skills programs in
the community colleges. September 8 is International Literacy
Day and the committee will issue a press release across the
state to show the importance of libraries in the campaign to
eradicate illiteracy from North Carolina.
Marketing: Chair Sandy Neerman submitted a written
report. The committee met in May and early July to plan
142 " Fall-Winter 1994
strategies: the committee will help in choosing a slogan/theme
for the 1995 Conference; the idea of a clearinghouse of public
relations ideas and materials will be explored; and a publica-
tions workshop will be planned for Fall 1994.
Membership: Co-Chair John Via reported that the
committee will meet July 31 at Guilford College.
Publications: Eleanor Cook introduced a guest, Joline
Ezzell, who is involved with many publication efforts in the
state. She expressed gratitude that the Board has proposed to
begin funding the newsletter through the regular budget and
said she has talked with Sandy Cooper about cooperative
ventures with the State Library. The committee will meet on
July 22.
Other Reports
North Carolina Libraries: Al Jones reported for Frances
Bradburn who was unable to be present. He expressed
satisfaction with the proposed budget for 1995-96 which
would allow $8,000 per issue for the journal. Four members of
the North Carolina Libraries Editorial Board were present and
recognized: Suzanne Wise, Michael Cotter, Joline Ezzell, and
Al Jones. A written report was submitted which told of the
emergency meeting held in June to discuss NCLATs budget
shortfall. In response to this situation, the fall and winter
issues for 1994 will be combined and all other planned issues
will be moved backward one issue. Since the Conference Issue
is always the most expensive, the Editorial Board may request
that conference profits help pay for this issue. This will be
discussed at the October Board meeting.
ALA 1994 Annual Conference Report: ALA Councilor
Martha Davis submitted a written report of proceedings in
Miami Beach, June 23-30, 1994. Hot topics at the conference
included the self-study report which suggested controversial
changes in the organizational structure of ALA, funding of
LSCA, and severing relationship with the Boy Scouts of
America.
SELA: David Fergusson, SELA Representative, reminded
Board members of the SELA Conference to be held in Char-
lotte, October 25-29. He proposed that there be a table at the
conference showcasing publications and other work of NCLA.
President Jackson suggested that he work with the Marketing
Committee on this project and encouraged all to attend the
October Conference.
Section and Round Table Reports
ChildrenTs Services Section: Edna Gambling reported
that committee members had met jointly with the ChildrenTs
Book Award Committee to select nineteen picture books for
the next North Carolina Book Award. The committee is
considering a fiction award for grades three through five to be
instituted in September 1995.
College & University Section: Al Jones informed the
Board of a planned seminar for Friday, September 30, 1994, at
UNC-Charlotte on issues of collection management in the
electronic environment.
Documents: Michael Cotter submitted a written report
which told of a Spring 1994, workshop hosted by the Section
on Geographic Information Systems.
Library Administration and Management Section: Dale
Gaddis told the Board of a workshop to be held December 1-2,
1994, on Managing Self; Managing Others. A membership
booth will be manned at NCASL and the Section is interested
in co-sponsoring activities with other groups. The Section
proposes to take responsibility for leadership training for the
Association beginning in 1996.
North Carolina Libraries
NCASL: Augie Beasley submitted a written report listing
Philip Ray Ferrel, who is a school principal in Harnett County,
as recipient of the Administrator of the Year award. The
biennial NCASL Conference will be held in Winston-Salem,
October 6-7, 1994.
Public Library Section: Margaret Blanchard presented a
written report which told of some of the activities of the ten
committees within the Section. The SectionTs next Planning
Council meeting will be September 16.
Reference & Adult Services Section: Allen Antone
submitted a written report prepared by Bryna Coonin. The
Fall 1994 RASS program will be held November 4 at UNC-
Charlotte and will focus on the Information Super Highway
from the userTs point of view.
Resources & Technical Services Section: Catherine
Wilkinson submitted a written report which told of the
SectionTs plans to sponsor a program during the SELA Confer-
ence in October. The program title is North Carolina Informa-
tion Highway: A Prototype for the Region.
New Members Round Table: Maria Miller related that
members had already sponsored one workshop on the Internet
and plan another in the fall.
NC Paraprofessional Association: Joan Carothers stated
that an official directory for each officer and chair has been
prepared and is at the printer.
Round Table for Ethnic Minority Concerns: Phyllis
Johnson distributed the REMCO Newsletter for Spring 1994.
The Round Table is interested in recruiting members. Their
next meeting will be August 18 in Forsyth County.
Round Table on Special Collections: Sharon Snow
reported that the Round Table is planning a joint meeting
with the Society of North Carolina Archivists for May 1995.
Round Table on the Status of Women: Anne Marie
Elkins submitted a written report which told of a workshop
planned for September 9 in Winston-Salem. The topic of the
workshop is Understanding Yourself and Others: Communicating
on an Optimum Level, and the primary presenter will be Laura
McLamb.
Technology & Trends Round Table: Cristina Yu pre-
sented a proposed Constitution and By-Laws for this new
group.
Old Business
There was no old business to be addressed.
New Business
Dale Gaddis, Chair of the Library Administration &
Management Section, proposed that the Section begin in this
biennium to plan a leadership institute for the Association.
Board members responded enthusiastically to this proposal.
News from the State Library
Sandy Cooper told the Board that there has been good
will for libraries indicated in the present session of the General
Assembly.
North Carolina is one of twenty-one states that have
applied to the U.S. Department of Education for grants to fund
state initiatives that will complement the emerging National
Information Infrastructure. NCLA President Jackson, on
direction of the Executive Board, wrote a letter to Richard
Riley, Secretary of Education, supporting North CarolinaTs
proposal"Connecting People to the Information Highway:
Migrating and Expanding the North Carolina Information Network.
Several orientation events about the N.C. Information High-
way are planned including a July 28 teleconference to be
North Carolina Libraries
hosted at four sites. 408 library directors have been invited to
attend this teleconference.
With the advent of library service in Warren County,
there is now county-wide library service in all 100 counties of
North Carolina.
A legislative workshop is planned for August 5.
Internal evaluation of the North Carolina Information
Network is currently underway.
As a result of 2% budget cuts, two programs are being
considered for cuts"the AV film service and the large print
collection.
PresidentTs Report
Dates for Executive Board meetings in 1995 were
determined:
Jan. 19-20 (Thurs. night and Fri.)...... A site east of Raleigh
PN POU pees eae ees East Mecklenburg High School, Charlotte
MUU nese cre, cha ot Vance Chavis Lifelong Learning Center,
Greensboro
Octobeni3ci. tccksieeds te Biennial Conference, Greensboro
President Jackson reported that she is appointing a task
force to study the present structure of the Executive Board.
This group will 1) study the present structure in light of
equitable representation of the five library types (academic,
community college, public, school, and special) representing
NCLA, and 2) report to the President any findings of study
with recommendations. The task force will report to the
President by April 1.
Following the PresidentTs Report, the meeting was ad-
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journed with directives for work groups to meet during lunch
and present a short report to the entire group following their
meetings. Herewith is a summary of those reports:
Communications Issues Work Group: Sandy Neerman
reported plans for a September workshop on communication
skills. This committee will continue to work on upcoming
conferences.
Intellectual Freedom Work Group: Gene Lanier said
that the next issue of North Carolina Libraries will contain
information about how this group can be contacted for help
with censorship issues. A preconference on the topic is
planned in conjunction with the NCASL Conference. The
work group will attempt to provide help for parents who are
concerned about the use of information obtained through the
Internet.
Organizational Issues Work Group: Janet Freeman
asked that each Section and Round Table submit to Martha
Fonville by September 1 a statement concerning how the
group is addressing the vision outlined at the January retreat.
Vice chairs are now being invited to attend Executive Board
meetings, and Freeman requested that President Jackson send,
by August 30, a personal reminder of this invitation. The
group is preparing a list of local and regional associations and
plans to form a council of affiliates for the purpose of sharing
information about NCLA with these associations. The group
has requested the Membership Committee to prepare a second
type of promotional brochure for NCLA on the topic oWhy
should I join NCLA?�
Personnel Work Group: Martha Davis reported that the
group met on July 7. Members have gathered North Carolina
statistics on librarians by gender and ethnic background with
the vision to have a work force that represents the diversity of
the population as well as exhibiting competence. A proposed
plan for mentoring internship programs has been postponed
with emphasis to be placed instead on efforts to recruit and
retain minorities. To this end, the group will attempt to get
the program which Hardy Franklin presented at ALA into
North Carolina. It was proposed that North Carolina Libraries
might devote an issue to personnel concerns.
Technology Work Group: John Via reported that a
Technology & Trends Round Table has been established.
Funding for this Round Table is of concern. A table will be set
up at the NCASL Conference to help in recruiting school
librarians to membership in the new group. Sandy Cooper
shared information about the State LibraryTs efforts toward
implementing the Information Highway. A budget request in
this regard from the Library will be prepared very soon, and
NCLA will have input into a position paper of support.
Cooper suggested a grassroots legislative effort to garner
support for librariesT involvement with the Information
Highway.
" Respectfully submitted,
Judy LeCroy, Secretary
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144 " Fall-Winter 1994
North Carolina Libraries
Instructions for the Preparation of Manuscripts
for North Carolina Libraries
. North Carolina Libraries seeks to publish articles, materi-
als reviews, and bibliographies of professional interest to
librarians in North Carolina. Articles need not be of a
scholarly nature, but they should address professional
concerns of the library community in the state.
. Manuscripts should be directed to Frances B. Bradburn,
Editor, North Carolina Libraries, Media and Technology,
State Dept. of Public Instruction, 301 N. Wilmington St.,
Raleigh, NC 27601-2825.
. Manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate on plain white
paper measuring 8 1/2" x 11" and on computer disk.
. Manuscripts must be double-spaced (text, references, and
footnotes). Macintosh computer is the computer used by
North Carolina Libraries. Computer disks formatted for
other computers must contain a file of the document in
original format and a file in ASCII. Please consult editor for
further information.
. The name, position, and professional address of the author
should appear in the bottom left-hand corner of a separate
title page. The authorTs name should not appear anywhere
else on the document.
. Each page should be numbered consecutively at the top
right-hand corner and carry the title (abbreviated if neces-
sary) at the upper left-hand corner.
. Footnotes should appear at the end of the manuscript. The
editors will refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th
edition. The basic forms for books and journals are as
follows:
Keyes Metcalf, Planning Academic and
Research Library Buildings (New York:
McGraw, 1965), 416.
Susan K. Martin, oThe Care and Feeding of the
MARC Format,� American Libraries 10 (Sep-
tember 1970): 498.
. Photographs will be accepted for consideration but cannot
be returned.
. Upon receipt, a manuscript will be acknowledged by the
editor. Following review of the manuscript by the editor and
at least two jurors, a decision will be communicated to the
writer. A definite publication date cannot be given since any
incoming manuscript will be added to a manuscript bank
from which articles are selected for each issue.
10.North Carolina Libraries holds the copyright for all
accepted manuscripts. The journal is available both in print
and electronically over the North Carolina Information
Network.
11.Issue deadlines are February 10, May 10, August 10, and
November 10. Manuscripts for a particular issue must be
submitted at least 2 months before the issue deadline.
North Carolina Libraries
Sara Aull Student Paper Award
Competition
The North Carolina Chapter of the Special Libraries Association
announces its annual Sara Aull Student Paper Award Competi-
tion of 1994-95. The Competition provides an award of
$200.00 for the best student paper of publishable quality
relating to special libraries.
This award was initiated in 1981 to honor Sara Aull who served
as editor of the NC/SLA Bulletin from 1975-1981. She has been
an active member of the Special Libraries Association since
1952. In 1983, she was honored by being inducted into the SLA
Hall of Fame.
GUIDELINES
e Eligible papers include term papers, research papers and
essays of 5,000 words or less written for classes or for this
competition.
e The paper should not have been previously published nor
should it be currently under consideration for publication.
e An independent panel of judges will evaluate each paper on
its originality, professional significance, clarity of expression,
and its relation to the field of special librarianship.
e Entrants must either be currently enrolled in a Master of
Library Science degree program within the state of North
Carolina or have graduated from such a program or any
ALA-accredited program within 12 months prior to the
submission deadline.
The deadline for submission of papers is
February 1, 1995.
The award will be presented at the North Carolina ChapterTs
annual business meeting in Spring, 1995. The paper or a
summary may be published in the NC/SLA Bulletin after which
the author may submit the paper to other publications.
Students and recent graduates are encouraged to enter this
competition that rewards an individual for excellence in writing
while contributing to the literature of special librarianship.
Further information may be obtained from the representatives
listed below:
Dr. Robert M. Ballard, School of Library and Information
Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham 27707
Dr. Larry Auld, Department of Library and Information Studies,
East Carolina University, Greenville 27834
Dr. Beatrice Kovacs, Department of Library and Information
Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro,
Greensboro 27412
Dr. Evelyn Daniel, School of Information and Library Science,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
27599-3360
or
" Ginny Hauswald, Sara Aull Student Competition Chair,
Winston-Salem Journal, News Library, PO Box 3159, Winston-
Salem, NC 27102-3159; voice: 910/727-7274,
fax: 910/727-4071
Fall-Winter 1994 " 145
a a ee ee
North Caro ina Liprary ASSOCIATION 1993-1995 ExECUTIVE BoaRD
PRESIDENT SELA REPRESENTATIVE DOCUMENTS SECTION
Gwen Jackson David Fergusson Michael Cotter
Southeast Technical Assistance Ctr. Forsyth County Public Library Joyner Library
2013 Lejeune Blvd.
Jacksonville, NC 28546-7027
660 W. Fifth St.
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
ROUND TABLE CHAIRS
NEW MEMBERS ROUND TABLE
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
Telephone: 910/577-8920 Telephone: 910/727-2556 Telephone: 919/328-6533 Maria Miller
Fax: 910/577-1427 Fax: 910/727-2549 919/328-4882 Lorillard Research Ctr. Library
Fax: 919/328-4834 420 English Street
VICE PRESIDENT/ EDITOR, North Carolina Libraries LBCOTTER@ECUVM1.BITNET Greensboro, NC 27405
PRESIDENT ELECT Frances Bryant Bradburn Telephone: 910/373-6895
David Fergusson Media and Technology LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION Anp Fax: 910/373-6640
Forsyth County Public Library State Dept. of Public Instruction © MANAGEMENT SECTION MILLERMS@CHAR.VNET.NET
660 W. Fifth St.
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Dale Gaddis
Durham County Library
301 N. Wilmington Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2825 NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY
Telephone: 910/727-2556 Telephone: 919/715-1528 P. O. Box 3809 PARAPROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION
Fax: 910/727-2549 Fax: 919/733-4762 Durham, NC 27702 Joan Carothers
FBRADBUR@DPILSTATE.NC.US Telephone: 919/560-0160 Public Library of Charlotte and
SECRETARY Fax: 919/560-0106 Mecklenburg County
Judy LeCroy PAST-PRESIDENT 310 N. Tryon Street
Davidson County Schools Janet L. Freeman NORTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION Charlotte, NC 28202
P. O. Box 2057 Carlyle Campbell Library OF SCHOOL LIBRARIANS Telephone: 704/336-2980
Lexington, NC 27293-2057 Meredith College Augie Beasley Fax: 704/336-2677
Telephone: 704/249-8181 3800 Hillsborough St. East Mecklenburg High School
Fax: 704/249-1062 Raleigh, NC 27607-5298 6800 Monroe Drive ROUND TABLE FOR ETHNIC
JLECROY@DAVIDSN.CERF.FRED.ORG Telephone: 919/829-8531 Charlotte, NC 28212 MINORITY CONCERNS
Fax: 919/829-2830 Telephone: 704/343-6430 Cynthia Cobb
TREASURER FREEMAN@UNCECS.EDU Fax: 704/343-6437 Cumberland Co. Public Library
Wanda Brown Cason ABEASLEY@CHARLOT.CERF. 300 Maiden Lane
Wake Forest University Library | ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT FRED.ORG Fayetteville, NC 28301
PO Box 7777 Reynolda Station (ex officio) Telephone: 910/483-0543
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777 Martha Fonville NORTH CAROLINA PUBLIC Fax: 910/483-8644
Telephone: 910/759-5094 North Carolina Library Association LIBRARY TRUSTEES ASSOCIA-
Fax: 910/759-9831 c/o State Library of North Carolina TION ROUND TABLE ON SPECIAL
WCASONG@LIB.WFUNET.WFU.EDU Rm. 27 109 E. Jones St. John Childers COLLECTIONS
Raleigh, NC 27601-1023 1101 Johnston Street
Sharon Snow
DIRECTORS Telephone: 919/839-6252 Greenville, NC 27858 Wake Forest University Library
Sandra Neerman Fax: 919/839-6252 Telephone: 919/757-6280 (w) P.O. Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Greensboro Public Library SLLA.MNF (NCDCR Prime address) Fax: 919/757-6283 Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
P. O. Box 3178 Telephone: 910/759-5755
Greensboro, NC 27402-3178 PUBLIC LIBRARY SECTION Fax: 910/759-9831
Telephone: 910/373-269 Margaret Blanchard SNOW@LIB.WFUNET.WFU.EDU
Fax: 910/333-6781 SECTION CHAIRS Central North Carolina
CHILDRENTS SERVICES SECTION Regional Library ROUND TABLE ON THE STATUS
John E. Via Edna Gambling 342 S. Spring Street OF WOMEN IN LIBRARIANSHIP
Z. Smith Reynolds Library Creech Road Elementary School Burlington, NC 27215 Anne Marie Elkins
Wake Forest University 450 Creech Road Telephone: 910/229-3588 State Library of North Carolina
Box 7777 Reynolda Station Garner, NC 27529 Fax: 910/229-3592 109 E. Jones Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777 Telephone: 919/662-2359 Raleigh, NC 27601-2807
Telephone: 910/759-5483 REFERENCE anp ADULT SERVICES Telephone: 919/733-2570
Fax: 910/759-9831 COLLEGE anp UNIVERSITY SECTION Bryna Coonin Fax: 919/733-8748
JEV@LIB.WFUNET.WFU.EDU Plummer Alston Jones, Jr. D. H. Hill Library SLAD.AME@NCDCR.DCR.STATE.
Iris Holt McEwen Library North Carolina State University
NC.US
ALA COUNCILOR Elon College Box 7111
Martha E. Davis P. O. Box 187 Raleigh, NC 27695-7111
M. W. Bell Library Elon College, NC 27244 Telephone: 919/515-2936
Guilford Tech. Comm. College Telephone: 910/584-2338 Fax: 919/515-7098
P. O. Box 309 Fax:
Jamestown, NC 27282-0309
910/584-2479
JONESAL@VAX1.ELON.EDU
BRYNA_COONIN@NCSU.EDU
Telephone: 910/334-4822 RESOURCES anp TECHNICAL
Fax: 910/841-4350 COMMUNITY and JUNIOR SERVICES SECTION
COLLEGE LIBRARIES SECTION Catherine Wilkinson
' Shelia Bailey Belk Library
Rowan-Cabarrus Comm. College Appalachian State University
P. O. Box 1595 Boone, NC 28608
Salisbury, NC 28144 Telephone: 704/262-2774
Telephone: 704/637-0760 Fax: 704/262-3001
Fax: 704/637-6642 WILKINSNCL@CONRAD.APP
STATE.EDU
146 " Fall-Winter 1994. North Carolina Libraries
EDITORIAL STAFF
Library Administration and Public Library Section Round Table on Special Collections
Management Section JEFFREY CANNELL MEGAN MULDER
JOLINE EZZELL Wayne County Public Library Wake Forest University Library
Editor Perkins Library 1001 E. Ash St. PO Box 7777 Reynolda Station
FRANCES BRYANT BRADBURN Duke University Goldsboro, NC 27530 Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
Media and Technology Durham, NC 27708-0175 (919) 735-1824 (910) 759-5775
State Dept. of Public Instruction (919) 660-5880 Reference/Adult Services Round Table on the Status of
a iy teenies New Members Round Table SUZANNE WISE Women in Librarianship
aleign, . RHONDA HOLBROOK Belk Library JOAN SHERIF
919/715-1528 High Point Public Library Appalachian State Universit Northwestern Regional Library
919/733-4762 (FAX PP o
- i ha : : ) P.O. Box 2530 Boone, NC 28608 111 North Front Street
radbur@ap1.state.nc.us High Point, NC 27261 (704) 262-2189 Elkin, NC 28621
Associate Editor (910) 883-3670 Resources and Technical Services (910) 835-4894
ROSE SIMON N.C. Asso. of School Librarians CAROL STANLEY Wired to the World Editor
eS eee Library DIANE KESSLER eae aol RALPH LEE SCOTT
OS Riverside High School Dees CODEC Joyner Library
Winston-Salem, NC 27108 3218 Rose of Sharon Road 1900 Selwyn Ave. East Carolina University
(910) 917-5421 Durham, NC 27712 Roi oun Greenville, NC 27858-4353
Associate Editor (919) 560-3965 2 (919) 328-6533
JOHN WELCH North Carolina Library Round Table for Ethnic Minority Tyystees
as ee fe re wed Paraprofessional Association es ANNE B. WILGUS
: MELANIE HORNE " N.C. Wesleyan College
Raleigh, NC 27601-2807 Cumberland Co. Public Library F.D. Bluford Library : Rocky Mount, NC 27804
(919) 733-2570 6882 Cliffdale Road NC A &T State University (919) 985-5235
Book Review Editor Fayetteville, NC 28314 Greensboro, NC 27411
DOROTHY DAVIS HODDER (910) 864-5002 (910) 334-7617
New Hanover Co. Public Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401 o Q
Oi ibrarians
Lagniappe/Bibliography 4
Coordinator h | a b
PLUMMER ALSTON JONES, JR.
Iris Holt McEwen Library W. en y our ! rary
Elon College ° !
PO Box 187 needs children's
Elon College, NC 27244
(910) 584-2338
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-----------------------------
"""""-""~"-"~~-~~-~~-~"-~-~-~----+
NCLA
North Carolina Library Association
Use the application below to enroll as a member of the North Carolina Library Asssociation or to renew your
membership. All memberships are for one calendar year. THE MEMBERSHIP YEAR IS JANUARY 1 THROUGH
DECEMBER 31. If you join during the last quarter of the year, membership covers the next year.
Dues (see below) entitle you to membership in the Association and to one section or round table. For each
additional section or round table, add $5.00. Return this form with your check or money order, payable to
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(Membership and One Section or Round Table)
m FULL-TIME LIBRARY SCHOOL
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Earning $15,001 to $25,000............ $25
m RETIRED LIBRARIANS ............. $15 Earning $25,001 to $35,000 kerk iciit $30
mw NON-LIBRARY PERSONNEL: Earning $35,001 to $45,000 sig feinababe $35
(Trustee, Non-salaried, or Friends Earning $45,001 and above ........... $40
of Libraries member) :.::.:......2. Gees
gm INSTITUTIONAL (Libraries & m CONTRIBUTING (Individuals, Associations,
Library/Education-related and Firms interested in the work of
BURSIMESSCS) AER t tag. ccccsscscccseerteess $50 INGTEA) ei eke tice eS ee ome $100
NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
please print or type
CHECK SECTIONS AND ROUND TABLES
ONE INCLUDED IN BASIC DUES. Add $5.00 for
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_____ New membership Renewal
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Title
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Mailing Address (if different from above)
$
TYPE OF LIBRARY I WORK IN:
Academic
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NCLA
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Documents Section
Library Administration & Management
NC Association of School Librarians
NC Public Library Trustees Association
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Round Table on Special Collections
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Mail to: North Carolina Library Association
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country music is a national
THE LANGUAGE THEY
SPEAK 1S THINGS
TO EAT
Poems by Fifteen
Contemporary North omusic form, one that belongs
Carolina Poets ss. to all Americans. oA daring
Edited by Michael but successful book. . . .
McFee Tichi takes country music
seriously, and she gives the
art form the kind of serious
intellectual treatment that
North Carolina is well
known for its fiction
writers, but the state is also
LOVE LYRICS OF
ANCIENT EGYPT
Translated by Barbara Hughes
Fowler
These vibrant love poems are remark-
able for their innocent sensuousness
and their ability to preserve the charm
of a long-lost civilization. Combining
her notable skills as a translator and a
home to a number of the nationTs best
poets. A companion to the contempo-
rary North Carolina fiction anthology
The Rough Road Home (1992), this book
provides a substantial sampling of their
recent bounty. Michael McFee has
chosen from eight
to twenty poems by
each of fifteen poets.
Contributors
include A. R.
Ammons, Maya
Stories by North Angelou, James
Carolina Writers Applewhite, Fred
Edited by Robert Chappell, Heather
Also available
THE ROUGH
ROAD HOME
Gingher Ross Miller, and
-2064-4, 1992, Reynolds Price.
$24.95 Tr cloth -2172-1, Nov.,
-4397-0, 1992, $24.95 Tr cloth
$14.95 Tr paper -4483-7, Nov.,
eceeeee $12.95 Tr paper
THE LOST
BOY
A Novella
by Thomas
Wolfe
Edited and with
an Introduction
by James W.
Clark, Jr.
Illustrations by Ed Lindlof
Thomas Wolfe's The Lost Boy is a cap-
tivating and poignant retelling of an
episode from WolfeTs childhood. It is
the story of Wolfe's brother Grover and
his trip to the 1904 St. Louis WorldTs
Fair. The Lost Boy captures beautifully
the experiences of growing up at the
turn of the century and the exhilaration
and loss of childhood. o[A] moving
valediction and a sure-footed example
of WolfeTs stylistic power.�" Publishers
Weekly
-2063-6, Aug., $19.95 Tr cloth
-4486-1, Aug., $9.95 Tr paper
A Chapel Hill Book
it has always needed and
deserved.�"Bill C. Malone,
author of Country Music,
U.S.A.
-2134-9, Sept., $39.95 Tr
cloth
7 x 10, 138 illus., music
CD with 23 tracks
New in paperback
RAISED IN CLAY
The Southern Pottery
Tradition
by Nancy Sweezy
New Afterword by the
Author
Focusing on more than thirty
southern potters, Nancy Sweezy tells
how families preserve and practice
the traditional art of pottery making
today. oA book with enough heart
and soul to be worthy of the people
[Sweezy] writes about.� "Charles
Counts, American Craft
-4481-0, Aug., $24.95 Tr paper
84 x 11, 316 illus.
A Chapel Hill Book
Illustration courtesy of the Museum of Turin
poet, Barbara Fowler provides the first
accurate translation of these love lyrics
into modern English-language poetry
with renderings which are both elegant
and correct.
-2159-4, Sept., $19.95 Tr cloth
-4468-3, Sept., $10.95 Tr paper
Back in print
ONE HOUR
by Lillian Smith
New Introduction by Margaret Rose
Gladney
Southern novelist and activist Lillian
Smith (1897-1966) considered One
Hour her best work of fiction. The
novel, originally published in 1959 and
long out of print, brilliantly depicts the
destructive effects of mass hysteria on
the people of a small southern town.
o[Smith] has fused much local color
and much universal thought. . . .
Modernity and the South have met
head on, and this extraordinary
woman has had the courage and
the intellect to record their tragic
collision.� New York Times
Book Review
-2178-0, Sept., $32.50 cloth
-4489-6, Sept., $15.95 Tr paper
A Chapel Hill Book
ISBN prefix 0-8078
Please write for our catalog
THE UNIVERSITY OF
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CAROLINA
PRESS
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Toll-free orders:
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Upcoming Issues
Spring 1995 Money Changing in the Library
Harry Tuchmayer, Guest Editor
Summer 1995 Sex and the Library
Dr. Pauletta Bracy, Guest Editor
Fall 1995 Resource Sharing
Barbara Miller, Guest Editor
Winter 1995 Conference Issue
Spring 1996 School Libraries
Diane Kessler, Guest Editor
Unsolicited articles dealing with the above themes or any issue of interest to North Carolina librarians
are welcomed. Please contact the editor for manuscript guidelines and deadlines.
North Carolina Libraries, published four times a year, is the official publication of the North
Carolina Library Association. Membership dues include a subscription to North Carolina
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North Carolina Libraries is indexed by Library Literature and publishes its own annual index.
Editorial correspondence should be addressed to the editor; advertisement
correspondence should be addressed to the advertising manager. Articles are juried.
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