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North Carolina Libraries
Summer 1994
the Econom
ibrar
wink
Wrong " Use the CCC Electronic Highlander
a7
Research Shouldnt
Be Like Looking
for a Needle in J
a Haystack.
Conducting research is often like searching for a needle ina
haystack. How would you like to search through a collection of
needles instead? This is how we think of SIRS CD-ROM databases.
At SIRS, we believe itTs whatTs inside that counts. So all
the articles and documents on SIRS Researcher* and SIRS
Government Reporter** CD-ROM programs are carefully
chosen by the 25 members of our research staff. They read
over 800 national and international sources looking for the
best and most informative articles on a wide range of
important subjects. SIRS takes the frustration out of
research, making every search a hit. For a 60-day
no-obligation preview, call 1-800-232-SIRS.
* Formerly SIRS Combined Text & Index CD-ROM.
** Selected full-text Government Documents.
Pe *% } Social Issues Resources Series, Inc.
b P.O. Box 2348 ;
g tee Boca Raton, FL 33427-2348
Ps eee ae ms Toll-free: 1-800-232-SIRS
Fax: 407-994-4704
Volume 72, Number 2
ISSN 0029-2540
CEIVED
JUL 14 994 :
@
RO | N A LIBRARY - PERIODICALS
e
EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY
Summer 1994
mums = BRARIES AND THE ECONOMY
Guest Editor, John T. Welch
44 Making Sense of Our Dollars, John T. Welch
48 The Library's Commodity for Economic Development, Edward T. Shearin, Jr.
52. The Challenge of Measuring the Economic Impact of Public Library Services,
Kem B. Ellis
57 Demonstrating Value: School Library Media Centers Still Worth Their Keep
Marilyn L. Shontz
64 Survival and Service: The Ethics of Research on the Uses of Information
Provided by Librarians, Martha M. Smith
cures CLP CR ES Sammartino 7a aa TES REE NOE
42. From the President
62 About the Authors
72 & In Edition: Prepare for the Ride of Your Life on the Information
Superhighway, Joel Sigmon
73 Point: What About A Little Profitability!, Dwight McInvaill
74 Counter Point: How About Some Dollars and "Sense"!, Harry Tuchmayer
76 Wired to the World, Ralph Lee Scott
86 North Carolina Books
88 _Lagniappe: State Library of North Carolina Internet Information Project,
Gary Harden and Joel Sigmon
Advertisers: Book Wholesalers, 91;
Broadfoot's, 66; Checkpoint, 62; 89 SELA Representative Candidates
Current Editions, 88;
EBSCO, 51; G. K. Hall, 50;
Mumford Books, 80; Newsbank, 63;
Phibig, 54; Quality Books, 47;
SIRS, front cover; Solinet, 56;
Southeastern Microfilm, 55; Cover: Illustration used with permission from DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Copyright, 1992.
Thorndike Press, 88; All rights reserved.
VTLS, 75; UNC Press, back cover: North Carolina Libraries is electronically produced. Art direction and design by Pat Weathersbee of TeamMedia, Greenville, NC.
Prom the President
Gwen Jackson, President
appy Spring! As I have traveled throughout North Carolina, I have truly been in awe of the
beauty of spring bulbs, shrubs, and flowers and the budding and flowering trees. For some
reason, spring this year has been especially beautiful and welcome. It has been a time to cel-
ebrate, to reflect, and to plan.
In the same manner that spring has been so meaningful, the work of the Executive Board of the North
Carolina Library Association has provided a time to celebrate, to reflect, and to plan. During the Executive
Board Retreat at Camp Caraway in January, your Board took a very critical look at the Association by
identifying strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities. The goal was to develop a strategic plan and
set directions or oroad maps� for the 1993-95 biennium. The identified priorities were organized under five
areas " communications, intellectual freedom, organizational issues, personnel, and technology. The work
groups continued to develop vision statements, strategies, benchmarks, communication plans, and
timelines during the April Executive Board meeting. The results of these work sessions are below.
NCLA COMMUNICATION ISSUES WORK GROUP
Vision: Libraries and librarians are recognized as the prime information source empowering the
people of North Carolina to become lifelong learners.
Strategy: Hire a marketing advisor to develop an 18-month awareness campaign culminating in
the biennial conference in collaboration with the Conference Committee to mesh
themes. The campaign will be carried out by the Marketing and Public Relations
Committee and others as appropriate.
Benchmarks: 1. Create a graphic theme that reaches across different types of libraries
2. Create an in-house graphics olibrary�
3. Design a press release/public service announcement (PSA) database (Marketing and
Public Relations Committee)
4. Sponsor a workshop at the beginning of each biennium for sections/round tables/
newsletter editors, etc. (Publications Committee)
5. Sponsor workshop(s) in conference off-years for librarians from different types of
libraries who are responsible for publications/PR within their own communities
NCLA INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM WORK GROUP
Vision: North Carolina libraries and librarians will be aware of the importance of safeguarding
the rights of library users in accordance with the First Amendment to the United States
Constitution and the Library Bill of Rights as adopted by the American Library Association.
Strategies: 1. Promote the awareness of the importance of free access to information, the threats to
this access, and privacy for all users
2. Continue to encourage libraries to have written, approved selection policies and
advisory committees
Benchmarks: Conduct a survey
Maintain a record of contacts (Clearinghouse)
Maintain a chronological news clipping notebook (on-going)
Maintain odeep throats� in General Assembly (on-going)
He Co aro
NCLA ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES WORK GROUP
Vision: The North Carolina Library Association is the motivating force for unifying its diverse
membership to achieve the purpose, goals, and priorities of the organization.
Strategies: 1. Promote long-range planning throughout the organization
42 " Summer 1994 North Carolina Libraries
Ea aS See DY Reta NN ee TNE ESO ee ese RD Ee TE PE Oy eNO Cees SEEN NSE oo be a ee
Benchmarks:
Vision:
Strategies:
Benchmarks:
Vision:
Strategies:
Spat
Foster regional/local oassociations�
Ensure that the participation in the activities of sections/round tables/committees
reflects the diversity of the organization
. Prepare a plan for the biennium that supports the long-range plan of NCLA by
September 1, 1994 (all sections and round tables)
Stress the attendance at NCLA Executive Board meetings of vice chairs of sections
and round tables
. Identify current local/regional associations and invite the chairs to attend NCLA
Executive Board meetings as a means of maintaining communications with these
organizations (Investigate feasibility of establishing a council of affiliates.)
Promote membership in sections/round tables/committees to reflect the diversity
of NCLA
. Schedule NCLA Executive Board meetings in connection with section/ round table
workshops and conferences
Encourage each section/round table to have at least one program/meeting with
participation from another constituency of NCLA
NCLA PERSONNEL WORK GROUP
NCLA and the library profession will be represented by exemplary professionals including
women and minorities at all levels of administration.
ale
2.
Develop a plan for a mentoring/internship program
Develop a plan for awarding scholarships to women and minorities for degrees and/or
additional training in administration
Encourage NCLA members to visit library schools
. Attend career fairs
. Publish articles in North Carolina Libraries and News From NCLA on personnel issues
. Have a plan for scholarship program
Have promotional materials ready
NCLA TECHNOLOGY WORK GROUP
Libraries and librarians play a leadership role in developing of the North Carolina Informa-
tion Highway (NCIH), and in implementation and utilization of the Highway so that it
extends to each library, with the necessary training and equipment for each citizen to
have access.
1.
Training " Establish criteria for computer literacy through workshops (hands on and
videoconferencing) and provide on-going support through the creation and timely
updating of a resource handbook which will include directory of experts/support
assistance
Position and Philosophy " NCLA will prepare a position paper setting forth the
principles that will clearly state the roles for North CarolinaTs libraries in developing
and implementing the NCIH (by NCLA Legislative Day 1995, May 10, 1995)
Communication " Establish broad-based communication about NCIH to NCLA
membership via updates in Tar Heel Libraries and News From NCLA, by active promo-
tion of e-mail use among the membership, and by the establishment of a newsgroup/
Listserv by/for NCLA
Organization " Establish a Technology and Trends Round Table to provide a focus
for NCLATs efforts on technology issues; provide guidance to NCLA sections and
round tables; and promote NCLA relationships with other associations and agencies
involved in the planning, implementation, and utilization of the NCIH (i.e. NREN,
NCASL, MUGLNG, Free-Nets, etc.)
. Political " Contribute to the vision through timely political activism using such
strategies as direct communication with all local and state elected and/or other
officials via promotional documents; and also by using proactive technical expertise
and consulting services to educate them.
This issue of North Carolina Libraries addresses the economic effect libraries have at the local and state
level. Guest editor John Welch suggests that we effectively market the services of our libraries. As the above
strategies are incorporated in the activities of the sections, round tables, and committees; NCLA will become
more visible and all types of libraries will be collaborating with program development and resource sharing.
Accept the challenge to market the services of your library and continue to celebrate life and libraries every day!
= North Carolina Libraries Summer 1994 " 43
Making Sense of Our Dollars
his issue of North Carolina
Libraries proposes to investi-
gate the topic of libraries and
their effect on the economy at
local and state levels. While
libraries have long been pain-
fully aware of how the economy affected
them, little attention has been devoted to
the other side of the coin.
The genesis of this article was a con-
versation that I had with the director of an
academic library in Michigan about two
years ago. She was describing how two of
her professional reference librarians had
teamed up with some members of a local
and state government economic task force
to help bring into the area a new industry
that employed over five hundred people.
Naturally, the local county government
was pleased to have the increased revenue
that would come from taxes on the indus-
try, and local merchants were pleased be-
cause they had a new group of customers.
At about the same time, I was becom-
ing more aware of how the reference staff
at the Division of State Library was per-
forming similar tasks. Over the past sev-
eral years, the State Library had made a
concerted effort to promote the use of the
state and federal demographic and eco-
nomic statistics that were in our collec-
tion. And the staff told me that they were
getting an increasing number of inquiries
from patrons seeking information that
would help them decide where to locate
potential business sites. We even received
a letter from a Winston-Salem business-
man who said that our efforts had helped
him not only establish his business, but
also make it economically successful.
The more I thought about it, the more
I realized that we at the State Library were
doing a lot of work that had definite eco-
nomic impacts. This work, unfortunately,
44 " Summer 1994
by John T. Welch
was going unnoticed by us and others. My
hunch was that this fact held true for most
other types of libraries.
Something else struck my attention a
few days later when I was back in our
reference department. As I was looking
through a stack of state documents, it was
not difficult to find other state agencies,
the Department of Commerce for example,
that were not shy about announcing their
economic impact on the state. They made
certain that this type of information was
front page news in their press releases and
publications, constantly implying, if not
directly telling, to anyone who read that
information just how valuable they, their
staffs, and services were to the economy of
our state.
Could libraries take the same tack as
the Department of Commerce had? Could
we make a solid case presenting our direct
effect on the economy? What about the
indirect economic effects that result from
our work? What would we need to know to
be able to make such an approach work?
The scope of this inquiry is too broad
to fit conveniently in one issue of this
journal. There are simply too many facets
to be explored and studied. What can be
done, however, is to point out some ex-
amples of how libraries affect the economy
and ask questions about how we might
begin to further explore, understand, and
exploit this area of our services.
Caveat lector! It is fair to say that all
libraries seek to improve their own budget
standings; none of us is orolling in dough�
and many of us seem to have been put on
a starvation diet. Though it is hoped that
these articles may lead to libraries finding
ways to increase their portion of the bud-
get pie, there is no guarantee that such will
be the case. There does not appear to be
any magic formula that will correlate all
that we do with its effect on the economy.
Yet, as with all other attempts at self-
examination, libraries may gain a better
understanding of themselves, their mis-
sions, and services. This, in turn, may
result in rewards recognized through bet-
ter service, stronger collections, and im-
proved productivity.
The easiest place to begin is with our
direct economic impact. By looking at the
following examples it is possible to get a
glimpse of the level of economic impact
that we are making now. And the list
below is only a representative sample of
what is currently being done.
Direct Impacts
The North Carolina Association of Inde-
pendent Colleges and Universities ran an
article in its fall 1993 newsletter, The Inde-
pendent, explaining how its member insti-
tutions had contributed $4.8 billion to North
CarolinaTs economy (See Figure 1). Note the
areas reported: goods and services,capital
projects, employment, even money spent
by out-of-town visitors. Also, please note
the statement that oThis study points out
how the impact of these institutions ex-
tends beyond the local community and
benefits the entire state.�1
This type of direct impact is one that
libraries should be able to capitalize upon
readily. For example, according to statis-
tics collected by the State Library, public
libraries received $79,158,937 in local op-
erating funds and another $1,513,095 in
federal grant funds during the 1992-1993
state fiscal year.2 This same information
should be reasonably available for almost
all libraries.
What about capital projects? East Caro-
lina University is embarking this spring on
a twenty-nine million dollar expansion
and renovation project for its Joyner Li-
North Carolina Libraries
me ee ee EEE EE EE Oe
brary. In May of this year, the Chapel Hill
Public Library will open its new $5.3 mil-
lion library. Later this spring, the Division
of State Library will award $420,703 in
federal Library Services and Construction
Act Title II funds for constructing, expand-
ing, and renovating public libraryT facili-
ties in the state. Since public libraries are
required to match these federal funds,
ere ee eee
total project construction funds are at least
double the amount of the grant awards.
Adding the East Carolina University
Project, the Chapel Hill Public Library
project and the federal construction funds,
the total comes to $34.7 million in funds
that potentially will go back into the local
and state economies in terms of wages
paid and goods and services purchased. It
is necessary to acknowledge that some of
those funds might be paid to out-of-state
firms. However, even some of those funds
will be spent within North Carolina to hire
and/or house workers and purchase or
transport goods and services. Imagine what
the total figure would be if you included
construction projects for all the libraries in
the state!
Figure 1
Independent Colleges Contribute Billions to
N.C. Economy
North CarolinaTs 37 independent
colleges and universities contributed $4.8
billion and more than 34,000 jobs to the
stateTs economy in 1991-92, according to a
study conducted by the Center for Eco-
nomic and Banking Studies at Wake Forest
UniversityTs Babcock Graduate School of
Management.
The study, conducted for the NCAICU
by a team of Wake Forest MBA students
under the direction of Dr. Gary L.
Shoesmith, determined that the collegesT
direct impact on the state was estimated at
$2.3 billion. Including indirect effects, the
total impact of the institutions was esti-
mated at $4.8 billion.
oThis study shows the important role
North Carolina's independent colleges and
universities play in the stateTs economy in
terms of jobs, income and expenditures,�
Shoesmith said.
oThis study confirms that, in addition
to providing high quality educational
opportunities to North Carolina citizens,
our independent colleges and universities
play a major role in the economic well-
being of the state,� said NCAICU President
A. Hope Williams. oPeople often recognize
the important contributions an indepen-
dent college makes to the community in
which it is located. This study points out
how the impact of these institutions
extends beyond the local community and
benefits the entire state.�
The study found that the 37 schools spent
an estimated $1.75 billion on goods and
services during 1991-92, excluding wages and
benefits. Of that total, $696 million went
toward goods and services in North Carolina.
Shoesmith and the graduate business students
used a 2.12 multiplier from the N.C. State
Budget Office to determine the institutionsT
total state economic impact of $1.5 billion in
expenditures.
In addition to annual operating
expenditures, the schools bring significant
capital projects to the state. Over the past
three years, the schools spent an estimated
$465 million on capital projects, the study
found. Using averages, the annual impact of
capital spending was estimated at $155
million annually. With multiplier effects, the
total impact was $328 million per year.
The institutions represent one of the
largest private sector employers in the state
with 34,408 employees and another 4,100
jobs dependent on them. In 1992, the
schools paid $1.02 billion in wages, and the
economic impact of spending by those
employees ranks independent colleges and
universities as one of the most important
sectors in the state. Applying the 2.12
multiplier, the total economic impact of the
employeesT spending was $2.15 billion.
The 61,682 students enrolled in the
schools spent an estimated $316 million in
North Carolina during 1991-92. That
figure does not include payments for
housing, meal plans, tuition and books. In
all, student spending contributed $670
million to the stateTs economy during the
1991-92 academic year.
The study found that various activities
at the schools draw visitors and dollars to
North Carolina communities. During
1991-92, an estimated 10,905 events
were open to the public, attracting 1.7
million visitors from the local communities
and more than 804,000 visitors from out
of town.
The study noted that local visitor
expenditures do not represent notable
additional spending, but out-of-town
visitors have a significant impact on the
economy. Assuming that the average stay
for an out-of-town visitor was just one
night at $127 (the stateTs average expendi-
ture estimate), visitors spent more than
$102 million in 1991-92. These expendi-
tures represented a total economic impact
of more than $216 million, according to
the study.
" Reprinted permission of Dr. A. Hope Williams
North Carolina Libraries
Anotherexampleincludes the
grant funds that libraries receive
to support special projects or ac-
tivities. In 1992, North Carolina
State UniversityTs D. H. Hill Li-
brary was awarded a $71,690
Higher Education Act Title II-D
research and demonstration grant
by the U.S. Department of Educa-
tion to develop a model for dis-
tributing research materials di-
rectly to scholars through a cam-
pus network. The Division of State
Library has received two grants
totalling $1,278,765 from the
National Endowment for the Hu-
manities to support the North
Carolina Newspaper Project.
Again, this list could be expanded
greatly to reflect the wide variety
of grant programs currently un-
der way.
What does all of this tell us?
In the cold, hard, dollars-and-cents
way of economics, it says dramati-
cally that libraries return a direct
value to local and state econo-
mies. Because of the goods and
services we buy, the staff that we
employ, the facilities that we build,
and the grants that we adminis-
ter, tax revenues flow directly back
to the governmental sources that
fund us. We are actually helping
to pay our own way. And we need
to be able to articulate clearly that
message to our funding agencies.
While the area of direct economic
impact offers many possibilities,
it is only the surface of a much
deeper economic impact that li-
braries have " our indirect eco-
nomic impact. I use this term be-
cause it seems to best explain how
much of our work takes place.
Trying to understand this realm is
much like voyaging into deep
ocean waters " the further you
go, the less light there is to see by;
however, the further you go, the
greater potential rewards there are.
Indirect Impacts
The area of indirect impact on the
economy may have great poten-
tial for showing how libraries re-
Summer 1994 " 49
ally do make a positive economic impact.
However, this same area also poses the
much more difficult problem of how to
access that impact accurately.
For example, we have long known
that library users frequently make eco-
nomic gains from materials, information
and/or services that we provide to them.
The dedication pages of numerous novels
and nonfiction works, to name the two
most common categories, feature an
acknowledgement of libraries and librar-
ians who have helped authors get pre-
cisely what they needed for their work.
Sometimes these works have sold in the
millions of copies and even been turned
into movies.
Because of the goods
and services we buy,
the staff that we
employ, the facilities
that we build, and
the grants that we
administer, tax
revenues flow
directly back to the
governmental sources
that fund us.
In March and April 1994, the Raleigh
News and Observer ran a series of articles
entitled oScience for Sale� describing how
faculty at several major Triangle universi-
ties were profiting financially from their
publicly and privately funded research.
One particular graph indicated that dur-
ing 1992, Duke, NC State, and UNC-CHTs
combined total of corporate-sponsored re-
search was in excess of fifty million dol-
lars.3 What role did the library collections
and services at those three universities
play in supporting that research? Equally
important, what role do those libraries
play in making the Triangle area a very
attractive place for the type of researchers
who get those large grants?
In the News and Observer series of ar-
ticles, one senior university research asso-
ciate in computer science at UNC-Chapel
46 " Summer 1994
Hill claimed his research project ohas been
a succession of companies providing well-
paid jobs for North Carolinians over the
last 16 years. The result of the $50,000
research project has been around $50 mil-
lion added to our stateTs economy.�4 Quite
an impact on the economy, isnTt it ? It does
make you wonder what he would have to
say about the relationship of library ser-
vices to his success?
Probably the hardest area of all to
document is the longitudinal impact that
libraries have on the economy. In this case
we are concerned with attempting to as-
sess what effect the ongoing use of librar-
ies has on individuals and/or groups of
users and where the payoff of that use
reenters the economy.
A prime example in this cat-
egory are public school library me-
dia centers. An important study
published in September 1992 by
the Colorado Department of Edu-
cation and the Colorado State Li-
brary and Adult Education Office
found that oStudents at schools with
better funded LMCs [Library Media
Centers] tend to achieve higher
average test scores, whether their
schools and communities are rich
or poor and whether adults in the
community are well or poorly edu-
cated.�5 WhereTs the indirect im-
pact here? Just consider the follow-
ing: fewer students would need re-
medial training, more students
might take advanced courses, stu-
dents could graduate from high
school knowing not only the use
of, but the value of, quality library
programs and services. They would
then expect to find those services
in college, community college and
public library settings. Hopefully
they probably will be willing to
support them, as well.
As librarians, donTt we need to put
information like that from the Colorado
study in billboard sized letters for our
funding agencies? DonTt we hear from
most of our political and economic leaders
that what our state, indeed our nation,
needs most is a much better educated
workforce to improve our economic po-
tential? Here is carefully documented re-
search that can be used to reenforce librar-
ies' indirect economic effects.
Again, the examples listed above are
only a small sample of a much larger pool
of possibilities that libraries could delve
into. Rather than jumping head first into
the depths, a much more deliberate ap-
proach might yield better end results. Thus,
what follows is a suggestion of a possible
future research agenda.
What Lies Ahead?
In working on this article and reflecting on
the contributions of the other authors in
this issue, Ihave become aware of just how
difficult it is to understand the true rela-
tionship of libraries to the economy. On
the one hand, it seems so obvious that we
do make a significant, broad-based contri-
bution to local and state economies; on
the other hand, it seems to be agonizingly
difficult to express and explain graphi-
cally that contribution. Is it any wonder
then that we have difficulty in using such
information to our advantage when we
approach our funding agencies?
We seem to find ourselves in the same
dilemma that Don Sager, former director
of the Milwaukee Public Library, noted
regarding the federal Library Services and
Construction Act program. oUnfortu-
nately, most of the data we have on the
beneficial impact of LSCA is anecdotal.
While we can document how many fed-
eral dollars have been spent on various
programs, we havenTt marshalled the hard
numbers necessary to demonstrate LSCATs
effectiveness. That weakness makes the
existing legislation vulnerable.�© Note that
Sager considers the lack of hard data a
weakness.
One answer to this dilemma is to
develop a research agenda that could pro-
vide some methodologies and hard data
for library use. The following questions
might provide a starting point for such
research:
1) How can libraries best present infor-
mation relating to their direct impact
on the economy to their funding/
governing authorities?
2) Can we enlist the assistance of gov-
ernment and/or academic research in-
stitutions, as the North Carolina Asso-
ciation of Independent Colleges and
Universities did in the example cited
above, and use their expertise in re-
search and interpretation to better
explain our case? More important,
how can we make certain that we are
included in their studies and projec-
tions on economic growth and im-
pact? An article in the Raleigh News
and Observer announced that the new
North Carolina Information Highway
would add $2.7 billion to the stateTs
economy.T It would be wonderful to
know what portion of that sum was
considered to be the result of libraries
participating in the project.
3) Are we collecting the right type of
statistics on an individual and institu-
tional basis? Can we find better, more
North Carolina Libraries
concrete ways to evaluate our pro-
grams, services, and the use of our
materials? Can we adapt the research
techniques of the ofor profit� sector to
aid us in understanding what our ser-
vices, materials, and collections do for
our users?
4) Can libraries come up with a way to
determine how much value they add
to the information that they make
available to their patrons? Here is what
two outside professional observers
from the state of New York reported
on this subject: oDue to their orga-
nized methods of identifying, locat-
ing and retrieving information, librar-
ies save users millions of dollars each
year in time not wasted in attempting
to recreate data already available, time
saved in not duplicating work already
done and time not wasted on errone-
ous work.�8
5) Is there a way that we can more effec-
tively market our contributions to
todayTs students at the school, com-
munity college, and university levels?
There are students at all those levels
who will be in positions to make deci-
sions on our funding in the future.
There should be some way to pass
along to them our value to their eco-
nomic, as well as educational and
recreational, lives.
6) Should we designate some single
agency to collect and disseminate re-
search information for us?
Finally, it must be said that this is not
going to be an easy task. Kem EllisTs ques-
tionnaire on the High Point Public Library's
business reference service, reprinted in
this issue, yielded only a ten percent re-
turn; that is not a good enough return rate
from which to draw conclusions. How-
ever, it is a start; it may even be the first
time that a public library in North Caro-
lina has even tried to obtain such informa-
tion in this manner.
We can learn from our setbacks; we
may, indeed, learn a lot from them. We can
share information and work together coop-
eratively on any of the above items. Here in
North Carolina, we have access to many of
the resources that are needed for good qual-
ity research. We must strive for the most
rigorous research standards. We have the
ability to help ourselves. It is up to us to
decide to do something about it!
References
1 oIndependent Colleges Contribute
Bringing You the
World of Small Press and Video
e Annotations Services
North Carolina Libraries
e 1500 Presses
e All in Stock
Billions to N.C. Economy,� The Indepen-
dent (Fall 1993): 1,4.
2 North Carolina. Department of Cul-
tural Resources. Division of State Library,
Statistics and Directory of North Carolina
Public Libraries July 1, 1992- June 30, 1993
(Raleigh, 1993), 4.
3 Trish Wilson, and Steve Riley, oHigh
Stakes on Campus,� News and Observer
(March 27,1994): 10A.
4 Nick England, oThe Real Story is Job
Growth,� News and Observer (April 17,
1994): 23A.
5 Keith Curry Lance, Lynda Welborn,
and Christine Hamilton-Pennell, The Im-
pact of School Library Media Centers on Aca-
demic Achievement (Denver: Colorado De-
partment of Education, 1992), 97.
6 Don J. Sager, oProfessional Views,�
Public Libraries 33 (January/February
1994): 15.
7 Kay McFadden, oInformation High-
way Still a Pitch and a Promise,� News and
Observer (May 1, 1994): 6A.
8 Robert Kraushaar, and Barbara
Beverly. oLibrary and Information Services
for Productivity,� The Bookmark 48 (Spring
1990): 167.
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Summer 1994 " 47
The Library's Commodity for
Economic Development
by Edward T. Shearin, Jr.
Morehead City, N.C., August 3,1993
Bally Leases Former Wrangler Facility.
Bally Engineered Structures, Inc. of Bally, Pennsylvania, announced that it has leased the former
Blue Bell, Inc. plant outside Morehead City. Bally is the nationTs leading manufacturer of walk-in
coolers and freezers. Last year the company had approximately $50 million in sales. Initial
employment will be approximately 35, all of whom will be hired locally. oOne of the key factors
in our decision to relocate in Carteret County was the responsiveness of the community. Carteret
Community College has been outstanding in providing needed information�
(Tom Pietrocini, Bally President and CEO).!
n March 1994, Bally announced
that its corporate headquarters
would relocate to Morehead City
and would employ three hundred
people within two years. Carteret
Community CollegeTs library has
been an active partner in providing the
information for attracting industries such
as Bally to its service area.
Carteret Community College (CCC)
is located in a rural/resort area overlooking
Bogue Sound next to the Atlantic Ocean.
Many people pass the college oon the way
to the beach.� The college has approxi-
mately twenty-five hundred full-time and
part-time students. CCC is one of the first
community colleges to have a Small Busi-
ness Center (SBC), and the first where the
library and the SBC actively cooperate to
provide business information.
When the Department of Commu-
nity Colleges created the SBCs, it stipu-
lated that each center must provide busi-
ness information services. The library di-
rector at CCC saw this as an opportunity
to develop a program which has become a
model duplicated by other community
colleges in North Carolina. He suggested
to the SBC director that the library provide
electronic business information services
and that the SBC use its funding to provide
small business programming. The SBC sent
the library director to a three-day work-
shop on using electronic resources for
business and purchased the library a mo-
dem to access those resources. The library
48 " Summer 1994
provides business information for small
business entrepreneurs as well as assis-
tance in general economic development.
Howard McGinn, the former State Li-
brarian of North Carolina, urged libraries
to take the initiative and change the para-
digm of libraries from an oenhancement
to the infrastructure� to a obusiness infor-
mation utility� providing information asa
core service similar to other utilities in
their service area. Libraries must serve busi-
ness and government segments if they are
to contribute to the economic life of the
community, and are in a unique position
to do soas publicly supported institutions.
In order to become a business infor-
mation utility, libraries must market them-
selves to business and government enti-
ties. In Marketing for Nonprofit Organiza-
tions,2 Philip Kotler discussed the four
oP's� of marketing and explains how non-
profit agencies can benefit from a market-
ing plan. They are
1) Product " the most basic of marketing
decisions. What to offer the target mar-
ket? Most organizations offer a product
mix which is periodically modified by
product additions and deletions. A
libraryTs product mix includes special
collections, tours and/or bibliographic
instruction, and access to electronic
information resources. In essence, our
product is information.
2) Price " the real price of everything.
Organizations proceed through a three-
stage process to determine pricing. First,
they determine the pricing objective,
whether it is profit, usage, fairness, or
some other objective. Second, they de-
termine pricing strategy " whether it is
cost-based, demand- based, or competi-
tion-based. Third, they determine when
and whether a price change is warranted.
In libraries, it is necessary to add a
fourth stage, philosophy. Should librar-
ies provide all services ofree� or should
they charge for special services like elec-
tronic resources? Most librarians need
to determine their philosophical stance
on this question before they can deter-
mine a pricing strategy.
3) Place " product availability and acces-
sibility. This is the place or distribution
decision, and it is a key element in the
marketing mix. Is the library readily ac-
cessible to the business community?
The business community requires infor-
mation fast " when they need it. Net-
work access to the catalog, facsimile ser-
vice to businesses, and online reference
service to a business personTs computer
are a few ideas to provide a quick turn-
around time for the business clients.
4) Promotion " communicate to and
motivate various markets and publics.
Organizations develop a communica-
tion program that has impact and is cost
effective. Acommunication program not
only targets specific consumers (e.g. the
business community), but also commu-
North Carolina Libraries
nicates to other publics, such as govern-
ment agencies, the press, and financial/
governing boards. In other words, it
osells� library services for increased fund-
ing. A library uses many promotional
tools such as space/time advertising,
mailings, speeches, demonstrations, con-
tests, free samples, catalogs, films, exhib-
its, and endorsements. Many of these
tools are easily targeted to the business
community: write a monthly article or
list of new business books for the news-
letter of the Chamber of Commerce
(Chamber) and the Economic Develop-
ment Council (EDC); design a brochure
on library services and use the ChamberTs
and EDCTs mailing list for distribution;
speak at various civic and other profes-
sional clubs and organizations; join civic
and professional organizations; provide
free business information at clubs to
show what they can receive from the
library; provide computer access to the
catalog and a facsimile reference service
to the business community and govern-
ment agencies; write letters of support
for business inclusion on the informa-
tion highway and Internet access. Let
the business community know the the
library is a source of information they
can depend on and use in their business
for growth.
The 4 PTs in Carteret County
The Carteret Community College library
uses the four oPTs� concept to position
itself as a business information utility in a
rural/resort area.
Product
The libraryTs partnership with the SBC has
created information as a product. The fol-
lowing brochure describes the Business
Information Connection (BIC) which uti-
lizes computer databases as its primary
resource. (See Figure 1.)
The library at CCC provides informa-
tion to clients who contact the SBC for
developing business plans. In a business
plan, demographic information is essen-
tial. The source used for demographic in-
formation is the LINC information system
provided by North CarolinaTs Office of
State Planning (OSP) and the State Library
of North Carolina. This system contains
census information from every county,
city, and municipality in the state. It also
contains statistical data from other state
and federal government agencies.
The Employment Security Commis-
sion (ESC) provides data on monthly em-
ployment in North Carolina. State depart-
ments of treasury and revenue provide
information pertaining to county and
municipal finance. Data is provided from
various federal agencies on agriculture,
county economic development, building
nn North Carolina Libraries
permits, federal funding, and economic
census. These sources are accessed by a
dial-up service provided by the OSP.
LINC has standard statistical reports
such as county profiles. Special reports can
be created by combining variables ( data
fields) from the census. The information
contained in LINC is vital for entrepreneurs
and businesses relocating to the libraryTs
service area. In Carteret County, the CCC
library and access to LINC are considered a
vital asset for economic development.
When Carteret CountyTs Economic
Development Council (EDC) needs statis-
tical data to entice a business to relocate,
the CCC library provides the information.
Inarecent example, a multi-million dollar
manufacturing facility relocated its plant
to Carteret County. The CCC library did
the background information search on
the company for the EDC. Since the com-
pany is privately held, itis not listed in any
standard print directory. The library used
a Dun and Bradstreet database called DunTs
Market Identifiers to locate information on
the company.
The following scenario demonstrates
how the library provides information to the
Figure 1
THE
BUSINESS
INFORMATION
CONNECTION
Nx
AT
THE LIBRARY
CARTERET COMMUNITY COLLEGE
(919) 247-3134
EDC quickly and efficiently. A company is
interested in locating in the county. The
owners are meeting with the EDC director
at !0 a.m. EDC calls at 9 a.m. and requests
statistical data on Carteret County for this
meeting. LINC is accessed, and the Carteret
County Statistical Profile is printed re-
motely (using a printer adapted to a pc). A
copy is faxed to the EDC, and a print copy
is in their hands by 9:45 a.m.
The key to providing information for
economic developmentand businesses from
CCCTs library is telecommunications and
access to remote databases. Without the
ability to access and print materials stored
in these databases, the information pro-
vided would be dated and virtually useless
for development and entrepreneurs. Again,
business requires information thatis timely,
to the point, and readily available.
This same company requests a report
showing the average annual wage per
worker and the property tax rate per one
hundred dollar valuation in Carteret
Count. Again, LINC is used to create a
special report with the previously men-
tioned variables. It is forwarded to the
EDC and then faxed to the company.
SBCC
Small Business Center Connection
The Small Business Center, located in the Eco-
nomic Development Center Building located on
the Carteret Community College Campus, pro-
vides assistance to the small business owner.
This assistance is in the form of counseling,
referral service, and special interest programs/
seminars. Most of these services are at no cost
to the business owner. Provided also by the
Small Business Center are:
--- Management Training
--- Upgrading and retraining of employees
--- One-to-one assistance in business planning
Contact Gary Plough, Director of the
Small Business Center at ext. 220
for further information.
Business Teleconferencing
Television Connection
The library will provide your business with a
video/satellite downlink connection. The
library will:
© Copy off-satellite programming for your
business. Usage/copyright fees are applicable.
© Set-up video teleconferencing to receive satellite
programming for a group. Equipment and room
usage fees are applicable.
The FAX Connection:
For a minimum charge, the library will receive
and transmit FAX items for your business con-
cerning materials in the Business Information
Connection.
Source: Carteret Community College Library/LDC, 1989
Summer 1994 " 49
The company decides to relocate a
manufacturing facility in the county. It
will employ approximately fifty workers.
Carteret County was in competition with
the Norfolk, Virginia, area for this com-
pany. When the company announced the
relocation, it indicated that the timeliness
of the information received was one of the
factors for choosing Carteret County.
Price
Economic developers understand that in-
formation is not free. They are willing to
pay for information if it is current and
immediate. Does the library charge for
special information reports accessed from
electronic resources? Each time a Dun and
Bradstreet database is searched, there is a
charge. The following policy is in place at
the library concerning business informa-
tion using remote databases:
For-profit businesses pay the full cost of
a computer search plus a ten dollar han-
dling fee. Nonprofit agencies, govern-
mental entities, and schools/colleges pay
a subsidized cost depending on the data-
base used, and they pay no handling fee.
The SBC at Carteret Community Col-
lege refers many clients to the library for
business name searches. One of the most
important aspects of establishing a new
business is an identifiable name. Is the
name of the proposed business copyrighted
by someone else? A quick search in a
database on trademarks reveals its copy-
right status, and the owner and expiration
date of any copyright.
A search of this type is quick and
documents the requested information. The
library charges a subsidized fee because
the client is referred from the SBC. The
price is usually less than ten dollars. The
search is given to the client with the caveat
that for legal purposes, it is not authorized
by a copyright attorney. It is known that
attorneys use the same database and charge
several hundred dollars for a name search.
Place
Most of us have little control over the
physical location of the library. "Place in
marketing" is defined as the availability
and accessibility of the product being
marketed. As previously mentioned, busi-
ness people need information when they
need it They cannot wait until the library
opens and then visit the facility.
There are several ways to provide im-
mediate information services for business.
The library is becoming a ovirtual library�
with accessibility anywhere and anytime.
Business people have used our library at 11
p.m. on Sunday evenings via a dial-up service
to our online public access catalog (OPAC).
Electronic reference is another service
of the virtual library, and reference service
is essential for serving businesses. Several
libraries are using electronic bulletin boards
(BBs) for reference. A client can leave a
reference question on the BB. When the
messages for the day are read, the refer-
ence question is answered and the infor-
mation is forwarded to the business via fax
or modem.
One of the least utilized telecommu-
nication devices for reference is an auto-
mated answering machine (AAM). Most
libraries have an AAM for announcements
concerning library hours, holidays, etc. It
can be used in reference by encouraging
clients to call and leave questions. Refer-
ence personnel review the call-in ques-
tions and call back with answers.
With the virtual library, location is no
longer a factor in providing quick, reliable
information. The public needs to know
that you can provide this service for eco-
nomic development.
Promotion
TodayTs libraries have to do more than
develop services and make them available
to the consumers. The oif you build it, they
will come� syndrome is not applicable in
todayTs economies. Libraries do not have
the luxury of maintaining services with
little use. They have to communicate to
and motivate various markets and the
public. A communication program that
promotes the library must be developed.
Basic tenets of communication pro-
grams include target marketing, raising
money, gaining support for the cause, and
identifying other publics in the market
area. Kotler identifies four groups of pro-
motional tools for use in a communica-
tion program:
1. Advertising: Any form of non-personal
presentation and promotion of ideas,
goods, or services paid by a sponsor.
2. Sales promotion: Short-term incentives to
encourage purchase or sales of a product.
3. Personal selling: Oral presentations.
4. Publicity: Planting of significant news
about services in a published medium
usually not paid by the sponsor.3
To use these tools effectively, they
must be viewed as a communication pro-
cess or framework. All elements should be
present for promoting library services to
business and other pertinent publics.
The CCC library uses most of these
tools to promote its service to business.
Before advertising begins, decisions must
be made concerning target market, posi-
tioning, and mix. When CCC library
started its Business Information Connec-
tion, contacts were made with the SBC,
EDC, Chamber, and other professional
organizations and clubs to ascertain their
information needs. This led to the devel-
opment of the BIC brochure which was
distributed to all the previously mentioned
agencies. Members of these groups were
encouraged to take the brochure back to
their places of business.
For short-term promotion, the library
displays its services at meetings of profes-
sional organizations and conferences. Usu-
ally, the display demonstrates computer
access to information. A recent example is
the North Carolina Rural Teleforum, held
January S, 1994. The teleforum was on the
CONCERT network for interactive telecom-
munication meetings and distance learn-
ing. Eight hundred people participated in
the teleforum at sites in Boone, Charlotte,
Greenville, Raleigh, and Wilmington. The
purpose of the teleforum was to show how
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variety than any other large print publisher. Ask about our new Librarian's
Choice Standing Order Plans -- we have a plan to meet any budget!
Large Print Books
70 " Summer 1994
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North Carolina Libraries
telecommunications could be used in rural
economic development.
The CCC library displayed its BIC at
the teleforum by accessing LINC on de-
mand and printing county profiles. LINC
was accessed twenty-eight times for free
prints of county profiles. The CCC library
was the only library with a display at the
Wilmington site. The teleforum served as
vehicle for the CCC Library to identify
target publics (economic developers) in
eastern North Carolina with a short-term
promotion.
Speaking at meetings, being inter-
viewed by local radio and cable TV, and
participating in forums are some of the
ways a librarian can personally sell the
libraryTs service. It is critically important
that one becomes an activist in promotion
of the library. If the image of the library
needs changing to that of a business infor-
mation utility, it must be done. Active
promotion is the key to this change.
Publicity, the last group of tools for
promotion, is making your message heard
" usually without charge. The CCC li-
brary provides public service announce-
ments for local radio and cable TV. Articles
are written for SBC, EDC, and Chamber
newsletters. CCCTs library director is a
guest speaker in classes on starting a small
business. Presentations are made at library
workshops and conferences.
Promotion is being personally in-
volved. We cannot assume that someone
else will do it. Leaders today promote their
services and products. Television has many
commercials where corporate chairmen
sell their products. We have a personal
stake in the success and promotion of our
library. We receive the blame when we
fail; why not receive the accolades for
success?
Summary
A library needs to be a proactive participant
in the economic development of its com-
munity. The following steps are suggested:
e develop specific resources for businesses
and economic development
© advertise the resources
® create a policy on charging for information
® automate the library (use automated
answering and facsimile machines)
e join the Chamber of Commerce and the
Economic Development Council
© provide information services for the
small business center
e advertise library services at places of
business and professional associations
¢ speak at meetings of business associations
© write articles for the local newspaper
and business newsletters
The CCC libraryTs role has been recog-
nized by the collegeTs administration with
increased line-item funding for its service
to the community. This has permitted the
library to purchase additional CD-ROMs
and several computer workstations. The
library has five six-disk CD-ROM changers
and three single CD-ROM players. Each
changer has a variety of CD-ROMs, includ-
ing MoodyTs Financial Services.
Other direct benefits to the library
include having:
¢ workshop fees, new serials, and special-
ized equipment such as modems paid
for the Small Business Center
e gift books and journals donated by the
business community
e gift books and journals donated by the
community at-large
¢ recognition and promotion by the EDC
as an information provider
® recognition by the community at-large
as the place to get questions answered
The library as a utility provides the
commodity of information to its publics.
By providing this commodity, it becomes
a viable partner in economic development.
References
1p. Gilster, (1987). oNew Network
Connects Businesses with State Libraries,�
Triangle Business. (July, 1987): pp
2 Philip Kotler, Marketing for Nonprofit
Organizations. 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982), 163-223. Kotler
cites E. Jerome McCarthy, Basic Marketing:
A Managerial Approach, as the source of the
term, ofour PTs.�
3 Ibid.
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Summer 1994 " 91
The Challenge of Measuring
the Economic Impact of
Public Library Services
by Kem B. Ellis
very service provided by a library has an outcome that
makes an impact on the users of that service. Measuring
the value of a library service is difficult because library
service outcomes are not easy to quantify. We can
measure service inputs such as materials and staff time
because these are tangible costs that are easy to count.
We also can measure service outputs such as materials
loaned and questions answered. These tangible service
transactions can be counted. The outcomes of the ser-
vices provided by libraries are not easy to count in units used to
measure inputs and outputs. This makes the value of library
services intangible, and the impact of those services difficult to
measure.
The traditional approach among library administrators has
been to emphasize the educational, cultural, and recreational
value of the library without assigning a dollar value to its product.
Administrators have relied on output measures to justify main-
taining or expanding library services. Library administrators
today are challenged to measure and report on the impact of
library services by finding tangible ways to measure service
outcomes, as opposed to outputs.
The ability to provide tangible measurements of the impact
of library services becomes even
more important when justifying
the initiation or expansion of ex-
pensive or specialized library ser-
vices. Since service inputs and out-
puts are measured in economic
units, the challenge is to find meth-
ods for measuring service outcomes
the same way. Building the in-depth
collection of expensive sources and
expanding the specialized services
of the Business Research Division
at the High Point Public Library
has challenged us to search for new
ways to measure and report the
economic impact of this service.
We can use the development
of the Business Research Division
of the High Point Public Library as
72 " Summer 1994
... true cost-benefit studies are
virtually unattainable in library
service because the benefits of
services such as providing
information are intangible
and not easily expressed in
units of cost.
a model to study the stages of development of a library service
and the level of impact associated with each.
The expansion of the libraryTs business research services
began sixteen years ago. Then our small collection of basic
business reference sources shared space in the general reference
area. No particular knowledge or expertise was applied to devel-
oping the collection or promoting its use.
Several factors came together to provide the opportunity for
establishing the libraryTs business reference section in the late
1970s. Expansion of the main library in the mid-seventies re-
sulted in space becoming available to offer a new library service.
Simultaneously, library administrators recognized an opportu-
nity for the library to provide increased service to High PointTs
growing and diversifying business community.
By 1978, the necessary work had been done to open a
separate business reference area in the library. The first stage of
development of this new library service was complete, but the
impact of the service on the community was minimal. From the
beginning, the libraryTs goal was to create a separate identity for
its business reference service that would distinguish it from the
general reference area of the library. The library hired a profes-
sional business reference librarian to provide reference service
forty hours per week. Developing
an in-depth collection of business
materials began with a written
policy that outlined the purpose of
the business reference collection
and provided guidelines for the
selection of business materials. The
second stage of development of
the service produced an awareness
in the community that something
new was being offered at the li-
brary, and the level of impact be-
gan to rise.
Over the years, Business Re-
search Services has grown steadily.
The business staff has increased to
four so that our business area can
be staffed during all hours that the
library is open"seventy-five hours
North Carolina Libraries
per week. Our budget for business materials also has grown
steadily, and this year will exceed $80,000. During this third stage
of service development, the impact of this service has increased
greatly as people have tried our service and then become regular
customers. Many of our business research customers have be-
come frequent users. Today we are enjoying a period of increas-
ing impact in the community as satisfied business reference users
recommend our service to others. The challenge we face now is
to measure the true impact of this service accurately. We are
beginning to study methods we can use to measure and report the
economic impact of our Business Research Services.
As we began to study the various approaches we might take
toward measuring the economic impact of a library service, we
found a real dearth of literature on the
topic. Research into the idea of economic
impact measurement for libraries does not
seem to exist. The cost-benefit analysis ap-
proach to evaluating library service does
provide some valuable insights, however.
In his book If You Want to Evaluate Your
Library, Frederick Lancaster defines cost-
benefit evaluation as relating the benefits
(outcomes) ofa service to the cost of provid-
ing it. He goes on to say that the cost-benefit
relationship is improved by increasing ben-
efits without increasing cost, or by reducing
costs without reducing benefits.1
Acost-benefits study attempts to show
that the benefits derived from a service
outweigh the cost of providing it. Accord-
ing to Lancaster, true cost-benefit studies
are virtually unattainable in library service
because the benefits of services such as
providing information are intangible and
not easily expressed in units of cost.2
Several other studies have attempted
to get library users to place a dollar value
on the results received from using infor-
mation obtained at the library. Unfortu-
nately, library users are unable or unwill-
ing to do this. The worth of that informa-
tion to the user, however, may be suffi-
cient to justify providing it, even if no
dollar value can be placed on it.3
Kenneth Plate asserts the importance
of cost justification for the information
professional who may have run out of
ways to impress management informally
with the dollar importance of information
services. According to Plate, oa well-cho-
sen example of profit-through-informa-
tion or economy-through-information sent
along informal channels is as important as
the documented formal budget.�4
There are several approaches to mea-
suring the impact of information service.
Some of these approaches serve us well in
attempting to justify service atan expanded
level; others should be avoided.
Arather simplistic measure of economic
impact is the net value approach. This
method calculates the gross value of the
service (what someone is willing to pay),
and subtracts the actual cost of providing
the service. The difference is the net value to
the customer of receiving the service.
possible.
Investments
Classified
North Carolina Libraries
For example, a vendor youT ve found through one of our manufacturing guides has
helped your business prosper. Perhaps a mutual fund investment has enjoyed a great
return, or another has not. Did you find the perfect career through research at the
library? A franchise you researched has proven not to have fulfilled its potential. One
of these circumstances may describe your situation!
This method of cost-benefit study does not work when
applied to an expensive and specialized service such as business
research. This is true because the per capita expenditure to make
the service available is likely to be less than the cost of providing
the service to those who actually use it. It becomes clear then that
other approaches to measuring the economic impact of our
Business Research Service are needed.
A substantial benefit to the users of our Business Research
Service is the cost savings of not having to buy the information
elsewhere. The expense of business reference publications pro-
hibits most business information seekers from purchasing these
items personally. Even corporations can benefit from using the
resources in Business Research Services rather than purchasing
|
BUSINESS RESEARCH SERVICES SURVEY
High Point Public Library * 901 North Main Street ¢ High Point, North Carolina
The Business Research Services Division is interested in measuring the economic
impact of the information it provides the local area. We suspect that many users of
business information realize financial gain from acting on the information. We also
know that sometimes the reverse may happen, but we hope not ofen. Good business
decisions must be based on good information. We want to know whether any of the
information you have gotten at the library has affected the business decisions you
make, and if so, how.
Our survey is anonymous. The information you provide will be used only to gauge
the economic impact of your business decisions after research in the business
division. We hope you will respond candidly, and that if possible you will actually
include a dollar amount in your response.
1. Describe how business information from the library has affected
your business decisions positively or negatively:
2. Have you or your business made or lost money as a result of
acting on information from the library? Please be as specific as
3. Circle all areas of the business division that you use.
Career Taxes
Small Business Management
Business Manufacturing
Directories Guides
Results of the survey will be posted in the Business Department.
Summer 1994 " 93
expensive business reference materials.
Individual investors often tell us they would rather use the
libraryTs investment advisory newsletters than purchase individual
subscriptions or hire personal investment counselors. So the cost
to the individual business information consumer of buying this
service elsewhere demonstrates all immediate and substantial cost-
benefit relationship between the library and its users.
The resulting economic impact of the libraryTs providing this
material is that local companies and individuals have resources
to invest that are not diverted to cover the cost of obtaining
information. The investment of these resources in turn contrib-
utes to strengthening the local economy. Therefore, the savings
to corporate and individual library users of not having to buy
their information elsewhere becomes a meaningful measure of
economic impact.
Another tangible benefit for the users of public library business
information is the use of librarian time as opposed to user time for
locating and retrieving information. If time is money, then librar-
ians can provide a direct benefit to the user by saving time. The
well-trained reference librarian can usually locate usable informa-
tion more accurately and quickly than the library user.
Numerous studies have attempted to demonstrate the real-
cost benefits of librarian searches versus end-user searches in
dollars.5 Frequently it was difficult or even impossible for the
users of information to assign a credible dollar amount saved
when the search was conducted by a librarian. The common
sentiment expressed in each of these studies and even demon-
strated dramatically by some is, however, that librarians do save
money for users of library information by reserving their time for
use of the information and thus increasing their productivity.
According to Plate, there are numerous benefits for the
company or individual who uses information obtained through
trained information providers.® Plate asserts that it should be
FOREIGN BOOKS
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94 " Summer 1994
possible for information managers to prove certain points with
data obtained from clients as to the cost benefit of using informa-
tion gathered by information professionals.
Point One: Trained information managers can provide infor-
mation faster than untrained personnel. The direct benefits of
this time factor include increased speed of obtaining informa-
tion, resulting in increased productivity. The rapid delivery of
information allows users to spend more time analyzing the
retrieved information.
Point Two: The information obtained by the trained infor-
mation provider is of higher quality. Information obtained by
the professional information manager will consistently be more
selective, comprehensive, and accurate than information ob-
tained by untrained personnel.
Point Three: The information obtained by trained informa-
tion providers is more useful for planning and decision making.
The professional information manager can insure that informa-
tion users maintain a competitive edge by obtaining information
on current events and trends.
Library administrators need to develop ways to measure and
report the tangible benefits of using information gathered by
trained information providers. Providing information is an inte-
gral part of what a library does, and indications are that this
activity has a significant economic impact.
For many business information users, the real value of that
information is the extent to which it reduces uncertainty.T This
benefit is seen most clearly with individual investors. The ability
to make good investment decisions has a profound economic
impact on them. For this type of business information consumer,
the benefits derived from using the libraryTs business resources
are direct and significant, though they might be difficult to
measure in real dollars.
Another important point is that the confidence gained by
investors who use information from the library to make consis-
tently good investment decisions strengthens the economy. If we
consider the ripple effect that takes place in the economy as
consumers of business information put that information to
work, clearly our libraries can have key roles in strengthening the
local economy.
The library can take the lead in economic research and
development in its community. Tulsa (Oklahoma) Public LibraryTs
Economic Development Information Center (EDIC) is a successful
example of public-private and intergovernmental cooperation in
which the libraryTs strengths match community needs. As de-
scribed by Craig Buthod and Martha Gregory,8 this service shows
the status that public libraries have when they aggressively market
their ability to provide information that has economicimpact. The
Tulsa Public Library was the agency cited most frequently in
surveys of new manufacturing companies as helping new firms.?
At the High Point Public Library, we have attempted to
measure the economic impact of our Business Research Service by
focusing on selected methods of cost-benefit analysis. We were
encouraged to learn that successful attempts have been made to
measure the benefits of using information obtained by profession-
als, avoiding the cost of purchasing needed information, and using
information to reduce the uncertainty of decision-making. On the
other hand, we were discouraged to find that tangible measures
such as dollars saved or dollars earned are hard to produce.
In the fall of 1993, the High Point Public LibraryTs Business
Research Division used a questionnaire to obtain information from
our business information users. The purpose of the questionnaire
was to gather responses we could use to measure the economic
impact of using business information obtained at the library. Our
focus in the questionnaire was on the impact of information to
reduce uncertainty and to improve decision-making.
We distributed the questionnaire to names on our regular
North Carolina Libraries
. "e
business mailing list and in the business area of the library. Of
approximately seven hundred questionnaires distributed, seventy
(ten percent) were returned. A sample of the questionnaire form
can be found on page 53.
All seventy respondents said that
business information obtained from
the library had affected their business
decisions positively. The questionnaire
revealed that many types of business
information are sought at the library,
but three types of business informa-
tion seekers responded most fre-
quently. These three were individual
investors, local entrepreneurs, and
career seekers.
The most detailed and meaningful responses came from
individual investors who use information from the library to make
investment decisions. Their responses revealed that information
from our various investment advisory services had increased their
confidence by decreasing uncertainty when making investment
decisions. Responses that included tangible results showed that
information obtained at the library had generated net returns
ranging from a low of 14 percent to a high of 28 percent.
The second largest group of respondents was local entrepre-
neurs. Their responses showed that business information ob-
tained at the library had a positive economic impact on their
businesses. Examples of benefits included new customers, pros-
pects, and clients and the opportunity to bring new business into
the company. Local entrepreneurs mentioned numerous types of
information from the library they had used to increase profits,
including the development of new marketing strategies, incorpo-
ration of new management techniques, and the application of
federal and state regulations.
The third group of respondents, career seekers, said that
information from the library made a difference in the outcome
of the job-hunting process. Information on company back-
grounds and financial conditions, listings of current job open-
ings, and detailed and practical advice on job resumes, applica-
tions, and interview techniques were all mentioned by respon-
dents as crucial to finding a better job faster.
The responses to the libraryTs questionnaire did not include
specific dollar amounts that we can use to measure economic
impact precisely. The responses do prove, however, that use of
business information from the library has resulted in significant
and positive economic outcomes. Responses to the questionnaire
support our claim that business information from the library
makes an economic impact that far exceeds the cost of providing
the information. The challenge we still face is to find a way to prove
this claim by reporting our economic impact in real dollars.
The value to the library of proving this claim is obvious. When
budget requests can be measured against tangible service out-
comes, the financial position of the library will be secure. Suppose,
for example, that documentation is included in the libraryTs
budget request that proves the library generated $15 million in
new jobs, taxes, and revenues to the city in the previous year.
Funding an increased budget for the library would be a good
business decision that would strengthen the communityTs eco-
nomic vitality and its quality of life.
The libraryTs stock as a key player in economic development
also would rise dramatically. The library would assume a role as
an economic asset that would strengthen its traditional position
as a leader in educational, cultural, and social initiatives. By
developing a reliable method of measuring its economic impact,
the library can prove that support for its traditional initiatives
contributes to economic development as well.
At the High Point Public Library we are beginning to look
North Carolina Libraries
The public library is the
smartest investment a
community can make.
seriously at the contribution we can make to the cityTs economic
growth. As we enter new ventures such as library automation, we
will look closely at the potential for increasing our stature in the
community as a leader in economic
development. Simultaneously,we
are developing a more businesslike
attitude toward ourselves and our
customers. We understand the im-
portance of showing the contribu-
tion we are making to High PointTs
economic development as a way of
ensuring a bright fiscal future for
the library. The challenge before us
is to measure the outcomes and the
outputs of the services we provide, and to measure them tangibly
to prove what weTve known all along. The public library is the
smartest investment a community can make.
References
1 Frederick Lancaster, If You Want to Evaluate Your Library
(Champaign: University of Illinois Gaduate School of Library and
Information Service, 1988), 6.
2 Ibid.
3 Tbid., 160.
4 Kenneth H. Plate, Cost Justification Of Information Services
(Studio City, Calif.: Pacific Information, Inc., 1983), xi.
S Lancaster, 158-161.
6 Plate, 1.1-1.8 .
7 Lancaster, 156.
8 Jane B. Robbins and Douglas L. Zweizig, Keeping the Books:
Public Library Financial Practices (Fort Atkinson, Wis: Highsmith
Press, 1992), 175-184.
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76 " Summer 1994
North Carolina Libraries
Demonstrating Value:
School Library Media Centers Still
Worth Their Keep
by Marilyn L. Shontz
oto ensure that students and staff are effective users of ideas and information.�
(American Association of School Librarians and Association for Educational Communications
and Technology, Information Power [Chicago,|L:American Library Association],1988, 1.)
odayTs school library media programs are charged
with a mission that is at the heart of all learning and
the foundation for worthwhile educational outcomes
at all levels. As students and staff become effective
users of ideas and information, they also become life-
long thinkers, readers, and learners.! Interestingly, in
1961, the NEA Educational Policies Commission identified othe
development of the ability to think� as the central purpose of
education: oit must be a pervasive concern in the work of the
school. Many agencies contribute to achieving educational ob-
jectives, but this particular objective will not generally be at-
tained unless the school focuses on it.�2
In fulfilling the library media program mission, the school
library media professional as an information specialist provides
physical and intellectual access to information resources in a
variety of formats and learning levels. Students must be selectors,
evaluators, interpreters, users, and communicators of ideas and
information. The school library media program is the one unique
place in the school where resources are available for this kind of
learning activity to take place. The school library media specialist
naturally also becomes an instructor and guide. The growing
numbers of information resources in electronic or media for-
mats, and the more traditional print materials, require different
skills that must be fostered in students.
The school library media specialist also is challenged to serve
as an instructional resource for
teachers. The mission is not
just that students, but that stu-
dents AND staff are to be effec-
tive users of information and
ideas. Individual teachers will
be at different stages of becom-
ing effective users, thus the
school library media specialist
works with them at whatever
level is needed. In order to ful-
fill these three major roles and
the library media program mis-
sion, todayTs school library
media specialists are also in-
North Carolina Libraries
The mission is not just that
students, but that students
AND staff are to be
effective users of
information and ideas.
sightful planners, preeminent managers, and creative, confident
leaders of their programs, their schools, their districts, and their
communities.
Our developing high technology schools exemplify the
growing numbers of library media programs which are fulfilling
their broad-based mission in the K-12 schools. These library
media programs have online catalogs and circulation systems,
provide access to CD-ROM information sources and searching,
have fax machines, are members of interlibrary networks provid-
ing access to materials outside the school, use cable TV and
satellite technology, have telephones, and provide microcom-
puter access for students and teachers. Moreover, their library
media specialists work many hours per week with teachers in
instructional planning.3
School Library Media Program Costs
So, what does this vision of the school library media program as
integral to learning outcomes in our schools cost? For school
library media programs to fulfill this mission, what are the costs
to taxpayers? What resources must we commit? Citizens, who
believe in and support a democratic way of life and, as taxpayers,
support an educational system that ensures continuation of that
way Of life for future generations, have a right to know that their
lawmakers and public educators are using allocated funds to
reach this goal in the most effective ways possible.
A look at data about school
library media programs pre-
sented in the latest series of
School Library Journal* reports
covering the school year 1991-
92, provides interesting cost es-
timates. The ongoing purpose
of this biennial series has been
to collect and present informa-
tion about school library media
program expenditures for mate-
rials and resources. Although
there are some non-materials-
related expenses such as funds
forcertain supplies, binding, and
Summer 1994 " 97
aaa a SN rR RS OR Sak Sa as Soca) eer LTO a ete ele eC pane = ee Cai alas at
salaries for support staff that are not requested of the respondents,
the results can be considered a reliable estimate of annual school
library media program expenditures of local funds.
Data calculationsS in Table 1 show the estimated annual cost
of school library media programs® by grade and per capita levels.
A typical elementary school represents an annual minimum in-
vestment of $40,000 or $70.18 per pupil. In contrast, a high-tech
elementary school [Table 2], represents a typical annual minimum
investment of $48,837 or $76.79 per pupil.� Figures for middle/
junior high and high schools are included on both tables.
Table 1
ESTIMATED ANNUAL SCHOOL LIBRARY MEDIA PROGRAM COSTS
Total Annual Cost
Median TME | Median Salary Cost Per Pupil
$40,000.00
$45,445.00
$47,655.00
$8,000.00
$10,445.00
$12,295.00
$32,000.00
$35,000.00
$35,350.00
Elementary
Middle/Jr. high
High schools
ESTIMATED ANNUAL COST: HIGH TECH SLM PROGRAMS
Total Annual Cost
Median TME | Median Salary Cost Per Pupil
$48,837.00
$51,668.00
$54,093.00
$122,550.00
$14,127.00
$16,050.00
$36,287.00
$37,541.00
$38,043.00
Elementary
Middle/Jr. high
High schools
To help put these costs
in perspective with the to-
tal cost of education to our
communities, the National
Center for Education Sta-
tistics (NCES) reports an
estimated per-pupil ex-
penditure for 1993-94 of
$5,193 for all grade levels.8
When calculated, specific
expenditures for school li-
brary media programs rep-
resent about one and one-
half percent of that total.
The per-pupil expenditure
reported for North Caro-
lina is $4,276.9
Another possible way
of estimating the invest-
ment or cost represented
by school library media
programsisto calculate the
value of the internal col-
lection. Using the SL] sur-
vey collection size esti-
mates and approximate re-
Elementary
Middle/Jr. high
High schools
Table 4
Elementary
Middle/Jr. high
High schools
78 " Summer 1994
placement costs per item, total costs can be calculated. Tables 31°
and 411 show replacement costs calculated for books, audiovisual
items, and microcomputer software by grade levels. Item replace-
ment costs used in calculations were $21.50 per book, $55.00 per
audiovisual item, and $66.00 per microcomputer software pro-
gram.12 No estimates for CD-ROM programs/equipment, audiovi-
sual hardware, or microcomputer hardware are included. Library
media collections can be seen to represent a school and commu-
nity asset of $250,000 (median), ranging from a low of $224,000 to
over $314,000. Although high-tech school collections as reflected
in Table 4 do have a greater overall
value, the difference is not great. In
this case, the exclusion of an ap-
proximate cost for CD-ROM pro-
grams could bea significant factor in
underestimating the worth of high-
tech collections.
Knowing that our estimated an-
nual cost of from $40,000 to $54,000
represents about one and one-half
percent of the total national annual
expenditure per pupil in public edu-
cation, and that the estimated me-
dian replacement value of our col-
lections is $250,000, the question
remains: is it worth it? Are the ser-
vices provided worth the cost? Ap-
proaches too numerous to mention
might be used to answer or, more
accurately, attempt to answer, what
is in essence a cost-benefit analysis
problem. But failure to try this analy-
sis leaves the system and its users
without a viable alternative in ad-
dressing accountability. As a start-
ing point, a look can be taken at the
value that our public education sys-
tem provides to society.
SLM COLLECTIONS: ESTIMATED REPLACEMENT COSTS
Median Micro
Median Books MedianAV Software Total
$186,985.50
$215,000.00
$258,000.00
$32,725.00
$26,015.00
$27,500.00
$4,686.00
$2,244.00
$990.00
$224,396.50
$243,259.00
$286,490.00
HIGH-TECH SLM COLLECTIONS: ESTIMATED REPLACEMENT COSTS
i Median Micro
Median Books Median AV Software Total
$191,350.00
$215,000.00
$279,500.00
$27,500.00
$22,935.00
$33,000.00
$5,280.00
$3,366.00
$1,518.00
$224,130.00
$241,301.00
$314,018.00
North Carolina Libraries
cls
Costs of At-Risk Students and Dropouts
Everyone has heard it, especially those of us in the information
profession. American society is beset with serious social problems
" crime, illiteracy, poverty, substance abuse, family disintegra-
tion. Human misery costs uncountable billions in both tax
dollars and donated time, money, and materials. Our awareness
of the drain on our static or diminishing resources grows more
acute. We seek solutions. Specific responses have included crack-
downs on crime " to get the criminals off the street and into
prisons " and the provision of monetary support to people in
crisis in the form of unemployment benefits and welfare. These
responses work: criminals are going to jail in record numbers and
people are receiving enough money to get by. But more criminals
come along, and more people become victims in categories
which require direct governmental financial support.
While almost no one advocates abandoning these programs,
a perhaps less costly and workable solution is now clearly within
our reach. We can emphasize prevention as a cure. We must
nurture, support, and cherish our children, each and every one.
They are societyTs most vulnerable members. Because they are the
youngest, they are without political power; and, in the past, have
been without advocates, especially advocates with political power.
Paradoxically, they also provide us with the greatest and most
promising opportunity for reducing the cost of social ills. If
public education can reduce risk to children, our society will
benefit monetarily and, one could certainly add, morally. If good
school library media programs contribute to schools that in turn
reduce the numbers of at-risk children, what appears to be a
relatively small investment is most certainly worth it.
First we need to review some of what we know about children
at risk:
© From twenty to forty percent of our students can be
categorized as at-risk13
© Twenty-five percent of all youth face serious risk of
not reaching productive adulthood; an additional
twenty-five percent are at moderate risk!4
© Youth living in rural or urban poverty are at the
highest risk15
® In 1991 only twenty-two percent of three- and four-
year-olds from low income families were enrolled in
pre-kindergarten programs, a decrease from thirty
percent in 199016
° Twenty-one to twenty-three percent of adults function
at the lowest level of literacy, half of these (twenty to
twenty-two million) live in poverty!�
© High school completion rate for nineteen- to twenty-
year-olds is ninety percent for white students, eighty
percent for black students, and sixty percent for
Hispanics. The resulting national dropout rate of from
twenty to twenty-five percent has remained constant
in the late 1980s and early 1990s!8
© Forty percent of white and twenty-five percent of
black high school dropouts find employment, as
compared to seventy-five percent of white and thirty-
five percent of black high school students who do not
go on to college (1991)19
© Thirty-three percent of high school sophomores who
aspire to attain no more than a high school diploma,
score in the two lowest test performance quartiles
(1990)20
North Carolina Libraries
® Fifty-two percent of non-white sophomores have no
education plans past high school (1990)2!
© Twenty-one percent of high school sophomores who
have no education plans past high school are from the
lowest socio-economic group (1990)22
© Twenty-one percent of all children and fifty-nine
percent of all children living in a household with a
single mother live in poverty23
@ While the number of arrests of people ages fourteen to
thirty-four are increasing, arrests in the fourteen- to
seventeen-year-old group increased by fifteen percent
from 1989 to 199024
© Seventy percent of the prison population perform at
the lowest literacy levels25
And in North Carolina:26
° There has been a seven percent rise in juvenile crime,
twice the national average
© Twenty percent of our children under the age of five
live in poverty
© Eighty percent of prison inmates grew up in poverty
While specific data on the cost to society of school dropouts
and at-risk children from poverty-level homes are not readily
available or easily produced, costs associated with some of the
results of poverty and low education levels are available. Since a
high percentage of young people who live in poverty and drop
out of school wind up in our criminal justice system, lowering the
costs for that system and its services can be related directly to
school activities and success.
First, from the perspective of juveniles and adults in the
criminal justice system, the national average annual (1989-90)
operation expenditure per adult inmate in our criminal justice
system was $15,496.27 The cost per inmate in North Carolina was
$18,486.28 The average national annual per capita cost to keep
one juvenile in custody was approximately $31,015 (1989).29 As
a comparison: the cost for keeping a student in school for one
year was $5,193, so to keep a tenth-grade student in school until
graduation would cost on the average $10,386. To deal with that
same tenth-grader as a juvenile offender will cost $62,030 for two
years. A five-year prison sentence for the same individual in an
adult facility will cost $92,430 in North Carolina. Clearly, keep-
ing potential teenage dropouts in school for graduation makes
good economic sense.
Another view of the costs can be taken from the other end of
the school curriculum. We know that a crucial factor in determin-
ing whether young children are at-risk is their level of readiness
to learn upon entering kindergarten. Children who start behind
are more likely to stay behind. Using estimates from a 1990
United States Department of Education-funded study, preschool
child care is provided to parents at an average hourly fee of from
$1.19 in public school programs to a high of $1.73 in indepen-
dent nonprofit child care centers.39 For a typical 50-hour-week,
52-week-year which would be needed by a working mother, these
costs total from $59.50 to $86.50 per week, or $3,094 to $4,498
per year. Five years of preschool care for one child before starting
kindergarten would cost $19,000, or about as much as it costs to
keep one adult prisoner incarcerated for one year.
Another hypothetical example provides more interesting
comparisons. If we use the estimate that twenty percent of the
children in any school are at-risk, an elementary school of 800
students today can have 160 at-risk students. Providing pre-
school programs for these children when they are three and four
Summer 1994 " 59
years old, so they will begin school ready to learn and succeed,
would cost about $7,592 each for two years. For all 160 children,
the cost would be $1,214,720. Keeping those same 160 teenagers
in juvenile custody for two years, however, would cost $9,600,000.
A five-year prison sentence for each juvenile offender in North
Carolina would cost taxpayers $14,788,800. While it is unlikely
that all 160 at-risk children would spend five years in prison, the
cost to society if even half of them do is staggering. And, while we
will probably never completely eliminate crime and poverty, it is
clear that our educational system has the power to reduce,through
prevention, the number of children at-risk as well as increasing the
number of young people who graduate and successfully enter
society as contributing members and lifelong learners.
Library Media Program Value to Successful Schools
The question stated earlier about the value of library media
programs has become a little clearer. Schools that have lower
dropout and at-risk student rates are cost effective models for
society. But, do we know if good school library media programs
contribute to the effective school model? The answer is yes. Over
a period of thirty years, evidence has been accumulating that
library media programs contribute significantly to effective schools
and successful students.
Active and effective school library media programs can and
do help create effective schools. Groover, Marchant, Didier, and
Haycock have each analyzed previous research in school library
media services and presented conclusions that document the
contributions of the school library media program to student
outcomes.3! Three of the reported studies are especially interest-
ing in light of todayTs emphasis
on accountability. They repre-
sent three very different but
promising approaches to the cost-
benefit analysis problem and so-
lution.
The earliest of the three stud-
ies took place in the Calgary
(Canada) school district from
1977 to 1979. The Calgary Board
of Education wanted to know,
oWhen dollars are devoted to
school library services, is there a
corresponding value for stu-
dents?�32 Rather than compar-
ing schools with/without school
libraries as Gaver had done ear-
lier,33 they used GaverTs oInven-
tory of Library Services� to pro-
file the numbers and types of
services provided in the sixty-
five selected elementary and high
schools.34 Locally developed at-
titude scales and skills tests also
were used as measures.
As a result of their study, Calgary was able to identify a basic
core of services provided to all students in all schools termed
oBaseline Library Services.�35 The presence of a higher number of
these services correlated with the presence of a full time teacher-
librarian and an adequate budget.36 In the high schools, there was
a positive correlation between improved student skills and positive
attitudes and teacher-librariansT direct involvement in teacher
consultation activities.37 Elementary schools revealed a strong
positive effect on student attitudes when teacher-librarians jointly
planned with teachers, and the library media program was inte-
grated with classroom activities and instruction.38
60 " Summer 1994
Since a high percentage of
young people who live in
poverty and drop out of
school wind up in our
criminal justice system,
lowering the costs for that
system and its
services can be related
directly to school
activities and success.
As a case study, the Calgary survey represents a workable
model for the profession. Since it was limited to selected schools
in one geographic area, the results could not be generalized to
other schools and districts. However, the researchers felt that as
a result of the study, they had demonstrated that in their school
district those schools that were providing high levels of the
baseline services were making definite, positive contributions to
student outcomes " attitudes and skills " and that school
libraries were odefinitely worth their keep.�39
Asecond approach was described and reported by Loertscher,
Ho, and Bowie in 1987.40 Their purpose was to describe library
media services offered in elementary schools and to affirm, if
possible, that exemplary schools have exemplary library media
programs. Using 209 United States Department of Education
nationally recognized elementary schools (1986), the researchers
looked at staffing, services to students, services to teachers, and
resources/operations. One of their major conclusions was that
excellent library media programs in excellent schools have a
minimum staff of one full time professional and one clerk.4!
As a result of this research, the profession can better describe
what good school library media programs do and what they
contribute to excellent elementary school programs. Conclu-
sions drawn by the researchers about the library media programs
included: for maximum impact on school outcomes, elementary
library media programs should be staffed by a full-time library
media specialist and a clerk and should operate on a flexible
schedule; their programs should emphasize literature-rich activi-
ties and promote enjoyment of reading, a partnership with
teachers in developing instruction, individual assistance to learn-
ers, creative use of new materials/
technology, and integration of in-
formation skills instruction into
curricular areas.42
The last and most recent of
the studies provides a third ap-
proach and a new viewpoint. Us-
ing a representative sample
(n=221) of all Colorado Public
Schools, researchers collected data
on school variables, community
variables, library media program
variables, and test score results by
grade level from the 1988-89
school year.43 The researchers
wanted to document the relation-
ship, if any, between library me-
dia center expenditures and stu-
dent achievement; the character-
istics of library media programs
that contribute to higher student
achievement; and whether col-
laboration between the library
media specialists and teachers on
instruction contributes to student
achievement.44 The use of readily available test score data (ITBS
and TAP) by selected grade levels was analyzed for statistically
significant relationships with (1) selected community factors:
high school graduation rate, poverty level, family income and
size, and urban-rural designation; (2) selected school variables:
pupil/teacher ratio, education level of teachers, teachersT years of
experience, teachersT salaries, and expenditures per pupil; (3)
selected library media program variables: staff, instructional role,
collection size, circulation, availability, and use of microcomput-
ers, and amount of information skill instruction.45
In answer to their study questions, researchers found that:
North Carolina Libraries
(1) students at schools with better funded library media programs
tended to achieve higher average test scores regardless of socio-
economic level or educational level of the community; (2) the
size of the library media program total staff and the size and
variety of its collection contribute to the ability of the library
media program to influence student achievement; and (3) stu-
dents whose library media specialists collaborated with teachers
in planning instruction tended to achieve higher test scores.46
Still Needed ...
We now know, and have evidence that shows, that good school
library media programs " those with adequate staff, collections,
and services " contribute to student success and learning in our
schools and that successful, effective schools can save money.
But, what factors are still serving as barriers to providing all
students with good school
library media programs?
There are three that are eas-
ily recognizable from the
current literature.
As noted earlier, our
collections represent a ma-
jor investment for our com-
munities and our nation.
Collection surveys com-
pleted recently in several
states show the increasing
age of materials and, there-
fore, their declining useful-
ness for todayTs informa-
tion-age students. The re-
sults of some of these sur-
veys have been presented as
part of the ESEA initiative
in Congress.
The second barrier can
be found in the documen-
tation of staffing cutbacks.
While each study of effec-
tive library media programs
demonstrates the need for
one full time professional
and one clerk as a minimum staff level, school districts continue
to see library media positions as ones that are expendable. The
number of school library media positions continues to decline.
The third barrier is that of research. While it is true that there
are numerous studies related to what makes an effective school
library media program, the fact that it is spread out over thirty
years makes interpreting the results for todayTs technology-
centered programs problematic. Many of the older models are
excellent but need to be replicated in the current setting. Those
more current studies such as the one in Colorado need to be
replicated in other geographic areas.
But an even more basic problem stands in the way of quality
research. Individual school library media specialists must begin
to collect data in an organized, uniform fashion. The profession
must agree on standardized research methods and data collection
techniques in order to enable library media specialists to collect
and present data that can be used as measures or benchmarks for
program improvement.
media programs
" those with
adequate staff,
collections, and
save money.
References
1 American Association of School Librarians and Association
for Educational Communications and Technology, Information
North Carolina Libraries
... good school library
services " contribute to
student success and
learning in our schools
and ... successful,
effective schools can
Power (Chicago, Il: American Library Association, 1988), 15.
2 Educational Policies Commission, The Central Purpose of
American Education (Washington, D.C.: National Education Asso-
ciation, 1961).
3 Marilyn L. Miller and Marilyn L. Shontz, oInside High-Tech
School Library Media Programs,� School Library Journal 40:4 (April
1994): 24-29.
4 Marilyn L. Miller and Marilyn L.Shontz, oExpenditures for
Resources in School Library Media Centers, FY 1991-92� School
Library Journal 39:10 (October 1993):26-36.
5 Calculations are based on results reported Tables 9 and 14.
Miller and Shontz, oExpenditures for Resources in School Library
Media Centers, FY 1991-92,� 30,34.
6 TME is the total of median expenditures per school from
local funds for materials/resources of all types, audiovisual equip-
ment, microcomputer hardware, online ser-
vices, rentals, leasing, and maintenance.
Median salary is for one full time certified
school library media specialist at the speci-
fied grade level.
7 Calculations are based on results re-
ported in Tables 3 and 7. Miller and Shontz,
oInside High-Tech School Library Media
Programs,� 25,28.
8 National Center for Education Statis-
tics, Public Elementary and Secondary Educa-
tion Statistics: School Year 1993-94 (Wash-
ington, D.C.: Office of Educational Research
and Improvement, 1993), 8.
9 Ibid.
10 Calculations are based on results
reported in Table 9. Miller and Shontz,
oExpenditures for Resources in School Li-
brary Media Centers, FY 1991-92,� 30.
11 Calculations are based on results re-
ported in Table 7. Miller and Shontz, oInside
High-Tech School Library Media Programs,� 29.
12 Mean cost of one book is based on
average of prices for juvenile, adult books,
and paperback books as reported in The
Bowker Annual Library and Book Trade Alma-
nac, 38th ed.(New Providence, N.J.: Reed
Publishing, 1993). Mean cost of one audiovisual item is based on
typical per item prices reported in Media Review Digest,vol. 23,(Ann
Arbor, Mich.: Pierian Press, 1993). Mean cost of one computer
software program is based on typical per item prices reported in
The Latest and Best of TESS; The Educational Software Selector
(Hampton Bays, N.Y.:EPIE, 1991).
13 oImproving Possibilities for Students Placed at Risk.�
OERI Bulletin (Winter 1994): 3.
14 Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, A Matter of
Time; Risk and Opportunity in the Nonschool Hours (New York:
Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1992), 19.
15 Tbid.
16 National Center for Education Statistics, The Pocket Condi-
tion of Education 1993 (Washington, D.C.: Office of Educational
Research and Improvement, 1993), 2.
17 oHow Literate Are American Adults?� OERI Bulletin (Fall
1993):1,4.
18 National Center for Education Statistics. The Pocket Condi-
tion of Education 1992 (Washington, D.C.: Office of Educational
Research and Improvement, 1992), 1.
19 NCES, The Pocket Condition of Education 1993, 4.
20 Thomas D.Snyder and Carol Sue Fromboluti, Youth Indica-
tors 1993; Trends in Well-Being of American Youth (National Center
Summer 1994 " 61
for Education Statistics, Office of Educational Research and
Improvement, 1993), 136.
21 Tbid.
22 Ibid.
23 Tbid., 48.
24 Youth Indicators, 131.
25 oHow Literate Are American Adults?�, 1.
26 oSmart Start,� Tar Heel Libraries 17:2 (March/April 1994):2.
27 Michael J. Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Center,
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1992 (Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Department of Justice, 1992), 13.
28 Ibid.
29 Tbid., 584.
30 Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., A Profile of Child Care
Settings: Early Education and Care in 1990; Executive Summary
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1991), 4
31 Robert Groover, oLibrary Media Programming and Learning:
A Summary of Research� CMELA Journal 3 (Spring 1980):29-34;
Maurice P. Marchant, et al., oResearch Into Learning Resulting
From Quality School Library Media Service� School Library
Journal (April 1984): 20-22; Elaine K. Didier, Research on the
Impact of School Library Media Programs on Student Achievement
" Implications for Professionals� in School Library Media Annual
Vol. 2, 1984 edited by Shirley Aaron and Pat Scales (Littleton, CO:
Libraries Unlimited, 1984), 343-61; Ken Haycock, What Works:
Research About Teaching and Learning Through the SchoolTs Library
Resource Centre (Seattle: Rockland Press, 1992).
32 Yvonne Hodges, oResource Center Programs Are Here to
Stay...The Proof is in the Evaluation� School Libraries in Canada 3
(Winter 1983):20.
33 Mary Virginia Gaver, Effectiveness of Centralized Library
Tired of making
permanent loans?"
CheckpointT
Tomorrow's Technology for Today's Libraries�"�
550 Grove Road ¢ P.O. Box 188 * Thorofare, New Jersey 08086
(800) 257-5540 * TELEX: 84-5396 * FAX: (609) 848-0937
Ralph M. Davis, Sales Representative
P.O. Box 144
Rockingham, NC 28379
1-800-545-2714
62 " Summer 1994
Service in Elementary Schools (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Uni-
versity Press, 1963); Mary Virginia Gaver, Services of Secondary
School Media Centers (Chicago: American Library Association,
IS ADY.
34 Hodges, oResource Center Programs Are Here to Stay,� 20.
3S Bev Anderson, oSchool Libraries " Definitely Worth Their
Keep� Emergency Librarian 10:5 (May/June 1983):7
36 Tbid., 9.
37 Hodges, oResource Center Programs Are Here to Stay,� 24.
38 Anderson, oSchool Libraries " Definitely Worth Their
Keep,�9.
39 Ibid.
40 David V. Loertscher, May Lein Ho, and Melvin M. Bowie,
oExemplary Elementary Schools and Their Library Media Cen-
ters: A Research Report� School Library Media Quarterly 15 (Spring
1987): 147.
41 Tbid.,152.
42 Tbid., 153.
43 Keith Curry Lance, Lynda Welborn, and Christine Hamilton-
Pennell, The Impact of School Library Media Centers on Academic
Achievement (Castle Rock, Colo.: Hi Willow Research and Publish-
ing, 1993), 2
44 Tbid.
45 Tbid., 18-21.
46 Tbid., 93.
Apour T THE : AUTHORS:
Ken B. lis
Education: B.A., High Point donee M. L, S, UNC-Greensboro
| Position: Director, Ne Point Public Library
Gary Harden
Education: B.A. Concord College Ms ES) NC. Central
: _ University
Position: Systems Librarian, State Library of North Carolina
Dwight McInvaill
Education: B.A., Presbyterian College; M.L.S. UNC-Chapel Hill
Position: Head of Adult Services, Kinston/Lenoir County
Public Library "
Edward 7 Shearin, Jr.
Education: A.A., Chowan College; B.A., NC Ween College;
" MEL S East Carolina University; Ed.D., NC State University
Position: Director, Library/LRC Carteret Community College
Marilyn Shontz
Education: 'B.A., Heidelberg College M.LS., Case-Western
Reserve University; Ph.D., Florida State University
Position: Associate Professor, Department of Library and ©
Information Studies, UNC-Greensboro
Martha M. Smith
Education: B.A., Duke Univedsings M. Div., Duke Divinity School;
M.S.L.S., UNC- Chapel Hill; Ph. D., Duke University
Position: Head Librarian, St: oe College
Joel Sigmon
Education: B. M., Florida State University; M.M., Florida State
University; M.L.S., N.C. Central University
Position: Head, Government and Business Services Branch, State
Library of North Carolina
John T. Welch
Education: B. M., Memphis State University; M.S.L.S.,
Catholic University of America
Position: Assistant State Librarian, State Library of North Carolina
North Carolina Libraries
From North Carolina News
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. North Carolina Libraries Summer 1994 " 63
Survival and Service:
The Ethics of Research on the Uses
of Information Provided by Librarians
o librarians have the right to
know how patrons use infor-
mation? What sources and ser-
vices are the most or least uti-
lized? Which resources fit their
particular clientele? Indeed,
what do we need to know in order to serve
users more effectively? What must we know
in order to justify budgets, to defend the
existence of libraries, to assure the survival
of the profession, and to offer access to
diverse clients in an increasing pluralistic
society?
To Market or Not to Market
Supermarkets do it! Bar-coded product in-
formation guarantees that there will be
enough hot dog relish and carrots in the
stores where those item sell the fastest.
Video stores do it! With the help of
technology much like library networks,
company executives determine where to
build new stores, how big they should be,
and what movies and candy to carry.
In some Sunday newspapers, there are
lots of inserts. In others, there may
be none. Zip codes are used to
make marketing decisions. High
income neighborhoods receive
certain product announcements
and coupons. Low income neigh-
borhoods may receive other ad-
vertisements or fewer than are
found in zipcoded areas deemed as
affluent. Is this good business or
discrimination? Is it ethical?
Marketing people randomly stop con-
sumers at the local mall to show them
toothpaste labels, combinations of frozen
vegetables, and movie posters in order to
determine buyer preferences. Their com-
panies spend substantial sums of money
64 " Summer 1994
by Martha M. Smith
in order to compete and survive in a con-
stantly changing product environment.
In addition, sophisticated databases
track credit card purchases and make that
information available to companies so that
they can tailor their offerings for the pub-
lic they seek to serve. Marketing and ad-
vertising jobs are on the line constantly.
Should librarians use the methods of
business to survey, analyze, and market
our products and services to our patrons?
Would we be invading patron privacy if
we were to track patron borrowing and
order accordingly? Would we be betraying
professional obligations to educate and
inform as well as to lift cultural horizons if
we followed what readers were reading
rather than providing a wide variety of, for
example, current fiction? Would we be
betraying professional neutrality if we de-
veloped collections according to the domi-
nant viewpoints of patrons on subjects
such as abortion, gun control, or politics?
Can research into what users do with
the information provided by librarians
Are our motives survival
or service?
help our profession better exercise social
responsibility in meeting communitiesT
needs? Would we be gaining sufficiently
useful data on the impact of libraries in the
community, on the school, college, or
university campus, and to the public at
large to justify the expenditure of funds
for such research? Or, would we be risking
the possibility of giving up professional
judgment in building collections and man-
aging services in order to satisfy current
fads or passing needs?
Are our motives survival or service?
They are likely both.
Are these concerns ethical and consis-
tent with our commitments as librarians?
The Ethics of User Studies
Two traditions of thinking guide us when
we consider the ethics of studying patrons
and their various uses of information. First,
are the codes, statements, and other prin-
ciples which have guided our profession
for the last hundred years. The second is a
complementary mode of analysis repre-
sented by mostly European philosophers.
This second tradition will be illustrated by
a discussion of the work of Rafael Capurro.
Codes and Rules
Most familiar among the codes are the
ALA Code, the Library Bill of Rights, the
Intellectual Freedom statement, and the
Manual of Intellectual Freedom. In recent
years, newer professional groups such as
the Information Technology Association
of America (Recommended Code of Ethics
for Professional Service Firms); the Asso-
ciation of Independent Information Pro-
fessionals (Code of Ethical Business Prac-
tice); the Society of Competitive Intelli-
gence Professionals (Code of Ethics) have
developed codes. These differ from the
codes of librarians in two major ways.
First, these groups provide information
and services for a fee. Second, several of
these codes address disciplinary action.
The ASIS Professional Guidelines of
the American Society for Information Sci-
North Carolina Libraries
cn CCCCi(~(;t;COtC(Oité#CO:(UwitéCOt#t##ééaé#é#é#é#téaéaé#a#t## OOOO are
ence are of particular usefulness for librar-
ians. This code is dedicated to the memory
of Diana Woodward, who was at the time
of her early death from cancer a professor
of library science at Drexel, where she
taught ethics. Professor Woodward, who
received a masters degree in philosophy
from the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, wrote extensively on ethics
and the librarian. Asa member of ASIS, she
championed the creation and articulation
of a code. The professional guidelines it
outlines provide a bridge between the li-
brarian and the world of the commercial
information provider. The statement
broadly addresses users and providers, the
profession, and society.!
As useful as they may
be in providing both inspir-
ing ideals and public decla-
rations of good intentions,
codes cannot address all of
the issues which must be
faced in everyday practice.
Like the Ten Command-
ments, the Hippocratic
Oath, or the U.S. Bill of
Rights, they state high prin-
ciples but often do not pro-
vide guidelines for action.
Thus, forexample, ifwe look
only at codes which call for
privacy protection and go
no further, we may fear to
judge when a situation, such as a potential
suicide, demands that we deviate from ideal
practice.
Similarly, we may feel compelled to
give information, such as the address of a
battered womenTs shelter, to an enraged
spouse, when such information should
remain secret. Codes should not permit us
to hide from the serious evaluation and
research that needs to be conducted if
librarians are to serve the public and to
preserve the profession. We may have to
risk intrusive behavior and the scrutiny of
our efforts by the public and by our em-
ployers if we are to understand the impact
of information provision on the economic,
intellectual, and social lives of those we
serve.
Ethics of the Self and the
Community
Another approach to ethical dilemmas
complements the first. Beginning not with
codes or rules, but rather with the indi-
vidual self and the community of selves,
the central question is oWhat constitutes
an action, decision, or environment which
most enhances the self and the commu-
nity?� If our aim is to promote the well-
being of individuals and communities
through providing information, then it is
essential to understand how information
is used without violating the integrity of
the users.
Rafael Capurro, a German scholar of
information science and ethics, has sug-
gested that new information technologies
give human beings a chance to live better
lives in a way never before possible.2 Be-
cause information technologies can be
customized to fit the user, can be made
available to the public, and can save enor-
mous amounts of time and natural re-
sources, he is very optimistic about the
future. However, he warns that informa-
tion technologies must be used to expand
rather than to control human potential.
Further, he urges information profession-
Codes should not permit us
to hide from the serious
evaluation and research
that needs to be conducted
if librarians are to serve the
public and to preserve the
profession.
als to become involved with the ethical
issues which are critical to life-enhancing
uses of technology.
Capurro is also optimistic about the
potential to use information technologies
to bring harmony among three usually
competing forces " nature, technology,
and humanity. For example, how well
does the emergence of virtual libraries (the
library without walls) accommodate the
constraints of nature, the potential of tech-
nology, and the needs of humanity? Is the
natural environment protected? Are infor-
mation technologies used wisely? Are hu-
man needs, such as those for safety, com-
fort, affiliation, achievement, and self-de-
termination met?
Capurro argues against the idea that
librarians or computer scientists should be
silent or neutral about any aspect of infor-
mation provision. Rather, information
professionals, as moralagents, should speak
out and defend human values, the natural
world, and the life-enhancing potential of
technology.
Capurro also makes a contrast be-
tween being fair and being caring when he
describes the attitude that information
professionals should have toward their
work and their clients. Being fair is not
enough. Rather, as a member of the com-
munity oneself, the information provider
North Carolina Libraries
or librarian should care about the whole
system of information delivery and use. As
an expert, the professional should put that
caring into action by taking part in policy
making and implementation. Capurro
envisions caring infusing the whole sys-
tem and bringing nature, technology, and
human values together in a harmonious
whole.
Information Democracy
Another mandate to understand user needs
and thereby to be able to defend free,
public access to information comes from
those who see many threats to the ideals of
democracy. If librarians do not make a
case for the public, particularly the tradi-
tionally underserved or information poor,
then commercial interests may take over
and deny essential information to many
who cannot afford it or do not know how
to gain access. If the library is seen as a
luxury and not as a necessity, then our
profession will not survive to serve those
who are in the most need. ASIS meetings
in the last few years have provided an
excellent forum for information democ-
racy discussions.3
Guidelines for Research on User
Needs and on the Impact of the
Library in the Community
Just as personnel evaluations, accredita-
tion visits, and annual reports tend to raise
fears, a certain resistance to and even sus-
picion about the need for research are only
natural. Therefore, in any study, goals
should be clear, without hidden agendas.
The planning and implementation should
include all those whose contributions can
strengthen the final product and its use-
fulness. All research has political aspects,
which are best acknowledged from the
beginning.3
Consent of the Participants
While reviewing anonymous computer
counts of the use of an online catalog
hardly requires that patrons be informed
of the practice, any interviews, surveys, or
observations should in almost all cases be
conducted with the knowledge and con-
sent of all of those involved. Most impor-
tantly, all levels of staff should be in-
formed of their responsibilities for any
study and of possible uses of the results
that will involve them. Especially in times
of declining budgets, evaluation of certain
programs or user needs may be perceived
as a means to eliminate jobs.
Reliable and Valid Studies
Suppose a public library wanted to evalu-
ate the impact of the library on the busi-
ness community. Would the best approach
be to have a staff member monitor the use
Summer 1994 " 69
of patrons identified as members of the
business community? Would a survey sent
to business leaders be more useful? Should
interviews be conducted? Would it be re-
vealing to remove certain sources for a
certain period of time and see who asks for
them? Any and all of these methods might
provide interesting results, but are the
results reliable indicators of the impact of
the library on business in the community?
A teliable study would need to
include at least a representative num-
ber of business-related users and the
appropriate survey or interview tools
to measure the impact of the library
over a period of time. For example, a
survey of those using business refer-
ence sources right before Christmas
or in late July would not be ad-
equate. Clearly, this would not be
an easy process. Calling on someone
with experience in such research or
perhaps contracting with an outside
agency might be advisable.
Imagine that a large library system
wanted to improve its service to school
children. First, how would such improve-
ment be described and quantified? Invit-
ing several focus groups of teachers might
beastart, but seeking the views of only one
group of concerned citizens would not be
sufficient. Parents, the students themselves,
and other interested parties should be in-
BROADFOOT'S
6624 Robertson Pond Road * Wendell, NC 27591
Phone: (800) 444-6963 ¢ Fax: (919) 395-6008
volved. When the study is completed, it
will need to stand the test of public scru-
tiny. Thus, the methods used must be
clearly understood, carefully employed,
and appropriate for the stated intent of the
study. If valid data are not obtained, then
the results, the process, and the librarians
could be discredited and opportunities for
further study terminated.
When research is used
to influence policy, it
should stimulate comment
and criticism.
Broad Dissemination and
Opportunities for Feedback
and Critique
When research is used to influence policy,
it should stimulate comment and criti-
cism. Both the methods used and the
conclusions reached must be defended
before the policy-making bodies. In the
best of circumstances, this is a construc-
tive process which leads to positive action.
However, research can also stir up a great
deal of controversy, even from unexpected
places. Suddenly, the library may have
both new friends and new enemies. Plan-
ning the dissemination of research results
and the marketing of the aims and goals of
the research should be an expected part of
the process. For example, if a study of a
branch shows that it is not being used
sufficiently to justify its remaining open,
how will those conclusions be used?
If research indicated major ineffi-
ciencies in reference or cataloging,
would that research end up in the
trash?
Research and Dissemination:
A Professional Commitment
Increasingly, librarians workin com-
petitive situations where funds are
diminishing and needs are growing.
Justification for programs and ac-
countability for decisions made are
standard practice. No longer can we as-
sume that people recognize the value of
libraries and librarians. We must be pre-
pared to uphold the value of our programs
and services and to demonstrate the im-
pact that the provision of information has
for our constituents. Service and survival
are both noble goals.
The tensions that arise in living in this
new fish bowl are many. Patron privacy
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North Carolina Libraries
ee CCCCt(titt(tCOt(tit##é#é#é#éw#w#eweewwwNdNwNwAwAwa_""""_"__ eee
must be weighed against the value of
use studies. Raising expectations
through initiating research into user
needs brings with it the potential for
patron demands which cannot rea-
sonably be met. Yet to shrink back
from these challenges would be to
abandon the ideals which librarians
have promoted. Freedom of access,
respect for each patron, service to
diverse clients, and meeting the needs
of communities as they and we change
" all are worth the risks.
References
1 Ann P. Mintz, ed. Information
Ethics: Concerns for Librarianship and
the Information Industry; Proceedings
of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Sym-
posium of the Graduate Alumni and
Faculty of the Rutgers School of Com-
munication, Information, and Library
Studies, 14, April 1989. ; Jana Varlejs,
Series Editor. Jefferson, North Caro-
lina: McFarland & Company, 1990.
Includes Association Ethics State-
ments- American Library Association:
On Professional Ethics; American So-
ciety for Information Science: Code
of Ethics for Information Profession-
als (draft); Canadian Library Associa-
tion: Code of Ethics, and many oth-
ers. Also a brief bibliography on oIn-
formation Ethics.�
2 Rafael Capurro, oInformation
Technology and Technologies of the
Self,� Paper delivered at the ASIS Con-
ference, 1992. Tapes available. Ab-
stract in the proceedings. To be pub-
lished. See also Capurro, Rafael. oMoral
Issues in Information Science,� Jour-
nal of Information Science 11(3),113-
123. On information science ethics.
3 Ronald Doctor, University of
Alabama, was the convener of the
Information Democracy sessions at
the 1992 ASIS conference. See also
Doctor, Ronald D. oInformation Tech-
nologies and Social Equity: Confront-
ing the Revolution,� Journal of the
American Society for Information Sci-
ence 42,3 (1991):216-228 and Doctor,
Ronald D. oSocial Equity and Infor-
mation Technologies: Moving Toward
Information Democracy,� ARIST 27.
Edited by Martha E. Williams. Learned
Information for the American Society
for Information Science. 1992. Doc-
tor is editing a book on the subject,
which will contain some of the papers
from ASIS 1992.
4 A very useful classic is The Practice
of Social Research by Earl Babbie. Sixth
Edition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth,
1992. Look for latest edition.
ASIS Professional Guidelines
Dedicated to the Memory of Diana Woodward
ASIS recognizes the plurality of uses and users of information technologies,
services, systems and products as well as the diversity of goals or objectives,
sometimes conflicting, among producers, vendors, mediators, and users of
information systems.
ASIS urges its members to be ever aware of the social, economic, cultural,
and political impacts of their actions or inaction.
ASIS members have obligations to employers, clients, and system users, to
the profession, and to society, to use judgement and discretion in making
choices, providing equitable service, and in defending the rights of open inquiry.
Responsibilities to Employers/Clients/System Users
= To act faithfully for their employers or clients in professional matters
= To uphold each userTs, provider's, or employer's right to privacy and
confidentiality and to respect whatever proprietary rights belong to
them, by
@ limiting access to, providing proper security for and ensuring proper
disposal of data about clients, patrons or users.
= To treat all persons fairly.
Responsibility to the Profession
= To truthfully represent themselves and the information systems which
they utilize or which they represent, by
® not knowingly making false statements or providing erroneous or
misleading information
® informing their employers, clients or sponsors of any circumstances
that create a conflict of interest
® not using their position beyond their authorized limits or by not using
their credentials to misrepresent themselves
® following and promoting standards of conduct in accord with the
best current practices
® undertaking their research conscientiously, in gathering, tabulating or
interpreting data; in following proper approval procedures for subjects;
and in producing or disseminating their research results
® pursuing ongoing professional development and encouraging and
assisting colleagues and others to do the same
® adhering to principles of due process and equality of opportunity.
Responsibility to Society
= To improve the information systems with which they work or which they
represent, to the best of their means and abilities by
® providing the most reliable and accurate information and acknowl
edging the credibility of the sources as known or unknown
® resisting all forms of censorship, inappropriate selection and
acquisitions policies, and biases in information selection, provision
and dissemination
® making known any biases, errors and inaccuracies found to exist and
striving to correct those which can be remedied.
= To promote open and equal access to information, within the scope
permitted by their organizations or work, and to resist procedures that
promote unlawful discriminatory practices in access to and provision of
information, by
® seeking to extend public awareness and appreciation of information
availability and provision as well as the role of information professionals
in providing such information
® freely reporting, publishing or disseminating information subject to
legal and proprietary restraints of producers, vendors and employers,
and the best interests of their employers or clients.
Information professionals shall engage in principled conduct whether on their own
behalf or at the request of employers, colleagues, clients, agencies or the profession.
Summer 1994 " 67
SY ca edéttou ox
Editor's Note: North Carolina Libraries presents this feature in recogngition of the increase in excellent unsolicited manuscripts that merit
publication, but are not necessarily related to each issue's specific theme.
Prepare for the Ride of Your Life
on the Information Superhighway
by Joel Sigmon
ow that the North Carolina Information Highway (NCIH)
is coming to your neighborhood, navigating the uni-
verse of electronic information, or cyberspace as it has
been called by science fiction writers and frequent
Internet travellers, is a required skill. Librarians, teach-
ers, students, parents, business persons, government planners,
and almost anyone else in todayTs society will benefit greatly
from access to electronic information. The stateTs leaders envi-
sion a time when all North Carolinians will have the opportunity
to use electronic information that is universal in scope and
coverage. Their goal is to provide all of the stateTs citizens with
equal and unimpeded access to extensive libraries, leading re-
search facilities, government agencies, powerful computing cen-
ters, and a wide-range of government and private services.
Librarians are already playing a key role in enabling citizens to
access information through electronic networks. As the sources
proliferate and the technology becomes increasingly complex,
librarians will have to understand not only applications and
content, but also the fundamental aspects of the technological
infrastructure.
This article provides a glimpse of the future " for some, a
future that is already here. The new technologies that are making
the global information highway a reality are described. Sources
[Figure 1
¢ Fiber optic cable
¢« ATM switches
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
¢ SONET transmission equipment
(Synchronous Optical Network)
Advanced Digital Broadband Network
available on the Internet are highlighted, including a preview of
some of the projects under development. Access strategies are
discussed briefly. And finally, the benefits of the new technology
are considered. Hopefully, the information provided will give
you a smoother ride on the information highway as you travel
the electronic landscape of cyberspace.
What is the North Carolina Information Highway?
The North Carolina Information Highway (NCIH) is an advanced
digital broadband network that is being developed for high speed
transmission of data and video communications. North Carolina
state government has formed a unique partnership with three
telephone companies to bring this technology to every area of
the state. NCIH is based on the use of fiber optic cable along with
the deployment of ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) switches
and SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) transmission equip-
ment across the state. ATM is a new multiplexing and switching
technology that provides bandwidth on demand for high speed
data and video communcations. SONET is the latest transmission
system technology. It provides enhanced operations, adminis-
tration, maintenance, and provisioning features. The standard
supports optical interconnection between different manufactur-
ersT equipment and can carry traditional circuits or ATM cells.
SONET will eventually provide trans-
mission speeds at gigabits/second. When
compared with the current standards of
data transmission at 56Kbps or even T1
(at 1.54Mbps), the SONET technology is
astounding.
Sources
The sources that will be available to
North CarolinaTs citizens once the net-
work infrastructure is in place include
materials provided by organizations all
over the Internet and custom products
developed by many state government
agencies, including anumber of projects
involving the State Library of North
Data and video
communications
Carolina. Some of the sources described
below are already available on the
Internet. The intent is to provide re-
sources that increase the general knowl-
68 " Summer 1994
edge and education of the stateTs citi-
zens, promote economic development,
North Carolina Libraries
e North Carolina Libraries
and support sound public decision-making by government agen-
cies at all levels. Just as amazing as the technological infrastruc-
ture is the collaborative effort of many diverse groups. NCIH
planning cuts across traditional organizational lines with broad
participation at all levels. Many stakeholders are cooperating to
ensure that the needs of the various communities of interest are
addressed and that the highest standards in creating the techni-
cal structure and applications are upheld. All agree that both an
advanced communications infrastructure and content of high
quality are crucial to the usefulness of data and video sources.
While video is an important component of NCIH, the following
descriptions cover only data products. Some examples of video
applications appear later among the list of benefits.
Government Information
A government that is open and responsive to its citizens is a
fundamental requirement for a vibrant and successful democ-
racy. The information provided by the applications described
below is vital to the interests of governments at all levels and their
constituencies. In recent months there has been an explosion of
government information available on the Internet. This trend
will continue at all levels of government.
Federal Sources
The federal government has taken the lead in providing a wide
range of information sources on the Internet that are presented
ina useful and timely manner. Sources available from all branches
of the federal government include the Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance; the U.S. Budget; the U.S. Government Manual; the
Federal Register (access provided by a commercial firm); presiden-
tial documents; Supreme Court decisions; legislative tracking
and other sources on the U.S. Congress. Many executive agencies
of the federal government now operate Gopher servers as do the
U.S. House and Senate. There is also a gateway for accessing
bulletin board systems of federal agencies.
State Sources
North Carolina state government agencies are already beginning
to make a variety of information available on the Internet. The
State Library of North Carolina operates FTP, Gopher, and World
Wide Web servers that provide electronic versions of State
Library publications, statistical data resources from a number of
government agencies, and links to sources on a wide range of
topics located on servers throughout the world. (See Lagniappe
for an overview of the State LibraryTs current Internet projects,
pages 86-87.) State Information Processing Services (SIPS) is
maintaining Gopher and World Wide Web servers that provide
access to information on issues related to technology policy and
applications. The Division of Environmental Management pro-
vides its regulations and environmental management plans via
the World Wide Web. An inventory of the stateTs Center for
Geographic Information and Analysis GIS databases and a sam-
pling of map products in standard graphics formats are also
available on the World Wide Web.
The General Assembly plans to make the following items
available on the Internet: full text of the latest version of all bills
pending before the General Assembly; the daily House and
Senate calendars; the history and current status of each bill
pending; fiscal notes prepared by the General AssemblyTs Fiscal
Research Division; reports of each committeeTs workload for the
biennium; reports of all bills by all introducers; and reports of all
local bills affecting each North Carolina county. Details on
formats and access methods are not yet available.
Statistical Sources from Federal and State Agencies
Statistical information provides government agencies and busi-
nesses the essential data needed to make sound decisions. With-
out access to these data, populations will go unserved, govern-
ment services will not be distributed properly, and businesses will
fail as a result of inadequate planning and poor marketing efforts.
The information highway will greatly enhance the ability of
libraries and other organizations to meet the statistical data
needs of their constituencies. A description of some specific
projects follows.
The Statistics Corner is a hypertext project developed for
the World Wide Web by the State Library of North Carolina. This
product seeks to make available a wide range of statistical re-
sources to Internet users. Currently, the Statistics Corner in-
cludes a state data profile, community profiles, and links to
county-level profiles. Among the resources to be made available
soon are economic indicators for the state; census summaries
with detailed demographics for various geographic areas; labor
force data; agricultural data; business and economic statistics;
and statistics on governmental operations/activities. Because
some users may not have access right away to the full graphical
capabilities provided by a World Wide Web browser, data are
duplicated on the State LibraryTs Gopher server as needed.
The Office of State PlanningTs LINC (Log Into North Caro-
lina) database currently is available via the Internet to users with
an account at the stateTs computing center. LINC provides access
to a wealth of federal, state, and local government statistics
pertinent to North Carolina and its counties and municipalities.
Many of North CarolinaTs libraries are established users of LINC
via dial-in access. Internet access will ultimately reduce telecom-
munications costs and provide more stable connections and
faster file transfer for these libraries. In the next eighteen months,
the Office of State Planning hopes to expand its LINC database to
accommodate the addition of other types of information needed
by state and local government agencies for planning in health,
education, economic development, and other service areas.
Goals for this expansion include providing easier Internet access,
improving the interface, and making resources available in a
greater variety of formats.
The Office of State Planning and the State Library are working
together to develop a hypertext version of the North Carolina
State Government Statistical Register on the World Wide Web.
The Register is a comprehensive inventory of statistical series
generated by North Carolina state government agencies.
The State Center for Health and Environmental Statistics
and the State Library are exploring ways to use the capabilities of
the North Carolina Information Highway to improve access to
health-related data. As a starting point for this initiative, the
agencies will work together to make three databases available,
along with mechanisms for searching them and creating reports.
These include an inventory of North Carolina health-related
data, the BABY Book (Basic Automated Birth Yearbook), and
Selected Health Indicators, a custom product developed by the
Center.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
In cooperation with the stateTs Center for Geographic Informa-
tion and Analysis (CGIA), the State Library hopes to develop the
capability for selected public libraries to view, analyze, and
ouput GIS data in a desktop microcomputer environment. For
the past two years, the State Library has provided a limited
mapping service using desktop mapping software for DOS on a
PC. Services currently include standard census outline maps and
thematic maps. NCIH will provide a means of greatly expanding
GIS services on a statewide basis. Currently, CGIA has over sixty
layers of digital data in a GIS format compiled statewide. These
data are a strategic resource vital to the interests of the stateTs
citizens. Improved access will assist government agencies in
planning and service delivery and will support economic devel-
Summer 1994 " 69
opment in the state by providing information to business in
various ways.
Business Information
Amajor focus of NCIH content developmentis to provide informa-
tion resources that support economic growth in the state. Many
Gopher and World Wide Web Internet servers, including those of
the State Library, currently provide access points for locating and
retrieving a wide range of business and economic information.
One popular business source is the U.S. Department of Commerce
Economic Bulletin Board, which provides numerous statistical
data series produced by federal agencies.
Through the combined efforts of the State Library, the
Department of Commerce, the Office of State Planning, and
other North Carolina agencies, NCIH hopes to provide access to
company-specific data on North Carolina companies, surveys of
industries important to the state, and summary data which track
business activity. Preliminary plans include business directories;
company reports and news; trends and forecasts; marketing and
product information; applied technologies; government poli-
cies; and international markets. Formats of business sources will
include: text; tabular data; graphic images, such as maps, charts,
and photographs; and audio/video files.
Educational Resources
NCIH will provide tremendous ongoing benefits in the areas of
improving student performance and providing educational eq-
uity in the state. North CarolinaTs major universities have long
been recognized for their excellence in quality of instruction and
research. Unfortunately, the stateTs public schools have not
always achieved similar success, particularly in rural areas. NCIH
will enable government agencies, universities, and libraries to
combine and coordinate their efforts more effectively to improve
educational opportunities for North Carolinians. Here are some
of éxamples of efforts already underway.
North CarolinaTs universities are currently the largest con-
tributors to the Internet in the state. Many of the stateTs univer-
sities provide information via Gopher and/or the World Wide
Web. The University of North CarolinaTs SunSite is one of the
major Internet resources in the world. In addition to its very large
archive of software and information files in various formats, UNC
has developed multimedia products for the World Wide Web
that showcase information about North Carolina. One current
example is an exhibition of folk music provided by the Southern
Historical Collection. These resources provide enormous educa-
tional opportunities for North CarolinaTs citizens.
The State Library is developing a multimedia online ency-
clopedia for the World Wide Web. This source will provide a
broad electronic overview of the State of North Carolina. Infor-
mation will include historical highlights, a description of North
CarolinaTs economy, educational and cultural assets, and the
stateTs system of government. Sections on the stateTs geography,
symbols, and people will also be included. The information will
be developed using Mosaic (a World Wide Web browser). The
softwareTs hyperlink feature will allow the user to retrieve infor-
mation at several different levels. The variety of levels of informa-
tion will make the encyclopedia an excellent resource for North
Carolina school children studying the state, a source of informa-
tion for people who are interested in visiting or relocating to the
state, and will provide useful information for businesses inter-
ested in expanding or relocating to North Carolina.
Access
The methods of access and retrieval of data on the information
highway will generally be via the standard Internet protocols. In
70 " Summer 1994
order to make the Internet easier and more attractive for users,
the State Library and other organizations will apply customization
strategies that enhance access methods currently available on the
Internet. For the State Library, the focus will be on two areas: (1)
developing easy-to-use interfaces, and (2) establishing a North
Carolina Network Information Center. Both strategies will help
direct users to relevant and timely information useful to the
various communities of interest in the state. A description of
these two strategies follows.
Custom Internet Interfaces
Through the development of custom interfaces, the State Library
and other Internet information providers will seek to facilitate
access to the wide range of information available on the Internet.
The access and retrieval system operates in a client-server mode.
Two types of information servers, Gopher and World Wide Web,
currently provide the primary means for developing custom
interfaces tailored to meet the needs of users. WAIS (Wide Area
Information Server) software provides the added capability of
indexing information across protocols. (See Lagniappe, pages 86-
87, for more information on Gopher and World Wide Web.)
North Carolina Network Information Center
The purpose of the North Carolina Network Information Center
(NC NIC) is to provide services that make accessing and using the
Internet easier and more attractive for end-users. The North
Carolina Network Information Center will be established by the
State Library in cooperation with the Microelectronics Center of
North Carolina (MCNC), State Information Processing Services
(SIPS), the North Carolina Department of Community Colleges,
and the University of North Carolina General Administration. In
accordance with a national model for network information
centers developed by the Network Information Services Infra-
structure Working Group in the User Services area of the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), the North Carolina NIC will
perform these functions: (1) provide information resources; (2)
support end-users through direct contact; (3) collect and main-
tain NIC referral information; (4) support the national Network
Information Center infrastructure. In performing these func-
tions, the North Carolina Network Information Center will
accomplish these objectives:
¢ Help users get connected to the Internet
e Help users identify, locate, and access Internet resources
¢ Help users acquire basic Internet skills using self-help
approaches
¢ Help users contact appropriate individuals/organiza-
tions for assistance with specific needs or problems
e Exchange information with others NICs
¢ Market Internet services provided by the various
communities of interest
¢ Provide a mechanism for feedback and evaluation from users
Information will be distributed online via Gopher, the World
Wide Web, E-mail, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and the North
Carolina Information Network (NCIN). (Libraries may access
NCIN via dial-up service or Telnet over the Internet.)
Benefits
The benefits of the North Carolina Information Highway are
numerous and far reaching. NCIH planners envision great ben-
efits in education, health care, criminal justice, economic devel-
opment, government, and other areas. Here are some of the key
expectations:
Education
¢ Students will be able to access classes through the video
North Carolina Libraries
capabilities of NCIH with the long-term goal of educa
tional equity among the stateTs school systems
e Public schools will have the capability of advanced
networking with libraries and universities
e Students will be exposed to technology that they will use
as adults
¢ Schools can more easily transfer documents and data
between sites electronically
¢ Students will have opportunities for ovideo field trips�
with leading professors, scientists, government officials,
and business people
¢ Training opportunities without the hardship and ex-
pense of travel will be available for teachers
Health Care
¢ Telemedicine will revolutionize the delivery of health
care to rural areas
¢ Sophisticated diagnostic equipment at the stateTs re-
gional medical centers will be available to rural areas
e Training of medical personnel at remote locations will
become routine
e New treatments that use high-speed computer imaging
will be available
¢ Management and transmission of patient information
and electronic claims processing will be improved
¢ The latest health information from numerous databases
will be available instantaneously in a multimedia
environment
Criminal Justice
e Law enforcement field officers will have immediate
access to information databases, resulting in lives saved
and property protected
Video arraignments will speed due process and reduce costs
e Interactive video will be incorporated into prisoner reha-
bilitation programs
Economic Development
e Astate-of-the-art telecommunications infrastructure will
attract high-tech businesses
e Enhancements in the stateTs educational system will also
impact on economic development
e Remotetraining willbecommon-
place for businesses, saving both
time and money
¢ Businesses will have better access
to strategic information and
market data
e NCIH will facilitate locating
industry throughout the state
FDDI
rather than just in metropoli- ate
tan areas
Government
Frame Relay
¢ Paperwork will be reduced, ef-
fectiveness and efficiency will
be enhanced, and, as a result,
taxpayer dollars will be saved
e All branches of state govern-
ment will have access to diverse
databases that will provide in-
formation needed in the legis-
lative process, policy making,
regulatory activities, and ser-
vice delivery
e Emergency management will
be improved to offer vital ser-
oe
Ethernet
ISDN
Interworking Existing
Non-ATM Interfaces
vices in times of crisis
e Video conferencing will reduce state employee travel
costs
e Access to information on jobs, unemployment, and
other vital topics will be readily available to the stateTs
citizens
e Advanced networking will provide cooperation and
information sharing among agencies
Summary
The North Carolina Information Highway is the first network of
its kind in the world. It will support applications from a variety
of users and has the flexibility to grow as user needs and
applications grow. Implementation of the North Carolina Infor-
mation Highway will change the way we live, work, and play by
providing a wide range of services equally distributed to every
corer of the state. These services will be more responsive and
enhanced far beyond what the current technology provides to all
citizens of North Carolina. All of these services will in turn
encourage and support economic development and improve the
overall quality of life in the state.
Perhaps just as important to North Carolina as the many
tangible benefits outlined above, is the enlightenment that comes
as a result of the interaction with the global community made
possible by the North Carolina Information Highway. NCIH
planners envision that North Carolina will be interconnected to a
global information highway. The advanced switching technology
provided by ATM nodes throughout the world will allow links to
existing non-ATM interfaces, such as Ethernet networks, as well as
to direct ATM interfaces, such as wireless communications, cable
TV, multimedia workstations, ATM LANS, and supercomputers
(see Figure 2). In a near-future era, the direct interface provided by
NCIH with the global information network will present endless
possibilities for expanding our minds, strengthening our society,
and understanding our neighbors on planet Earth. While the
vision may seem like science fiction to many, the technology to
turn the imaginary into the wholly possible is here now. Just as
surely as our everyday experiences have helped to make us what we
are, our travels on the North Carolina Information Highway will
shape our thoughts, attitudes, and actions. So, hold on to your seat
and prepare for the ride of your life!
Supercomputers
Wireless
a
Law Enforcement
CATV
= Multimedia
=| = ete aaa
Direct ATM
Interfaces
North Carolina Libraries
Summer 1994 " 71
Point
72 " Summer 1994
What About A Little Profitability!
by Dwight McInvaill
hen some of my colleagues talk of operating libraries like businesses, I see a vision of
sheep in wolvesT clothing. I hear bleating, bleating, bleating under fake pointy ears
and false fangs. In this Clintonian era of conservative newspeak with liberal actions,
can one truly expect other than the old adage: othe more things change, the more
they remain the same�? Look around you, librarians. What's really so different?
Take staffing, for instance. Great businesses hire the best and the brightest. Do
we? Of the twenty-six reference librarians ITve trained in the past twelve years,
some of the better ones have had only bachelorTs degrees. Their diplomas, I might
add, were not even in library science.
Did I hear someone gasp out there? Or was that just the gnashing of teeth? Verily, I ask you,
what is a business-minded librarian to do when degrees in library science, even from accredited
programs, mainly guarantee professorsT salaries? Considering the ill-prepared candidates who
presently lumber or float forth with an M.L.S., where indeed is one to go for the brightest, the
best-groomed, and the most personable individuals?
But letTs move on. LetTs consider selection of stock. Are we, as a profession, truly responsive to
providing materials desired by our main market segments? Or are we all too likely to condemn
some small-town library in a conservative community for not readily providing DaddyTs Room-
mate or Heather Has Two Mommies on open shelves? Is it good business to antagonize the many
for the few?
And now for our buildings themselves. How many rights do street people have? Can they
sleep, and stink, and stare, and scream inviolately? Or should there be limits actively enforced as
indicated by the court case Kreimer v. Morristown? Given such legal teeth, would good business-
men hesitate? Yet how many patrons and staffs continue to languish in libraries both unpleasant
and dangerous?
To switch gears: what about a little profitability? To many in our profession, libraries should
be rich only in good works. Free library service is sacred ground, and woe be unto him who doth
violate it! I guess that sort of leaves us entrepreneurial-minded individuals out in the cold, doesnTt
it? But what about charges for overdues, for photocopying, and for interlibrary loans? IsnTt
someone making a few dollars surreptitiously?
At our library, weTve charged for videos since 1984. No apologies. WeTve made a lot of
money and provided a low-cost, popular, additional service without hurting our book budget.
We canTt count on this cash forever. But itTs provided us with a number of luxuries from
computerization of the book catalog to the ability to redo a subject area in a flash. If this is
sinful, then move over Faustus, because here we come! Show me a businessman who wouldnTt
make a similar pact for profits.
Costs and benefits: thatTs the bottom line for our profit-seeking brethren who actually do take
the time to look every gift horse in the mouth. We also should be cautious in our innovations,
but are we? Sometimes, as a profession, we ensnare ourselves unthinkingly in the trendiest stuff.
LetTs take as an example the much-vaunted Information Highway. At the mere mention of this
topic, do I hear a chorus of oohs and ahs?
Okay, maybe ITm a little thick, but I just donTt get it " the Information HighwayTs benefits,
that is, for public libraries. Will we hunt down criminals on it, as the police do? Will we offer
expert medical opinions, like hospitals? Will we participate continuously in educational telecon-
ferencing, like community colleges? Will we share resources with major institutions without
copyright infringements or huge fees? I suspend my judgment cautiously. Do you? Or are you
already exuberantly on the bandwagon?
These are just a few points regarding our profession and business-like attitudes. I havenTt even
mentioned customer service, public relations, or putting all librarians into uniforms. But as for
that latter point, many of you are already wearing wolvesT clothing, arenTt you? Or am I speaking
to the converted?
North Carolina Libraries
_Counter. Point
How About Some Dollars and "Sense"!
by Harry Tuchmayer, Column Editor
erhaps it should come as no surprise that librarians too are enticed by the allure of
business. After all, in our endless search for perfection, we are always quick to oadopt�
other models of behaviors, casting aside what we know, for the mirage of othe better
way of doing things.� But is the business model all it's cracked up to be? Can balance
sheets and bottom lines, cost cutting and mass production, produce oprofits� in the
library world that are equal to or greater than those that were ever realized through
insider trading or investments in all those wonderfully defunct S<s?
Call me old-fashioned, but I happen to think that a little hard work and common
sense can usually produce the desired results without ever having to
masquerade as a sheep in wolf's clothing. We donTt need new models as much as we
need to make our current models perform like new. And you do that not by copying
somebody else but by recognizing your own potential and developing clearly defined . °
goals and objectives for a ieee . = sds ~ / Sit 9g ood b usiness to
I for one fail to see the relevance of some business model when faced with poor :
performance at the reference desk. Perhaps oSuzuki Reference Techniques� offers antag onize th eman +h
insights that the Maryland model overlooks, but I personally donTt believe that paying for the few?
my reference staff a commission for each question answered correctly will really solve
the problem (although it might increase wages for some employees). Good training " MclInvaill
and adequate resources for doing a job are standard prerequisites regardless of the line
of work.
You're right, Dwight, the list does go on and on. I would hate to think that our
selection policy is driven by the oGolden Arches� philosophy of billions and billions
served. I like omenus� sometimes and ospecials of the day� that arenTt normally ° °
available. After all, reading taste canTt be converted to a drive-thru menu as easily as it Li b rarians are too
looks. Somehow asking for oone latest thriller, but please hold the excessive sex and i
violence, two raunchy romances and a side order of fantasy, and no, I wouldnTt like comp assionate and
anything to drink with that� doesnTt quite work for my library, even if it does in other Uunderstandi ng for
parts of the state. :
And no, I donTt understand how hiring the best and the brightest canTt take their own good.
place if the applicant has worked hard for a diploma. But I do know that I would
think twice about using the services of a surgeon who happened to be one hell of a " Tuchmayer
meat cutter at Harris-Teeter. If the problem is poorly trained librarians, doesnTt it
make more sense to fix the training program in library school than it does to look
for promising young telemarketers with good communication skills?
But I do agree that much of what you say makes perfect ocents.� Librarians are too
compassionate and understanding for their own good. No good businessman would
waste his time trying to help someone purchase the product best suited for the customerTs needs if
that meant losing the sale. So why offer interlibrary loans or photocopies of articles when checking
out a less useful title will bolster circulation statistics and help make a case for a bigger book
budget? Heck, why let some less sophisticated members of the public even use the newest branch
when you can turn it into a much more fashionable oexclusive readers club� and charge a nice
membership fee and serve expensive sherry to customers seated in comfortable leather recliners
alongside the fireplace. If the problem is disruptive street people, then librarians need to be re-
minded that they are not running a shelter service; they donTt need to model their services after the
latest fad in coffee houses.
Business practices and library science share many of the same common concerns with cus-
tomer satisfaction and timely product delivery. Thus, it is not unthinkable that either enterprise
would consider modifying for their own use practices commonly associated with the other. But
remember, just because business is not a dirty word, it is not necessarily the sacred cow we would
like it to be.
North Carolina Libraries Summer 1994 " 73
ired to the
nternet access provides a wide range
of electronic information for the li-
brarian to investigate. Having access
to all this international information
in libraries at public work stations
provides some interesting copyright is-
sues. How much material can you copy
and download? What responsibilities do
librarians have for unsupervised patron
downloading? To what extent can the
librarian or patron use downloaded docu-
ments? A search of library literature has
revealed little copyright information spe-
cific to the downloading of electronic texts
from the Internet.! Some general guide-
lines can however be gleaned from general
copyright and recent case law.
Copyright owners are given a obundle
of rights,� by the Copyright Act of 1976 (17
US Code 106). These rights include the
right to reproduce the copyrighted item, to
adapt the work into future new works, to
continue publication, to sanction public
performances of the work, and to display
the item for public view. This protection is
given to both opublished� and ounpub-
lished� works. In general, fair use is deter-
mined by: the purpose and character of the
ouse� (Is it produced at cost, without cost,
or for a profit?); the type of work in ques-
tion (drawing, book, record, computer file);
the amount of material copied; and the
effect of ofair use� on the potential market
for the holderTs work. While these general
rules concerning fair use have been given,
individual instances of ofair use� are almost
always determined by the courts. The guide-
lines give general principles, but specific
applications may prove to be more difficult
to determine. Such is the case with material
downloaded over the Internet.2
In addition to the above fair use rules,
special guidelines apply for classroom copy-
ing of books and periodicals in the not-for-
profit educational institutions. These
guidelines vary with the number of copies
made (single or multiple) and with the
type of material (special rules pertain to
74 " Summer 1994
the educational use of music). Classroom
copying specifically prohibits the compi-
lation of anthologies, workbooks, and
consumables (tests, outline maps etc.) In
addition, classroom copying cannot sub-
stitute for purchase of a work, cost more
than the oactual cost for a copy,� or be
directed by someone (principal, depart-
ment head, etc.)
Unsupervised reproduction on library
premises is permitted without liability for
copyright infringement provided that the
oequipment displays a notice that the
making of a copy may be subject to the
copyright law.� It has recently been sug-
gested by librarians that specialize in copy-
right law that this includes computer equip-
ment that permits copying of disks or
downloading. In short, if you permit
downloading of material from the Internet,
you need to have a notice posted on the
machine similar to the familiar notice
found on library photocopy machines (the
text for which is spelled out in the copy-
right guidelines). In addition, the copy
must become the property of the user (the
library cannot keep the material on the
disk), and such unsupervised reproduc-
tion does not excuse a person from liabil-
ity for copyright infringement.3
Some general guidelines also apply to
Internet downloading. Most computer
databases are oliterary works� and thus
subject to copyright. Most computer soft-
ware downloaded from the Internet is copy-
righted by someone, even if it is so-called
shareware. Just because it is shareware,
you do not have the unlimited right to
reproduce the software for your profit.
(Again this comes from the general obundle
of rights� the creator of a work has.) Mul-
timedia (text, artwork, JPEG movies,
sounds, photography, music, etc.) is sub-
ject to copyright. The sound elements
accompanying an audiovisual or motion
picture are not defined in the copyright
law as a osound recording� (and thus are
not subject to special rules for sound re-
" by Ralph Lee Scott
cordings). In general, any visual art work
(pictorial, graphic, or sculptural) is pro-
tected. This is rather broad and would
cover almost all computer art, games, etc.4
Two recent court cases have changed
somewhat the definition of ofair use� with
regard to digital data.5 In the first case,
Universal City vs. Sony, the courts held
that othe application of copyright law had
been rendered uncertain because of a new
technology.�© This case attempts to pro-
vide a balance among the interests of the
public and the copyright owners. Basi-
cally, Universal City sued Sony over the
copyright infringement of SonyTs Beta
Video Tape copying system because it
would allow consumers to make unautho-
rized copies of TV programs. (Remember
the owners' obundle of rights� includes
reproduction). Sony countered that the
use of their machines was ofair use.� The
court upheld Sony, holding that the pri-
mary use of the machines was private and
noncommercial. (Remember the ofair use�
purpose of the work.) What does this mean
for Internet copying? To some degree there
is an analogy between the Sony copy ma-
chine and the downloading of informa-
tion to disk. You are storing digital data
that you have a right to view, only to look
at it again at a later time. This is somewhat
similar to making notes in the library
about a reference book that does not circu-
late. As long as your use is private and not
for profit, the Sony case would appear to
support the downloaders' contention that
they did not violate the copyright owners'
basic obundle of rights.�
Anotherrecent case is that of Nintendo
vs. Lewis Galoob Toys.T In this case
Nintendo sued Galoob over copyright in-
fringement because Galoob had changed
the way in which the copyrighted
Nintendo game worked, thereby creating
an unauthorized adaptation (which is one
of the basic rights of the holder under
copyright). The court held that the use
Galoob placed on the Nintendo signals
North Carolina Libraries
was within the realm of fair use. Again, the
user had purchased the Nintendo games
and intended the Galoob adaptation to be
private and noncommercial. These two
decisions thus appear to allow the
downloader of information from the
Internet the same rights of ofair use� to
material copied as copiers of paper infor-
mation have.
As you can see, the copyright law on
the downloading of material from the
Internet generally follows the guidelines
given owners in their obundle of rights.�
Additional information can be obtained
from the Library of Congress Copyright
Office.8 While the case law literature on
this subject is still somewhat small, it is
growing. Sony and Galoob are examples
of the type of impact on copyright law one
might expect case law to have on copy-
right issues relating to downloading of
electronic texts either from in-house CD-
ROM databases or via the Internet. Librar-
ians need to be aware of these issues and
pay attention to posting the required no-
tices on their computer ocopying� ma-
chines as well as their paper photocopy
machines.
References
1 Mary Kary Duggan, oThe Liner File
rian
Za
North Carolina Libraries
" Copyright and Downloading From CD-
ROMs,� Database, February 1988, 7-9. (An
informative, but dated article on down-
loading written prior to Sony and Galoob.)
2U.S. Library of Congress. Copyright
Office. Copyright Basics. (Washington, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, 1992).
3U.S. Library of Congress. Copyright
Office. Reproduction of Copyrighted Works
by Educators and Librarians. (Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1992).
4U.S. Library of Congress. Copyright
Office. Copyright Registration for Automated
Databases. (Washington, Government
Printing Office, 1992); U.S. Library of Con-
gress. Copyright Office. Copyright Registra-
tion for Computer Programs. (Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1991).
5 Pamela Samuelson, oCopyrightTs Fair
Use Doctrine and Digital Data,� Associa-
tion for Computing Machinery. Commu-
nications of the ACM, 37, 1 January 1994):
21-27.
6 Universal City Studies Inc. vs. Sony
Corporation of America, Inc., 104 SCt 774.
7 Nintendo of America, Inc., vs. Lewis
Galoob Toys Inc., 16 F.3d. 1032.
8U.S. Library of Congress. Copyright
Office. Publications on Copyright. (Washing-
ton, Government Printing Office, 1993).
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Summer 1994 " 79
NORTH CAROLINA
76 " Summer 1994
Gooke
Dorothy Hodder, Compiler
o...We used to call Raleigh ~Culture Town.T People moved or would
come to Raleigh just to be near the institutions. Saint Aug (sic) and
Shaw were the centers of black culture. I mean, back then, years
ago, you could tell the difference between college students and the
outsiders, even in the streets ... the way they dressed, the way they
talked, and the way they acted. They acted like cultured people
and they kind of stood out.�
" Clarence A. Toole, interviewee
uring the early 1900s, North CarolinaTs capital city was a special place for
African Americans. While there were areas elsewhere that were considered
centers of black capitalism, Raleigh had the enviable distinction of being the
birthplace of two of the oldest privately supported black colleges in the
United States.
Culture Town: Life in RaleighTs African American Communities juxtaposes
oral history narratives with an architectural study of homes, churches, and other neigh-
borhood landmarks. Taken together, it paints a picture of life in eight Raleigh communi-
ties from the years just after the Civil War through the early 1960s. It is not a definitive
history of the cityTs black communities, but a story of the African American presence
there " oa composite of bricks and mortar in black and white,
brought to life by the remembrances of individuals.� The narratives
Linda Simmons-Henry and Linda Harris Edmisten. were culled from lengthy interviews to illustrate the flavor of life
and the architectural setting of each community. Forty-seven
Culture Town: Life e in Raleig: h ~Ss interviews are included. Through the words of the interviewees, the
A frican American Communities. reader comes to understand how proud they are of the accomplish-
ments of their ancestors in establishing these communities. They
Raleigh: Historic Districts Commission, Inc., 1993. _ are equally proud of their own success in sustaining them.
200 pp. with audio tape, $35.00 plus $3.50 ship- Drawn by RaleighTs position as the center of state government
Ping. ISBN 0-9635677-0-S. To order, contact Raleigh and commerce and the home of both Saint AugustineTs College and
Historic Districts Commission, P.O. Box 829, Shaw University, the cityTs early black population included educa-
Century Station, Raleigh, NC 27602. _ tors, entrepreneurs, crafts people, service workers, and those in the
professions " many of the components needed to support the
viable, yet separate, communities they built. Some of these settle-
ments " Smoky Hollow and Fourth Ward, to name two " were
close to the center of the city. Idlewild, College Park, Method,
Oberlin, and Nazareth were in then nearby rural areas, now long since incorporated
within the cityTs borders. Several communities still exist today: in 1990, the East Raleigh-
South Park neighborhoods were placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The project began in the mid 1980s, long after many buildings were demolished and,
in some cases, entire communities razed by urban sprawl and redevelopment. It was
coordinated by the African American Studies Committee of the cityTs historic districts
commission. The backgrounds of the authors complement the dual focus of the book:
Simmons-Henry, author, archivist, oral historian, and librarian; and Edmisten, author
and historic preservationist.
There are over 160 illustrations including photos of the interviewees, buildings,
landmarks and streetscapes, maps, and archival photographs. The audio tape that
accompanies the book provides background on the project and prepares the reader for
North Carolina Libraries
the narratives. oRaleighTs Roots,� the complete collection of interview transcripts with
audio tapes, is part of the Mollie Houston Lee Collection at the Richard B. Harrison
branch of the Wake County Public Library.
Culture Town preserves the memories of many of RaleighTs African American citizens
for future generations. It is recommended for all public, school, and academic libraries,
and especially for southern history and North Carolina collections.
" Elaine J. Christian
State Library of North Carolina
n her second novel journalist Elizabeth Daniels Squire of the Raleigh News &
Observer Daniels family introduces a new series featuring a fifty-five-year-old
amateur sleuth. Peaches Dann, a resident of western North Carolina, widowed
just one year, is famous for her poor memory. Having been born without the
ability to remember, so she says, Peaches has learned all the tricks and mnemonic
devices and is writing a book called How to Survive Without a Memory. She needs
these tricks and other resources when her father, Harwood oPop� Smith, a cantankerous
eighty-three-year-old confined to a motorized wheelchair due to crippling arthritis,
challenges Peaches to solve a mystery literally in his backyard: who killed his sister,
Nancy Means, and left her floating face down in his decorative fishpond?
Fortunately, Ted Holleran, PeachesTs boyfriend, has a thorough and organized mind
to complement her forgetfulness. A retired newspaperman, Ted calls on a newspaper
librarian to help them use the oWorld Memory,� a network of newspaper computer
databases. Peaches uncovers a widening circle of persons who had valid reasons to fear
or dislike her aunt, as well as a closet full of family skeletons. Prime suspects include all
of PopTs sitters; NancyTs only daughter, Mary, and son, Albert; AlbertTs business partner
Ben Arne, a slick wheeler-dealer obsessed with their antique shop in Charleston, South
Carolina; and other, more distant relatives.
To complicate matters, at the time of her death Nancy was
wearing a dress identical to one that Peaches owns; could Peaches
Elizabeth Daniels Squire. really have been the killerTs intended target? This fear is reinforced
° ' when a booby trap set inside PopTs house accidentally electrocutes
Who K illed What's-Her-Name? one of PopTs sitters. Peaches feels certain that there is something
New York: Berkley Prime Crime, 1994. 282 pp. buried in her mind that would solve all this if she could just
$4.99 paperback. ISBN 0-425-14208-6. retrieve it. Such knowledge proves dangerous; somebody tampers
with her carTs brakes, causing Peaches to have an accident on an
isolated stretch of the Blue Ridge Parkway. The exciting climax of
the novel has the murderer tying Peaches and Ted to posts on the
seashoreTs edge just as the tide is coming in.
Peaches and Ted will reappear in a second episode, Remember the Alibi, to be released
by Berkley Prime Crime in September. In this installment (seen in manuscript), a serial
killer who specializes in defrauding and killing elderly people threatens PeachesTs wealthy
and outrageous Pop. Once again, PeachesTs memory devices and TedTs newspaper
contacts combine to solve the mystery, but not before a guest and a sitter die of digitoxin
apparently meant for Pop and Ted, and Peaches and Ted flee an unknown stalker down
treacherous mountain curves between Boone and Asheville in the dead of night. The
killerTs identity is finally revealed in an isolated mountain cabin, with Peaches and Ted
again tied up to posts.
Squire lives in Weaverville, Buncombe County, and her descriptions of western
North Carolina locations and scenery ring true. The mysteries are well-paced enough to
keep pages turning, and contain no offensive language or explicit violence. Scattered
throughout both books are excerpts from PeachesTs omemory book� in progress, which
will read as either helpful sidebars or tedious distractions directly proportional to the
readerTs perceived need in her /his life for such information. This book offers easy
recreational reading and is recommended for popular fiction collections and North
Carolina collections in public libraries.
" Jean Swift Amelang
Durham County Library
North Carolina Libraries Summer 1994 " 77
The Importance of Pot Liquor.
ackie Torrence was born and raised right here in North Carolina, which is a
large part of who she is and what she does. This collection, about equal parts
reminiscence and traditional stories, is a testament to this fact. Torrence was
raised by her maternal grandparents, and her family stories embrace them, as
well as her mama and aunts and uncles and cousins, going on back to her great-
grandfather, a slave. There is, in fact, no sharp dividing line between her
memories of home and family and her knowledge of traditional story material:
each piece of traditional material is prefaced with an account of how she first came to
hear it, and from whom. Storytellers hoping to use this book as a source of new material
will be disappointed. All of the traditional material is familiar and
readily available elsewhere. The book is much more interesting as
Jackie Torrence. an autobiography of someone very much a part of the oral tradition
than as a collection of stories.
One of the true surprises of the book is the fact that, as a child,
Little Rock, Ark.: August House, 1994. 131 pp. Torrence had a serious speech impediment that prevented almost
$12.00. ISBN 0-87483-338-8. everyone outside her immediate family from understanding her.
Schoolmates tormented her unmercifully. A fifth grade teacher
found her a way around her handicap: Jackie wrote stories, and she
read them aloud for her.
TorrenceTs writing ability is modest compared to her telling
ability: she and we are fortunate that corrective dental surgery and speech therapy
enabled her to speak for herself. This book is no substitute for seeing and hearing Jackie
Torrence. Read it to get to know her a little bit, and then go listen to her. This book is
recommended for high school, college, and public libraries.
" Samantha Hunt
New Hanover County Public Library
eepwater, a historical family saga, begins at Roanoke Island where Virginia
Dare receives a locket from her grandfather, John White. After the disappear-
ance of the Lost Colony, the necklace supposedly is passed through four
generations of Carolina women who survive Indian raids, the American
Revolution, the Civil War, and Reconstruction on the Cape Fear.
While a child, Tess Hancock is given the locket by an Indian slave. As an adult, she
settles in New Bern as a second-choice bride. Tess has negotiated a marriage with the sea
captain her sister rejected. In the terms of their agreement, she struggles to share her
house and children, but not her husband, with her beautiful sister, Glory.
Della Gage, GloryTs illegitimate child, wears the necklace at her wedding to the
master of Deepwater plantation. While her husband remains a
Loyalist, she becomes a colonial patriot. While he womanizes, she
Pamela Jekel. has indiscreet affairs.
2 To Laurel Gage, DellaTs grandchild, the gold locket is one of the
Deep water: last fine things left at Deepwater, which has been reduced by
A Novel of the Carolinas. mismanagement to a fraction of its former wealth. She marries a
New York: Kensington Books, 1994. 495 pp. $20.00
ISBN 0-8217-4485-2.
USO TY ESE
78 " Summer 1994
Quaker who involves her in the Underground Railroad and, later,
in the education of former slaves.
Deepwater is JekelTs fifth historical novel. Like her award-
winning book, Columbia, the events that serve as a backdrop and as
catalysts in the characterTs lives are well-researched. A bibliogra-
phy is even provided. Her characters are believable, developing
slowly from their own musings about their children, marriages, and lives.
Interspersed with the human events are descriptions of the lives of opossums, bears,
turtles, snakes, and other animals that inhabit North Carolina. These digressions are
somewhat disconcerting, but do not detract significantly from the pace of the plot.
Look for Deepwater to be requested often as a beach book; the novel offers exciting,
interesting reading in the setting it describes, coastal North Carolina.
" Christine L. Thomson
Saint MaryTs College
North Carolina Libraries
oTtTs easy to take minor league baseball lightly. After all, how
important can something be if the word minor is a prominent part
of its name? Alternative names such as ~Bush LeagueT and ~The
SticksT donTt inspire much confidence, either.�
ith this introduction, Sumner proceeds to prove that baseball is no
small-time, small-town thing; it is right up there next to God and
basketball. In an attractively formatted and printed volume, he
chronicles a fifty-year history of a minor league that in its ebb and flow
reflects the tenor of the times.
The Carolina League was born in 1944, formed from the old Bi-State
League by local businessmen and baseball people who believed that the war would soon
be over and great young baseball talent available again. Victory was a little farther away
than anticipated, but the League, which initially consisted of Burlington, Danville,
Durham, Greensboro, Leaksville, Martinsville, Raleigh, and Winston-Salem, hung on
until the end of the war and flourished in the late forties. Over the next thirty years,
however, minor league baseball experienced a near-catastrophic decline. The expansion
of professional baseball to nearly four hundred teams had out-
stripped the talent available, and television and a burgeoning
highway construction program gave would-be spectators alterna-
Jim L. Sumner. tives to going to the ballpark. Through the sixties and seventies the
° = Carolina League was characterized by fragile club financing,
S ep ara ting the Men fr om the B oys: constant League membership shifts, and plummeting attendance.
The First Half-Century By 1975 there were only four teams (Lynchburg, Peninsula, Salem,
and Winston-Salem), and the entire League drew only 130,000
of the Carolina League. paying customers for nearly 150 games.
Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1994. 260 pp. Just as the Carolina League was teetering on the brink of
$17.95. ISBN 0-89587-112-2. dissolution, the fortunes of minor league baseball took a turn for
the better. Swingers of the sixties, now approaching middle age,
rediscovered baseball and its nostalgic echoes of a simpler time.
Repelled by the greed of major league owners and the decline of
players as role models, fans flocked to local minor league teams,
where the players were clean-cut and earnest, autographs were free,
and the price of a ticket and a hotdog was still within the family budget. By the end of
the decade the League again fielded six teams, attendance was growing, and most of the
teams had a PDC (player development contract) with a major league team. In the last
five years the Carolina League has expanded to a two-division, eight-team format,
consisting of a Northern Division (Frederick, Maryland; Lynchburg, Virginia; Prince
William, Virginia; Wilmington, Deleware) and a Southern Division (Durham, Kinston,
Salem, Winston-Salem). The league drew 1.74 million in 1993, led by Frederick with
350,000, and Durham with 300,000.
Very special are the many sidebars highlighting interesting personalities and events.
oWee� Willie Duke, a game-throwing scandal, Crash Davis (made famous by Kevin
Costner in the 1988 movie, Bull Durham), racial integration in the League, and the time
in 1971 when Raleigh-Durham came THIS CLOSE to signing a woman to play are among
the many delightful tidbits awaiting the reader.
SumnerTs work is handily arranged and replete with detail sufficient to make it a
reference guide to the Carolina League. Each chapter covers a chronological period
(1944-50, 1951-56, 1957-62, 1963-69, 1970-76, 1977-83, 1984-88, 1989-93), and each
season is recounted in some detail. Superstars-to-be, from Johnny Bench to Carl
Yastrzemski, have called the Carolina League home, and Sumner notes their impact. He
has included year-by-year statistical leaders; all-star game summaries; an excellent
bibliography; and a comprehensive name index.
- Sumner, the curator of Sports, Recreation, and Leisure at the North Carolina Mu-
seum of History and the author of A History of Sports in North Carolina (N.C. Division of
Archives and History, 1990), has produced a work valuable to fans and researchers alike.
It is an admirable effort gleaned from diverse and difficult-to-access sources, and deserves
to be in every academic and public library in North Carolina.
" Suzanne Wise
Appalachian State University
SE ESTEE PEO, SEC RST NEE LORE PET
North Carolina Libraries Summer 1994 " 79
i PS wn arse nT ee
o-author of an earlier comprehensive history of Guilford County, Alexander
Stoesen is well-qualified to write Guilford County: A Brief History, the thir-
teenth volume in the North Carolina Division of Archives and History series
of concise county histories. Its five chapters trace GuilfordTs development
from its 1771 beginnings with ten thousand residents to its present position
as North CarolinaTs most industrialized and third most populous county.
The early growth of Guilford was steady but unspectacular, with 9,442 people in
1800, and 18,737 in 1830. This was a significant increase in a state whose population
growth was static. Although North Carolina was known at that time as the oRip Van
Winkle State,� Guilford had gone in its first seventy-five years from wilderness to
prospering towns and farms.
In the mid-1850s the North Carolina Railroad brought new vigor to what some were
calling, for its sleepy ways, oAncient Guilford.� Instrumental in bringing about this
development was John Motley Morehead, who felt that railroads were the answer to
ending the isolation of Piedmont North Carolina. The most immediate result of the
railroadTs coming was a phenomenal increase in agricultural produc-
tion, with tobacco output increasing from 1,900 pounds in 1850, to
724,348 pounds ten years later.
Guilford Coun ty: A Brief H istory. With a large Quaker population opposed to slavery and a sub-
stantial number of small farmers, Guilford had little in common with
eastern North CarolinaTs plantation economy. GuilfordTs antislavery
element, along with an influential group of conservative lawyers and
businessmen, made secession an unpopular option for the county.
Although there was little enthusiasm for the war in Guilford, about
fifteen hundred men from the county served in the Confederate
army. After the war about forty-five hundred former slaves began new lives in Guilford.
From Reconstruction to 1920 Guilford County went from rural to urban, its popula-
tion increasing from 21,736 in 1870, to 79,272 in 1920. Greensboro and High Point,
GuilfordTs two major cities, had become typical of the oNew South.� GuilfordTs industri-
alization entered a new phase with the construction between 1890 and 1910 near
Greensboro of the largest denim and flannel mills in the world.
A landmark event occurred in Greensboro on Frebruary 1, 1960, when four blacks,
students at North Carolina A&T , began a sit-in at the WoolworthTs lunch counter. Their
protest was a major factor in launching the movement for black civil rights in the South.
The 1990s find Guilford the leading manufacturing county in North Carolina, an
educational center with five colleges and three universities, and a transportation hub.
Alexander Stoesen, a professor of history at Guilford College, has written an excel-
lent history of a key North Carolina county. It is indexed, well-illustrated, has a list of
suggested readings, and is especially suited for classroom use. This book is recommended
for all libraries.
Alexander R. Stoesen.
Raleigh: Historical Publications Section, North Caro-
lina Division of Archives and History, 1993. 89 pp.
$5.00. ISBN 0-86526-258-6.
" Doug Kerr
Greensboro Public Library
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7847 Bayberry Road ¢ Jacksonville, Florida 32256
North Carolina Representative " Phil May
(904) 737-2649 1-800-367-3927
80 " Summer 1994 North Carolina Libraries
hilip GerardTs bedrock sense of place and knowledge of human character
serve him well in this well-written and interesting novel about white
supremacistsT takeover of local government in Wilmington in 1898. Gerard
admits to taking odramatic liberties with the action,� but his book reflects a
great deal of historical research. He thus provides an accurate overview of
the origin and development of this bloody coup dTetat, while entertaining
the reader with an exciting and sometimes suspenseful story.
Many readers will be surprised by what they learn about Wilmington, which Gerard
describes in meticulous detail. With a population in 1897 of about twenty-five thousand,
it was the largest city in North Carolina. Slaves and free black craftsmen had played an
important role in building the city, and by the end of the century it was home to a
vibrant community of black artisans, merchants, and professionals. Active politically,
blacks during the 1890s enjoyed the fruits of the coalition of Republicans and Populists
that placed these oFusionists� in positions of power. In Wilmington, blacks served on the
board of aldermen and helped staff the police department; in New Hanover County, they
filled such positions as county treasurer and county coroner.
Although blacks achieved similar success in other parts of North
Carolina, Wilmington afforded them considerable opportunity.
Philip Gerard. Racial tension resulted. Many whites, including poorer ones
~of who joined the oRed Shirts� as a means of terrorizing blacks,
Cap e Fear Rising: resented their prominence in daily life. Powerful business interests
Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1994. 416pp. feared that Wilmington would not achieve its potential because
$18.95. ISBN 0-89587-108-4. capitalists would be afraid to invest their money in its real estate or
industrial enterprises. This smoldering tension was ignited when
Alex Manly, a mulatto who edited The Daily Record, WilmingtonTs
black newspaper, published an editorial that claimed that many
white women oof culture and refinement� had fallen in love with
attractive black men whose fathers were white. On November 10, 1898, an angry mob of
whites, led by former congressman Alfred Moore Waddell, destroyed ManlyTs newspaper.
Before the day was over, whites had killed or wounded many blacks in Wilmington. White
Democrats took over local government and forced prominent blacks and Republicans to
leave the city. Many blacks left on their own accord.
Using the third person point of view, Gerard tells this tragic story through the
experience of Sam and Gray Ellen Jenks, who, at the suggestion of SamTs wealthy cousin
Hugh MacRae, move to Wilmington in August 1898, with the hope of starting their lives
afresh. A recovering alcoholic who has lost jobs on newspapers in Philadelphia and
Chicago, Sam goes to work for The Semi-Weekly Messenger. Both Sam and Gray Ellen
gcveney quickly discover the undercurrent of racial tension and how it affects daily life. Gray
WWD | Ellen, in particular, feels shut out of WilmingtonTs white society"so much so, that she
accepts a teaching position in the black school system.
Sam is torn between his desire finally to achieve success and his sense of ethics as a
professional journalist. The white businessmen who are planning the takeover of local
government after the November election use Sam to cover an event designed to frighten
blacks. His copy is changed by his corrupt editor to reflect the views of white suprema-
cists. Although Sam is appalled by this activity, he fails to distance himself from such
white power brokers as Alfred Moore Waddell, who tempts him with the prospect of an
important position if events unfold as Waddell hopes they will.
SamTs only real friend in Wilmington, Harry Calabash, an alcoholic reporter who
loves Wilmington and deeply regrets the events that are transpiring, serves as the
newcomerTs conscience. He hopes Sam will give his heart and soul to help the city he has
come to love. In the end, this becomes impossible. When Waddell and Hugh MacRae
discover that Gray Ellen Jenks has been associating with a black preacher actively in-
volved in organizing blacks to resist oppression, they ask Sam and Gray Ellen to leave
town. White men, they tell Sam, are supposed.to control their women.
This problem"the greed and lust for power that prevent honest, hard-working
people, both black and white, from quietly giving themselves to a place they love"is at
the heart of this story.
Philip Gerard directs the Professional and Creative Writing Program at the University
of North Carolina at Wilmington. His first novel, Hatteras Light (ScribnerTs, 1986),
received favorable reviews. Cape Fear Rising is another convincing North Carolina story
that will be of interest to many patrons of public libraries throughout the state.
" Maurice C. York
East Carolina University
SS
mee North Carolina Libraries Summer 1994 " 81
he North Carolina outlawry statute, though ruled unconstitutional in 1976, still
appears as a state law today. Outlawry proclamations originated in the days of slavery
and allowed citizens to bring in a resistant felon, dead or alive. Former N.C. District
Court Judge Walter Henderson, who would like to see this statute stricken and who
has enlisted legislative support to repeal the outdated law, has written a fictional
account based on an true story in which the outlawry statute was invoked, unfairly
and with tragic results.
The story of Wardell BurgeTs death illustrates how the outlaw statute can be abused.
Declaring Burge, a mentally ill black man, to be an outlaw was a simple way for a group of racist
white citizens and law enforcement officers to rid themselves of a nuisance. BurgeTs death,
though ruled suicide, was never fully explained. Reports of the actual incident suggest that the
firing of tear gas into BurgeTs home probably started the fire that ultimately killed a man who
had never been charged with a crime. HendersonTs goal of illustrating how the statuteTs intent
and possible uses are unjustifiably cruel succeeds without question.
The book takes on a life of its own after the attack. In fact, there is relatively little
development of Burge; he is merely a vehicle around which the rest of the story turns. The real
characters are the men who come together to rid a small Southern town of a ocrazy nigger,� but
then have to face themselves after the deed is done. These characters are painstakingly drawn.
Various side personalities are introduced, creating a whole community of
believable and somewhat despicable individuals. The characters are
archetypal in their Southern gothic manners, but Henderson lends
Walter Henderson. _credibility to them with his authentic, colorful language.
Death by Suicidal Means: There is great sadness in this story, with very few heroes. Greg Butler,
member of the SBI S.W.A.T. Force brought in to assist with the capture of
The Kil ling of Wardell Burge. Wardell Burge, is the only character who is really changed by the event.
Chapel Hill: Inheritance Press, 1994. 227 pp. $19.95. All the others continue in their provincial power struggles and politics.
ISBN 0-9638086-0-5 (cloth); $8.95. sored characters die of various diseases, violence, or Seonnees enue
ISBN 0-9638086-1-3 (paper). People came to believe that death by alcohol abuse was death by natura
causes,� it is observed.
The strength of the story lies in its fresh descriptions. Henderson
knows how people from rural North Carolina talk and think and he writes
accordingly. The book would have benefitted from stronger editing. There are a few sloppy
grammatical errors that easily could have been corrected and some awkward language that
could have been tightened without robbing the story of its flavor.
The book is suitable for public and academic libraries.
" Eleanor I. Cook
Appalachian State University
he book consists primarily of diary entries of First Lieutenant (later Captain) William
Hyslop Sumner Burgwyn, first of the 35th North Carolina Troops under Colonel
Matthew Ransom, who later advanced to a staff position in General Thomas
ClingmanTs Brigade. The diary notes are very full. Burgwyn notes his locations, troop
movements, names of nearby units, and the variety of details in which he partici-
pated, including digging rifle pits, forming breastworks, picket duty, scouting, and
blockading. He mentions tactics and details where his unit is going and how they will get there.
His descriptions of battles are exceptional: he participated in Martinsburg, Virginia (September
1862), Fredericksburg, Virginia (December 1862), and DrewryTs Bluff (September 1864).
In addition to military activities, Burgwyn also mentions a great
variety of social activities including balls, teas, picnics, sleigh rides, ice
William H. S. Burgwyn. skating, and dinner parties.
A Ca ptain 's War: The Letters and After his parole from Fort Delaware, Burgwyn returned to the
University of North Carolina in 1865, completed law studies at Harvard,
Diaries of William H. S. Burgwyn, and in 1869 began the practice of law in Baltimore. He returned to
1861-1865. Henderson, North Carolina in 1882, and became involved in a variety of
business and banking ventures. He died in 1913 and is buried in Raleigh.
Edited by Herbert M. Schiller. Shippensburg, Pa.: The book has very generous footnotes, many of them identifying
White Mane Publishing Company, 1994. 186 pp. people mentioned in the diary and their families; occasional photo-
89 " Summer 1994
$24.95 ISBN O-942597-52-4. graphs; and maps of the engagements.
" Mary Bocaccio
East Carolina University
North Carolina Libraries
he North Carolina Tony Earley describes in this volume of eight short stories is no
paradise, but he writes with such unsentimental love and loyalty and such unflinch-
ing truthfulness and accuracy that natives will be proud to see their state through his
eyes, and outlanders will revise their stereotyped ideas about the place. His Lake Glen
and Aliceville are so real that baffled readers will get out their state highway maps and
feel frustrated when they canTt locate the towns. Most of his stories are located around
Rutherfordton, where he grew up, and Asheville, where he attended nearby Warren Wilson
College. Several of them were published in New Stories from the South, Best American Short Stories
1993, HarperTs, TriQuarterly, Oxford Magazine, Mississippi Review, and Witness before being
collected in this, his first book.
In the lead story, oThe Prophet from Jupiter,� the damkeeper at Lake Glen muses, oThis
is where I live and this is what I think: a dam is an unnatural thing, like a diaphragm.� As he
describes the dam, and the artificial lake that covers the old town of Uree, and the new resort
town which never quite took off, and the feud between the mayor and the police chief for
control of the keys to the floodgates, his own story gradually takes shape. He has lost his wife
(to the police chief) because they cannot conceive a child together, and because, to her, his
feelings are as buried as the town beneath the lake.
The relationships in EarleyTs stories are no paradise either, but ring as true as his
descriptions of place. His narrators ramble effortlessly, in the best tradition of Southern
storytelling, and apparently aimlessly, repeatedly ambushing the reader with shafts of humor,
insight, and sheer linguistic beauty. Their themes return again and again to the deep
disappointments that divide as well as bind couples together: Tully, visiting friends in
oGettysburg,� searches vainly for some echoes from the battle where his great-great-grandfa-
ther and two great-great-uncles had fought. What he finds in his friendsT relationship are
echoes of the hurt he has inflicted in his own marriage by refusing to havea child. Vernon and
Peggy, in the title story, deal with their grief over their stillborn child and her imminent death
from cancer in vastly different ways that they cannot communicate to
each other. When Peggy tries to explain that she is different from him,
Vernon says, oI know you are. YouTre from California.� This isnTt exactly
, true, but Peggy decides itTs close enough.
Here We Are In Paradise. For te most part EarleyTs CD emct are the kind that stay at home
TG and try to work things out rather than seek greener pastures elsewhere.
age Beers Sas 1 eae asasteagnet fi: Tully, while visiting in Gettysburg, has his mind fixed firmly on returning
home to Christine in North Carolina. Peggy is exotic to Vernon because
she lived in California as a child, but he chooses to make a home for her
in a trailer on a lot facing a duck pond (full of snapping turtles that eat the
ducks) near Rutherfordton. oCharlotte� is about young people who make the short move from
the small towns for the big city, only to find things less glamorous and satisfying than they had
hoped. Their dilemma is symbolized by the sale of the cityTs professional wrestling franchise
to Atlanta, leaving Charlotte nothing to identify with except the ever-losing Hornets. oWe
know that the Hornets will never make the playoffs, and that somehow it is our fault. Our lives
are small and empty, and we thought they wouldnTt be, once we moved to the city.�
EarleyTs characters have a deep sense of fate. oLord Randall� is a worrier, as anyone named
after othis guy whose true love kills him by getting him to eat some poisoned eels� well might
be. His parents give tourist children rides in a miniature covered wagon pulled by Shetland
ponies, and are so out of touch with the practicalities of life that they often forgot to wake him
up and send him to school when he was a child. While driving a school bus one day, Randall
braked to avoid hitting first grader John Fitzgerald Kennedy Canipe, whom he always looked
out for, especially after he learned his name. Later, Jeff-Kay Canipe ran a whole bus load of
children off the side of amountain, and Randall is left to wonder if running over Jeff-Kay might
have been the only thing he was meant to do with his life.
All these themes come together in the final three stories of the book, a trilogy set in
Aliceville, oa small but perfect circle on a map, and it sits in the middle of the fields that
surround it like a small idea in danger of being forgotten.� The young narrator, Jimmy Glass,
lives with his widowed mother and three bachelor uncles in three identical houses sitting in
arow. His father died a week before his birth, and his mother has come to believe that because
of that her son is odestined to live a life that mattered.� Her son privately believes that his
motherTs omost terminal illness was the failure of her imagination.� He answers her
disappointment at his commonplace life working on the railroad with a lovely writerTs creed:
oAll names are words, and sacred in their way, and all words are connected by blood... We
live in stories, and our stories go on, even when we are dead.�
Tony Earley is at work on a novel. His stories are recommended for all fiction collections.
" Dorothy Hodder
New Hanover County Public Library
Tony Earley.
RES en EE
- North Carolina Libraries Summer 1994 " 83
etails abound in North Carolina Waterfalls, a book which is more than just a
simple directory. The author's previous work has appeared in Blue Ridge
Country, Nature Photographer, The State, and BirderTs World. Adams claims to
have driven over 20,000 miles, hiked over 800 miles, exposed over 150 rolls
of film, and explored almost 300 waterfalls in preparing this book. It shows.
Having visited every major waterfall on both private and public land in
the state, Adams provides a wealth of information on each. The most widely accepted
name is given first, with other known names as well. Falls without names are specified
by the rivers that form them. Adams has rated waterfalls based on beauty and accessibil-
ity. His beauty rating takes into account viewing restrictions, surroundings, water flow,
and distractions. Difficulty ratings assume an average, healthy person. Waterfalls that
are handicapped accessible are also included. One example of the authorTs attention to
detail is his mention of a 1993 blizzard which might affect some of the descriptions or
ratings, although he has rehiked most of them since the storm.
In addition to waterfall information, Adams provides a good chapter on photograph-
ing waterfalls in general, and inserts specific photo tips for each individual waterfall. The
book is sprinkled with numerous black and white photographs, with dramatic color
photos on the center leaves. The appendix provides names of
federal, state, city and county, and private agencies, as well as
photographic supply companies. The index and its cross-references
are particularly well done.
Kevin Adams.
North Carolina Wa terfe alls: North Carolina Waterfalls is an excellent resource for libraries
Where to Find Them, with a need in this subject area.
Dealing with water from a different perspective is Cruising
How to Pho tog raph Them. Guide to Coastal North Carolina, a revised edition of a 1983 publica-
Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1994. 208 pp. tion. The author is an experienced boater, and is also author of
$14.95. ISBN 0-89587-110-6 Cruising Guide to Coastal South Carolina and Georgia. Young has
Claiborne S. Young.
included important and interesting details for anyone who plans on
boating in our coastal waters. However, he makes clear that the
reader should have a working knowledge of piloting and coastal
navigation as a background.
Cruising Guide to The book is divided into geographic areas extending from
Coastal North C arolina north to south down the coastline, beginning with approaches to
the Albemarle Sound, and concluding with the Cape Fear River in
Revised Third Edition. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, South Carolina. For each area, the author provides maps designed
Publisher, 1994. 338 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-89587-109-2. to help locate marinas, anchorages, and other geographic points of
interest. The maps are not to be used for navigation; instead,
Young correctly suggests that persons have aboard the latest NOAA
Ginny Turner, ed. charts. In fact, he includes the specific chart numbers needed for
North Carolina Traveler:
the individual areas.
The chapters also provide information on the history of the area,
A Vacationer's Guide to the sound, and/or river. A very helpful feature is a detailed description of
Mountains, Piedmont, and Coast.
the marinas along the routes. This feature is new to the revised
edition. The descriptions indicated approach depth, dockside depth,
Revised Edition. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, gas provisions, availability of restaurants, and other information.
Publisher, 1994. 370 pp. $12.95. ISBN 0-89587-107-6. In other respects, the revised edition is similar to the first. Both
a Sp SE
84 " Summer 1994
contain interesting black and white photos. Although a couple of
restaurants mentioned in the text were not indexed, this omission is
minor. The index as a whole is adequate. Cruising Guide to Coastal
North Carolina is essential for all North Carolina boating enthusiasts.
If a guide to traveling on land rather than water is a need, TurnerTs North Carolina
Traveler can fill the bill. This revised edition is an update of the 1991 second edition
published by Ventana Press. Editor Turner has written travel articles for several national
publications and is a transplanted Midwesterner. The various contributors to the book
are all native North Carolinians.
The book is divided by the stateTs three regions, with various towns, attractions, and
events listed in a geographic order rather than an alphabetical one. Under each destina-
tion are selective restaurant and lodging suggestions in different price ranges. The
restaurants and hotels are not indexed. Special inserts on access to the geographic area
and general visitor information are included.
The strength of this book is its general overview of major state attractions with a
brief historical background on each region. Phone numbers and addresses can lead the
reader to further information. Hotel and restaurant material is extremely selective, and
as is the nature of this information, can become quickly dated. This newest edition
North Carolina Libraries
Other Publications of Interest
(SS a a rE
North Carolina Libraries
definitely updates previous listings. Turner has included a good appendix with details on
state agencies, welcome centers, national and state parks, ferry schedules, etc. A number
of small maps and black and white photos are also integrated with the text.
On the whole, North Carolina Traveler is a good basic travel guide. Libraries owning
the previous edition will want to update their collections with this volume.
" Barbara Miller
Fayetteville Technical Community College
The long awaited fifth volume of the Dictionary of North Carolina Biography is available.
An ongoing project since 1971, the Dictionary is edited by William S. Powell, the foremost
historian of North Carolina. The latest volume includes entries on over seven hundred
North Carolinians whose names begin with the letters P through S. When the sixth and
final volume is published in 1995, the Dictionary will include over four thousand entries.
Every library in the state should have this valuable set. (1994; University of North Carolina
Press, P.O. Box 2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288; 494 pp; $49.95; ISBN 0-8078-2100-4.)
The Lumbee Indians of Robeson County, North Carolina have been seeking federal
recognition for a hundred years. The Lumbee Indians: An Annotated Bibliography,
with Chronology and Index documents their long and rich history. Over one hundred
entries are grouped in nineteen broad categories, including education, military service,
culture, tribal origin. Federal and state laws, bills, and court cases are also included in
their own sections. Author Glenn Ellen Starr is the assistant reference librarian and
coordinator of library instruction at Appalachian State University in Boone, North
Carolina. (1994; McFarland & Company, Inc., Box 611, Jefferson, NC 28640; xix, 301 pp;
$75.00; ISBN 0-89950-511-2.)
Lee Pfeiffer has assembled The Official Andy Griffith Show Scrapbook, sure to appeal to all
fans of the popular television series. It includes biographies of and interviews with major
cast members; a comprehensive episode guide with cast, credits, and original air date for
each; an extensive memorabilia section; and coverage of related movies, reunions, and TV
specials. It is illustrated with hundreds of black and white photographs. (1994; Citadel
Press, 600 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10022; 253 pp; $16.95 paper; ISBN 0-8065-1449-3.)
The Guilford County Genealogical Society announces two sources on Guilford County,
not previously reviewed in NCL. Population Schedules Guilford County, N.C., 1790,
1800, 1810 was abstracted from microfilm of the originals and compiled by Ruth
Hackney Kirkman in 1981, revised in 1985, and reprinted in 1993. It is indexed and
includes maps. (1981, 1993; Guilford County Genealogical Society, P.O. Box 9693,
Greensboro, NC, 27429-0693; 64 pp; $11.00 postpaid, NC residents add 6% sales tax,
paper; no ISBN.) The History of Guilford County, North Carolina, by Sallie W. Stockard, the
first woman graduate of the University of North Carolina, was first published in 1902,
and republished by the society in 1983. The sixth printing in 1993 was expanded to
include all pictures which were in the original work. Indexed. (1902, 1993; Guilford
County Genealogical Society, P.O. Box 9693, Greensboro, N.C. 27429-0693; v, 146 pp;
$18.00 postpaid, N.C. residents add 6% sales tax, paper; no ISBN.)
Last but not least, The Used Book LoverTs Guide to the South Atlantic States is a truly
useful item for all libraries and book lovers. Maryland, the District of Columbia, Vir-
ginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida are included in this volume.
(Guides to New England and the Mid-Atlantic States are also available.) Each stateTs
section begins with an index to shop names, followed by rather thorough entries on
open shops, shops open by appointment, and mail order book dealers arranged by city.
Entries detail type and size of book stock; address, telephone number, and directions for
locating the shop; hours of operation; whether or not credit cards and want lists are
accepted; ownerTs name; year established; and frank and fairly accurate comments, based
on entries for local used book dealers. Very sketchy maps are included, and a very
helpful specialty index to the whole volume brings up the rear. The Used Book LoverTs
Guide Series is compiled and published by David and Susan Siegel; the format and
printing are attractive and easy to read. (1994; Book Hunter Press, P.O. Box 193,
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598; 316 pp; $14.95 paper; ISBN 0-9634112-2-S.)
Summer 1994 " 89
compiled by Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.
State Library of North Carolina
Internet Information Project
Gopher: point your gopher client at oHAL.NCDCR.GOV, Port 70�
World Wide Web: URL = http://hal.ncdcr.gov/ncslhome.htm
These two rather cryptic lines point the way to a worldwide
collection of nearly limitless information resources. Read on
to find out how to gain access to the global virtual library.
The State Library of North Carolina has embarked on a
project to provide access to the abundance of information
available on the global Internet. The project is administered
by Gary Harden, Systems Librarian, and Joel Sigmon, Head of
the Government and Business Services Branch, and is built
by Gary Harden and Joel Sigmon
upon the distributed information system model.
Rather than maintaining large files of data on a single
computer, the distributed system utilizes data files from many
different computers which are interconnected through the
Internet. The system operates in a client-server mode. Client
software is used on a personal com-
puter (PC) or workstation to access
data on the information servers. The
State Library project utilizes two types
of information servers: Gopher and
World Wide Web. Though similar,
they differ in significant ways.
Gopher
Gopher is a client-server distributed
information delivery system developed
in 1991 by the University of Minnesota
Microcomputer, Workstation, Net-
works Center. Its original focus was to
facilitate the development of a
Campus-Wide Information System
(CWIS). It has grown to become a
World-Wide Information System
(WWIS) connecting thousands of
unexpected gift or benefit. [Louisiana French]
86 " Summer 1994
ba
ie
eS
S
S
=
S| North Carolina Information Network (NCIN}
=
=
computers around the globe.
Gopherspace is the interconnected network of informa-
tion accessible through gopher. In the gopher model, infor-
mation is presented as a menu which can contain text, binary
files, image files, or menus pointing to additional information.
Gopher menu items are actually links which, when
selected, connect the user to information resources on the
Internet. Gopher information is accessed by using a browser
or client to connect to a server. This can be done by either
telnetting (remote logon) to a host machine running a gopher
client or by running a gopher client on your own PC. Any
library with an account on an Internet host has access to a
gopher client. PC-based gopher clients are available
i State Library Gopher Menu
Bookmarks Help
About This Gopher
About the State Library
Business and Economics
Library Resources
Miscellaneous Information Resources
North Carolina Newspaper Project
North Carolina Statistical Resources
Science and Technology
State Library Publications
North Carolina Libraries
free-of-charge at many sites on the Internet. Two of the most
popular are HGopher, developed by Martyn Hampson at
Imperial College, London, and PC-Gopher, developed by the
University of Minnesota.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a distributed global
hypermedia information system developed by CERN (Euro-
pean Laboratory for Particle Physics) in Geneva, Switzerland.
Global hypermedia means that information located around
the world is interconnected in an environment that allows
you to move through the information by selecting what are
known as hyperlinks " terms, icons, or images in documents
that point to other related documents. Any hyperlink can
point to any document anywhere on the Internet.
The World Wide Web seeks to integrate all of the different
information-retrieval systems into a single, user-friendly
interface. As with Gopher, World Wide Web servers are
accessed using.a browser, either by telnetting to a host
running a browser program or by running a browser on your
own PC. WWW browsers understand all of the existing
information-retrieval protocols including Gopher, Telnet, FTP
(File Transfer Protocol), NNTP (Network News Transfer
Protocol), and WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers).
A WWW browser differs from Gopher in one major
respect: it understands a new protocol named HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Documents displayed by a
WWW browser are hypertext documents. These documents
may include links or pointers to other documents, files, or
objects. The browser provides for the display or transfer of
text, binary files, graphic images, audio files, and video files.
PC-based WWW clients are also available free-of-charge at
FTP sites on the Internet. Two of the most popular are NCSA
Mosaic, developed by the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications at the University of Illinois, and Cello, developed
by the Cornell University Law SchoolTs Legal Information
Institute.
The State LibraryTs Internet Information Project is cur-
rently in the developmental stage. (See this issueTs o& In
Edition," pages 68-71) Information offered on both the
Gopher and World Wide Web servers is in a state of flux and
will be updated on a regular basis in order to maintain its
accuracy and timeliness. Although the information offered on
each server is similar, it differs in its presentation, as described
above.
The project provides access to many information resources
around the world as well as to specialized data products
developed by the State Library. The following types of
information are currently available: demographic and eco-
nomic data (including North Carolina community and
statewide profiles), education resources (K-12 and higher
education), library catalogs, NATO and United Nations
documents, North Carolina Information Highway (NCIH)
documents, scientific and technological databases, U.S. and
International legal documents, U.S. Government resources by
agency, and U.S. Supreme Court decisions.
NCSA Mosaic for MS Windows
= =o "a EE | =.
"""""""
Document ~Tale
Wher you. peed i
NOAA CAPOUTE|
Ez. Updated on May 6, 1994.
Click on the question mark for help or to see what's new.
= Ps
Personal
The State Library serves government agencies, businesses, and, through cooperative programs ee other branes and
organizations, all citizens of the state. With the State Library as your tour guide for the World Wide Web, you will "
discover treasure troves of information from places near and far. Sources are provided directly by the State Library: and
by sites all over the Internet. Enjoy your trip and return to the State Library home page often.
N ee oe
orth Carolina Libraries
Summer 1994 " 87
ALA Membership
Instructions for the Preparation of Manuscripts
for North Carolina Libraries
Changes Lives
| Need help with a
censorship problem? heme
ALA's Office for Intellectual Freedom
provides assistance when dealing with
1 North Carolina Libraries seeks to publish articles, materi-
als reviews, and bibliographies of professional interest to
_ librarians in North Carolina. Articles need not be necessar-
Home Address
censorship and consultation on First city Staten zIicode _ ily of a scholarly nature, but they should address profes-
Ammendment issues. More than 600 i oY j itv i
SO aaa iaice caine asus sone Loge of the library community in the state.
Membershi lace of Employment/Schoo! osition : T 7 : : ;
Membership features Faz af Enplaymanvschoal Pas 2. Manuscripts should be directed to Frances B. Bradburn,
¢ Complimentary subscription to
American Libraries
Address
_ Editor, North Carolina Libraries, Media and Technology,
State Dept. of Public Instruction, 301 N. Wilmington St.,
* Up to 49% off registration fees City State Zip Code :
at ALA conferences Raleigh, NC 27601-2825.
* 10% discount on ALA Books and Telephone : :
ALA Graphics
¢ Eligibility for ALATs travel, group
insurance plans, credit card programs
Send mail to: O Home QO Work
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88 " Summer 1994 North Carolina Libraries
"
SOUTHEASTERN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION REPRESENTATIVE
Election and Term of Office:
Must be personal member of SELA and NCLA in order to be nominated. Elected in a special
election every four years as specified by SELA. Four-year term begins at next Southeastern
Library Association biennial conference
SELA REPRESENTATIVE
Duties:
1. To serve as member of SELA Executive Board
. To represent NCLA at meetings of the SELA Executive Board
_ To attend President's Meeting immediately preceding each biennial conference
. To serve on NCLA Executive Board as voting member
2
3
4. To attend President's/Leadership Conference in March of each non-conference year
5
6. To provide reports to NCLA Executive Board and the membership of NCLA
7
. To act as liaison between SELA and NCLA
Candidates for SELA Representative:
" Nancy Clark Fogarty " " Rex Klett "
Currently Head Reference Librarian Currently Director of Learning Resources
Walter Clinton Jackson Library Mitchell Community College
University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Statesville, North Carolina
Formerly Anson County Library Director/Regional
Education:
Technical Services Consultant for Sandhill Regional
B.A., University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Library System, Rockingham, NorthiC anbiipa.
M.S.L.S., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
M.A., University at North Carolina at Greensboro. Education:
B. A., Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida;
M.A., University of Denver;
M.L.S., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Professional Activities:
Member of Southeastern Library Association; North
Carolina Library Association; Reference and Adult
Services Section of the North Carolina Library Associa- Professional Activities:
tion; College and University representative to Executive Member of North Carolina Library Association; American
Board, and past chair. Member Beta Phi Mu, Epsilon Library Association; NCCCLRA; Metrolina Library Associa-
Chapter; Alumni Association, School of Library Science, tion; Co-editor of MsManagement, (newsletter for the NCLA
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, served as Roundtable on the Status of Women in Librarianship);
former President and Vice-President. Chairperson of District V, North Carolina Community
College Learning Resources Association.
Thorndike Press
Large Print Books
. P.O. Box 159, Thorndike, ME 04986 Ben Byrd
Lhd... 800/223-6121 104 Big Oak Circle, Madison, AL 35758
Fax: 207/948-2863 205/837-1891
North Carolina Libraries Summer 1994 " 89
NortuH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1993-1995 EXECUTIVE BOARD
PRESIDENT
Gwen Jackson
Southeast Technical Assistance Ctr.
2013 Lejeune Blvd.
Jacksonville, NC 28546-7027
Telephone: 910/577-8920
Fax: 910/577-1427
VICE PRESIDENT/
PRESIDENT ELECT
David Fergusson
Forsyth County Public Library
660 W. Fifth St.
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Telephone: 910/727-2556
Fax: 910/727-2549
SECRETARY
Judy LeCroy
Davidson County Schools
P. O. Box 2057
Lexington, NC 27293-2057
Telephone: 704/249-8181
Fax: 704/249-1062
JLECROY@DAVIDSN.CERF.FRED.ORG
TREASURER
Wanda Brown Cason
Wake Forest University Library
PO Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
Telephone: 910/759-5094
Fax: 910/759-9831
WCASONG@LIB.WFUNET.WFU.EDU.
DIRECTORS
Sandra Neerman
Greensboro Public Library
P. O. Box 3178
Greensboro, NC 27402-3178
Telephone: 910/373-269
Fax: 910/333-6781
John E. Via
Z. Smith Reynolds Library
Wake Forest University
Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
Telephone: 910/759-5483
Fax: 910/759-9831
JEV@LIB.WFUNET.WFU.EDU
ALA COUNCILOR
Martha E. Davis
M. W. Bell Library
Guilford Tech. Comm. College
P. O. Box 309
Jamestown, NC 27282-0309
Telephone: 910/334-4822
Fax: 910/841-4350
SELA REPRESENTATIVE
David Fergusson
Forsyth County Public Library
660 W. Fifth St.
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Telephone: 910/727-2556
Fax: 910/727-2549
EDITOR, North Carolina Libraries
Frances Bryant Bradburn
Media and Technology
State Dept. of Public Instruction
301 N. Wilmington Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2825
Telephone: 919/715-1528
Fax: 919/733-4762
FBRADBUR@DPI1.DPI.NC.GOV
PAST-PRESIDENT
Janet L. Freeman
Carlyle Campbell Library
Meredith College
3800 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27607-5298
Telephone: 919/829-8531
Fax: 919/829-2830
FREEMAN@UNCECS.EDU
ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT
(ex officio)
Martha Fonville
North Carolina Library Association
c/o State Library of North Carolina
Rm. 27 109 E. Jones St.
Raleigh, NC 27601-1023
Telephone: 919/839-6252
Fax: 919/839-6252
SLLA.MNE (NCDCR Prime address)
SECTION CHAIRS
CHILDRENTS SERVICES SECTION
Edna Gambling
Creech Road Elementary School
450 Creech Road
Garner, NC 27529
Telephone: 919/662-2359
COLLEGE anp UNIVERSITY SECTION
Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.
Iris Holt McEwen Library
Elon College
P. O. Box 187
Elon College, NC 27244
Telephone: 910/584-2338
Fax: 910/584-2479
JONESAL@VAX1.ELON.EDU
COMMUNITY anp JUNIOR
COLLEGE LIBRARIES SECTION
Shelia Bailey
Rowan-Cabarrus Comm. College
P. O. Box 1595
Salisbury, NC 28144
Telephone: 704/637-0760
Fax: 704/637-6642
DOCUMENTS SECTION
Michael Cotter
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
Telephone: 919/757-6533
919/757-4882
Fax: 919/757-4834
LBCOTTER@ECUVM1.BITNET
LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION anp
MANAGEMENT SECTION
Dale Gaddis
Durham County Library
P. O. Box 3809
Durham, NC 27702
Telephone: 919/560-0160
Fax: 919/560-0106
NORTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION
OF SCHOOL LIBRARIANS
Augie Beasley
East Mecklenburg High School
6800 Monroe Drive
Charlotte, NC 28212
Telephone: 704/343-6430
Fax: 704/343-6437
ABEASLEY@CHARLOT.CERF.
FRED.ORG
NORTH CAROLINA PUBLIC
LIBRARY TRUSTEES ASSOCIATION
John Childers
1101 Johnston Street
Greenville, NC 27858
Telephone: 919/757-6280 (w)
Fax: 919/757-6283
PUBLIC LIBRARY SECTION
Margaret Blanchard
Central North Carolina
Regional Library
342 S. Spring Street
Burlington, NC 27215
Telephone: 910/229-3588
Fax: 910/229-3592
REFERENCE anp ADULT SERVICES
Bryna Coonin
D. H. Hill Library
North Carolina State University
BOxe7 LAs.
Raleigh, NC 27695-7111
Telephone: 919/515-2936
Fax: 919/515-7098
BRYNA_COONIN@NCSU.EDU
RESOURCES anp TECHNICAL
SERVICES SECTION
Catherine Wilkinson
Belk Library
Appalachian State University
Boone, NC 28608
Telephone: 704/262-2774
Fax: 704/262-3001
WILKINSNCL@CONRAD.APP
STATE.EDU
ROUND TABLE CHAIRS
NEW MEMBERS ROUND TABLE
Maria Miller
Lorillard Research Ctr. Library
420 English Street
Greensboro, NC 27405
Telephone: 910/373-6895
Fax: 910/373-6640
MILLERMS@CHAR.VNET.NET
NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY
PARAPROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION
Joan Carothers
Public Library of Charlotte and
Mecklenburg County
310 N. Tryon Street
Charlotte, NC 28202
Telephone: 704/336-2980
Fax: 704/336-2677
ROUND TABLE FOR ETHNIC
MINORITY CONCERNS
Cynthia Cobb
Cumberland Co. Public Library
300 Maiden Lane
Fayetteville, NC 28301
Telephone: 910/483-0543
Fax: 910/483-8644
ROUND TABLE ON SPECIAL
COLLECTIONS
Sharon Snow
Wake Forest University Library
P.O. Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
Telephone: 910/759-5755
Fax: 910/759-9831
SNOW@LIB.WFUNET.WFU.EDU
ROUND TABLE ON THE STATUS
OF WOMEN IN LIBRARIANSHIP
Anne Marie Elkins
State Library of North Carolina
109 E. Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2807
Telephone: 919/733-2570
Fax: 919/733-8748
SLAD.AME@NCDCR.DCR.STATE.
NC.US
90 " Summer 1994
North Carolina Libraries
Se
EDITORIAL STAFF
Editor
FRANCES BRYANT BRADBURN
Media and Technology
State Dept. of Public Instruction
301 N. Wilmington Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2825
919/715-1528
919/733-4762 (FAX)
FBRADBUR@DPI1.DPI.NC.GOV
Associate Editor
ROSE SIMON
Dale H. Gramley Library
Salem College
Winston-Salem, NC 27108
(910) 721-2649
Associate Editor
JOHN WELCH
Division of State Library
109 East Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2807
(919) 733-2570
Book Review Editor
DOROTHY DAVIS HODDER
New Hanover Co. Public Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
(910) 341-4389
Lagniappe/Bibliography
Coordinator
PLUMMER ALSTON JONES, JR.
Iris Holt McEwen Library
Elon College
PO Box 187
Elon College, NC 27244
(910) 584-2338
Indexer
MICHAEL COTTER
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(919) 757-6533
Advertising Manager/Point
CounterPoint Editor
HARRY TUCHMAYER
New Hanover Co. Public Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
(910) 341-4036
ChildrenTs Services
LINDA TANENBAUM
Westchester Academy
204 Pine Tree Lane
High Point, NC 27265
(910) 869-2128
College and University
ARTEMIS KARES
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(919) 757-6067
Community and Junior College
BARBARA MILLER
Paul H. Thompson Library
Fayetteville Tech. Comm. College
PO Box 35236
Fayetteville, NC 28303
(910) 678-8253
Documents
MICHAEL VAN FOSSEN
Reference Documents
Davis Library CB #3912
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3912
(919) 962-1151
North Carolina Libraries
Library Administration and
Management Section
JOLINE EZZELL
Perkins Library
Duke University
Durham, NC 27706
(919) 660-5880
New Members Round Table
EILEEN MCCLUSKEY PAPILE
Cumberland Co. Public Library
6882 Cliffdale Road
Fayetteville, NC 28314
(910) 864-3800
N.C. Asso. of School Librarians
DIANE KESSLER
Riverside High School
3218 Rose of Sharon Road
Durham, NC 27712
(919) 560-3965
North Carolina Library
Paraprofessional Association
MELANIE HORNE
Cumberland Co. Public Library
6882 Cliffdale Road
Fayetteville, NC 28314
(910) 864-5002
We offer you:
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1001 E. Ash St.
Goldsboro, NC 27530
(919) 735-1824
Reference/Adult Services
SUZANNE WISE
Belk Library
Appalachian State University
Boone, NC 28608
(704) 262-2189
Resources and Technical Services
CAROL STANLEY
Everett Library
Queens College
1900 Selwyn Ave.
Charlotte, NC 28274
(704) 337-2494
Round Table for Ethnic/Minority
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JEAN WILLIAMS
F.D. Bluford Library
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Greensboro, NC 27411
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Round Table on Special Collections
MEGAN MULDER
Wake Forest University Library
PO Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
(910) 759-5091
Round Table on the Status of
Women in Librarianship
JOAN SHERIF
Northwestern Regional Library
111 North Front Street
Elkin, NC 28621
(910) 835-4894
Wired to the World Editor
RALPH LEE SCOTT
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(919) 757-6533
Trustees
ANNE B. WILGUS
N.C. Wesleyan College
Rocky Mount, NC 27804
(919) 985-5235
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Contact us today and speak with one of our representatives about how we can
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eet
Summer 1994 " 91
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(Trustee, Non-salaried, or Friends Earning $45,001 and above ........... $40
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g INSTITUTIONAL (Libraries & m CONTRIBUTING (Individuals, Associations,
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| PA hia Pewee ONa Gibran UU CUCU BORED. Sacer esae oo
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AMOUNT ENCLOSED: (SEE ABOVE)
$ Membership and one section/round table
TYPE OF LIBRARY I WORK IN:
___ Academic
Public
School
Special
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$ TOTAL (PLEASE DO NOT SEND CASH)
Mail to: North Carolina Library Association
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ES THANK YOU FOR YOUR SUPPORT, NCLA Office Hours: Mon.-Fri. 9-1 Telephone (Voice & FAX) 919/839-NCLA
BITTERSWEET LEGACY ~~ FRESHWATER FISHES OF THE CAROLINAS, VIRGINIA,
Gharste 1550-1910 MARYLAND, AND DELAWARE se
BY JANETTE THOMAS GREENWOOD BY FRED C. ROHDE, RUDOLF 6. ARNDT, DAVID G.
Bittersweet Legacy is the dramatic story of the LINDQUIST, AND JAMES F. PARNELL
relationship between two generations of black
and white southerners in Charlotte, North
Carolina, from 1850 to 1910. Janette Green-
wood describes the interactions between
black and white business and professional
people and paints a
surprisingly complex
portrait of race and
class relations in the
New South. o[Green-
woods] analysis of
the values of the
black ~better classT in
this era has applica-
bility far beyond
Encompassing habitats as diverse as
alpine forests and subtropical swamps,
the Mid-Atlantic region has a richly
diverse fish fauna. Richly illustrated, this
guide provides information on how to
identify some 260 species of freshwater
fish, from the largemouth bass to the
rosyside dace. oShould be read by most
everyone who angles for, closely watches,
studies, or just likes to know about the freshwater fishes of the
eastern United States.�"-Robert E. Jenkins, Roanoke College
2130-6, May, $24.95 Tr
203 color photographs, 13 b&w photographs, 178 maps, 28 line drawings
Charlotte.�"Paul
Eeoott Wake Forest A BIRDERTS GUIDE T0 COASTAL NORTH CAROLINA
Universi é eins |
ieee ME BY JOHN 0, FUSSELL I
A popular destination for bird-watchers from across the country,
the coastal region of North Carolina is a seasonal home to approxi-
ALONG FREEDOM Ro AD mately 400 species of birds, some of which are found more easily
here than anywhere else in the United States. John Fussell has put
Hyde County, North Carolina, and the Fate together the first guide to the prime bird-watching spots of the Tar
of Black Schools in the South Heel coast and nearby areas" including national seashores, national
BY DAVID. CECELSKI " and wildlife refuges, state parks and game lands, and other
ublic areas.
The moving story of a rural black communi- ae ng $29.95 cloth
tyTs fight to save its two schools. The 1968-69 4453-5, August, $16.95 Tr paper
school boycott in Hyde County, N.C., was one 12 illus., 44 maps
of the most sustained and successful protests
of the civil rights movement. oThe provocative
Bice cary aon pon ace NORTH CAROLINA BEACHES
integrationTs cherished A Guide to Coastal Access
precepts. . . . Such BY GLENN MORRIS
original scholarship
when ~school choiceT is Travel writer Glenn Morris leads a
a current issue bears north-to-south, beach-by-beach tour
serious contemplation.� of the North Carolina coast that covers
"Boohlist every site along the way"state parks,
2126-8, April, wildlife refuges, historic sites, fishing piers, ferries, and much more.
$32.50 cloth Accurate maps and grid charts show travelers how to get there and
4437-3, April, what they'll find, from boat ramps to pay phones to wheelchair ac-
$14.95 Tr paper cess to oceanfront parking. oThe book is informative but also a lot
of fun to read. [Morris's] essays"on tides, dunes, seashells, beach
driving, and other topics"sparkle like sunlight on the water.�
"Southern Living
4413-6, 1993, $16.95 Tr paper
48 illus., 32 maps
ISBN 0-8078-
Please write for our catalog.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS
Post Office Box 2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288 Toll free orders: Phone (800) 848-6224, Fax (800) 272-6817
EZOT-LO9LTZ PUT[OIRD YON ~YstoTeY
joan sauof sey GOT ~CUTTOIeD YON JO AresqrT 33e3¢
CaALSINOIL NOLLOAMAOD SSTAAUdV
NOLLVIDOSSV AUVUAIT VNITOUVO HLYON FHL AO NOLLVOITANd TVIOMAO mmm SIRIVAGU] VNI}OUVT) HON]
Fall 1994 The Virtual Library DOH
Gary Harden, Guest Editor ZEoz
Winter 1994 Money Changing in the Library
Harry Tuchmayer, Guest Editor
Spring 1995 Sex and the Library
Dr. Pauletta Bracy, Guest Editor
£SE7-8SBL2
I
uy
Summer 1995 _ Resource Sharing
Barbara Miller, Guest Editor =
Fall 1995 School Libraries
Diane Kessler, Guest Editor
Winter 1995 Conference Issue
Unsolicited articles dealing with the above themes or any issue of interest to North Carolina librarians
are welcomed. Please contact the editor for manuscript guidelines and deadlines.
North Carolina Libraries, published four times a year, is the official publication of the North
Carolina Library Association. Membership dues include a subscription to North Carolina
Libraries. Membership information may be obtained from the Administrative Assistant of
NCLA. Subscription rates are $32.00 per year, or $10.00 per issue, for domestic
subscriptions; $50.00 per year, or $15.00 per issue, for foreign subscriptions. Backfiles are
maintained by the editor. Microfilm copies are available through University Microfilms.
North Carolina Libraries is indexed by Library Literature and publishes its own annual index.
Editorial correspondence should be addressed to the editor; advertisement
correspondence should be addressed to the advertising manager. Articles are juried.