[This text is machine generated and may contain errors.]

~ The library profession, soconcerned with amassingand organizing the records ofother disciplines, has offenshown a curious indifferenceto its own records.

PresidentLELAND M. PARKDavidson College LibraryDavidson, NC 28036(704) 892-2000 Ext. 331First Vice-President /President-ElectPAULINE F. MYRICKMoore County SchoolsBox 307Carthage, NC 28327(919) 947-2976Second Vice-PresidentM. JANE WILLIAMSDivision of State Library109 East Jones StreetRaleigh, NC 27611(919) 733-2570SecretaryROBERTA S. WILLIAMSTransylvania County Library105 South Broad StreetBrevard, NC 28712(704) 884-3151TreasurerEUNICE P. DRUMBox 40034Raleigh, NC 27604(919) 733-4488DirectorSHIRLEY B. MCLAUGHLINAsheville-Buncombe TechnicalCollege340 Victoria RoadAsheville, NC 28801(704) 254-1921 Ext. 300DirectorJERRY A. THRASHERCumberland County PublicLibraryBox 1720Fayetteville, NC 28302(919) 483-1580Past PresidentMERTYS W. BELL5608 Scotland RoadGreensboro, NC 27407ALA RepresentativeEMILY BOYCE "Department of Library ScienceEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC 27834(919) 757-6621NCLA EXECUTIVE BOARDay1983-85SELA Representative Editor, North CarolinaREBECCA S. BALLENTINE LibrariesInstitute of Government ROBERT BURGINUNC-Chapel Hill School of Library ScienceChapel Hill, NC 27514 North Carolina Central(919) 966-4130 UniversityDurham, NC 27707(919) 683-6485SECTION/ROUND TABLE CHAIRSChildrenTs Services. Public LibraryKAREN M. PERRY JUDITH K. SUTTONArchdale-Trinity Middle School Public Library of CharlotteBox 232 and Mecklenburg CountyTrinity, NC 27370 310 North Tryon Street(919) 431-6714 Charlotte, NC 28202College and University (704) coataieyROBERT N. BLAND T Reference and Adult Services- Ramsey Library LARRY BARRUNC-Asheville, NC 28814 Department of Library and(704) 258-6543 Media StudiesAppalachian State UniversityCommunity and Junior Boone, NC 28608College Libraries (704) 262-2243MARY AVERY Resources and Technical ServicesLearning Resources Center BENJAMIN F. SPELLER, JR.Rowan Technical College School of Library ScienceBox 1595 North Carolina Central UniversitySalisbury, NC 28144 Durham, NC 27707(704) 637-0760 (919) 683-6485Documents Round Table for Ethnic Minority: ConcernsSTUART BASEFSKY jDuke University Library MARY P. WILLIAMSDurham, NC 27606 Fe a ies ck919) 684-237 In niversityee wa Greenville, NC 27834Junior Members Round table (919) 757-6691VIVIAN W. BEECH Round Table on the Sta: tus ofNew Hanover Count Public Women in Librarianshippeat | PATSY J. HANSEL201 Chestnut Street Cumberland County Public.Wilmington, NC 28403Lib:(919) 763-3303 Bex 1720N.C. Association of School Fayetteville, NC 28302Tiranane (919) 483-8600JUDIE DAVIE TrusteesDepartment of Library Science/_. DOROTHY R. BURNLEYEducational Technology 508 Reine StreetUNC-Greensboro High Point, NC 27260Greensboro, NC 27412 (919) 733-4838(919) 379-5100 Ext. 63

4port CaIOINACOISTABLE OF CONTENTSISSN 0029-2540Articles70 Foreword, Edward G. Holley72 A Firm Persuasion: The Career of Mary Peacock Douglas,Bud L. Gambee87 The American Imprints Inventory in North Carolina,Maurice C. York98 oNorth Carolina Archival Program"A Tradition ofExcellence,� Edited by Morgan J. Barclay108 Libraries, Books, and Culture, Ralph Lee ScottFeatures66 Letters68 From the President, Leland M. Park110 New North Carolina Books116 NCLA Conference119 NCLA MinutesCover: Edward G. Holley, oForword,� North Carolina Libraries Advertisers: American Library Association, p. 107; Baker & Tay-43 (Summer 1985): 70-71.This issue on library history attempts lor, p. 67; Blackwell North America, p. 125; ChildrenTs Servicesto correct the professionTs indifference to its own past. Section, NCLA, p. 86; East Woods Press, p. 128; Ebsco, p. 71;Freedom to Read Foundation, p. 71; McGregor, p. 107; NationalGeographic, p. 126; Phiebig, p. 97; Ruzicka, p. 69; UniversityVolume 43, Number 2 Summer 1985 Microfilms, pp. 66, 71.

LettersTo the Editor:You and your two contributing editors are tobe commended for assembling such a variety ofuseful observations on the theme of collectiondevelopment in the Spring 1985 issue.I found Harry TuchmayerTs lead article ofparticular interest but wish that he had confinedhis observations to public libraries, with which heis obviously more familiar than academic librar-ies.On the one hand, Mr. Tuchmayer rightlyrejects the notion that othe quantity of titles ismore important than the appropriateness of thevolumes� in any library. Yet, on the other, he sup-ports the acquisition of multiple copies of somebooks in a college library. My experience both as areference librarian and library administrator inseveral academic libraries, leads to the conclusionthat there is a positive correlation between aweak book collection and the number of duplicatecopies in that collection. Generally speaking, themore duplicate copies, the weaker the collection.Stated another way, you donTt build a strong col-lection by buying multiple copies of books. Forthis reason most academic libraries have a policyrequiring written justification from any facultymember who requests more than one copy of anybook. Not surprisingly, such justification is seldomprovided.I am in complete agreement with Mr. Tuch-mayerTs position that faculty selection of booksfor an academic library is far from the mostdesirable method of collection development. Inmost instances, trained librarians, using suchselection tools as Choice and Library Journal,can do a much more effective job of collectiondevelopment than faculty members, most ofwhom approach their task from a narrow per-spective. With this kind of perspective, it is impos-sible to achieve a balanced collection, the pro-fessed goal of all librarians.Alva StewartReference LibrarianF.D. Bluford LibraryNorth Carolina A & THarry Tuchmayer replies:Mr. Stewart and I obviously agree on the needto make all library collections responsive to theclientele they serve. In addition, we concur thatoquality collections� are in fact established by theappropriateness of the volumes held. Our differ-ence seems to revolve around the issue of howbest to obtain the appropriate volumes in an aca-demic library.I maintain that in most college and universitylibraries the basic mission is to serve the under-graduate. Consequently, what makes good collec-tions is the constant availability of the best titlesin a particular field. The surest way to guaranteethis is not to think that all scholarly works on atopic are equal but to recognize that standardinterpretations exist in all fields and that thesetitles become the yardsticks by which scholarsmeasure the worthiness of new interpretations. Itis these known standard titles that should bepurchased in multiple copies to insure to allundergraduates the availability of quality mate-rial in preparing papers.The real need of owning the more obscureand esoteric titles rests with major research insti-tutions supporting Ph.D. programs. The argu-ments found in these and many other sound titlesare often found in the numerous scholarly jour-nals that accompany most academic disciplines.The historiographical needs of the undergraduateand masters level student can therefore be satis-fied by the serials holdings of most institutions.With this in mind, I fail to see the ocorrelationbetween a weak book collection and the numberof duplicate copies in that collection.�This publicationis availablein microformfrom UniversityMicrofilmsInternational.Call toll-free 800-521-3044. In Michigan,Alaska and Hawaii call collect 313-761-4700. Ormail inquiry to: University Microfilms International,300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.66"North Carolina Libraries

1 KAN WN2D_@ SRN WYMew DN ~WVGsoRMruy y """" reaRl ie 1eet i1 eswileWA RIWHUWS SMES 8Ih, GAAS ONO greI Vy Yy 5MMNLS OeUN ¥Tt EZ NWCA, OSIWANQI| OYUNTV WISH Tas i Be Uy ewS ORES oW/o: SITES Ge ULIFW IVI YW SINS NSNWe've taken book orderingout of the Dark Ages.BalaSYSTEMS�"� is Baker & Taylor's newest generationof electronic book ordering services. ItTs especiallydesigned to work with existing computer hardware,with built in flexibility that allows you to match thelevel of service to your libraryTs unique needs.Whichever service level you choose, you'll save time,reduce paperwork and speed book acquisitions"allat a lower cost. For example:ORDER allows you to order books through your per-sonal computer, using a modem and regular telephonelines. Just enter the ISBNs and the following day you'llreceive electronic confirmation from which you canprint order slips. All calls are toll free. You also savethe cost and delay of postal delivery.Or you can choose SEARCH AND ORDER. In addi-access to Baker & Taylor's diverse and comprehensivedatabase of over 800,000 title records. ItTs your singlesource for virtually all the titles published or distrib-uted in the United States. And you eliminate manualsearching and purchase order typing.Finally, BalaSYSTEMS ACQUISITIONS offers on-lineaccess to our database and electronic ordering plus acomplete software package with fund accounting andfull reporting functions.These advanced service technologies are typical ofhow Baker & Taylor stays in step with the times,building on our experience to bring you the latest inlibrary services.BalaSYSTEMS. ItTs nothing less than a renaissance inbook acquisitions. experience You CAN DEPEND ONWrite or phone today BAKER & TAYLORfor more information.tion to electronic ordering, this service gives you quick a GRACE companyEastern Division, 50 Kirby Avenue, Somerville, NJ 08876 (201) 722-8000 Midwestern Division, 501 S. Gladiolus Street, Momence, IL 60954 (815) 472-2444Southern Division, Mt. Olive Road, Commerce, GA 30599 (404) 335-5000 Western Division, 380 Edison Way, Reno, NV 89564 (702) 786-67001985 Summer"67

From the PresidentNorth Carolina Libraries. Robert Burginassumed the editorship of NCL with the Fall 1983issue. Over three hundred pages have been pub-lished, and NCL remains one of the top journals inthe field in the country. In addition to editing thejournal, Robert has become a faculty member atNorth Carolina Central Universitys School ofLibrary Science and also a doctoral student at theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Withthese new demands on his time, he felt it wasnecessary to relinquish the editorship, and withreluctance but with appreciation for his superiorwork, the president and the board have acceptedhis resignation. This is his last issue. Having had abit of editorship experience, I know what work itcan be. Having worked with Robert Burgin, I knowhow much he put into seeing that NCL continuedto be an outstanding journal for which NCLA canbe proud. He is a real pro in every sense of theword, and he will be missed. Our sincere thanksfor an outstanding job and best wishes in his newventures.The new editor will be Patsy Hansel, associatedirector of the Cumberland County Public Libraryand associate editor of NCL for the past twoyears. The board approved the presidentTs appoint-ment at the spring workshop, and we look for-ward to her work in this post. She is active inNCLA, a gifted writer, and a first class adminis-trator. And, it should be noted, Patsy is the firstwoman editor of NCL in at least twenty years.Congratulations, Patsy, and welcome.Raleigh and the Legislature. My car seemsto be on automatic pilot when I get on Interstate85 heading to Raleigh, so often have I been therein the last several months. One of the most pleas-ant occasions was the reception honoring theNorth Carolina legislators, which was jointlysponsored by the NCLA Public Library Section,the NCLA Trustees Section, the NC Public LibraryDirectorsT Association, and the Friends of NC Pub-lic Libraries. Over one-half of the members of theNC legislature came to the beautiful receptionheld on May 2nd in the State Library, across thestreet from the Legislative Building. Secretary of68"North Carolina Librariesstand up forlibrariesNORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONCultural Resources Patric Dorsey was there tojoin with us in greeting the legislators and tospeak to the group. It was proof that librariansare visible and working and lobbying effectivelyfor the betterment of library services in NorthCarolina.Another happy note is the introduction ofSenate Bill 157, sponsored by Senators Hardison,et al., and House Bill 301, sponsored by Repre-sentatives Watkins, et al. The bills have aroundfifty co-sponsors. They support the appropriationof the second three million dollar installment foraid to public libraries. The prospects for thisincrease look very good, but please make a note tospeak with your legislators in support of the bills.North CarolinaTs public libraries are really cominginto their own ... and not a minute too soon. Ourcongratulations to Nancy Bates, Louise Boone,Judith Sutton, Nancy Massey, and their respectivegroups who have worked so hard for this fundingproject.Lindsey Leaves. Marge Lindsey, special con-sultant with the Division of the State Library formany years, has announced her retirement fromthe Division effective July Ist. This is a real loss forlibraries all over North Carolina, for there is nonefiner than Marge Lindsey. She is constant in hersupport of the library movement, she is thoroughin every endeavor she undertakes, and her inter-est in each of us throughout this great state hasbeen sincere and far-reaching. If you know Margepersonally, you are lucky. If you donTt, you knowher work well, for she edited for many years TarHeel Libraries, which each NCLAer receives. Toher we send our most hearty thanks and everybest wish for the future.Elections and Committees. In May youshould have received your ballot for election ofofficers for the 1985-1987 biennium. They are dueback by the end of the month, and we are hopefulthat the results will be known in time to make thedeadline for this issue. In the same mailing was aform from President-Elect Pauline Myrick askingfor member input regarding committee assign-ments for the biennium. If you didnTt receive one,drop her a note and express your willingness to

serve on a committee and in which committee youare most interested.Futures Committee. You will see in thisissue, as well as in Tar Heel Libraries, a call fromthe chairman of the Futures Committee, ArabelleFedora, for members to write about any sugges-tions for the improvement of NCLA as an organi-zation. The committee has been working hard formany months, assembling data from across thecountry and within North Carolina. Their reportis scheduled to be given to the Executive Boardsometime in early 1986. The membership will benotified of their recommendations, and plenty oftime will be given for reactions to the report priorto its being presented to the membership for con-sideration if, indeed, their report calls for anyconstitutional changes. (Note: I told the commit-tee not to tell me anything about what they areconsidering, and they have kept that vow! I canTtfind out anything!)Raleigh Conference. In this issue you willfind preliminary reports on the plans for theOctober conference. It is an exciting one withmany surprises in store. The speakers are excel-lent ones; the scheduling particularly good (someof the changes from past years are at the requestof sections of NCLA and the exhibitors). The pres-identTs dance will replace the presidentTs recep-tion, this being held immediately after thebanquet; and everyone is invited, too. We are hop-ing for a surprise drop-in guest!Young Librarians Award. The Junior Mem-bers Round Table, a section of NCLA, is offeringan award to a young librarian who is making out-standing contributions to the library profession.It will be awarded at the Raleigh conference.Applications may be obtained from Vivian Beech,assistant director, New Hanover County PublicLibrary, 201 Chestnut Street, Wilmington, NC28401. The deadline is August 31, 1985. This is amarvelous gesture on the part of JMRT to recog-nize some of the outstanding new talent in thelibrary profession in our state.Library Trivia. In the course of filling out themyriad of forms and questionnaires which I get,and thanks to super treasurer Eunice Drum andthe Secretary of StateTs office, the following wasfound. The founding date of NCLA was May 1904,and NCLA was incorporated on August 4, 1948.Have a grand summer!Leland M. Park, President.jas Ruzic eS Inc.WHAT DO YOU LOOK FOR IN A BINDERY?Pima Zell] axxo) |(=Yo1 ((olamel=\--1aU--mal- ms oligo liare)excellence attained through 226 yearsexperience.Certified by the Library Binding Institute,we offer you a choice.Select Class oA� binding or try our Superflex.Ss Both are fully guaranteed in materials andWe) d.daar-talvall oFSERVICE, QUALITY, AND FAIR PRICES... THE RUZICKA WAY.Come by for a personal tour of our facilities.(oll Mola aahcomiolaser-Vadier I -lecn911 Northridge Street ¢ P. O. Box 21568 * Greensboro, North Carolina 27420Telephone (919) 299-7534An Equal Opportunity Employer1985 Summer"69

ForewordEdward G. HolleyWhen Maury York told me he planned to editan issue of North Carolina Libraries on archives,manuscripts, and library history, I was delighted.The library profession, so concerned with amass-ing and organizing the records of other disci-plines, has often shown a curious indifference toits own records. I welcome MauryTs effort to cap-ture the impressive stories of North Carolinianswho have made significant contributions to theadvancement of both library and archival work inthe state and the nation. One can only hope thatthis North Carolina Libraries issue, along withthe recent interviews of Elaine Von Oesen andMattie Russell published in Ms Management(NCLA Round Table on the Status of Women inLibrarianship), will encourage others to maketheir own contributions to an understanding ofour professional past, not only in preserving thehistorical record in manuscript and archival formbut also in sharing the results of their investiga-tions into those sources with us.Budd GambeeTs study of the publications ofMary Peacock Douglas reminds us once again ofgiants the North Carolina library profession canclaim. His essay represents that thoroughness towhich we have become accustomed from his pen.He has distilled from her writings a picture of oneof the vital persons in school librarianship. Mrs.Douglas moved from the state to the nationalscene in tune with the times. From the technicalto the philosophical her mind continued todevelop over a period of four decades. Sheunashamedly combined a commitment to profes-sional standards with a personal touch. Her con-tributions led her from the High School Journal, astate-based effort, to other journals in the field ofprofessional education, to major library journalsand nationally recognized books in her field. Yetshe left all too few personal records. We can begrateful for what has been preserved and lamentthat there is not more. A warning to other librar-ians: donTt go and do likewise.YorkTs own essay tells a little-known story ofthe American Imprints Inventory in North Caro-Edward G. Holley is x Professor and former Dean of theSchool of Library Science at the University of North Carolinaat Chapel Hill.70"North Carolina Librarieslina as a part of the stateTs distinguished record inpreserving its past. One reads with amazementthe significance of North Carolinians in archivalprogress in the United States: R.D.W. Connor,Charles C. Crittenden, Dan Lacy. As Morgan Bar-clay notes at the beginning of his paper on H.G.Jones, oDuring the first seventy years of this cen-tury, North Carolinians dominated national archi-val leadership.� He does not overstate the case.Barclays interview with Jones reminds usthat the earlier leadership has not diminished.H.G. Jones emerges not only as a distinguishedscholar, but also as a shrewd politician. The majorarchivists and manuscript curators, like themajor librarians, knew their people and were notreluctant to use the political process to achievetheir ends. Both the Gambee and York essaysshow how that process worked in differentspheres: Mary Peacock Douglas in preaching thegospel of school librarianship, and the AmericanImprints Inventory by taking advantage of NewDeal programs that employed jobless historiansto make the countryTs bibliographical record morecomplete. The North Carolina record in archiveswas more impressive than the same record in bib-liographical control, but both were significant.Most of all, these essays reveal that we needto do more oral history interviews. Gambee madeuse of some interviews. York had access to a tre-mendous amount of microfilm records and alsoused personal correspondence. The Barclay inter-view with H.G. Jones is an example of the kind oforal history we need. Historians rejoice especiallyin interviews, like that of H.G. Jones, whichexpress frank and uninhibited views. They arerarer than we would like, and our understandingis the worse for their rarity.As I learned when one of my students inter-viewed Mollie Huston Lee, we must make greaterefforts before earlier leaders pass from the scene.Doris C. Dale, in conjunction with the ALA LibraryHistory Round Table, will soon publish A Direc-tory of Oral History Tapes of Libraries in theUnited States and Canada. As often occurs withthe publication of such a directory, we can expectadditional oral history records to be subsequentlyreported.

So I commend this effort of Maury York andthe editor of North Carolina Libraries. If we wishour interpretation of our past to be better, wemust preserve more personal and institutionalrecords than we have achieved thus far. Theseauthors have shown us the way. Let us build ontheir work.Thispublicationis available inmicroformfrom UniversityMicrofilmsInternational.CO Please send information about these titles:NameCompany/InstitutionAddressCityState Zip.Phone ( )Call toll-free 800-521-3044. Or mail inquiry to:University Microfilms International, 300 NorthPLAINSIMPLEOur physical size and financial strength"necessary to makeand honor commitments"indicate the successful workingrelationships we have with thousands of libraries worldwide.But the plain truth is, simply, that it is our sensitivity toyour unique requirements, and our flexibility in providing anexhaustive and relentless effort for total customer servicethat is our real strength.We want to work with you"to help you provideexceptional patron service, which is your strength.We can help. Write today"EBSCO SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES8000 Forbes Place, Suite 204Springfield, VA 22151(703) 321-7494/321-9630Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.The Serials Professionals=C\If the right to express your ideas is important to you...then you can help fight suppression of free expression.Freedom to Read FoundationThe battle is an important one. Todayreports of attempts to censor booksand information are at record highs.Any book, magazine, photographOr other material can be the targetOf would-be censors from the left,right or center.Your membership in the Freedomto Read Foundation can make adifference in protecting the free flowOf information and ideas"the basicPrinciples of the First Amendment.The Foundation is a 14-year-oldOrganization of librarians, lawyers,educators, booksellers, authors,Publishers and other concerned citi-zens who have joined together toSafeguard the tradition of-free expres-Sion in America. The FoundationProvides legal and financial supportto those at the frontline of censorshipChallenges.Your membership in theFreedom to Read Foundation will:¢ help support librarians across thenation who are beleaguered byraids on our libraries* expand the freedom to read byoffering legal and financial helpin cases involving authors, pub-lishers and booksellers* entitle you to the Freedom to ReadFoundation News, a quarterlynewsletter on censorship trends,current court cases, legislativedevelopments, and reportsof successes in bouts with censors.Books and ideas aren't dangerous .. .but information restraints on a freepeople are. Protect the future ofthe First Amendment. Join theFreedom to Read Foundation.Yes, | want to become active in theFreedom to Read Foundation.My membership check for $is enclosed. This tax-deductiblecontribution entitles me to vote forFoundation trustees and to receivethe quarterly Freedom to ReadFoundation News.$10 student(1 $100 sponsor$25 regular $500 patron$50 contributing $1000 benefactorNameAddressCity State ZipPlease make checks payable toFreedom to Read Foundation andmail to Freedom to Read Foundation,50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611.1985 Summer"71

A Firm Persuasion:The Career of Mary Peacock DouglasBudd L. GambeeMary Teresa Peacock was born in Salisbury,North Carolina, on February 8, 1903, the daughterof Philip Nathaniel and Mary Elizabeth (Trotter)Douglas.! Mr. Peacock, together with his brother,ran a wholesale grocery business. The family wasprosperous, lived in a fine brick house on SouthFulton Street in what is now the ohistoric district�of Salisbury, and was prominent in the FirstMethodist Church. Mary was the oldest of fourchildren, two girls and two boys.� In 1961 shereminisced about her early home life, giving herparents credit for her enthusiasm for books, call-ing it oa love learned at home.� Her mother hadread aloud to her four children every night, andoher father ... not only read books, he boughtthem. Our library at home was actually betterthan the school library when I went to school.T �In 1923 she received her A.B. in English fromthe WomanTs College of the University of NorthCarolina at Greensboro and returned to Salisburyto teach English until 1925 in the Wiley Elemen-tary School and until 1926 in the Boyden HighSchool. During this period she took a six-weeksummer course in library science at Greensboro,which undoubtedly was a factor in her appoint-ment as the librarian at Boyden from 1927 to1930. Azile Woffard states that she was oone of asizable [sic] group who had entered school librarywork on a wave of activity resulting in standardsfor high school libraries of the Southern Associa-tion (1927).�4Mary Teresa Peacock embraced her new pro-fession eagerly and at the end of her first year oflibrarianship felt she was ready to publish andpromptly did so. The issue of April 1928, of theHigh School Journal, published for the School ofEducation of the University of North Carolina bythe prestigious University of North Carolina Press,carried what surely must be her first publishedarticle, oCirculation in School Libraries.�® Thisappeared in a special issue with sixteen articlesmostly by school librarians but headed by com-mentary by Louis Round Wilson, librarian of theUniversity of North Carolina, and by J. HenryBudd L. Gambee is Professor Emeritus at the School ofLibrary Science of the University of North Carolina at ChapelHill.72"North Carolina LibrariesHighsmith, state inspector of high schools. Thelatter was soon to become her immediate supe-rior in the State Department of Public Instruc-tion.This article establishes a pattern which char-acterizes much of her extensive published writ-ings. It describes a library operation concisely andlargely without comment, much like an opera-tional manual. A curious circulation device, whicha more experienced person might have ques-tioned, was the filing of bookcards under date dueby accession number, though the possibility ofanother arrangement is admitted. Stress is onstudent cooperation, as when overdues areposted in the hall so students will remind oneanother of delinquencies. She feels that theassistance of students has made the circulationwork in the school both interesting and enjoy-able.6 From the first she was a believer in the userof superior students under careful supervision as ~assistants in the school library and noted thatothe assignment to library duty has been consid-ered an honor and a pleasure.�The young librarian followed up with asecond article in the High School Journal for Feb-ruary 1930 entitled oA Plan for TeachersT Meet-ings.�8 This article describes a faculty meeting onthe use of supplementary materials in oenrichedteaching.� The librarian presided, and representa-tives from the science, language, English, and civ-ics departments demonstrated projects using avariety of materials, most of which either camefrom the library or included background informa-tion contributed by the library. The point broughtout is that the library under an alert librarian isable to be a key source for a variety of teachingmethods to the great improvement of learning.These programs were to continue, and the readerfeels convinced that the librarian will be a majorcontributor to their success.Beginning in 1928 and continuing until shereceived her B.S. in L.S. in 1931, Miss Peacockpursued studies in library science at the School ofLibrary Service at Columbia University in NewYork City. Although rarely, if ever, referred to inher writings, this experience must account inlarge part for her thorough professional attitude

toward her work, toward librarianship in general,and her lifelong preoccupation with high profes-sional standards. The clear explanatory nature ofher writings, with their many lists, and her ownyears of summer school teaching reflect a peda-gogical approach to her work.School Library AdviserThe fact that she was writing in a North Caro-lina educational journal and pursuing a special-ized advanced degree from so prestigious a schoolundoubtedly attracted the attention of thoseseeking to fill the position in the State Depart-ment of Public Instruction of oSchool LibraryAdviser,� newly created with funds from theGeneral Education Board of the RockefellerFoundation. She was the first school librarian inthe department, and her duties were to encour-age, promote and oversee school libraries inNorth Carolina. She took office on July 1, 1930, atthe age of twenty-seven.It was a very responsible job for a youngwoman with such limited experience and a yet-to-be-completed degree in Library Science. Norwas there any guidance in the capital at Raleigh,as it was not only a new position, but a new ideafor North Carolina, and there were no precedentsto follow. Also her position was one of only a fewsimilar ones established nationally by the founda-tion, and the eyes of the school library world wereupon these new state supervisors to see how theywould perform. She was to fill her position withsignal success for seventeen years, put NorthCarolina school libraries on the map despite eco-nomic depression and war, and make of herselfone of the best known American school libraryleaders.To spread her message to the school librariesof the state, she turned to the High School Jour-nal. In the issue for October 1930, signing herselfproudly as oState Director of School Libraries,�she published an article entitled, oEffective SchoolLibrary Service.�® She sketches the absolute min-imum standards for a school library. She recom-mends either a trained school librarian or apart-time teacher-librarian with six weeks ofsummer school classes in library science. Thisperson must then create an accessions list, class-ify the books, prepare a card catalog and shelflist,and design a loan system. But she points out thatmechanics are not enough, and it is the librarianworking with administration, faculty, and pupilsin truly professional ways who makes the library agenuine teaching tool.In the November issue she announced thatthere would be a regular series of articles, eachexplaining an essential activity of the schoollibrary, particularly for those teacher-librarianswho had little if any training and were faced withorganizing or maintaining a school library. Thefirst article, on accessioning, appeared in Novem-ber 1930, classification in January 1931, catalog-ing in February, the information file in March, anevaluative test of a library in April, and selectionin May.!° She had obeen there,� she knew exactlywhat was needed, and she provided it.The year 1931 was obviously a busy one forthe young director. For, in addition to preparingthese monthly articles and establishing her posi-tion in the hierarchy of the Department of PublicInstruction, she received her Bachelor's degree inLibrary Science from Columbia, presumably inJune, and on August 25, she married ClarenceDeWitt Douglas, comptroller of the North Caro-lina State Board of Education. And the articles inHigh School Journal continued, promoted to afull-fledged ocolumn� under which she wrote onthe ideal book collection in January 1982, libraryorganization in February, and teaching library usein April.) After this issue oThe Library Column�ceased, probably because Mrs. Douglas was reach-Mary Teresa Peacock Douglas. In ALA Bulletin 37 (April1943): 127. (From copy in the North Carolina Collection, UNCLibrary, Chapel Hill.)1985 Summer"73

ing schools of the state more efficiently throughreleases from her office and by constant travel.By these articles she had established the organi-zation and much of the content of her book, NorthCarolina School Library Handbook, which was tocome out first in 1937 and in turn develop intoher Teacher-LibrarianTs Handbook, published bythe American Library Association in 1941 and1949.Mrs. Douglas was also much involved with aoNorth Carolina Radio School,� as is indicated byextensive material in the North Carolina StateArchives. Programs, lists, scripts, and correspon-dence indicate that from 1931 to 1934 she wasparticipating in educational radio programs,mostly on the subject of English literature. In1932 and 1933 she gave radio talks on Longfellow,Burns, Tennyson, Wordsworth, Browning, andoPatriotism.� The script for her talk on oEnglandand Wales� is in the file. Her work here is as anEnglish teacher rather than as a librarian, thoughthere is evidence that her office probably suppliedbibliographies and other information to theoRadio School� as a whole.�On at least two occasions in later life MaryPeacock Douglas published her impressions of herseventeen years as state school library adviserand how she had carried out her duties. Theseaccounts provide an excellent summary of thispart of her career in the most extraordinary, evenat times amusing, quantity of detail concerningher multitudinous activities. The lesser of thesetwo accounts was presented as a speech at thefirst Allerton Park Institute in October 1954,seven years after her retirement from the statesupervisory position.!? In this she stresses theimportance of the individual occupying this posi-tion, followed by an intimidating list of qualitiesneeded, including physical and emotional stam-ina, humor, enthusiasm, alertness, courage, tact,vision, knowledge, understanding, and the abilityto rise above the personal. It could well be asketch for a self-portrait.Mrs. DouglasTs passion for statistics enabledher to give an elaborately subdivided list of heractivities in the decade from 1930 to 1940, heredrastically simplified: 1,311 school visits in onehundred counties; 655 meetings attended; 250items published; 243 speeches given; and, for goodmeasure, 4,261 pieces of mail received in theschool year of 1940 alone. Obviously stamina wasnecessary.'4Mrs. Douglas stressed the importance of trained librarians: Trained library teachers assist pupils to satisfy intellectual curios-ity.� (Photograph in Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Carolina, 1938-39 and 1939-40, 103. Fromcopy in the North Carolina Collection, UNC Library, Chapel Hill.)74"North Carolina Libraries

oHelpmate� to School LibrariansA second and more interesting account waspublished in Library Journal in September 1947and constitutes a swan song for this phase of hercareer.!® By this time the editor was able to write,oIt is patently superfluous to provide a contribu-torTs note for Mary Peacock Douglas, whose influ-ence for improvement of school libraries has beenas great at the national level as throughout herown state where her interest has extended to thetiniest school during the past seventeen years.�In the article she clearly indicates her marriage toher work by choosing the word ohelpmate� to de-scribe the state supervisor of school libraries; ahelpmate to oschool librarians, near-school librar-ians, and would-be school librarians,� as well asadministrators, teachers, pupils and parents. Shedivided the work of this helpmate into three cate-gories: interpreting, improving, and extendingschool library services. To do all this the helpmatemust have such qualities as odeep conviction,�opositive philosophy,� and a oknack for getting theidea over to the other fellow.�"*She describes interpreting library service aspublicity, promotion, and public relations carriedon by informal conversations with relevant civicleaders oon the spot,� formal and informal talks toa variety of groups, articles prepared for publica-tion in journals and bulletins issued by headquar-ters, correspondence, and statistics. On the latterscore she announces with pride that in seventeenyears she has traveled over two hundred thou-sand miles on practically every major highway inMrs. Douglas teaching at Central Washington College, Ellensburg, Washington,the state to visit repeatedly all of the one hundredcounties.She lists the methods by which the office ofthe state supervisor oimproves library services�under the following headings: the selection, main-tenance, and organization of suitable book andaudiovisual collections; the planning of libraryquarters, furnishings, and equipment, personnelplacement services and work toward the improve-ment of library education programs for schoollibrarians; improving financial support from stateand local sources, and aid in preparing suitablebudgets; assistance in library use instruction; theinterpretation of state, regional, and nationalstandards to local school situations.Finally on oextending school library services,�she points out that prior to 1930 in North Caro-lina there had been virtually no elementary schoollibraries and high school libraries in only thelarger cities. Statistics always at hand, she statesthat from 1935 to 1945 there were increases of 60per cent in high school libraries, 100 per cent inelementary libraries, 174 per cent in school librar-ians with twenty-four or more hours of libraryscience, and 1,066 per cent in annual state aid toschool libraries. Mrs. Douglas almost never men-tioned the negative. The fact that the years of herservice had coincided with an era of depressionand war and that North CarolinaTs support ofschools may not have compared favorably withother states, is never cited. The fact is, greatimprovement was made, and she believes that theoffice of the state supervisor played a large part in1951. (Photograph from the collection of Douglasmemorabilia in the library of the Mary P. Douglas Elementary School, Raleigh.)1985 Summer"75

those improvements. She says, oEven a superficialconsideration of statistical data will show themarked and rapid growth in the states withsupervisors and with few exceptions the morelimited development in many of the others.�!The article discussed above was based onnotes Mrs. Douglas made for a talk before theSecond Annual Eastern Pennsylvania SchoolLibrary Conference in March of 1947. This musthave been a very emotional time for her as it wasthe eve of her resignation from her long-held posi-tion of State School Library Adviser, effectiveJune 30 of that same year, for the less demanding,but also less prestigious position of supervisor ofschool libraries for the city of Raleigh. And there-fore, if she seems a bit carried away in her con-cluding statement, perhaps it should be read withthis background in mind. The state supervisor-ship was her life, and she was leaving it. She hadserved it unstintingly; indeed exhaustion was afactor in her change of position. But, on the otherhand, the position itself had given her a promi-=Mrs. Douglas also influenced the biennial reports of the Department of Public Instruction. She thought that othe library meetsnent pulpit which she had filled so competently asto gain fame in the world of school librarianship.To Mrs. Douglas, as to many library leaders beforeher, librarianship was only incidentally a job anda salary check; it was a mission, and the overtonesof evangelical Protestantism are never far fromthe surface of their conduct and their writings.Surely no minister at the First Methodist Churchin Salisbury could have ended his sermon moreeffectively than did Mrs. Douglas in her talk to theschool librarians of eastern Pennsylvania. On theother hand, a powerful ego is probably a necessityfor highly successful public figures no matter howcarefully sublimated, and in moments of stress itmay fleetingly appear. All of these factors lendresonance to her concluding words.The State School Library Supervisor sees a dis-tant vision of an ideal, sees a narrow pathwayleading toward it, sets her feet upon the path-way, and slowly moves toward the summit,broadening the path with toiling hands as wearyfeet take each new step that the pathway mayes, 8informational needs in all subjects of the curriculum and helps develop varied recreational interests.� (Photograph in BiennialReport of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Carolina, 1938-39 and 1939-40, 103. From copy in the North CarolinaCollection, UNC Library, Chapel Hill.)76"North Carolina Libraries

become a roadway for those many co-workerswho follow the trail that is blazed.�°PublicationsOne facet of Mrs. DouglasTs professionalismtook the form of extensive writing. Her purposewas overwhelmingly educational, she did notdebate, and she rarely philosophized. While shesurely realized that the published librarian is theremembered librarian, there is little evidence thatshe wrote for this purpose, though at times sheput her considerable role in school library mat-ters very clearly on record. In 1954 she said thatbetween 1930 and 1940 alone she had preparedeighty-six articles for publication.�!A much more modest list of fifty-seven arti-cles ranging from 1928 to 1962 was uncovered forthis paper and all but three were located, read,and annotated. Almost two-thirds of the articleswere written during her tenure in the state posi-tion. The ones located appeared in fifteen libraryperiodicals and ten educational periodicals. Thisdoubtless reflected her feeling that the impor-tance of school libraries must be impressed uponschool administrators and teachers as well aslibrarians. Her writings came out most frequentlyin Library Journal (including School LibraryJournal) because of its emphasis on school librar-ies, but she published at least once in anotherstandard library periodical and in several statelibrary journals. Some of her articles werereprinted in other periodicals or anthologized inbooks,In order to discuss these many publicationsthey are here grouped by subject in both the textand the notes. A few highly selective quotationswill be given to indicate the oflavor� of the whole.The first group might be called, oThe true schoollibrary under a real school librarian,� emphasiz-ing two favorite words of Mrs. Douglas. Most ofthese articles seek to give an attractive picture ofa school library which lives up to accepted profes-sional standards and to explain the role of atrained librarian, or teacher-librarian, in makingthe library an important part of the whole schoolprogram. These were aimed at school administra-tors on the one hand, or at librarians on the other,depending on the readership of the periodicals inwhich they appeared.One which does not fit the pattern in thisgroup is entitled simply, oSchool Libraries inNorth Carolina,�? which turns out to be a historyof school libraries in the state from 1809 to 1954,Published in North Carolina Libraries in Nov-ember 1954, in a special issue commemoratingthe fiftieth anniversary of the North CarolinaLibrary Association. Unfortunately, sources arenot indicated in notes and only occasionally in thetext, but still it is a readable narrative carefullycompiled. The earliest of these general articles is alengthy paper read in December 1933, to the 38thannual meeting of the Southern Association ofColleges and Secondary Schools.� This must havebeen a great honor to Mrs. Douglas, and her paperis a full-dress affair preceded in the publishedversion by an elaborate outline of its contents.She describes the library as a friendly place whichpermeates the school with an intellectual atmos-phere and the librarian as the counselor to stu-dents and faculty alike. This article was reprintedin 1939 in the High School Journal, probably toprovide greater accessiblity.The remainder of these general articles showsa progression from the relatively simple practical-ity of the earlier ones to the wider perspective ofthe later ones.24 Along with libraries, Mrs. Douglaschanged with the times. She was on the cuttingedge of most developments in school libraries; sheknew everyone, went everywhere, and learnedfrom her experiences. The later articles discuss agreater variety of materials, more flexible rules,larger libraries and more centralized services,individual study, training in critical thinking, andthe acceptance of librarians as full-fledged staffmembers involved with curriculum planning andother key school issues. Perhaps significantly, themost recent of her articles found for this paper fitin this classification, published in North CarolinaLibraries in 1962 and entitled oA Look Ahead.�World War IIMrs. Douglas was a member of the Daughtersof the American Revolution and a fervent patriot,so with the advent of World War II it is not sur-prising that her writings reflected her attitudes.Shortly before the war, on May 2, 1941, she deliv-ered an emotional speech entitled, oSchool Librar-ies and Our Democracy,� to the Louisiana LibraryAssociation.22 The published version lists theAmerican freedoms which she fears are taken forgranted. Admitting to seeing the United Statesothrough rose-colored glasses,� she was concernedwith contemporary tendencies to flirt with com-munism and fascism in certain quarters, with theodebunking� school of historians, and with whatshe sees as a sordid picture of American life insuch books as Tobacco Road and Grapes of Wrath.She views the school library as a defender andpropagator of the democratic ideal. While sheagrees that libraries should present both sides ofcontroversial topics, they should leave no doubt1985 Summer"77

as to which side they are on. What must havegiven this speech considerable emotional appealwas the readings from four poems, at least oneprose work, and the retelling of the story of thecomposition of the national anthem by FrancisScott Key. After war was declared, Library Jour-nal reprinted this speech in February 1942.An article in 1943 dramatizes how completelythis country was being organized to fight the waras earlier it had been to fight the depression.�Primarily for North Carolina school librarians,Mrs. Douglas discusses in her usual exhaustivedetail how they can support a new federal pro-gram called the oHigh School Victory Corps.� Thisorganization existed to train youth for war ser-vice after their high school years and to encour-age their participation in the war effort while stillin school.SNShe had obeen there,� sheknew exactly what was needed,and she provided it.Perhaps Mrs. Douglas may have established areputation for her patriotic endeavors; in anycase, Library Journal chose to feature her articleon the documents of freedom on the front coverand in the text of its oAmerica Month Number� forFebruary 1943.2� The article stresses the impor-tance of displaying posters in libraries of suchdocuments as RooseveltTs ofour freedoms,� theDeclaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights,and others. She lists and comments on the free-doms involved and appends a list of books wherethe full texts of the basic documents may befound.As the war made travel to conferencesimpossible, the American Library Associationconducted a oConference in Print� in its Bulletinfor February 1944.8 A veritable who's who ofmajor American librarians contributed articles onassorted topics. This of course included Mrs. Doug-las, who is listed as the chairman of the Post-WarPlanning Committee of the AssociationTs Divisionof Libraries for Children and Young People. Hercontribution, probably due to editorial restric-tions, is a brief discussion of her committeeTsplans for post-war standards for school libraries.Some of these writings on libraries in wartimesuggest certain of Mrs. DouglasT strong opinionson book selection, but she seems to have writtenvery little on the subject. In North Carolina mostbooks were ordered from state-approved lists,with some additions from selective lists such asChildrenTs Catalog or the Standard Catalog for78"North Carolina LibrariesHigh School Libraries. Possibly because of herresolutely positive attitude or because they maynever have arisen, she seems never to have men-tioned some of the more unpleasant problemsinvolving censorship. One of her early articles,published in 1931, was about book selection.�9 Init she proposes a test to avoid mediocre books byconsidering the criteria of truth, good Englishusage, wholesome ideas, high moral tone, reada-bility, and vitality.Years later, writing for the National Councilof Teachers of English in its Elementary EnglishReview, she pointed out how a state supervisor oflibraries can encourage the appreciation of whatshe termed oreal literature� through guidance inselecting the best books, including attractivelyillustrated editions of the classics.°° Much of thearticle lists activities such as story hours to popu-larize good books.Of the articles located, seven were on theplanning and equipping of school libraries, afavorite subject and one on which Mrs. Douglasdeveloped considerable expertise.*! The two mostrevealing were widely spaced in time, 1935 and1960, and each is a highly personal account. In1935 all plans for building and remodeling publicschools in North Carolina had to be approved bythe state superintendent of public instructionupon recommendation of an official picturesquelytitled oDirector of School House Planning.� As aresult of Works Progress Administration grants in1934-35 alone, more than three million dollarshad been received for school buildings and reno-vations, a very large sum in those days. Mrs. Doug-las and others in the department were asked forinput on these plans, and she responded with herusual enthusiasm. At first the plans for schoollibraries submitted by the architects were so poorthat they had to be redrawn, but before long allschool plans included libraries designed as librar-ies and not simply as rooms to warehouse books.This had beneficial results not only on schoollibraries but also in the Department of PublicInstruction by introducing greater participationand cooperation internally and between thedepartment and architects, administrators, andWPA authorities. The inescapable conclusion wasthat the school library adviser, at the time rela-tively new to her job, was accomplishing greatthings. The article was reprinted in the SchoolExecutiveTs Magazine in July of the same year.Twenty-five years later, in 1960, Mrs. Douglas,by now thirteen years into her long tenure assupervisor of school libraries for the Raleigh Pub-lic Schools, wrote an enthusiastic sketch of herinvolvement with the planning of the library for a

new junior high school in Raleigh. Her article, thefirst of four similar discussions published byLibrary Journal in a series entitled oNew SchoolLibraries"Experiences in Planning,� was called,oWe Wouldn't Change a Thing.� Within a year afterthe site was selected she had provided her super-intendent with detailed plans reinforced by listsof ideas and pictures of desirable features. Fortu-nately, school system policy permitted her toapproach the architect directly (her twelfth) andwork with him through the three drafts requiredof the plans prior to final approval. During theconstruction she made the acquaintance of thecontractor and his foreman and by opokingaround at least once a week� was able to be surethe construction realized the plans. From this ex-perience she codified five rules basic to goodschool library planning. Delighted with the re-sults, the former English teacher in a relaxedmood sums it up, oWe got what we wanted like wewanted it.�Constant Growth of IdeasBetween these two articles were several in-depth discussions which show a constant growthof her ideas to fit the changes in the total educa-tional picture. She was seldom an innovator butapropagandist for the best thought of her time asfound in library standards, in her wide expe-rience, and in her desire to make the library anA model school library. Frontispiece in Mary Peacock Douglas,inviting place. In the 1930s she described simplelibraries"the size of two classrooms combinedwith a workroom-office and a conference roompartitioned off at one end. But as the years passedshe described larger libraries housed in suites ofrooms, emphasized greater flexibility and infor-mality, better lighting and acoustics, colorful dec-oration (libraries need not be limited to ocreamand oak�), and the integration of audiovisualfunctions. This was always backed up by the prac-tical: standard dimensions and lists of helpfulmanufacturers, organizations, and books. Twoquotations serve to show her point of view.oCreate a room which will express an invitation ...to come, to browse, to read, to study.�** oAnd sowe see it a mute and lovely thing until the schoolcommunity moves in. Then, mute no longer, butlovelier still, it finds its culmination in its servicesto its users.�Mary Peacock Douglas was a fervent advo-cate of official library standards as a tool for theimprovement of libraries. She greatly admired thestandards for high school libraries published in1920 and those for elementary libraries publishedin 1925 under the editorship of Charles C. Cer-tain.34 These so-called oCertain standards� areoften spoken of as the beginnings of the schoollibrary movement. She was directly involved inthe creation of several subsequent national,regional, and state standards. Material in thePlanning and Equipping the School Library (Raleigh: StateDepartment of Public Instruction, 1946.) (Photograph from copy in the North Carolina Collection, UNC Library, Chapel Hill.)1985 Summer"79

North Carolina Division of Archives and Historycollection documents some of her activities in thisconnection.*®Articles by Mrs. Douglas on standards werenot hard to find. They discuss mainly the ALAstandards of 1945 and 1960,3� although one onthe oAtlanta Gonference on School Library Plan-ning� focuses on those of the Southern Associa-tion of Colleges and Seondary Schools. Thegenesis of the ALA standards of 1945, which sheonce jokingly called othe Douglas standards,� isexplained in two articles.°* Three ALA commit-tees, on each of which Mrs. Douglas served, col-laborated on these standards, which were actuallydrawn up by a fourth committee with Mrs. Doug-las as chairman and preparer of the text. Herstatement about these standards is revealing ofher whole attitude toward her work. oThose whoexpect many new, untried, radical ideas will bedisappointed. Those who expect tried and trueprinciples which serve as a yardstick for continu-ous growth will find them.�*Ess aShe views the school library asa defender and propagator ofthe democratic ideal.LeBy far her best discussion of standards wasthe Mary C. Richardson Lecture which she deliv-ered at what was then the Library School of theNew York State University Teachers College atGeneseo. Her presentation was a history of schoollibrary standards under the title, oFirm Persua-sion"A Study of School Library Standards.� Thetitle itself is revealing of the speaker. The coverageis detailed, comparative, and authoritative. Itadds material on the 1960 standards then aboutto be published. She notes the stress on audiovis-ual materials, o... did you hear the new implica-tion? Instructional resource centers. Watch forthe new publication, read it with care SineAimed primarily at an audience of libraryschool students, the Richardson lecture includedmany of those inspirational and humorous embel-lishments which she found so effective that shepracticed them before her mirror.*! She tells thestory of the oGolden Ball,� dramatizes a skit,oGeorge Washington and the Flag,� and reads apoem about the need for vision. She wishes stu-dents to understand the human beings behind thestandards and how standards based on experi-ence make for better libraries and help banishmediocrity. She urges them to use the standardswhen they get out in the field and oto reach forthand take the torch and carry it forward.�80"North Carolina Libraries zBut unquestionably Mrs. Douglas believed inthe need for standards in a far broader applica-tion. She came from an environment encom-passed by standards and from this backgroundmust have derived her own definite personal andprofessional goals. In fact she concludes her lec-ture with a homily along this very line. oLife is likethat. We must set high standards and difficultgoals and turn toward them to measure ourefforts.�48Aside from her many periodical articles, Mrs.Douglas published frequently in book and pam-phlet formats. Many of these were North Carolinastate documents, others were reports of work-shops she directed, and three were issued by ALAand UNESCO. By reason of her state supervisoryposition, she issued many useful bulletins, pre-sumably distributed to all state school librarians.They ranged in format from near-print 8% xsiTsheets stapled together with colored paper coversto paperback booklets attractively printed onglossy paper with line and photographic illustra-tions. Two of the latter which appear to have beenwidely used outside the state were Book Displays,January to December (1947), and Planning andEquipping the School Library (1946; rev. 1949)*4North Carolina School Library HandbookHowever the best seller among her publica-tions for the Department of Public Instructionwas the North Carolina School Library Hand-book, first published in 1937.4 As mentioned ear-lier, her articles in the High School Journal in theearly 1930s were in effect a preliminary draft forthis book. It was a brief 116-page manual withstep-by-step instructions for the practical opera-tion of a small library, supplemented with usefullists, addresses, and bibliographies. Aimed pri-marily at persons who had little or no librarytraining, it would have been extremely useful toanyone in charge of a school library. It must havehad a beneficial effect on school libraries in manytowns and villages of North Carolina. The so-called second edition of 1938 was apparentlymerely a reprint, but the third in 1942 added six-teen pages of new material and complete revi-sions of three chapters.Leaving the Department of Public Instructionmust have been hard to Mrs. Douglas not leastbecause of severance from those publicationswith which she had so long been associated. Aclue to this is given by her account of a workshopshe directed just after giving up her state positionin July 1947, at Appalachian State Teachers Col-lege, at Boone, North Carolina. The group had

been divided into committees each studying a dif-ferent topic. One investigated possible revisions ofthe North Carolina School Library Handbook.This committee was so successful that it oassumedresponsibilty to serve as a continuing committeeuntil the new handbook shall have been pre-pared.�46Five years later, in 1952, the fourth edition ofthe handbook finally appeared, credited to theoformer State School Library adviser,� but with noacknowledgment of the 1947 committee. It was athorough revision and featured for the first timephotographs of scenes in school libraries inclu-ding a story hour in a black school.It seems likely that the appearance of theNorth Carolina School Library Handbook fromthe first must have attracted attention beyondthe borders of the state. However the decisioncame about, the American Library Associationpublished in 1941 an expanded version by Mrs.Douglas entitled, Teacher-LibrarianTs Hand-book.47 The two books follow similar outlines andhave the same general format, purpose, and con-cise listings of facts and instructions. But the ALAversion is longer, more handsome, and muchmore detailed in such matters as cataloging, clas-sification, and the planning and equipping oflibraries. It was aimed at a national readership,both as a handbook and probably as a text inworkshops and summer courses.The book was a great success. It may wellhave been a factor in the author's election to thepresidency of ALATs School Library Section in1943-1944 and of its Division of Libraries forChildren and Young People in 1944-1945, posi-tions similar to ones she had already held in theNorth Carolina and the Southeastern LibraryAssociations. In 1961 she reported that the bookhad never been out of print, had sold more thanfifty thousand copies, and been translated intoKorean, Japanese, Spanish, and Turkish.*® It issaid that Mrs. Douglas would have prepared morethan the two editions for the ALA had it notinsisted that henceforth she capitalize the titleson catalog cards in accordance with the Libraryof Congress usage instead of the standard rulesfor capitalizing titles in English grammar.*®Nine reviews of the book were located, threeby non-librarian educators and six by librar-ians.5° Those by non-librarians tended to expressbewilderment and even disdain at the amount ofdetail in the book. Their approval was grudging, ifgiven. One even felt the author was overzealouson behalf of libraries because their value was soself-evident that there was no need to osell� them.The librarian reviewers also were concernedabout the quantity of detail, but they generallyunderstood the problem and criticized only spe-cific technical aspects. Two of them compared thebook with its North Carolina predecessor. But itwas the teacher-librarians in the field who couldhave given the most authoritative reviews. Oneformer teacher described to the writer how thisbook enabled her, with no library training orexperience, to organize a library in a rural NorthCarolina school.5! This same experience musthave been repeated across the country as publi-cation by ALA gave the book a wider readership.Mrs. DouglasTs handbook was her quintessen-tial publication. If the articles in the High SchoolJournal may be considered a preliminary edition,and counting the four editions of the North Caro-lina version and the two under ALA auspices, itmight be said that she produced seven editionsover a period of twenty years. It is the eiptome ofmost of her other writings, which constitute elab-orations of topics covered in the chapters of thehandbook.eenTo Mrs. Douglas, librarianshipwas only incidentally a job; itwas a mission.alOne such publication is the attractive paper-back booklet published by ALA in 1957 called ThePupil Assistant in the School Library.� This topicwas well covered in the North Carolina handbookbut less so in the ALA version. This time she givescredit to the 1947 workshop at Appalachian StateTeachers College and to several others which sheapparently headed for assistance in preparing themanuscript. The bulletin is couched in her concisestyle with many lists and examples of forms use-ful for the selection, training, and activities ofstudent assistants.In 1961 what is actually the last edition of herhandbook was published by UNESCO under thetitle, The Primary School Library and its Serv-ices.®? A 104-page paperback in the attractive for-mat of the oUNESCO Manuals for Libraries� series,it included a six-page inset of photos of schoollibraries from all over the world, including two-from North Carolina, and excellent line drawingsof furnishings by Jimmy Barefoot of BroughtonHigh School in Raleigh. Asked to write a opracticalmanual,� she produced one similar in arrange-ment and content to her previous handbooks. Ofcourse certain changes adapt the book to inter-national use, such as the omission of library supp-liers, and the addition of an extensive bibliographyin many languages.1985 Summer"81

It was a great honor to be chosen to write thisbook and it brought Mrs. Douglas internationalrecognition. The editors in their oForeword,�explain that she was commissioned to write thebook as a odistinguished promoter of schoollibraries� and that she has completed it with ofirmpersuasion and a long familiarity with the sub-ject.� One of the editors must have read her oMaryC. Richardson Lecture.�Supervisor of Libraries for Raleigh PublicSchoolsMrs. Douglas left the position of state libraryadviser on June 30, 1947, to become the firstsuervisor of libraries for the Raleigh PublicSchools. The reason given was that she wished tospend more time with her husband. Her strenu-ous duties in the state position, particularly travel-ing, had made this difficult. Fortunately, the cityhad a system of school libraries large enough toprovide interesting but not as exhausting work.Her twenty-one years in this position seem tohave been a period in which she reaped some ofthe rewards of her earlier, more demandingcareer. It was said of her administration in theRaleigh schools that she introduced greater coop-eration among librarians, teachers, and schooladministrators, developed improved reading guid-ance services, and planned a oread-aloud� pro-gram in the elementary grades. She continuedwriting, though perhaps less than formerly, where-as her speaking and teaching schedules may haveincreased.She became a well-known citizen of Raleigh,as the local papers interviewed her frequently,especially when her books were published andwhen she received various honors. These inter-views reveal a bit more of her personal life andcharacter; this is helpful in view of the fact thatmost of her personal papers appear to have beenlost after her death.®4 The most detailed of theseinterviews was published on the occasion of herbeing chosen oTar Heel of the Week� by the Newsand Observer of Raleigh in November 1961. Shewas described thus: oAn attractive woman with acharming smile and a quick, merry laugh, MaryPeacock Douglas is a pleasant and easy conversa-tionalist.� She enjoyed cooking, entertaining smallgroups, and was a great reader both in connec-tion with her work and for personal pleasure.Throughout her career and particularly dur-ing this period, Mrs. Douglas arranged her sched-ule so that she could conduct classes andworkshops during her summer vacations. She hadtaught a great number of these at more than six-82"North Carolina Librariesteen colleges and universities by the time of herretirement. Many campuses were visited repeat-edly, and she had her favorites, such as the Uni-versity of Hawaii. No one could have been betterqualified, or better known, but a major factor inher continuing popularity appears to have beenan exceptionally forceful yet pleasing personalityand great skill in public speaking. A remarkablephotograph in 1951 at Central Washington Col-lege at Ellensburg shows her lecturing to at leasteighty teachers, all of whom are enjoying a goodlaugh.®*6 A North Carolina librarian tells of attend-ing one of her classes simply because Mrs. Douglaswas the teacher and finding an enrollment of overa hundred like-minded students having to use anauditorium for a classroom.T The auditor feltthat she was being addressed personally despitethe size of the audience.Mrs. DouglasTs ability as a speaker must havecontributed greatly to her prominence. In this asin everything she took up she strove to excel.Although she always spoke from a carefully pre-pared script, she rehearsed her speeches, espe-cially the literary quotations and the humorousstories, so that her delivery would appear spon-taneous.®® One North Carolina librarian remem-bered at her first library conference being told shemust hear Mrs. Douglas because she was so inter-esting. On her arrival she found an overflowcrowd, and this proved typical of other occasionswhen she attended Mrs. DouglasTs presentations.*®Portrait of Mrs. Douglas used by the Raleigh News andObserver for its oTar Heel of the Week� column, November 26,1961. (Photograph from the collection of Douglas memorabi-lia in the library of the Mary P. Douglas Elementary School,Raleigh.)

These speeches were numerous, mostly to libraryand educational groups, in well over thirty states.Many of them were the bases of her articles, andas the years passed they tended to include moreinspirational and amusing elements in addition toprofessional matter.In 1948 Mrs. Douglas wrote an article in Topof the News entitled, oWhen You Invite a Speaker.�It consisted of advice to library associations fromone who knew whereof she spoke. In her typicalstyle she codified her advice into fifteen tellingpoints. Point five discusses the need to inform thespeaker as to what kind and color of dress towear, especially if a corsage is to be presented, sothat they will blend. She considered herself aoprogressive,� so point four states, oIf there areknown reactionaries in the audience ... tip off thespeaker, so he can be prepared to answer fairly,smoothly, and quickly.� Mrs. Douglas wantednothing left to chance.For aschool librarian, a natural concomitantof a talent for public speaking would be the tellingor reading of stories to children, and so it was forMrs. Douglas. Her position with the Raleighschools provided the perfect opportunity. Eachyear, from Thanksgiving to Christmas, she touredthe elementary classes, reading stories from herpersonal collection of Christmas books for chil-dren. This was one of her favorite occupations,and she continued it as long as her health permit-ted.oTribute�One of the most elusive things to assess inbiography is the personality, the opresence,� of thesubject. North Carolina Libraries, in its Winter1969, issue published a oTribute to Mrs. Mary Pea-cock Douglas� on the occasion of her retirement.®!It consisted of letters from twenty-three of herassociates in school librarianship. Far from aorandom sample,� this was just the opposite, acongregation of admirers. Nevertheless an at-tempt has been made to classify the terms theyused to describe Mrs. Douglas. No less than thirty-four terms were classed under opersonality.�Many remarked on her inspirational and chal-lenging leadership, balanced by her practical, pos-itive, and incisive ways. Many terms stressed herhumanity: warm, generous, kind, humorous, andSo on. Long ago Mrs. Douglas had said a librarianneeded ovitality,� and these letter writers appliedto her such words as vibrant, exciting, dramaticCreative, courageous, enthusiastic, a ohumandynamo.� What might be termed her philosophi-cal attitudes were admired: idealism, vision, fair-ness, forward looking, a oset of values.� And finallyher manner: grace, charm, elegance.The writer did not attempt a broad survey ofthose who knew her, but from the inquiries thatwere made, it would appear that the results mightnot have been different. Two librarians in particu-lar who were interviewed said that knowing Mrs.Douglas had been a memorable experience, thatshe had inspired and influenced their lives, andthat they looked upon themselves as followers ordisciples.T She was a paradigm of solid middleclass values, including the work ethic; admired bythe young librarians with whom she worked, shewas one of them. But, in addition, she had a cer-tain charisma which appealed to them on ahigher plane. She was a popular minister of thegospel of school libraries. What may be one of thefew treasures left from Mrs. Douglas's personalcorrespondence is a card of congratulations onher retirement from a black woman librarian inPortland, Oregon.® Inside is a note which in-cludes this sentence, oI am trying hard to be likeboth my mother and you"a living example forothers.� Impulsively she added, oHow do you likemy boys?� and enclosed photos of two bright-eyedboys, one in his Boy Scout uniform.LSWe must set high standardsand difficult goals and turntoward them to measure ourefforts.�""SDuring the last decade of Mrs. DouglasTstenure in the Raleigh schools she received severalspecial honors. In January of 1958 the School andChildrens Section of the North Carolina LibraryAssociation, Cora Paul Bomar (the state schoollibrary adviser), and a group of Raleigh elemen-tary school librarians nominated Mrs. Douglas forthe Grolier Society Award." This award is given toa librarian who has made unusual contributionsto the stimulation and guidance of reading bychildren and young people. The nomination wasaccepted, and the award, consisting of a citation,a certificate, and $500, was presented at the ALAConference in San Francisco in June of 1958.The WomenTs College of the University ofNorth Carolina at Greensboro had no chapter ofPhi Beta Kappa when Mary Teresa Peacock was astudent there in the early 1920s. Later, on April21, 1960, its Epsilon of North Carolina Chaptermade her an alumna member in recognition ofher outstanding scholastic record.®1985 Summer"83

In 1962 she was elected an Eta State honor-ary member of Delta Kappa Gamma SocietyInternational, the national education honorarysociety.®When Mrs. DouglasTs decision to retire in thespring of 1968 became known, the Raleigh publicschool system decided to honor her by renaming anew elementary school expected to be completedthat spring after her.6T The Mary P. Douglas Ele-mentary School was not completed in time for herretirement, but the library opened for readers inthe summer of 1968, and the school opened thatfall. The formal dedication was on May 11, 1969,when a portrait of Mrs. Douglas, a gift of Mr. andMrs. Douglas, was unveiled. The library, the planof which she probably guided, is literally in thecenter of the school with classrooms radiating outon both sides. No honor could have been moredeeply appreciated, and Mrs. Douglas held storyhours regularly at the school, gave it her collec-tion of autographed Caldecott and NewberyAward books, and even endowed a telephone forthe free use of the teachers.Mrs. Douglas retired as of June 30, 1968. Tohonor her years of service in the state, the NorthCarolina Association of School Librarians estab-lished the Mary Peacock Douglas Award for per-sons who have made outstanding contributions toNorth Carolina school librarianship. She waschosen as the first recipient of the award, whichwas to have been presented to her at the nextbiennial meeting of the Association in Charlotte inthe fall of 1969.She was to have gone to the meeting withMrs. Jean T. Johnson, her successor as Supervisorof Libraries in Raleigh. The night before, she calledMrs. Johnson to say that her doctor had requiredher to go to the hospital for tests and that shewould not be able to attend the meeting in Char-lotte. This was apparently the first knowledgethat anyone had that she was ill. The tests indi-cated cancer of the lung.School librarians of Raleigh arranged to takemeals to the Douglas home when Mrs. Douglaswas not in the hospital. The progress of the illnesswas swift, as indicated by a note sent to the firstgrade classes of the Douglas school on November22, 1969. In a trembling hand, Mrs. Douglasthanks the children for drawings they had senther and regrets that she cannot get to the schoolto read to them, but othe doctor says I am gettingbetter, but that it will be a long time before I cando many things I used to do. I guess that meansafter Christmas, donTt you?�6® She closes with,oHave a happy Thanksgiving. I LOVE YOU.�It was after Christmas when Mary Peacock84"North Carolina LibrariesDouglas died on Thursday, January 29, 1970, inRex Hospital. The funeral was held on Saturday,January 31, at the Edenton Street United Method-ist Church, and burial was in the Raleigh Memor-ial Park.NotesThis paper is based on three approaches: a study of Mrs.DouglasTs published writings; archival research; and oral historyinterviews. All interview transcripts have been placed in theSchool of Library Science Library, University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill. Practical considerations, however, have led to theplacement of major emphasis on the first method. For this rea-son, as the majority of the notes are to books and articles by Mrs.Douglas, her writings have been entered by title to avoid repeti-tion of the authorTs name.The notes also include virtually all of her writings locatedand annotated for this paper, whether or not direct quotationswere made. As her writings were discussed by subject groupings,the relevant articles for each subject have generally beengrouped in one note, with separate notes to specific articlesmade only to identify direct quotations. In this way the notesinclude a considerable bibliography of her publications.1. Principal biographical data available in the following (andsimilar) standard bibliographical publications are not footnotedin the text: WhoTs Who in Library Science (publishers vary) 1st,2d, 4th editions; Biographical Directory of Librarians in theUnited States and Canada, 5th ed. (Chicago: ALA, 1970); Bio-graphical-Bibliographical Directory of Women Librarians(Madison: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Library School,WomenTs Group, 1976); Dictionary of American Library Bio-graphy (Littleton, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 1978); Who's Whoin the South and Southwest, 11th ed. (Chicago: Marquis-WhoTsWho, 1969).2. Jean and Kathryn Freeman, interview with author, ChapelHill, N.C., 23 March 1985, hereinafter cited as Freeman inter-view.3. oTar Heel of the Week,� News and Observer (Raleigh), 26November 1961.4. oTribute to Mrs. Mary Peacock Douglas,� North CarolinaLibraries 27 (Winter 1969): 14. Hereinafter, this publication willbe cited as NCL.5. oCirculation in School Libraries,� High School Journal 11(April 1928): 174-177, hereinafter cited as oCirculation in SchoolLibraries�, the journal, HSJ.6. oCirculation in School Libraries,� 177.7. oCirculation in School Libraries,� 177.8. oA Plan for TeacherTs Meetings,� HSJ 13 (February 1930): 62-64.9. oEffective School Library Service,� HSJ 13 (October 1930):282.10. oPreparing Library Books for the Shelves,� HSJ 13 (Novem-ber 1930): 361-362; oClassification of Library Books,� HSJ 14(January 1931): 54-55; oCataloguing of Library Books,� HSJ 14(February 1931): 93-94; o... Information File,� HSJ 14 (March1931): 165-167; oTests for the School Library,� HSJ 14 (April1931): 207-208, 233; oBook Selection,� HSJ 14 (May 1931): 266-267.11. oSuggested School Library Report,� HSJ 14 (October 1931):329-330; oIllustrated Editions for High School Literature.� HSJ14 (November 1931): 394; oLibrary Book Collection in the Stan-dard School, HSJ 15 (January 1932): 23-25; oThe OrganizedSchool Library,� HSJ 15 (February 1932): 77, 79-80; oTeachingthe Use of the Library,� HSJ 15 (April 1932): 179, 181, 183.12. Department of Public Instruction, Division of InstructionalServices, Library Services Section, Educational Information File,

1931-1948, boxes 1-2, Archives, Division of Archives and History,Raleigh, hereinafter cited as Education Information File.13. oThe School Library Supervisor at the State Level,� in TheSchool Library Supervisor, ed. A.H. Lancour (Champaign, IIL:Illini Union Bookstore, 1956), 9-20, hereinafter cited as oSchoolLibrary Supervisor at State Level.�14, oSchool Library Supervisor at State Level,� 9-10.15. oState Supervisor Has Varied Duties� Library Journal 72(15 September 1947); 1237-1240, hereinafter cited as oSupervi-sor Has Varied Duties.o Hereinafter, this journal will be cited asLJ.16. oSupervisor Has Varied Duties,� 1237.17. oSupervisor Has Varied Duties,� 1237.18, oSupervisor Has Varied Duties,� 1238.19. oSupervisor Has Varied Duties,� 1238.20. oSupervisor Has Varied Duties,� 1238.21. oSchool Library Supervisor at State Level,� 10.22. oSchool Libraries in North Carolina,� NCL 13 (November1954); 17-22.23. The paper, oRole of the Librarian in the Modern School,� wasreprinted as: oThe School Librarian and the High School,�HSJ 22(April 1939): 150-155.24. General articles on school libraries by date: oNorth CarolinaSchool Libraries,� Peabody Journal of Education 13 (July 1935):32-34; oPatterns in Elementary School Library Service,� Educa-tional Method 19 (December 1939): 177-183; [Review of] TheSchool Library, by the staff of the course in library training,University of Cape Town, Library Quarterly 13 (April 1943):172-174; oShortcuts and Labor-Saving Devices for School Librar-ians,� School Library Association of California Bulletin 22(May 1951): 25; oDirections in School Library Service Today;Meeting the Challenge,� ALA Bulletin 48 (February 1954): 67+;oSchool Library"Classroom Partner,� NEA Journal 50 (Sep-tember 1961): 51-53; oA Look Ahead,� NCL 20 (Spring 1962):88-93.25. oSchool Libraries and Our Democracy,� Bulletin of the Loui-siana Library Association 4 (June 1941): 5-9, reprinted withslight changes as oLibraries and Democracy,� LJ 67 (1 February1942): 114-117.26. oThe Library in the High School War Program,� HSJ 26(January-February 1943): 10-15.27. oOn this Foundation"Freedom,� LJ 68 (1 February 1943):109-112.28. oSchool Libraries"Why and How,� ALA Bulletin 38 (Febru-ary 1944): 39.29. oBook Selection,� HSJ 14 (May 1931): 266-276.30. oState School Library Supervisor Aids the Literature Pro-gram,� Elementary English Review 22 (January 1945); 24-26.31. Articles on school library planning by date: oPWA and NorthCarolina School Libraries,� LJ 60 (15 May 1935): 442, reprintedas oNorth Carolina School Libraries,� School ExecutiveTs Maga-zine 54 (July 1935): 347-348; oDesign and Equipment of Consol-idated School Libraries,� American School and University 11(1939): 297-303, hereinafter cited as oDesign and Equipment ofConsolidated School Libraries�; oPlans and Equipment forSchool Libraries� Library Trends 1 (January 1953): 324-332;oLibrary for Tomorrow's Secondary School,� American Schooland University 25 (1953-1954): 329-334; oMaterial Aspects ofthe School Library,� Wilson Library Bulletin 29 (November1954): 225-227, 229, hereinafter cited as oMaterial Aspects of theSchool LibraryT; oWe Wouldn't Change a Thing,� LJ85 (15 Febru-ary 1960); 797-798; [Review of] oRemodeling the ElementarySchool Library� [filmstrip] (Chicago: ALA, 1961), Library Jour-nal 86 (15 September 1961): 3020.32. oDesign and Equipment of Consolidated School Libraries,�303.33. oMaterial Aspects of the School Library,� 229.34. NEA and North Central Association of Colleges and Secon-dary Schools, Committee on School Library Organization andEquipment, Standard Library Organization and Equipmentfor Secondary Schools ... (Chicago: ALA, 1920); Joint Commit-tee on Elementary School Library Standards of the NEA and theALA, Elementary School Library Standards (Chicago: ALA,1925).35. Education Information File, boxes 3 and 4, Archives, Div-ision of Archives and History, Raleigh.36. Articles on school library standards by date: oSchool Librar-ies Face the Future,� ALA Bulletin 38 (September 1944): 313;oSchool Libraries for Today and Tomorrow,� LJ 69 (15 Sep-tember 1944): 737-739, hereinafter cited as oSchool Libraries forToday and Tomorrow [LJ]�; oFunctions and Standards for aSchool Library,� School Executive 64 (December 1944): 50-52,reprinted in School Library Association of California Bulletin17 (January 1946): 6-7, 20; oSchool Libraries for Today andTomorrow,� School Library Association of California Bulletin16 (March 1945): 25-26, hereinafter cited as oSchool Librariesfor Today and Tomorrow [SLACB]"; oAtlanta Conference onSchool Library Planning,� LJ 70 (15 September 1945): 814; FirmPersuasion"a Study of School Library Standards (Geneseo,N.Y.: State Univ. Teachers College, 1959), hereinafter cited asFirm Pesuasion; oHow Well Will the School Library Serve?�HSJ 43 (November 1959): 47-51, reprinted in C.L. Trinkner, ed.,Better Libraries Make Better Schools (Hamden, Conn.: ShoeString Press, 1962), 6-11.37. ALA Division of Libraries for Children and Young People,and the American Association of School Librarians, Committeeson Post-War Planning, School Libraries for Today and Tomor-row (Chicago: ALA, 1945); American Association of SchoolLibrarians, Standards for School Library Programs (Chicago:ALA, 1960).38. oSchool Libraries for Today and Tomorrow [LJ].� oSchoolLibraries for Today and Tomorrow [SLACB].�39. oSchool Libraries for Today and Tomorrow [SLACB],� 26.40. Firm Persuasion, 25.41. Mrs. Jean T. Johnson, coordinator of media services, WakeCounty Public Schools, interview with author, Raleigh, N.C., 27March 1985, hereinafter cited as Johnson interview.42. Firm Persuasion, 26.43, Firm Persuasion, 33.44. Book Displays, January to December [with B.G. Jeffrey](Raleigh: State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1947);Planning and Equipping the School Library (Raleigh: StateDept. of Public Instruction, 1946; 2d ed., 1949).45. North Carolina School Library Handbook (Raleigh: StateSuperintendent of Public Instruction, 1937; 2d. ed., 1938; 3rded., 1942; 4th ed., 1952).46. oNorth CarolinaTs 1947 Workshop Has Already BorneResults,� LJ 73 (15 March 1948): 456.47. Teacher-LibrarianTs Handbook (Chicago: ALA, 1941; 2d.ed., 1949).48. oTar Heel of the Week,� News and Observer (Raleigh), 26November 1961, hereinafter cited as oTar Heel of the Week.�49, Freeman interview.50. Clearing House 16 (January 1942); 312, 314; CurriculumJournal 13 (January 1942): 43-44, Educational Method 21(November 1941): 103-104; HSJ 24 (December 1941): 378-379;LJ 66 (1 December 1941): 1028; Library Quarterly 12 (April1942): 301-303; Michigan Librarian 7 (October 1941): 20;SLACB 13 (January 1942): 13; School Review 50 (January 1942):72-74.51. Elizabeth Laney, librarian, School of Library Science Library,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, interview with author,Chapel Hill, N.C., 21 March 1985, hereinafter cited as Laneyinterview.52. The Pupil Assistant in the School Library (Chicago: ALA,1957).1985 Summer"85

53. The Primary School Library and Its Services (Paris:UNESCO, 1961).54. Johnson interview.55. oTar Heel of the Week.�56. One of 4 photos of Mrs. Douglas at Central Washington Col-lege, Ellensburg, 1951, in files of the Mary P. Douglas ElementarySchool Library, Raleigh, N.C. Hereinafter, this library will be citedas Douglas School Library.57. Laney interview.58. Johnson interview.59. Johnson interview.60. oWhen you Invite a Speaker,� Top of the News 5 (October1948): 7-8.61. oTribute to Mrs. Mary Peacock Douglas,� North CarolinaLibraries 27 (Winter 1969): 4-16.62. Johnson interview; Laney interview.63. Greeting card from B.P. Anderson to M.P. Douglas, 17 June1968, in files of the Douglas School Library.64. Copies of the nomination letters are in files of the Office ofEducational Media and Technology Services, State Departmentof Public Instruction, Raleigh, N.C. "65. Mrs. DouglasTs PBK certificate and Handbook are in files ofthe Douglas School Library.66. oHonoree: Mrs. Mary Peacock Douglas,� Eta State News 22(November 1962): 1, 3.67. In the company of Jean T. Johnson the writer visited thisschool 27 March 1985, met the present librarian, Sharon Wood,who allowed him to use a scrapbook of the schoolTs first threeyears and a file of Douglas memorabilia for this article.68. Mrs. Douglas to the first grades of Mary P. Douglas Elemen-tary School, in files of Douglas School Library.AcknowledgmentsSpecial thanks are due to Maurice C. York for alerting me tomany valuable sources; to Jean T. Johnson for taping an inter-view and taking me to the Douglas School; to Jean and KathrynFreeman and Elizabeth Laney for taping interviews; and toSharon Wood and Mary Holloway for information on the Doug-las School Library.Community CollegeCOM Catalogs AvailableThe North Carolina Community Colleges UnionCOM Catalog on microfiche will soon be availablefor purchase for $50. Approximately two hundredthousand monographic titles from eleven commun-ity and technical colleges will be included in thefirst phase of the union COMCAT.To reserve a copy please contact, by August 30:Linda Halstead, Project Director, NCCC Union COMCatalog, Central Carolina Technical College, 1105Kelly Drive, Sanford, North Carolina 27330. Cata-logs will be shipped and billed in early November.Participating institutions include: Asheville-Buncombe Technical College, Brunswick TechnicalCollege, Cape Fear Technical Institute, CarteretTechnical College, Central Carolina Technical Col-lege, Craven Community College, Guilford Techni-cal Community College, Rowan Technical College,Sampson Technical College, Wilson County Techni-cal Institute, and Vance-Granville Community Col-lege.86"North Carolina LibrariesThe Future of NCLAWhat Do You Think?We Want to KnowThis biennium, the Futures Committee wasappointed by President Park oto look at NCLA fromtop to bottom, anyway and everyway... to stop andsay where are we, where should we go, what needsto ke changed, what should be left alone, etc.� Thecommittee wants to hear your thoughts about ourassociation, its purpose, its structure and itsfuture. No comment is too picky or too general"wewelcome all of your ideas. Please contact ArabelleFedora, chairman, at 4020-C Huntingreen Lane,Winston-Salem, NC 27106, 919/765-7344." = : "CHILDREN and LIBRARIESAn Investment in Our FutureChildrenTsServicesSection NCLAIs currently selling notepads for $1.00.Proceeds will go to pay program ex-penses for the Oct. T85 NCLA Confer-ence.The pads are 8% X 5%, have 50 pageseach, and are available in pink, green &yellow.Order from: Rebecca TaylorCollege Sq. Branch Library330 S. College Rd.Wilmington, NC 28403$1.00 + 50¢ postage and handling.

The American Imprints Inventory "in North CarolinaMaurice C. YorkIt was a tremendous task that required theassistance of librarians, historians, and reliefworkers throughout the country. In 1937, underthe auspices of the Historical Records Survey ofthe Works Progress Administration, bibliographerDouglas Crawford McMurtrie organized the Amer-ican Imprints Inventory to survey the contents ofhundreds of libraries and repositories, establish aunion list of American imprints published prior to1876,1 and publish check lists of state and localimprints extracted from the union list. By 1942,when the project ended, American ImprintsInventory staffs in most states had assistedMcMurtrie and his successors in achieving impres-Sive progress toward the three goals.North Carolinians who directed the stateTscontribution to the inventory failed to achieve oneof the goals established by McMurtrie and com-pleted in many other states: no check list waspublished. The failure of North CarolinaTs capableHistorical Records Survey staff adequately toSupport the publication of a check list chieflyresulted from three factors. Under the leadershipof historian Charles Christopher Crittenden, theSurvey emphasized the publication of archivalinventories. The concurrent work of Mary LindsayThornton, librarian of the North Carolina Collec-tion at the University of North Carolina, to com-pile and publish a bibliography of state publica-tions likely mitigated the urgency of preparing animprints check list. Finally, World War II siphonedresources and personnel from the HistoricalRecords Survey before enough headway towardpreparing a complete check list had been made.TThe American Imprints Inventory grew fromthe Historical Records Survey, a program de-Signed by the United States government to pro-Vide employment for white collar workers whohad lost their jobs during the Great Depression.Luther H. Evans organized the survey in 1935 and1936. His plans for examining state and localarchival repositories, classifying and rehabilitat-ing the records, and publishing inventory reportsincorporated the ideas of notable historians,librarians, and archivists. Evans and his staff_Maurice C. York is Reference/Local History Librarian at the ©Edgecombe County Memorial Library in Tarboro.viewed the survey, whose scope eventually broad-ened to embrace a wide variety of historical mate-rials, as a means of providing scholars withsources for rewriting local history.®The HRS established the imprints inventoryto fill significant gaps in the knowledge of the his-tory of American printing. When the projectbegan, scholars had access to Charles Evans'sAmerican Bibliography, which recorded imprintspublished between 1639 and 1799,4 and FrederickLeypoldtTs United States Catalog, which com-menced in 1876. Additional sources of bibliogra-phic information included Dictionary of BooksRelating to America, compiled by Joseph Sabin.The works of Evans and Sabin were somewhatflawed because they listed books published pri-marily in the eastern states and because theyoften omitted booksT locations.T The HRS envi-sioned a cooperative effort of the states to collectdata for imprints that would supplement thework of Sabin and provide complete coverage forthe period between 1800 and 1876.The result would be a boon to scholars. Theunion list produced by the American ImprintsInventory would provide a very thorough recordof printing in the United States. Check lists ofbooks, pamphlets, and broadsides published in astate or city would help historians interested inthat locality or in a specialized subject to locatepreviously unknown primary resources.®Douglas McMurtrieDouglas McMurtrie, who served as LutherEvansTs consultant for the inventory from 1937until July 1941, possessed excellent qualificationsfor making these raw materials available. Anengineer by training, McMurtrie became anauthority on technical aspects and the history ofprinting in America. He obtained instruction inbibliographic methodology from WilberforceEames, a specialist in Americana at the New YorkPublic Library. McMurtrie served as director ofthe Columbia University Printing Office from 1917to 1919 and established his own printing firm in1924-1925. After the firmTs failure, McMurtriemoved to Chicago to become director of typog-1985 Summer"87

raphy for Ludlow Typograph Company. By thelate 1920s he had begun his impressive series ofscholarly works on printing. These included TheGolden Book (1927), a complete history of print-ing and bookmaking; numerous articles on thehistory of publishing in localities in the UnitedStates; and volume two of a projected four-vol-ume series, A History of Printing in the UnitedStates (1936), which discussed printing in thesoutheastern states beginning with the colonialperiod.T Utilizing this experience, McMurtrie devel-oped precise procedures for accomplishing thegoals of the American Imprints Inventory.Considerable work had to be undertaken inthe states before McMurtrieTs staff at the IllinoisHistorical Records Survey office in Chicago couldcompile the inventory. Field workers apportionedto districts in the states received training fromarea supervisors. The supervisors, who sometimeswere assisted by local sponsors, obtained permis-sion for workers to examine the holdings of librar-ies or other repositories. Workers precisely re-corded bibliographic information, including title-page endings and printersT devices, on 3� x 5� slipsof stiff but flexible paper. Each card also notedthe location of the imprint it represented. Super-visors then approved the work and forwarded thecards to the state HRS office for preliminary edit-ing. The state office either returned the cards tothe localities for further checking or mailed themto McMurtrieTs headquarters in Chicago. Therethe imprint slips were carefully examined foraccuracy and uniformity. If approved, the centraloffice staff made several copies of each acceptabletitle and created master author and title files. Onecopy of the slips reflecting imprints published in aparticular state was sorted and arranged in aseparate file.TMcMurtrie designed several publications toinsure accuracy and uniformity. Five editions ofhis Manual of Procedure guided workers, supervi-sors, and editors toward the production of accept-able imprint slips. McMurtrie also issued LocationSymbols for Libraries in the United States (1939),Instructions for the Description of Broadsides(1939), and Instructions for Examination ofDouglas Crawford McMurtrie supervising work of American Imprints Inventory worker in Chicago. (Photograph from DouglasMcMurtrie Collection, Special Collections Division, Michigan State University Libraries, East Lansing, Michigan.)88"North Carolina Libraries

Newspaper Files for Materials Relating to theHistory of the Press (1939).°Printed check lists for states or localities uti-lized imprint slips uniformly produced through-out the country. Initially, the AII central officeedited oStyle A� entries, which included printersTdevices, title-page line endings, and bracketedinsertions, and worked closely with state offices inpublishing check lists. The publication usuallyincluded a brief history of printing in the state orlocality, a key to symbols of libraries in which theimprints were located, an index of printingpoints, an index of printers, presses, and publish-ers, and a general index. By 1941, after it becameclear that the project was progressing too slowly,the HRS required the AII central office to aban-don the use of oStyle A� descriptions in favor of asimplified oStyle B� description and to decentral-ize the editing of check lists. In April 1941 a man-ual of editing was sent to the states for use inpreparing publications.T°The inventory achieved impressive results.Hundreds of workers (about 1,800 annually forseveral years) examined approximately ten thou-sand libraries"more than 95 per cent of those inthe field"and recorded some fifteen million titles.Many of them were previously unknown. Consid-ering duplication of titles and the presence of dif-ferent editions of works, slips for approximatelyeight million separate imprints were compiled. ByMay 1942 fifty-one check lists of state and localeeeeaehaation, / holden at CaOlina, Chowan Association,imprints had been published."Nevertheless, the project failed to achieveMcMurtrieTs lofty expectations. Preparations forWorld War II depleted manpower available forHRS projects. The survey officially ended in April1942, when the Service Division of the WPAfocused on contributing to the war effort, andalthough states were given permission to com-plete publications then in progress, McMurtrieTsprojected 250-volume, indexed imprint seriesnever was completed. The massive file of slips wasmoved to the State Historical Society of Wisconsinfor safekeeping during the war. In succeedingyears the increasingly disheveled inventory wasmoved several times until transferred to its pres-ent location at RutgerTs University in Piscataway,New Jersey.!2 The AII lapsed before North Caroli-naTs project could publish a check list, eventhough HRS officials in Raleigh had allocatedrelief workers for inventory work at the beginningof the program.Imprint Work in North CarolinaThe imprints work, as well as other projectsof the HRS, was sponsored by the North CarolinaHistorical Commission. Luther Evans, on De-cember 19, 1935, appointed Dr. Charles Chris-topher Crittenden, secretary of the commission,as assistant state supervisor of the survey. Crit-tenden directed the HRS even though Edwinxmden meeting-house, onthe 4th, Sth and 6th days / of May, 1810. /| Wavy rule]Spe 16 2% 1958 OmeCaption title; imprint on Ds. 8: Edenton:.Printed by James Wills./ 1810,NHC-S-Works Progress Administration. WPA Form 22HRTypical slip utilized by the American Imprints Inventory. This entry, located in a file preserved by the State Archives, showstitle-page line endings and describes the devices used by the printer. (Photograph from files of the Archives, Division of Archivesand History, Raleigh.)1985 Summer"89

Bjorkman, director of the Federal WritersT Projectin North Carolina, was the nominal supervisor.The HRS ceased to be an autonomous unit of theFederal WritersT Project in November 1936, andCrittenden assumed the duties of state director ofthe survey.!8The placement of the HRS in the hands of thecommission and its secretary was a logical deci-sion. Created by the North Carolina GeneralAssembly in 1903 as a result of prompting by theState Literary and Historical Association of NorthCarolina, the commission collected newspapers,documents, and manuscripts pertaining to thestate and sponsored the publication of collectedmanuscript material.'4 Crittenden began work assecretary in 1935 after serving for nine years asinstructor and assistant professor of history atthe University of North Carolina.!®The quarters of the commission proved to beinadequate to accommodate HRS workers prop-erly, but the attitudes of persons involved in thesurvey and other federal projects eased theinconveniences they encountered. Further, thestaff of the commission, many of whom hadworked under the direction of R.D.W. Connor andDr. Albert Ray Newsome, another distinguishedhistorian, were dedicated to the historical profes-sion and realized the significance of the WPA proj-ects. Most of them cheerfully accepted thecrowding caused by the addition of WPA workersand harbored no ill feelings toward their new col-leagues. The majority of the persons engaged inproject work at the headquarters in Raleigh werein their twenties and thirties; as a result, a spiritof camaraderie prevailed. One of the Survey ofFederal Archives officials recalls that oIn additionto the optimism of youth, there was the friendlycheerfulness, a sort of light heartedness, thatcharacterized so many of the young adults thenliving through the Depression, who took the daysas they came and did the best they could withthem, leaving the worries of tomorrow for tomor-row.� Nevertheless, these men and women tooktheir work seriously, and many of them worked atnight and on weekends.'¢One of these youthful historians was DanMabry Lacy, who assumed chief responsibility forthe day-to-day operation of the HRS. Though onlytwenty-two years of age in 1936, Lacy served asCrittendenTs executive assistant. Later, he heldthe position of assistant state director and, onJuly 1, 1937, succeeded Crittenden as state direc-tor. From the beginning, however, Lacy receivedonly very general supervision from his superior.'�This pair, with the assistance of area historiansand librarians, established priorities and ap-proaches for the HRS work.Tentative plans evolved soon after the pro-gram was organized in North Carolina. Interestedscholars from the University of North Carolina,Duke University, and Wake Forest College metwith HRS officials to offer suggestions for manag-ing the projects. Crittenden thought that it wouldbe best to undertake and complete one project ata time. Luther Evans initiated the HRS under theassumption that it would continue indefinitely,but it is clear that Crittenden and Lacy were notas optimistic. Consequently, they placed emphasisUniversity of North Carolina Department of History and Government, 1934. Charles Christopher Crittenden stands next to left onthe back row. Robert Digges Wimberly Connor, with hands at his side, stands in the center of the front row. (Photograph in 1934Yackety Yack, 29. From copy in the North Carolina Collection, UNC Library, Chapel Hill.)90"North Carolina Libraries

on the publication of guides to records andmanuscripts. They considered the preparation ofprintéd inventories of county archives their mostimportant task.!8 The three hard-cover volumes ofcounty archives inventories, published with finan-cial assistance of the North Carolina HistoricalCommission between March 1938 and October1939, proved to be perhaps the most impressiveseries of its kind undertaken by any state.!° Beforethe HRS passed out of existence in 1942, NorthCarolina had published, in addition to the countyarchives inventories, twelve volumes of statearchives inventories, six guides to collections heldby manuscript repositories, seven inventories ofchurch archives, and a guide to vital statisticsrecords.�°Accomplishments of the SurveyIn May 1939"two years after the beginningof the American Imprints Inventory"Dr. Crit-tenden described to Works Progress Administra-tion officials in Raleigh the chief accomplishmentsof the HRS in the state. He used almost two typedpages to describe archival and manuscript inven-tories, care given to uncataloged records, thepreparation of a card index of tombstone vitalstatistics, and inventories of church records. Thelisting of early American imprints was not men-tioned.2! Not surprisingly, therefore, when NorthCarolina undertook the imprints work in 1937, itreceived relatively little attention.Nevertheless, Dr. Crittenden and his col-leagues recognized the importance of the Ameri-can Imprints Inventory. When Crittenden learnedabout the project in May 1937, he told McMurtriethat the inventory in North Carolina should besuccessfully completed. Crittenden undoubtedlywas acquainted with McMurtrie and with the use-fulness of the project he organized, becauseMcMurtrie had published articles and pamphletsconcerning early North Carolina imprints.�Crittenden informed McMurtrie in May 1937that most of the imprints dating between 1800and 1820 (the date limits used when the projectbegan) would be found at major college libraries,the North Carolina State Library, the North Caro-lina Supreme Court Library, the Historical Foun-dation of the Presbyterian and ReformedChurches at Montreat, the Sondley ReferenceLibrary at Asheville, and the Greensboro Public-State Administration Building, located south of Capitol Square in Raleigh. The State Library occupied the first floor, and theHistorical Commission utilized the second floor. The third floor housed the Supreme Court. (Photograph [circa 1914] from files ofthe Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh.)1985 Summer"91

Library.23 Dan Lacy began North CarolinaTs inven-tory at these institutions.�4The inventory commenced with the pam-phlets and newspapers of the Historical Commis-sion and the holdings of the Supreme CourtLibrary. For the latter work, the survey securedthe services of a man of extraordinary intelli-gence. According to Lacy, this worker"a otallgaunt Ichabod Crane-like man�"previously hadpsychiatric problems but performed his dutieswith great precision.The holdings of the Historical Foundation ofthe Presbyterian and Reformed Churches atMontreat were among the first to be inventoried.Doing so presented a problem, however, becausethe foundation was not associated with a collegeor university. Consequently, National Youth Ad-ministration students who would be used toinventory collections at their colleges and univer-sities could not be utilized. And, owing to thesevere restrictions on the use of onon-certified�workers (those who were not considered needy),it was difficult to find anyone to do the inventory.Lacy solved the problem by curtailing the travelfunds allotment for the county records projectand using the money to send Viola Burch, aresearch supervisor on the Raleigh staff, to Mon-treat in January 1938.26 Mrs. Burch made valuablediscoveries there, including the othird knownTennessee imprint, hitherto regarded as lost.T "27She was unable to complete the work, but Lacyfound a local woman who finished the inventoryof the foundation and the Sondley ReferenceLibrary, also begun by Mrs. Burch.�8Other valuable imprints were discovered inWinston-Salem. Lacy, by November 1937, hadreceived from Miss Adelaide Lisetta Fries, archi-vist of the Archives of the Moravian Church inAmerica, Southern Province, a list of titles held bythe archives. McMurtrie evaluated these as a over-itable treasure-trove of eighteenth century NorthCarolina imprints,� six of which had never beenrecorded. Among them was the proceedings ofthe Committee of Correspondence of CravenCounty, published in May 1775.�Work proceeded apace during 1938. ByNovember approximately ten thousand imprintslips had been recorded, and three thousand ofthem had been typed and sent to Chicago. Inaddition to the libraries at Raleigh, Montreat, andAsheville, the collections of the Greensboro PublicLibrary, the WomanTs College of the University ofNorth Carolina library at Greensboro, and thelibrary of Appalachian State Teachers College atBoone had been completed. Eleven workerslabored at the catalogs of other academic and92"North Carolina LibrariesAlbert Ray Newsome. (Photograph from files of the Archives,Division of Archives and History, Raleigh.)Dan Mabry Lacy. University of North Carolina, senior classphotograph in 1933 Yackety Yack, 105. (From copy in theNorth Carolina Collection, UNC Library, Chapel Hill.)

public libraries, including those at the Universityof North Carolina, Duke University, and the Car-negie Negro Library in Greensboro. If catalogcards were adequate, they were copied. If infor-mation on them was incomplete, the imprintswere inspected. Two typists in Raleigh edited andtyped the slips sent from the field and forwardedthem to Chicago for further processing.*°Problems and FrustrationProgress came at the expense of considerablefrustration. Most problems arose because of theinherent conflict between the professional objec-tives of the HRS and the relief objectives of theWPA. Raleigh WPA and United States Treasuryofficials often differed with the HRS over interpre-tation of directions from Washington. Further-more, county welfare offices, which were respon-sible for assigning workers to specific projects,sometimes failed to select reasonably competentpersons; on many occasions, they had no qualifiedRare books preserved by the Historical Foundation of thePresbyterian and Reformed Churches in Montreat wereamong the first to be inventoried. (Photograph, oA Corner ofthe Vault,� in A Great Collection of Presbyterian andReformed Literature |Montreat: Historical Foundation Publi-cations, 1944], 3. From copy in the North Carolina Collection,UNC Library, Chapel Hill.)workers to assign. To make matters worse,changes in the economy often necessitated swiftincreases or reductions in the number of reliefworkers.*! It is no wonder that Dr. Crittenden inJuly 1937 resigned as state director of the HRSand SFA. He described his feelings in the firstverse of a poem sent to his superior in Raleigh:Long years ago my heart was gay,Before I heard of SFA,Was full of joy and happiness,Until I joined the HRS.�Other problems occurred frequently. Staff inRaleigh occasionally postponed sending imprintslips to McMurtrie until they could learn howproblem books should be recorded. Lacy in June1937 sought advice on how to treat journals of theNorth Carolina General Assembly that werebound together"with or without common titlepages. This and such other problems as how tocapitalize parts of titles arose because no printedinstructions existed. Manuals were needed espe-cially to train NYA student workers, but they werenot available until June 1938. The lack of suffi-cient typists and typewriters also hampered prog-ress, resulting in a backlog of untyped slips.During 1940 McMurtrie urged the state to com-plete the project so that the central office couldedit a check list, but the enormous accumulationof untyped slips prevented compliance with hiswish.*?Despite these problems, the inventory thor-oughly covered libraries throughout the state. TheNorth Carolina Historical Commission assumedlegal responsibility for the inventory after the HRSended as a national project of the WPA in Sep-tember 1939; during 1939, 1940, and 1941,administrators repeatedly asked McMurtrie forthe proper locational symbols for scores of smalllibraries, including collections housed in countycourthouses, schools, and churches. Batches ofslips representing books, newspapers, and broad-sides were sent to Chicago regularly. Dan Lacy,Colbert Crutchfield, and their staff spent timealso in supplying the Chicago office with oStyle A�data for books not fully described at the time theimprint slips first were sent to Chicago.®° By Sep-tember 1940 over sixty thousand titles had beeninventoried, even though only thirty-five thou-sand typed slips had been completed. The AIIcentral office learned in April 1942 that 197libraries in over one hundred communities hadbeen inventoried; inventories were partially com-plete in forty-eight additional libraries. In June1942 Historical Records Survey State SupervisorM.A. Rushton considered the field work to be 991985 Summer"93

per cent complete. When the project ended in thesummer of 1942, 76,721 imprints had been listed,and slips for 72,433 of them had been sent to Chi-cago.%6A year before the inventory reached thisstage of completeness, Mrs. May E. Campbell,state director of Community Service Programs,planned with the national office of the HRS andthe AII central office a check list of North Caro-lina imprints. Mrs. Campbell informed the HRS inJuly 1941"several months after the HRS man-dated that McMurtrie accelerate the decentrali-zation of check list editorial work"that her statewished to prepare a publication. Accordingly, theIllinois office of the survey sent to Raleigh slipscovering the period between 1801 and 1820.7During the summer and fall, Campbell worked toresolve editorial problems encountered by theHRS staff. By December the list of approximately250 titles awaited only minor editorial work.Because such a short list hardly merited publica-tion, Thomas R. Hall, state supervisor of the Illi-nois Historical Records Survey, suggested thatvA ie ute DiteryThe Proceedings of the RevolutionaryCommittee of the Town of Newbern,North Carolina, 1775A newly discovered printed document of theAmerican Revolution brought to light by theAmerican Imprints Inventory of the Histor-ical Records Survey, Division of WomenTs &Professional Projects of the Works ProgressAdministration.Provided with an introductory note and privately printed by Douglas C, McMurtrie,Consultant to the National Director of the Historical Record: Survey, as a keepsakeSor presentation to friends attending the dxtieth annual canference of the AmericanLibrary Axiactation at Kansas City, Missouri, Jr 13-18, 1938. Presswork bystudents of the Chicaga School of Printing, Chicago, Iilinais.imprints through 1830 be included. The appro-priate slips were sent to North Carolina inDecember 1941. As late as February 1942, how-ever, the North Carolinians anticipated additionalslips from among those still being received in Chi-cago.°8The relatively small number of titles to beincluded in the projected publication resultedfrom a decision not to compile documentary titlesin the check list. By December 1938 Luther Evanswas aware that Mary Lindsay Thornton of theUniversity of North Carolina had begun a bibliog-raphy of North Carolina state documents. Indeed,Dan Lacy suggested that ThorntonTs work be pub-lished by the HRS. Thornton declined this offerand continued to pursue the project independ-ently. Nevertheless, the trained librarians pro-vided by the HRS who cataloged titles in severalimportant libraries outside Chapel Hill facilitatedThorntonTs work, as did typists who were paid bythe HRS. ThorntonTs project undoubtedly relievedthe urgency of publishing a check list.39World War II ultimately halted the publica-PROCEEDINGS of the ComMITTEEfor the Town of Newbern, andCounty of Grav ny May 31, 1775.Newsenn,In 1938 McMurtrie published one of the American Imprints InventoryTs most impressive discoveries, found at the Archives of theMoravian Church in America, Southern Province, located in Salem. McMurtrieTs title page and the first page of the Proceedingsfrom copy in the North Carolina State Library, Raleigh. (Photograph from files of the Archives, Division of Archives and History,Raleigh.)94"North Carolina Libraries

tion effort. The task of adding imprints of the1820s to the edited entries of the 1801-1820period evidently was not complete when the HRSstopped functioning in April 1942. Dr. Crittendenin July 1942 told Sargent B. Child, Luther EvansTssuccessor as director of the HRS, that M.A. Rush-ton, Jr., had decided to finish the editorial work asa personal project: oWe expect to publish thismaterial in THE NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICALREVIEW, probably in four instalments, and wewill be able to pay him enough to buy him a fewpairs of shoes.�4° RushtonTs work never appeared.Through its participation in the AmericanImprints Inventory, North Carolina contributedto the creation of a national bibliography that,under ideal circumstances, would have been use-ful to librarians, bibliographers, and historians.Just as McMurtrieTs goals never were fullyrealized, however, the inventory in North Carolinaproved to be only partially successful. Although itprovided employment for jobless workers hurt bythe depression and brought to light interestingand rare publications, the project failed to pro-duce a tangible contribution to the field of bibliog-raphy. The realization in North Carolina ofMcMurtrieTs goal of a printed guide to earlyimprints awaited the subsequent efforts of suchdedicated individuals as Mary Lindsay Thorn-ton,**Notes1. Originally the publication date limits extended through 1820for the states along the East Coast, 1840 for such states as Ohioand Kentucky, 1850 for midwestern states, and 1890 for somestates in the Rocky Mountain region and western plains. By 1939sufficient resources existed to extend publication date limits to1876 for states with earlier end dates. American Imprints Inven-tory, Manual of Procedure, 5th ed. (Chicago: The HistoricalRecords Survey, 1939), 5, hereinafter cited as Manual of Proce-dure.2. It should be noted, however, that the North Carolina LibraryCommission and the North Carolina Department of PublicInstruction sponsored the North Carolina WPA Library Project.Between 1935 and 1942 this organization utilized hundreds ofworkers to strengthen existing libraries and to expand libraryService. For a complete discussion of the project, see Elaine VonOesen, oPublic Library Service in North Carolina and the W.P.A.�(M.A. Thesis, University of North Carolina, 1951).3. David L. Smiley, oThe W.P.A. Historical Records Survey,� in InSupport of Clio: Essays in Memory of Herbert A. Kellar, ed.William B. Hesseltine and Donald R. McNeil (Madison: State His-torical Society of Wisconsin, 1958), 3-28, hereinafter cited asSmiley, oW.P.A. Historical Records Survey.�4. The American Antiquarian Society eventually achievedEvansTs goal of extending the coverage through 1800. Herbert R.Kellar, oDouglas Crawford McMurtrie: Historian of Printing andBibliographer,� in Douglas C. McMurtrie: Bibliographer andHistorian of Printing, comp. Scott Bruntjen and Melissa L.Young (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1979), 9, hereinaftercited as Kellar, oDouglas Crawford McMurtrie�, hereinafter thebook will be cited as Bruntjen and Young, Douglas C. McMurtrie.5. Manual of Procedure, 1-3; Kellar, oDouglas Crawford McMur-trie,� 9,6. Manual of Procedure, 1-5. Work with early newspapers wasundertaken in some states. Don Farran, oAmerican ImprintsInventory"Final Report,� 1 May 1942, in Sargent B. Child,oWhat is Past is PrologueT: The Historical Records Survey,� 23June 1942, mimeographed speech in Department of Archivesand History, Director, General Correspondence, Box 151,Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh, hereinaftercited as oAmerican Imprints Inventory"Final Report�; herein-after the record group will be cited as Director's Correspon-dence.7. McMurtrie (1888-1944), the son of William and Helen Doug-lass McMurtrie, was born in Belmar, New Jersey. He studiedengineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology beforeembarking on his colorful career, which included work for suchorganizations as the Pittsburgh Typhoid Fever Commission,American Journal of Care for Cripples, and Federation ofAssociations for Cripples. A huge man who possessed tremend-ous energy, McMurtrie was noted for his striking appearanceand productivity. Kellar, oDouglas Crawford McMurtrie,� 1-23.8. Kellar, oDouglas Crawford McMurtrie,� 9-10; oAmericanImprints Inventory"Final Report.�9. Kellar, oDouglas Crawford McMurtrie,� 11. For a complete bib-liography of McMurtrieTs publications, see Bruntjen and Young,Douglas C. McMurtrie, 142-204.10. Kellar, oDouglas Crawford McMurtrie,� 10; oAmerican Im-prints Inventory"Final Report�; Sargent B. Child to Douglas C.McMurtrie, 20 February 1941, Director's Correspondence, box138. For examples of check lists, see American Imprints Inven-tory No. 14, A Check List of West Virginia Imprints, 1791-1830(Chicago: The WPA Historical Records Survey Project, 1940) andAmerican Imprints Inventory No. 23. A Check List of WisconsinImprints, 1833-1849 (Madison: The Wisconsin Historical Rec-ords Survey, 1942).11. Kellar, oDouglas Crawford McMurtrie,� 11; oAmerican Im-prints Inventory"Final Report.� The check lists, which weremimeographed, varied in size depending on a variety of factors,including the stateTs or localityTs printing history.12. Smiley, oW.P.A. Historical Records Survey,� 23; Bruntjen andYoung, Douglas C. McMurtrie, xi; Kellar, oDouglas CrawfordMcMurtrie,� 10. It is important to note, however, that scores ofCatholic University masterTs theses, the National Union Catalog,a continuing series of check lists initiated in 1958 by Ralph Shawand Richard Shoemaker, and other projects have relied heavilyon McMurtrieTs pioneer efforts. Bruntjen and Young, Douglas C.McMurtrie, xi-xii.13. Siateenth Biennial Report of the North Carolina HistoricalCommission July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1936 (Raleigh: North Caro-lina Historical Commission, 1936), 27, hereinafter cited asCommission Biennial Report, with appropriate dates; Commis-sion Biennial Report, 1936-1938, 32-33; North Carolina Histori-cal Records Survey, A Souvenir of the North Carolina HistoricalRecords Survey Project ({Raleigh]: North Carolina HistoricalCommission, 1940), [1], hereinafter cited as Souvenir.14, H.G. Jones, For HistoryTs Sake: The Preservation and Publi-cation of North Carolina History 1663-1903 (Chapel Hill: TheUniversity of North Carolina Press, 1966), 272-282, hereinaftercited as Jones, For HistoryTs Sake. The General Assembly in 1907expanded the role of the commission and provided for a full-time secretary. Robert Digges Wimberly Connor, an early advo-cate of the commission and later the first archivist of the UnitedStates, was elected secretary. Connor earlier had stated thatoThe real work [of the commission] lies in collecting, transcrib-ing and editing original sources.� Jones, For HistoryTs Sake, 281-282.15. Charles Christopher Crittenden (1 December 1902-13October 1969), a native of Wake Forest, N.C., received a Ph.D.from Yale University in 1930. He headed the N.C. HistoricalCommission (renamed North Carolina Department of Archivesand History in 1943) until 1968, with the exception of the years1985 Summer"95

1946-1947. Crittenden emphasized programs for the people andinstituted sound records management policies at the statearchives. He was a founding member and president (1946-1948)of the Society of American Archivists and was instrumental inthe creation of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Heedited the North Carolina Historical Review for many yearsand served on the National Advisory Committee of the HistoricalRecords Survey. Crittenden briefly directed the Survey of Fed-eral Archives in North Carolina. H.G. Jones, oCharles Chris-topher Crittenden,� in Dictionary of North Carolina Biography,ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: The University of North Caro-lina Press [projected multi-volume series, 1979- ]), 1:461-462;C.C. Crittenden to Sargent B. Child, 25 May 1942, DirectorTs Cor-respondence, box 151).16. Mattie Erma E. Parker to Maurice C. York, 2 January 1981,in possession of the author. Miss Mattie Erma Edwards, who hadbeen collector for the Hall of History located at the HistoricalCommission, served beginning in February 1936 as assistantregional director of the Survey of Federal Archives, a projectdirected by Dr. Philip May Hamer of the National Archives. Dr.Crittenden supervised Edwards's work, Commission BiennialReport, 1934-1936, 26. The Historical Commission occupied thesecond floor of the new State Administration Building on Mor-gan Street in 1914. When the HRS began, these quarters wereinadequate, but it was not until 1939 that the commissionmoved to more spacious facilities in the Education Building. Theoffices of the HRS had been moved to rented rooms prior to thattime. Henry S. Stroupe, oThe North Carolina Department ofArchives and History"the First Half Century,� North CarolinaHistorical Review 31 (April 1954): 190, 197; Dan Lacy to Mau-rice C. York, 15 December 1980, in possession of the author.17. Lacy to York, 15 December 1980; Commission BiennialReport, 1934-1936, 27; Commission Biennial Report, 1936-1938,33. Lacy lived in Rocky Mount, N.C., though he had been born inNewport News, Va., on 28 February 1914. He completed the M.A.in history at the University of North Carolina in 1935 under thedirection of Dr. Crittenden and served as instructor at the uni-versity until 1935. Lacy was assistant to the national director ofthe HRS in 1940-1941. Later he held major positions at theNational Archives (1942-1947), the Library of Congress (1947-1951), and the American Book Publishers Council (1953-1966).Since 1966 he has held various positions with McGraw-Hill, Inc.(Who's Who in America, 1980-1981, 41st ed., 2 vols. (Chicago:Marquis WhoTs Who, 1980), 2:1,925.18. C. C. Crittenden, oThe Historical Records Survey: Problemsand Accomplishments,� 21 December 1936, typescript, Direc-torTs Correspondence, box 111; oTentative Plans for Publicationof Results of the Historical Records Survey in North Carolina,� 17August 1936, typescript, DirectorTs Correspondence, box 108;Crittenden to Sargent B. Child, 25 May 1942, Director's Corres-pondence, box 151; Lacy to York, 15 December 1980; CharlesChristopher Crittenden and Dan Lacy, eds., The HistoricalRecords of North Carolina. Volume I: The County Records,Alamance through Columbus (Raleigh: North Carolina Histori-cal Commission, 1938), 12.19. Commission Biennial Report, 1936-1938, 37: oNorth Caro-lina Historical Records Survey List of Publications,� appended toList of the Papeles Procedentes de Cuba (Cuban Papers) in theArchives of the North Carolina Historical Commission (Raleigh:North Carolina Historical Records Survey, June 1942). Herein-after, this list will be cited as oHistorical Records Survey Publica-tions.� Crittenden noted in the minutes of the HistoricalCommission that North Carolina was the first state to completeits inventory of county archives and that the effort had receivedconsiderable praise. Francis Samuel Philbrick, a professor of lawat the University of Pennsylvania and the originator of the ideafor a nationwide surveyof state and local archives by reliefworkers, told Crittenden that North Carolina's performance onthe HRS projects was ocertainly more impressive than that of96"North Carolina Librariesany other state.� Minutes of the North Carolina Historical Com-mission, 25 September 1939, Archives, Division of Archives andHistory; Francis S. Philbrick to Crittenden, 13 January 1940,DirectorTs Correspondence, box 132; Smiley, oW.P.A. HistoricalRecords Survey,� 5-6.20. oHistorical Records Survey Publications.�21. Crittenden to May E. Campbell, 5 May 1939, Director's Cor-respondence, box 126.22. Crittenden to McMurtrie, 19 May 1937, Work ProjectsAdministration, American Imprints Inventory, Agency CentralOffice (N.C.), microfilm reel 4945, National Archives, Washing-ton, D.C., hereinafter cited as AII Central Office Microfilm, withappropriate reel number. McMurtrieTs work appeared in theNorth Carolina Historical Review in 1933 and 1936. Douglas C.McMurtrie, oThe First Twelve Years of Printing in North Caro-lina, 1749-1760,� North Carolina Historical Review 10 (July1933): [214]-234; Douglas Crawford McMurtrie, oA Bibilographyof North Carolina Imprints, 1761-1800,� North Carolina Histor-ical Review 13 (January 1936): 47-86; (April 1936): 143-166;(July 1936): 219-254.23. Crittenden to McMurtrie, 19 May 1937, reel 4945, AII Cen-tral Office Microfilm. Letters of 1937 and 1938 reveal that Lacycorresponded with McMurtrie and supervised the inventory. ByApril 1938 the N.C. inventory included books published through1876. Lacy to McMurtrie, 28 April 1938, reel 4945, All CentralOffice Microfilm.24. Owing to LacyTs hospitalization for a time prior to mid-June1938, Marcus A. Rushton, Jr., assumed these duties. By May1940, a month after Lacy resigned as state supervisor, Rushtonhad undertaken immediate supervision of the project. Colbert F.Crutchfield, who succeeded Lacy as state supervisor, acceptedthe responsibility of cooperating with the Chicago office of theinventory. Lacy to McMurtrie, 17 June 1938, reel 4945, AII Cen-tral Office Microfilm; Lacy to Crittenden, 14 June 1938, Direc-torTs Correspondence, box 123; Commission Biennial Report,1938-1940, 38; Souvenir, 10-12.25. Lacy to McMurtrie, 26 May 1937, ey 4945, AII CentralOffice Microfilm; Lacy to York, 15 December 1980.26. Lacy to MeMurtrie, 26 August 1937, 11 October 1937, 4 Jan-uary 1938, reel 4945, AII Central Office Microfilm; Lacy toLuther H. Evans, 9 November 1937, reel 4945, AII Central OfficeMicrofilm. Burch, who held the M.S. degree from North CarolinaState College, later was instrumental in compiling the guide tomanuscripts located at the Duke University Library. Sowvenir;Crittenden to Evans, 20 July 1938, Director's Correspondence,box 123.27. McMurtrie to Viola S. Burch, [18?] January 1938; Burch toMcMurtrie, 18 January 1938, reel 4945, AII Central Office Micro-film. Lacy had to contend with the foundationTs director, Dr.Samuel Mills Tenney, who constantly worried that Mrs. Burchwould not have time accurately to reflect the quality of thecollection. Lacy told McMurtrie that oDr. TenneyTs letters arealways a trifle acidulous, but his bark is much worse than hisbite.� Lacy to McMurtrie, 21, 24 January 1938, reel 4945, AIlCentral Office Microfilm.28. Lacy to Irene Best, ([8?] March 1938, reel 4945, AII CentralOffice Microfilm. Lacy had Mrs. Best type appropriate catalogcard entries on half sheets of typing paper. If they were deemedimportant, imprint slips were filled out and sent to Chicago.Lacy to McMurtrie, 10, 23 March 1938, reel 4945, AII CentralOffice Microfilm.29. Lacy to Adelaide L. Fries, 17 November 1937, Director's Cor-respondence, box 117; Douglas C. McMurtrie, Eighteenth Cen-tury North Carolina Imprints 1749-1800 (Chapel Hill: TheUniversity of North Carolina Press, 1938), [20]. McMurtrie con-sidered the New Bern publication so important that hereprinted it. The Proceedings of the Revolutionary Committee ofthe Town of Newbern, North Carolina, 1775 (Chicago: ChicagoSchool of Printing, 1938).

30. Colbert F. Crutchfield to McMurtrie, 12 November 1938, reel4945, All Central Office Microfilm, oThe Historical Records Sur-vey Program in North Carolina: A Brief Outline,� after 4 March1940, mimeograph, Director's Correspondence, box 132. Crutch-field at this time was technical director of the HRS in Raleigh.31. Parker to York, 2 January 1981; Lacy to York, 15 December1980.32. Crittenden to May E. Campbell, 19 July 1937, DirectorTs Cor-respondence, box 117. It is interesting to note that both Mrs.Campbell, state director of WomenTs and Professional Projects,and Dr. Luther H. Evans advised Crittenden that, despite hisresignation, they would expect him to offer suggestions and guid-ance, Even Crittenden admitted that the work of the HistoricalCommission and the HRS could not be divorced. Campbell toCrittenden, 23 July 1937, Director's Correspondence, box 117;Evans to Crittenden, 25 June 1937, DirectorTs Correspondence,box 114.33. Lacy to McMurtrie, 7 June 1937, 17 June 1938, 8 September1939, reel 4945, AII Central Office Microfilm; McMurtrie to Lacy,11 June 1937, reel 4945, AI Central Office Microfilm; Crutch-field to Crittenden, 28 August 1940, enclosed in Crittenden toJ.J. Lund, 31 August 1940, Director's Correspondence, box 135.34. In August 1939 federal WPA projects ceased to exist on anational level, but many of them, including the HRS, continuedas local efforts in the states. The national office of the HRScontinued the work of maintaining editorial standards of thevaried publications of the survey, and the Illinois office of theHRS maintained the central imprint files. In September 1939 theNorth Carolina Historical Commission became the legal sponsorof the North Carolina Historical Records Survey Project. Fundswere obtained from the State WPA headquarters rather thanfrom Washington. Smiley, oW.P.A. Historical Records Survey,� 22-23; Dan Lacy to Maurice C. York, 19 August 1981, in possessionof the author.35. Correspondence reflecting the nature of the inventory workbetween 1939 and 1941 may be found in reel 4945, AII CentralOffice Microfilm. For AII records pertaining to the type andnumber of imprint slips sent from Raleigh to Chicago on a regu-lar basis, see reels 4941 and 4943, AII Central Office Microfilm.McMurtrie informed his colleagues that the Union Catalog of theLibrary of Congress did not assign locational symbols for verysmall libraries, including those located in schools, courthouses,and churches. McMurtrie to M.A. Rushton, [23?] May 1939;McMurtrie to Lacy, 31 October 1939, reel 4945, All CentralOffice Microfilm.36. Crutchfield to Crittenden, 28 August 1940, enclosed in Crit-tenden to J.J. Lund, 31 August 1940, DirectorTs Correspondence,box 135; oHistorical Records Survey Report on Status of Files,�10 April 1942, typescript, enclosed in C.C. McGinnis and May E.Campbell to Florence Kerr, 2 June 1942, Director's Correspon-dence, box 151; Commission Biennial Report, 1940-1942, 43.Rushton succeeded Crutchfield as state supervisor of the HRS inDecember 1941. Inventory of the State Archives of North Caro-lina. Series I. General Governmental Agencies. No. 7, StatePlanning Board (Raleigh: North Carolina Historical RecordsSurvey, March 1942), [iv].37. Lacy to McGinnis, 9 July 1941, Records of the Work ProjectsAdministration, Record Group 69, Historical Records Survey(N.C.), file 651.355, National Archives, Washington, D.C., herein-after cited as Record Group 69; Thomas R. Hall to Campbell, 1August 1941, reel 4945, AII Central Office Microfilm; Child toee 20 February 1941, DirectorTs Correspondence, box8.38. Child to McGinnis, 11, 17, 19 September 1941, Record Group69; Campbell to Hall, 3 October, 4, 12 December 1941, reel 4945,AII Central Office Microfilm; list of imprint slips sent to NorthCarolina, 1 August 1941-31 December 1941, reel 4945, AII Cen-tral Office Microfilm; memorandum of Winifred Schlosser to D.J.Mitchell, 19 February 1942, reel 4946, AII Central Office Micro-film.39. ThorntonTs useful bibliography was published in 1954. MaryLindsay Thornton to Luther H. Evans, 7 December 1938, reel4945, AII Central Office Microfilm; Child to McGinnis, 16 August1941, Record Group 69; Campbell to Hall, 4 December 1941, reel4945, All Central Office Microfilm; Mary Lindsay Thornton,comp., Official Publications of the Colony and State of NorthCarolina 1749-1939: A Bibliography (Chapel Hill: The Univer-sity of North Carolina Press, 1954), x. The publication differed inscope and content from the most comprehensive check listspublished by the American Imprints Inventory. The workrepresented primarily titles from the collections at the Univer-sity of North Carolina, Duke University, the State Library, theState College of Agriculture and Engineering at Raleigh, and theWomanTs College of the University of Greensboro, although someof the titles were culled from Miss ThorntonTs own researchnotes, a complete file of the printed cards of the Library ofCongress, The Monthly List of State Publications, and publishedbibliographies by R.R. Bowker and McMurtrie (a total of eighteenlibraries or repositories held copies of imprints listed in Thorn-tonTs bibliography). rhe book was arranged alphabeticallyrather than chronologically. The broad time period representedin Thornton's work precluded the inclusion of transcriptions oftitle pages such as were used in some ATI check listsT oStyle A�descriptions. Finally, ThorntonTs bibliography lacked some of theindexes found in most check lists.40. Smiley, oW.P.A. Historical Records Survey,� 23; Crittenden toChild, 22 July 1942, DirectorTs Correspondence, box 151.41. In addition to her bibliography of official publications, MissThornton published a bibliography of general North Caroliniana.Although not comprehensive, the volume lists works aboutNorth Carolina as well as periodicals published in North Caro-lina and works written by North Carolinians. Mary LindsayThornton, A Bibliography of. North Carolina 1589-1956 (ChapelHill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1958).FOREIGN BOOKSand PERIODICALSCURRENT OR OUT-OF-PRINTSPECIALTIES:Building Special CollectionsALBERT J. PHIEBIG INC.Box 352, White Plains, N..Y. 106021985 Summer"97

oNorth Carolina Archival Program"A Tradition of ExcellenceT:Edited by Morgan J. BarclayDuring the first seventy years of this century,North Carolinians dominated national archivalleadership. A portion of this leadership can beattributed to Houston Gwynne Jones, historian,state archivist (1956-1968), director of the NorthCarolina Department of Archives and History(1968-1974), and author. The North Carolinaprogram won the first Distinguished ServiceAward of the Society of American Archivists in1964. Under JonesTs leadership, North Carolinadeveloped the largest and most comprehensivearchival and records management programamong the state archival programs.Jones has written extensively on archivalsubjects and North Carolina history. He is the onlyindividual to win the Society of American Archi-vistTs Waldo Gifford Leland Prize twice for the bestAmerican book on archival history, theory, andpractice (For HistoryTs Sake, published in 1966,and Local Government Records, published in1980). His latest volume, North Carolina Illus-trated, published in 1983, won the William R.Davie Award of The Sons of the American Revolu-tion for its contribution to early American history.Dr. Jones received his Ph.D. from Duke Uni-versity and currently is the curator of the NorthCarolina Collection at the University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill.The following pages contain an edited infor-mal oral history interview conducted on 8 March1985, at the Wilson Library in Chapel Hill. Theinterview focused on the development of theDepartment of Archives and History and on thecontributions of this valuable institution to thestate. It is hoped that the interview will fosterfurther understanding between archivists andlibrarians.Questions to Dr. Jones are in italics. Wordsadded for clarity by the editor are contained inbrackets. The editor minimized language changesin the hope that the dynamic personality of H. G.Jones can be sensed.Morgan J. Barclay is University Archivist at East CarolinaUniversity in Greenville.98"North Carolina LibrariesDr. Jones, I'd like to begin by spending acouple of minutes having you talk about yourrural roots, which obviously played an impor-tant part in your life; and you refer to them inyour writings often.I suppose anyone is shaped by his or herroots. Of the many good fortunes that I've had, Ithink that perhaps ITm proudest of the fact that Idid come out of a rural setting"in particular, thatI grew up on a tenant farm where I worked sideby side with whites and blacks. I was neverashamed of growing up during the depression.One of the things that I canTt quite understand ishow today people look upon poverty as beingsomething to be ashamed of. I was never ashamedof it, and looking back on it ITm really proudbecause I think it gave me a sense of mission toclimb above it that otherwise perhaps I wouldnever have needed to learn.Looking back, I can see that there was a suc-cession of good fortunes. For instance, I went to alittle country school where there were books, awhole room full of books. Of course, there wasnTt abook in our house except a paperback Biblewhich, as I recall, was very seldom used becauseas I was growing up my family did not go tochurch.It was back there that I became acquaintedwith books and discovered that there was a wholeworld that I couldn't see in Caswell County, but Icould see it through words.I_had a fourth grade teacher who was thegreat granddaughter of Bedford Brown, who wasa United States senator from North Carolina from1829 to 1840. She lived in his home over acrossthe creek on the paved road. They even had elec-tric power over there; they didnTt have a tele-phone but they had electric power and pavedroads. I recall going past that house, and it wasMiss Mary Brown that I think really awakened inme an interest in history, because I knew that thisman who had fought secession had lived and thathis grave was out there under those boxwoods.Miss Mary used to roll a pencil in her hand andsay, oAn idle brain is the DevilTs workshop.� I wasscared to death of her because she was a hardteacher, but she did teach me a lot.

You mentioned going to high school in Cas-well County and there being introduced to books.Is that where you first began the love of writing,too?I recall that when I was in about the first orsecond grade one of my classmates was killed byan automobile and I along with other classmateswas a flower bearer at his funeral. I remembertwo things about that. First of all they told melater that I never took off that little cap I waswearing. Secondly, the obituary in the DanvilleRegister carried the list of the flower bearers, andI saw my name in print for the first time. That didsomething, and I donTt know whether thataccounts for my interest in writing, but to see thatin print had a tremendous influence on me. Therewas a fascination with seeing my words, notnecessarily my name, in print.I decided I had to go to college and, of course,I had no way to go to college until an uncle, whohad gone off to Ohio and worked in the steel mills,told me that he would lend me some money. Solborrowed fifty dollars from him and was given ajob pressing pants up at Banner Elk at Lees-McRae College in the summer so I could earn somemoney to go to school that fall.I accomplished two things at age seventeen. Igot away from that farm because I didn't like thathard work. I mean planting, suckering, topping,and pulling tobacco and hoeing corn and thatsort of thing. I did it, but I didnTt like it, and I knewthere was an easier way. So thatTs the way I got offto college.Then the war came along, and I joined thenavy. The navy opened up the world to mebecause I was able to travel and I was also able tosave money with which to go to college. When Ireturned in 1946 with the G.I. bill and money thatI'd saved out of my navy pay, I could go to anyuniversity in the country because in those daysyou could get into any university. I narrowed it totwo schools, and I'll never understand why it wasthose two schools. One was Washington and LeeUniversity where all the students wore shirts andties and a coat, which was completely out ofcharacter for a tenant farm boy, and second,Appalachian, which was just down the mountainfrom Lees-McRae, because I loved those moun-tains. I chose Appalachian. It was a good schooland I learned a great deal.For two summers I went off to New York Uni-versity to do graduate work, and there again wasa further broadening experience, proving that Icould really do the quality of work that I feltwould be necessary for a doctorate. I was going toget my Ph.D. at NYU until my major professor andI were talking one day. He had gotten the firstPh.D. degree in history from Duke University, andI was writing on sectionalism in North Carolina. Isaid, oDr. Flanders, does it seem kind of odd thathere I am up here in Greenwich Village, going toNYU, writing a dissertation on a subject for whichall of my sources are down in North Carolina?� Hethought for a moment and said, oYes, I guess it is.�We talked about it, and I said, oSuppose you hadthe opportunity to go to Duke"yourTre the firsthistory Ph.D. from there"and University of NorthCarolina. Now I would expect you to be preju-diced, but which one would you choose?� Hepaused for a minute and said, oLet me put it thisway: I have never known anybody who went toDuke who didnTt like it. I have never known any-body who went to Chapel Hill and didn't love it.�Well, I applied to both; Duke offered me money,and I went there.When you became state archivist in 1956,North Carolinians had dominated nationalarchival leadership for over a half a century.Maybe you could address your thoughts as to whyNorth Carolina provided this leadership.It was a leader because of the individualsinvolved. R. D. W. Connor was a remarkable indi-vidual. He had come on the scene when the histor-ical commission was first organized in 1903 as ayoung man. As I get older I can appreciate moreand more the energy that can be unleashed at anyage, but particularly among the young who see ajob that needs to be done and want to be a part ofaccomplishing that job. R. D. W. Connor came tothat position knowing nothing about what itinvolved. He knew nothing about archives. Hesimply knew some history and had been a princi-pal of aschool, but here he was thrown into aneworganization, one that followed by only two orthree years the very first department of archivesand history among the states of the union.In reviewing his correspondence in the earlyyears, particularly 1905-1907, I found that Con-nor was asking for viewpoints from other peoplesuch as Thomas M. Owen in Alabama and DunbarRowland in Mississippi, listening to advice, andattending the professional meetings. He was look-ing at what other people were trying to do, but hewas framing his own ideas of how he wanted theNorth Carolina program to go. He made somestarts that he later changed in direction. Anexample is the local records program. He origi-nally didnTt want to bring any of the countyrecords to Raleigh. He wanted them to be keptproperly in the counties. Eventually he discoveredthat it wasnTt possible at the time because of the1985 Summer"99

turnover in personnel, because of the lack of facil-ities at the local level, and so he yielded to thecentralization of local records.Connor was a pioneer in that there weren'tother programs to model things after. He wassucceeded in 1921 by Robert B. House, who waschancellor here at the University of North Caro-lina much later. House didnTt stay long and thenAlbert Ray Newsome, who also had been a profes-sor here at the university, came over; and New-some also had a lot of energetic ideas. Perhaps hisgreatest contribution was in chairing the commit-tee and writing the so-called model archival legis-lation back in the early 1930s. In 1935, just beforehe returned to the university, he succeeded in get-ting much of that model legislation through theNorth Carolina legislature, and the Public RecordsAct of 1935 becomes another key to our traditionin this day. He was able to put into effect one ofthe best basic public records acts in the nation.'oWe had, by then, a tradition,and that is the key to the suc-cess of an organization.�aSo, we have Connor, we have Newsome, wehave the law in 1935, and then a young professorfrom Chapel Hill sort of trades places with New-some. Christopher Crittenden went to Raleighand took over archives and history. Here againwas a young man with tremendous energy, a scho-lar, and yet someone who could visit legislators,visit local officials, and be right at home withthem. Crittenden had tremendous energy, and itTsunder him that the programs you mention"suchas the beginning of records administration as itwas called then, the beginning and building of therecords center, the beginning of the centralmicrofilm program, and so forth"started.Now when I came in 1956 I remember I hadno training in archives administration. I wassimply a researcher and a historian. I came into asituation that made me think at first that nothinghad ever happened. You know one of my favoritesayings is, oAll progress begins when a new crowdtakes over.� The only thing we had going was therecords center, the central microfilm unit, andthe inventorying and scheduling of state records.The archives was standing still, it appeared. Mypredecessor had worked under terrible circum-stances"even the air conditioning that broughtair into the stacks hadnTt worked for severalyears. The first thing I did was to start cleaninghouse, and our staff started wiping the soot fromthe materials in the archives, and we did that100"North Carolina Librariesourselves.When I began studying, I got excited overwhat had been done. A lot had been done. We had,by then, a tradition, and that is a key to the suc-cess of an organization. If you can build a tradi-tion, then itTs rather unlikely that you are going toget someone to take it over who will look at thejob as a sinecure, something just to relax at,because he or she knows that that person is goingto be measured by the predecessor.I sat behind that old desk on which Crit-tenden had some things piled up, and he left andcame back in a few minutes with a big stack ofbudget books. He dropped them on the desk"thiswas the fifteenth or sixteenth of June"and hesaid, oYou'll need to have your biennial budgetready in fifteen days.� I didnTt even know what abudget was. But this was great training because Iwas thrown right into it. He knew what he wasdoing. But the point I want to make is that Crit-tenden said, oItTs yours.� In effect he was tellingme, oThis is your division and itTs going to rise orfall with you.� He would be there for advice, but hewasnTt going to be involved in the running of it. Sothere again one feels the opportunity, and I knewthat I could get credit for it or I could get blamefor it. I wasnTt going to be able to blame him for myfailure, and he wasnTt going to try to take thecredit. He operated that way with the various divi-sions. So he had great influence on all of usbecause of that sense. He wanted his staff, hisdivision heads, to develop their programs, whichis why we had a carte blanche to build, and there-fore, I could go directly to the legislature andwork with the legislators and make my own con-tacts.I immediatley got involved. I visited statearchives in Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky,Ohio, and Illinois. Some state archives wereadvanced in certain areas. ITm not above stealingideas and wherever I saw a good idea, I liked totry and bring it back and incorporate it in someway. I also went off to Washington and attendedDr. Ted SchellenbergTs archival training programfor the National Archives. That put me in touchagain with colleagues around the country andmade me aware of the broader implications ofwhat I was doing"that we were doing somethingthat was not completely isolated down here inNorth Carolina. I met a lot of people with theNational Archives.I'd like to discuss some of the major pro-grams that were developed while you were thestate archivist and director of the department.Probably one of the programs that you wereproudest of was the local records program.

That is the most spectacular one. But ITmreally proudest in those early years in getting toknow legislators and finding that they didnTt needmuch selling on archives. All they needed to knowwas, What does that mean? Just take them overand show them around, pull out manuscripts andsay, oThis is it. That is the only copy.� I discoveredthat almost any legislator can get excited overoriginal documents. If I had a osecret,� it was indiscovering that I could influence the people whomade the decisions. I could influence a governoror a legislator by using the documents themselves.Terry Sanford, for instance; taking him throughthe archives, showing him the steam pipes. Lethim feel the hot pipes that are drying up all theoriginal legislative papers going back into theearly 1700s and some of them the 1600s. And hereis the governor saying, oHow can this be? How canNorth Carolina allow this?� So we got a new build-ing out of that.Over in the budget division was a fellownamed Charles Holloman. Charlie later becamethe state budget officer. Charles is a local histo-rian and genealogist, and he spent his coffeebreaks and lunch hour over in the archives. Ibegan seeing the excitement that he had, and sohe and I hatched a few plans. ITd been at Dukeand had had a carrel in the stacks on the floorwith most of the newspapers. I would leave in theThis 1969 photograph shows a rear view of the recently completed Archives and History/State Library building. Christopherevening and see these pieces of newspaper allover the floor. The next morning I would come inand it would be clean and I just wondered whereall that newsprint had gone. Obviously it had beenswept up. It was gone. So nobody was doing any-thing about the newspapers, and it was withCharlie that we hatched up a little plan by gettingseveral legislators, including the Speaker of theHouse, to come over and take a look and proposea program. We were able to get that newspapermicrofilming program going without a special bill.We got it through the budget process, because theSpeaker of the House was behind it, and we hadbeen able to show him what the state was losing.Since 1959, my state has spent $5 million ofour tax funds for the local records program alone.We have solved most of the problems of the earlycounty records. Why donTt other states begin? Nostate has developed a program like that even tothis day; no state is attempting to develop one,and I donTt understand why. ItTs so easy. All youhave to do is to osell� your local officials on theidea that you can help them and that you share aresponsibility for assuring the preservation of thepublic records of the state"ITm referring to localpublic records. And they then came to the legisla-ture. It was a delightful thing for me to sit backand let them carry the battle in the appropria-tions committee. Let them send the telegramsCrittenden stands in the foreground. (Photograph from files of the Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh.)1985 Summer"101

from their annual meetings and sit back and say,oThatTs an excellent idea and weTd be glad to do itif you want us to.� Of course, previously, we'dworked out the program down to the last detail.ITm assuming when you work on a regularbasis with legislators that as they saw the pro-gram develop"the local records program makinga large dent and finally microfilming all thepapers up through 1 900"they obviously reactedpositively to the whole program, and you wereable to build on your successes. It is part of thisNorth Carolina character you are talking about?It is their program. Let me give you an exam-ple. The night before last I was within two peopleof Governor Martin in the receiving line in themansion. Behind me was Senator John Jordanand his wife. And it just occurred to me to say, oBythe way John, I just finished sending off an articlein which I made reference to Senate Bill 101.�John said, oThat was my bill!� In 1959 he had beenthe prime senate sponsor of that bill. He remem-bers it by number. He was one of the fathers ofthat program.�The program must have developed tre-mendous rapport between units and the StateArchives over a period of time; it was not a pro-ject completed over night.Oh, no. ItTs still going on, as a matter of factand will continue to go on. But what it hasaccomplished is to get control of that tremendousmass of records that inhibit so many archiviststoday from even tackling it. We had threehundred years of records to take care of. You see,back in those days, 1959-1960, technology hadreached little beyond microfilm, so in those daysmicrofilm was the latest thing. That is what thecomputer is today. And there were those whothought microfilm would solve everything. But weknew that it was expensive to microfilm and thatcertain things didnTt need to be microfilmed. Butwe used that as an angle to preserve the securityof the records. I knew that if we could get controlof that mass"a hundred counties in this stateand hundreds and hundreds of municipalities"and take care of things from that time back, thenno matter what technology came along we'd beprepared to meet it. But as long as that backlogstares one in the face, and we see it in every statein the union who hasnTt done something about it,so long as that backlog is there it inhibits them.In this period of twenty-five years we hadgotten control of the backlog. And if I have a halfdozen criticisms of my successor archivistsaround the country, the first one is that they mustbe willing to plan continuing programs that wonTtnecessarily capture headlines as they gradually102"North Carolina Librariesachieve. Second, when they come into a position,the most important thing is not to tear up every-thing and start everything over"re-invent thewheel"but to carry on without interruptionthose programs that have been started. I learnedthat in connection with the state records pro-gram. That had already started, it was moving,and all we had to do was build on it. So frequentlyI see people go into positions and they feel thatthey must change everything and that it must beremade into their image. Well, you can do thatover a period of time by simply building onto thesolid programs.There is something in the North Carolinacharacter, that thing that one of these days ITmreally going to write something on. There is some-thing in a North CarolinianTs being that reactsfavorably when something gets favorable noticefrom outside. That is maybe in everybody's char-acter, but I have noticed it here. There are thosewho say, oDonTt ever let the legislature know thatyou are doing well, because they assume you donTtneed anything else.� North Carolina legislatorsdonTt react that way. They want to maintain. Ifthey are proud of something, they will support itall the more and that leadership that had beenasserted. That tradition has been one of our great-est allies, because we wouldn't dare let it slowdown.Another step that you talked about in thebuilding of the archives program was a majorreorganization and arrangement of the recordsThe North Carolina archival program won the first Distin-guished Service Award of the Society of American Archivistsin 1964. H.G. Jones (left) and Christopher Crittenden (right)view the trophy. (Photograph from files of the Archives, Di-vision of Archives and History, Raleigh.)

over in the archives in 1957. You mentioned thatin the biennial report, and I was wondering whatthat actually meant in more detail.It meant that we had been very far behind inarranging the records that were already there.First of all, I believe that to administer somethinga person has to have a feel of the work itself. I donot believe that one can become oadministrativearchivist� and really do a satisfactory job and getthe satisfaction out of it unless that person hasgotten his hands dirty handling the papers"inother words, has worked up to it.So the first thing I assigned myself in the wayof a project was scores and scores of boxes ofunarranged records from Bertie County. Theserecords had come in the courthouse, and theywere simply separated out into metal boxes, asmany as would go in one box, no reason whatever.I worked for many months on that one project,and I can tell you names today that are familiar inBertie County. That taught me to respect thepeople who do that as a permanent job. I holdthat person [an archivist specializing in arrange-ment and description] in tremendously highregard because of the judgment required in archi-val activity. We had this tremendous backlog ofrecords, and so first of all we needed to organizethe staff to get that work done. We created thelocal records section and also established fieldunits, Archivists went to the field, inventoried,and set up the schedules. Microfilmers went outand operated the microfilm cameras; the docu-ment restoration people in the lab restoredrecords brought in from the field. Other archivistsarranged and described what was coming in. Thatwas how we were able to get on top of the prob-lem.Now you never get on top of it, as you knowfrom experience, particularly when things keepcoming in. But it is a fight that you can never giveup. There again is where some of my colleagues, ifthey can't really finish something, tend to give up.But there are very few things in this world thatyou can accomplish once and thatTs it. You havegot to keep after it. So arrangement and descrip-tion is one of those things you keep strugglingwith; otherwise the dam breaks on you.Dr. Crittenden and I both stole as many ideasas we could from the National Archives andRecords Service and that, in effect, set the recordsmanagement program, as it was beginning to becalled then. So we consciously patterned anumber of our activities after them. For instance,you may recall that I started a series of archivesinformation circulars. That was just completetheft from the National Archives, adapted to ourown use. Special workshops were actually started,and we invited A. K. Johnson, who was head ofNARS southeastern district in Atlanta, to putthese on for us. He put the first ones on. We heldthem over in the old capitol in the old House andSenate chambers and found that state agencieswere anxious to participate in these correspon-dence and files workshops. Then by attending andparticipating in them, several members of ourown staff became competent to give them, andthen we began publishing our own guides to them.But this is a good example of how we worked veryclosely with the National Archives, and they gaveus great support. A. K. Johnson was perhaps un-usual as a regional! director in that he enjoyedworking with the states and we made great use ofhim.aoITm not above stealing ideasand wherever I saw a good idea,I liked to try and bring it backand incorporate it in someway.�Leena eeeI'd like to touch on the publications programin a little more detail than some of the other pro-grams, because I think it has a more direct linkwith the library community. I guess my initialobservation is that the publications that came outin the late 1950s and 1960s and up through the1970s had a wide variety of balance among schol-arly publications, those geared for amateur his-torians, and those for genealogists. Obviouslythese could become and did become helpful tools tothe librarian. Would you like to comment on this?LetTs divide the publications into two cate-gories. One, the documentary publications of thedepartment that started early in the North Caro-lina Historical CommissionTs history and, then, thelater publications that were more guides toresearch that I had more to do with in gettingstarted.The documentary publications had a greathistory. This was ConnorTs tradition of publishingthe original source materials so that there wouldbe a wider readership. It is so easy today for us toforget that before it was so easy to travel, ... ofcourse, they had automobiles but still it took along time from Greenville to Raleigh. It was anall-day trip. Before the automobile, before micro-film, before the office copier, you had the originalin a repository or in private hands, and that wasit. To see it you had to go where it was. In thosedays it was a matter of its being hidden unless it1985 Summer"103

was published. So the idea of publishing documen-taries"that is, actually transcribing and settingin type the text of original documents"wasnTtnew in North Carolina. It goes all the way back tothe middle of the nineteenth century. Yet, it wassomething that Connor saw the need of. Some ofthe earlier volumes, for instance, were the papersof Archibald D. Murphey. Incidentally, they weregiven away. It was a state printing, and they weregiven away because the purpose was to distributethem to the libraries of the state and to makethem available to people. Later on we had to startcharging them twenty-five cents for postage. Nowof course they cost you thirty dollars a copy. Butthis was a service of the state"the stateTs historybeing made available to the people.If you'll notice, the department has generallyavoided publishing secondary sources. I felt verystrongly and resisted the effort for us to publishbooks. That is a university press function. We didgo into the pamphlets because we were trying towork with the public schools in getting NorthCarolina history materials for them. Once youdecide you are going to publish a pamphlet on asubject you say, oWell, you donTt just want to writeit for the public schools. They can use it if it iswritten for the average North Carolinian.� So,theoretically, they would be popular works. Onthe other hand, they had to meet strict scholarlystandards in terms of their accuracy. Thatworked vey well, and the pamphlet series put outby the Department of Archives and History waswidely distributed. The publications program wasbased largely on documentaries. Then the NorthCarolina Historical Review, which started in1924, ... there again you asked what accounts forleadership, nobody dares let that slip. It is one ofthe two or three best state journals in the coun-try.The archives was a passive repository, usedmainly by a few history students and genealogists.When I got there, there was nothing but somemimeographed letters to respond to the peoplethat wrote in for information. There was just amimeographed letter with not even a letterheadto it that said, in effect, oSorry, we donTt have staffto help you on this. You are welcome to come tothe archives.� First of all, 1 knew that I wanted tobe more personal, particularly with North Caroli-nians. You donTt give them just a mimeographedanswer; you respond to them. After all, they payyour salary. That is an important consideration.But the other thing was that we had all thatmaterial. It was important stuff, so we starteddoing some little leaflets. One of them was ongenealogical research. We did one also on histori-104"North Carolina Librariescal research in the North Carolina Department ofArchives and History. Then as we developed newprograms, we issued leaflets on the newspapers,local records, and records management pro-grams. Here again we were building a consti-tuency by informing the potential constituency.ThatTs what itTs all about. So if someone wrote infor genealogical information, it was so easy for meto type a short letter and refer to the enclosedleaflet, which was nicely printed with picturesand this sort of thing.We realized that we had to have guides forthe people who came to the archives. In 1964 wewere able to get out our new guide to manu-scripts, which described lots of manuscripts thatno one knew we had. There are a lot of archivesTpublications that have been issued starting in the1950s to help ease the job cz the archivist to helpeducate the public.oNo state has developed a pro-gram like [North CarolinaTs micro-filming program], even to thisday.�Let me finish discussing publications with thecolonial records project. Dr. Crittenden and Iboth held hostages whenever necessary. He and Iwrote the act to create the Tercentenary Com-mission;? we also wrote the act to create the Con-federate Centennial Commission. Notice that weused the word Confederate instead of Civil War;that was for a reason. And we held those hostage,and we aren't going to try to get money to re-e-nact battles, to put on tiptoe dances, to do this orthat unless first something substantive came fromthem. In the case of the Tercentenary, it was goingto be a new edition ofthe colonial records. In thecase of theConfederate, it was going tobe a newroster of North Carolina troops. That is the waythose things got started. ITm proud that we heldthem hostage, because these are the things thatare still going on long after all of that other stuffhas been forgotten. The colonial records project isincomparable in terms of what it is revealing tous. The Civil War roster is of tremendous interest.Those started as separate projects with separatefunding and then were incorporated when therespective commissions went out of business. Ihad more trouble with the colonial records proj-ect, because some of the people in the budget div-ision were not sympathetic towards it.I guess it was in 1971, and Tom White waschairman of the Budget Commission. Senator

Ralph Scott and Senator Lindsay Warren, Jr.,always good friends of ours, also were on theBudget Commission. Here we were fighting for thelife of that project [colonial records] and Iremember"itTs the only time ITve ever done this,but it worked"I said, oOf all of our priorities, thisis tops. Now we know that you might not see thevalue in this, and so ITm asking you for one favor.Just for this one time accept our judgment on itas being the most important continuing projectthat has been cut out.� And there was an interest-ing reaction. Some people could have been sort ofinsulted by that attitude. The reaction, however,was If itTs all that important, letTs put it back in.North Carolina IMlustrated was released in1983 and was obviously a massive undertaking. Ithought maybe you would make a comment aboutthe volume and how it can be used in the libraryenvironment.As I explained in the preface, I did that bookover a period of eleven years because no one elsewould do it without being paid to do it. There arethings that need to be done, and somebody has todo them. There had never been an illustrated his-tory of North Carolina. The pictorial material isscattered over the world. ItTs an expensive thingto do, expensive thing to get published, and noone had been willing to put the time and effort onit. | wanted to do it for a number Of reasons. First,it hadn't been done; second, I enjoyed doing it;and, third, I wanted to bring to the public atten-tion a vast quantity of the materials available butthat only a few scholars have ever had a reason tobump into. For the preliminary selection of pho-tographs, I reviewed hundreds of thousands ofillustrations at the Archives and History inRaleigh, at Duke, and in more than two hundredother places around the world.I'd like to close on a couple of comments onthe age-old question of archival education. Itseems to me that we are seeing more and morepositions in archives that require an M.L.S. asthe academic standard as opposed to the masterTsdegree in history, or sometimes you'll see both.The Society of American Archivists seems to begrappling with some type of certification pro-gram for archivists. What would you like to see asfar as some type of standard archival training orcertification?I suppose I have some doubts as to certifica-tion but I have some strong opinions on the ear-lier part of your questions concerning the type oftraining. When a person says the word oarchivist,�it means whatever the thirteen people in theroom think it means rather than what the personthat said it means"that makes a fourteenth view.An archivist is so many different things. An archi-vist is not a librarian; an archivist is a historian.That makes a big difference. To require a particu-lar degree does not assure that you are going toget an archivist. There are very few library schoolsthat even have an introduction to archives admin-istration sufficient to orient one to it. Further-more, the training that a librarian gets is to thediscrete item rather than to the larger collectionlevel that an archivist deals with. That doesnTtmean that an archivist doesnTt deal with individ-ual items; he/she does, but arrangement and de-scription is so different from cataloging that itseems to me that in some instances it could be adisadvantage to a library.""oAn archivist is more than atechnician. An archivist is aperson who has to use judg-ment at all levels.�"""" ss.I would rather stress that an archivist ismore than a technician. An archivist is a personwho has to use judgment at all levels. He is dealingwith manuscripts that do not often have, as abook does, an author or a number of authors. Anarchivist, to be successful and to understand thereasons for what he is doing, must have had expe-rience in using the types of materials that he isworking on. I still believe, as I argued in 1966against my old professor, Dr. Ted Schellenberg,that the proper and most appropriate training ofan archivist is in graduate work in history involv-ing extensive research in primary source mate-rials, because those are the materials that thearchivist will be dealing with. Certainly that train-ing ought to be supplemented by professionalarchival education, which is sometimes availablein departments of history, as in the case of theNorth Carolina Department of Archives and His-tory, North Carolina State University, and theSchool of Library Science here at Chapel Hill.I entered this field out of a history back-ground and my only oprofessional archival train-ing� came under Dr. Schellenberg, which was thena four-week course at the National Archives andAmerican University. Some of the best archivistsI've ever known, though, were historians whocame in and were assigned the very elementaryform of archival work and then progressed andlearned on the job. If I were heading an archivalinstitution at the present time instead of a library,I would be looking for people who are essentiallyhistorians but with that graduate history training1985 Summer"105

supplemented by either experience in an archivesor some academic training in it.We are probably going to see more and moreprograms in archival administration, and ITmwondering if the people coming out of those pro-grams are going to get the hard research in pri-mary sources.That bothers me. What worries me is that theresearch aspect of it can be lost. I think that isbetter than the old system where it was so hap-hazard. It is a real problem.I'd like to touch on one other area related toeducation. There seems to be a growing profes-sionalization of records management and agrowing number of positions both in privateindustry and in government. It seems to be a con-tinual tension between archivists and recordsmanagers.Oh yes, we have to have the tension.What do you feel about the relationshipbetween the two?It depends upon the situation. There againwe use the word archivist and there weTre bothprobably using it to refer to manuscripts curators,people who deal generally with unpublishedmaterials. My view is well known: an archivistshould also be somewhat of a records manager,and a records manager has to be somewhat of anarchivist. So I think there is a cross-fertilizationthat is desirable. Incidentally, that tension be-tween archivists and records managers was natu-ral because so few archivists knew anything aboutrecords management. There weren't many rec-ords managers, and they seemed to be strangepeople who were always trying to throw thingsaway or put them on microfilm and shred theoriginals. We have a problem of perception. T'mnot a records manager, never pretended to beone, but I was just enough of one to know that Ihad to have a top-notch records manager to runthat program. Now the most dangerous person inthe world is the archivist who mistakenly thinkshe knows enough about records management todo it himself. They [records managers] can helpyou sell the program. The archives in Raleigh hasdone as well as it has because of records man-agement and because I was able to get money todo things in that field.But going back to the question of certifica-tion. Let me explain that I donTt feel strongly onthat. What worries me is this: I look back on thearchivists that I've worked with and those whohave worked under me, and the best of them106"North Carolina Librariesnever had a course in archives until we set up ourown and then required them to take it. It worriesme that certification could make us a peripateticprofession. That is, it could encourage the movingon, the constant moving of people. That is deathto archival institutions. You have to have conti-nuity, you have to get subject-matter control. Onlya relatively small number of people as archivistswill first of all be interested in going on into admi-nistrative work and, second, capable of it. So Ithink it works for a records managerTs problembecause it is more technical now it seems to me. It[records management] is less on-the-job workingwith the types of materials, [rather] itTs a morespecific type of application. But I would hate tosee anything that would prevent Ruby Arnold,over at Archives and History, who is still arrang-ing and describing local records, from enjoyingthat work that she has been doing so well fortwenty-five years. She is a solid type of archivistthat institutions need to get the work done and tobuild gradually. ITm not against it [certification];itTs just that I donTt want to see anything thatcreates what the librarians have created"that is,a chasm between the M.L.S. and everybody else.There is a dastardly gap between good SPA [StatePersonnel Act] people and the M.L.S. categoriesthat call themselves professional. There are somegood professional SPAs, and I donTt like that con-descension.I guess I'll close with a question concerningthe Society of North Carolina Archivists, which isobviously an infant. ItTs just a year old. Why doyou think it took North Carolina until 1983 to getrolling here?I think it is easily explained. Whether or notitTs bad or good, I donTt know.I must admit that I never felt the need for astate organization at that time. You'll have toremember that until fairly recently, though therewere manuscript repositories in North Carolina,there were very few salaried positions. That wasbefore East Carolina, before Baptist HistoricalCollection, before N.C. State, and before thechurches started setting up archives; so what weare dealing with is a phenomenon of essentiallythe last decade. We didnTt have many archivistsaround the state. We had some volunteers thatwere baby-sitting some records at various places.When Thornton Mitchell conducted the stateassessment study® recently, he said he was justastonished at the number of repositories and hecompared it with my 1964 list.° Nineteen sixty-four has just been twenty years, so you are dealingwith a rapid turnover. ITve always felt that I paidpeople to get the work done, and by the time you

multiply organizations, you can find that half ofeach employee's time is being frittered away. Sothere is a little bit of stinginess in me. I hope thesociety does well and ITm impressed with whatthey are doing.Notes1. Public Laws of North Carolina, 1938, c. 265. The legisla-tion, titled oAn Act to Safeguard Public Records in NorthCarolina,� gave the Department of Archives and Historystatutory authority to preserve state records.2. Session Laws of North Carolina, 1 959, c. 1162. The act wastitled oAn Act to Provide for the Microfilming of CountyRecords of Permanent Value for Security Purposes.� Thelegislation organized the microfilming program for countyrecords and also included funding for the project.3. Twenty-Ninth Biennial Report of the North CarolinaDepartment of Archives and History, July 1, 1960-June30, 1962 (Raleigh: Department of Archives and History,1962), 95-103, hereinafter cited as the Department Bien-ALA"Paths to PowerYou'll save: The special half price for NewPersonal Members is $25; students $10;renewing members $50; non-salaried orretired librarians $15; trustee and laymembers $20; foreign $30 (effective 1984calendar year).You'll receive: American Libraries and itsLEADS job listings; reduced rates at ALAconferences; discounts on ALA monographs;eligibility to vote and hold office; an excel-lent group insurance plan; the backing ofthe most influential library association inthe world.Yes, I Will Join!*Enclosed is my check for $O Charge my dues of $my OVISA or 0 Master Charge.(MasterCard)Type of membership(eS i eon e ee. a: EeeName (please print)Peer oe eeMailing AddressLe a eee weesCity State Zip*Upon receipt of application, you will receiveadditional information on ALA divisions andround tables and how to get the most fromyour membership.Public Information OfficeAmerican Library Association50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611nial Report. The Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commis-sion was authorized in 1959 by the General Assembly. Thecommission was charged with the task of planning a pro-gram for the celebration of the three-hundredth anniver-sary of the granting of the Carolina Charter of 1663. Amajor project undertaken by the commission was the pub-lication of a new edition the Colonial Records of NorthCarolina.. Department Biennial Report, 104-113. The ConfederateCentennial Commission was authorized by the GeneralAssembly in 1959. It planned many activities for the one-hundredth anniversary of the Civil War.North Carolina Historical Records Advisory Committee,Archives and Records Programs and Historical RecordsRepositories in North Carolina: An Analysis of PresentProblems and Future Needs (Raleigh: The Committee,1983). For an abstract of the report, see North CarolinaLibraries, Fall 1983.. HG. Jones, oManuscript Collections in North Carolna,� inResources of North Carolina Libraries, ed. Robert B.Downs (Raleigh: GovernorTs Commission on Library Re-sources, 1965), 197-212.MCGREGORNe ane=) vine oAgencyoPERSONALIZED�SUBSCRIPTION SERVICEMcGregor can simplify complex andtime consuming problems of periodi-cal procurement involving research,ordering, payments, renewals andrecord keeping. Prompt courteousservice has been a tradition withMcGregor since 1933.@ All domestic and foreign titles@ Title Researche Prepaid Subscriptionse Automatic Renewalse Personal Service RepresentativesCall or write for catalog today815/734-4183MCGREGOR MAGAZINE AGENCYMount Morris, Illinois 610541985 Summer"107

Libraries, Books, and CultureRalph Lee ScottThe Library History Seminar VII heraldingoLibraries, Books and Culture,� sponsored by TheJournal of Library History, the Graduate Schoolof Library and Information Science of the Univer-sity of Texas at Austin, and the School of LibraryScience at the University of North Carolina atChapel Hill, began on March 6, 1985, at the SavoyRestaurant in Chapel Hill. Some 160 library historyscholars from the United States and Canadaattended the sessions. The three-day seminar fea-tured five plenary and twelve concurrent ses-sions"a total of twenty-eight papers. The topicsexplored the role and significance of books in thedevelopment of society. At the first plenary session,seminar participants (and Haynes McMullen)learned that the seminar would be a sort of oralfestschrift in honor of McMullen, a distinguishedlibrary historian and professor of library science atthe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Ralph Lee Scott is a Reference Librarian at the J. Y. JoynerLibrary of East Carolina University.The concurrent opening session featured twothemes, oThe Early Use of Printed Books in Europeand America� and oThe Formation of AmericanBibliothecal Institutions.� Speakers were MichaelHackenberg of the University of Chicago, DavidCressy of California State University at Long Beach,Jane A. Rosenberg of the Council on LibraryResources, and Wayne A. Wiegand of the Universityof Kentucky. A special tour and reception of theNational Humanities Center at Research TrianglePark followed.In the evening, John P. Feather, lecturer atLoughborough University in England, gave a stimu-lating talk on oThe Book in History and the Historyof the Book.� His paper produced a number ofthought-provoking questions from the audience.The consensus was that it is not possible to sepa-rate the book from history and vice versa.The March 7 morning sessions addressed twothemes: oPopular Libraries in Mid Nineteenth-Cen-tury North America� and oWestern Influences inthe South Asian World of Books.� SpeakersDr. Haynes McMullen, professor of Library Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, to whom the oLibraries,Books and Culture� seminar was dedicated, and Dean Edward G. Holley. (Photograph courtesy University of North Carolina Schoolof Library Science.)108"North Carolina Libraries

included Robert V. Williams of the University ofSouth Carolina and Donald Clary Johnson of theCollege of William and Mary.The seminar next turned to oCirculating andRental Libraries in the Modern U.S.� and oThe Roleof the Library in Two Cultural Contexts (Islam andGermany).� Speakers were Philip A. Metzger ofSouthern Illinois University School of Medicine;Philip B. Eppard, Harvard College Library; HediBenAicha, American-Arab Anti-DiscriminationCommittee; and Margaret F. Stieg, associate pro-fessor of library service at the University of Ala-bama.In the afternoon at the third plenary session,David D. Hall of Boston University and the Ameri-can Antiquarian Society raised a number of inter-esting questions in his paper oThe History of theBook: New Questions? New Answers.� His thesiscontinued and enlarged on that of John Feather.Later sessions in the afternoon covered oThe Influ-ences of Private Libraries� and oBooks and Librar-ies in Twentieth-Century France and the SovietUnion.� Speakers were Ralph J. Coffman, BostonCollege; Alan Gribben, University of Texas at Aus-tin; Mary Niles Maack, University of Minnesota; andMarianna Tax Choldin, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign.The fourth plenary session in the evening, heldin Gerrard Hall, featured another stimulating dis-cussion, this time by Margaret Rossiter of HarvardUniversity on oWomen and Scientific Literature.�Professor Rossiter gave an enlightening paper onthe role of women in the professions (includinglibrarianship) and the difficulties scholars have intracing their role in the written record. Rossiterspoke of the long hours, low pay, and small recogni-tion that was the lot of the bulk of women scien-tists. She made the point that many of theseScientists were neither appreciated nor misseduntil after their deaths, when the contributionsthey had made became apparent.The first of the morning sessions on March 8Covered oReligious Literature in Two Diverse Cul-tures� and oWomen in Professional Leadership: TheAmerican South.� Speakers featured were David L.Ferch, Mount Mercy College; Jonathan A. Lindsey,Baylor University; James V. Carmichael, Jr., theUniversity of North Carolina; and Anne Firor Scott,Duke University.The final concurrent sessions concerned oRe-Search in Reading: Two ApproachesT and oReportsof Current Library Historiography Abroad.� LarryE. Sullivan of the Herbert H. Lehman College of theCity University of New York, Robert Sidney Martinof Louisiana State University, Peter F. McNally ofMcGill University, and Paul Kaegbein of the Univer-sity of Cologne were the featured speakers.The seminar formally closed with another out-standing meal by the Savoy Restaurant. The finalplenary session paper was delivered at the Savoy,by David Kaser of Indiana University. He spoke onoThe American Academic Library Building EntersIts Second Phase, 1870-1890.� After lunch, partici-pants selected from tours of the University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke Universitylibraries. Seminar members departed, awaitingeagerly the presentation of further stimulatingpapers at the Library History Seminar VIII, to beheld five years hence.Henderson Friends Publish BookletThe Friends of the Henderson County PublicLibrary have published a booklet for library volun-teers, detailing the jobs they can perform in librar-ies. The particular duties of some twenty-fourpositions have been described after consultationwith the professional librarians concerned andwith their approval.The booklet is available for $3 prepaid. Sendyour check to the Secretary of the Friends, Hender-son County Public Library, 302 N. WashingtonStreet, Hendersonville, NC 28739.lis1985 Summer"109

New North Carolina BooksAlice R. Cotten, CompilerSam J. Ervin, Jr. Preserving the Constitution: TheAutobiography of Senator Sam J. Ervin, Jr.Charlottesville, Va.: The Michie Company, 1984.436 pp. $19.95With the death of Sam Ervin on April 23,1985, North Carolina lost its senior statesmanand its last link with an era when southern politi-cians dominated the United States Senate. Ervinwas the stateTs most distinguished political leaderof this century and, with the possible exception ofBilly Graham, the most recognized and respectedNorth Carolinian of any stripe. Since his retire-ment from the Senate in 1974 and up until his lastbout with illness, Ervin had kept busy travelingand speaking across the country, filing amicusbriefs in cases involving constitutional law, andgreeting the many people who stopped by hisMorganton office. Somehow, on top of all this, hebecame, in his eighties, a prolific author.First came his contribution to the literatureof Watergate, The Whole Truth, published by Ran-dom House in 1980. Then Senator Ervin put downon paper the stories he had used on the benchand on the hustings for almost sixty years. TheUniversity of North Carolina Press publishedHumor of a Country Lawyer in 1983. Now his lifestory, written in his own words and without theaid of a ghostwriter, has been issued by the MichieCompany, traditionally publishers of volumesdevoted to the law. Perhaps this is as it should besince this, his last book, amounts to a legal brieffor himself. The Senator gathered in one placewhat he had done, what others had said about hisactions, and what official records disclosed. Herecognized that in doing so he might be seen asimmodest but pleaded oin extenuation of myoffense that I have employed in everything I sayabout myself all the intellectual integrity I possessand am capable of exercising.�Born in 1896 and educated at the Universityof North Carolina at Chapel Hill and at Harvard,Ervin served in France during World War I. Afteryears as a legislator, trial lawyer, and judge, hewas appointed in 1954 to fill the vacancy in theSenate created by the death of Clyde R. Hoey.Within weeks, he drew the attention of that body110"North Carolina Librarieswith a speech urging the censure of JosephMcCarthy. Over the next twenty years, Ervinretained the respect of his colleagues across theideological spectrum. Whether it was in cham-pioning civil liberties, the separation of churchand state, and curbs on the abuse of government-al power or in opposing civil rights legislation, theEqual Rights Amendment, and judicial activism,the Senator acted on principle. He could countboth Ted Kennedy and Jesse Helms among hisadmirers. TThe story Ervin has to tell is for the most partthat of his public career. With the exception ofshort sections about family members, we learn lit-tle about his life outside the public realm. Thebook is burdened by overlong quotations fromspeeches, other books, and newspapers. The sec-tion on Watergate is oddly truncated; the readeris referred to ErvinTs earlier book on the subject.The entire account, however, is presented withErvinTs rhetorical flourishes intact and sprinkledwith his preacherly wit and homilies. The book ismade more useful by complete name and subjectindexes. It belongs in every North Carolinalibrary.ErvinTs devotion to the United States Consti-tution, othe most precious instrument ever devisedby the mind of man,� guided his actions and com-pelled him to write the book. He did so oin thehope that something I have done or said mayprompt others to fight as I have fought for thepreservation of the Constitution and the free-doms it enshrines.� North Carolina and the nationare poorer without him but richer for having hisversion of the events of his career.Michael Hill, North Carolina Division of Archives and HistorySuzanne Newton. An End to Perfect. New York:Viking Kestrel, 1984. 212 pp. $11.95.oPerfect� is how twelve-year old Arden thinksof Haverlee, the small North Carolina town whereshe lives with her parents and her older brother.Arden wants things to stay the way they areforever. But things are not perfect for long;ArdenTs brother decides to spend his last year of

New North Carolina Booksschool living with their grandparents so that hecan attend a better school. ArdenTs best friendDorJo is also going through a painful period withher family; she moves in with ArdenTs family tem-porarily because of her own motherTs neglect andabuse. Arden sees this as the perfect solution: herbrother may be leaving but DorJo is coming to livewith them and will take his place.That pat solution, however, is not to DorJoTsliking; in fact, that solution does not suit anyone,even Arden. Arden discovers that things cannotremain the same for anyone. She must grow upand take into account other peopleTs desires andhappiness.Once again Suzanne Newton has constructeda well-written story of a young personTs maturingand growing awareness and understanding ofherself and others. As always, she has dealt withboth the pleasant and the stressful sides of life.She describes people and situations realistically.The primary difference between this book and IWill Call It GeorgieTs Blues and M.V. SextonSpeaking is that in this latest book the maincharacter is much younger. For that reason, AnEnd to Perfect will appeal to a slightly youngeraudience than the other two books. All threebooks are excellent novels and will be very popu-lar with junior and senior high school readers.Diane Kessler, Durham County SchoolsDavid E. Whisnant. All That Is Native & Fine: ThePolitics of Culture in An American Region.Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1983. 340 pp. $24.00.One cannot read David WhisnantTs bookWithout gaining a better understanding of the cul-ture of southern Appalachia. Whisnant, a profes-sor of American studies at the University ofMaryland-Baltimore County and author of JamesBoyd and of Modernizing the Mountaineer: Peo-ple, Power, and Planning in Appalachia, focusesOn the manipulation and exploitation of moun-tain folk by well-intentioned ocultural workers,�which, he argues, results in neglect of the regionTsreal problems. As case studies, the author usesthe Hindman Settlement School (founded in1902) in eastern Kentucky, the cultural work ofOlive Dame Campbell (during 1908-1948) through-out the mountains, and the White Top Folk Festi-val (1908-1948) on the Virginia-North Carolinaborder.__ Although believing that oall that is native andfine� should be preserved, Olive Dame Campbelland other cultural investigators from mostly edu-cated, urban, and middle to upper economic-classbackgrounds imposed their essentially alien ide-ology and social programs on a mostly unedu-cated, rural, and lower economic-class people ofthe mountains. For example, while espousing acommitment to the music of the region, the orga-nizers of the White Top Folk Festival praised olderballads played and sung by local performers andcondemned performances of more modern tunes;thus, local musicians played only music the orga-nizers wanted to hear and omitted many piecesthe performers enjoyed.WhisnantTs book not only successfully docu-ments the systematic cultural intervention of oneregion by conscientious individuals seeking toimpose the values they think best, but also revealsthe dynamics of cultural continuity and change inother regions and in the nation as a whole. Inachieving his objectives, the authorTs use of rele-vant primary sources is impressive, while hisdetailed footnotes and index allow the reader tofocus on areas of specific interest. Finally, thisbook is a must for everyone interested in thesouthern Appalachian region whether he be auser of an academic or a public library.Richard Shrader, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillDavid Beers Quinn. Set Fair for Roanoke:Voyages and Colonies, 1584-1606. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1985. 467 pp.$19.95 cloth, $9.95 paper.It is no coincidence that this work appears in1985, the four hundredth anniversary of theRalph Lane colony at Roanoke Island"oAmericaTsFour Hundredth Anniversary,� in the phraseadopted for this stateTs commemoration of thatevent and of the Lost Colony a few years later. Ina sense, then, this is a commemorative volume.But while that term all too often connotes a workof many pictures, pious sentiments, and thinscholarship, Set Fair for Roanoke reflects a life-time of intense, imaginative research and writingby the acknowledged dean of scholars of earlyEnglish exploration studies in general, and ofRoanoke colony studies in particular.David Beers Quinn, professor emeritus of his-tory at the University of Liverpool and prolificwriter on early English colonization, dedicatesthis book oTo the shade of Thomas Harriot.� LikeHarriot, the scholarly chronicler of the Lane col-ony, Quinn delights in every aspect of the Roa-noke ventures, from the first stirrings in Englandof interest in overseas colonization to an archaeo-logical report as recent as 1983. Indeed, a hall-1985 Summer"111

mark of QuinnTs scholarship is its well-roundedapproach to historical narrative; although hehimself over thirty years ago assembled andedited a massive collection of contemporaneousdocuments on the Roanoke story, which thoroughfamiliarity allows him to use to full advantage inthe present work, he also employs geological andarchaeological reports of our own time to helpreconstruct the life of the colonies in as muchdetail as one could hope for. Nor does he dwellexclusively on the colonists: his account of thecoastal Indians is full and sympathetic.Quinn is not afraid of speculation. His con-clusion that the fate of the Lost Colonists"the114 men, women, and children of the colony of1587"has obeen clarified with reasonable cer-tainty� will not be accepted by everyone. But hemeticulously sifts available evidence and patientlybuilds his argument that the main body of colo-nists settled among the Chesapeake Indians inVirginia and that both the Chesapeakes and thecolonists were massacred by the Powhatan Indi-ans around 1607. Speculation is present in anumber of more mundane matters as well, but isalways buttressed by documentation and com-mon sense.Set Fair for Roanoke includes well-chosenillustrations, notes, bibliography, and a full index.It can be recommended without hesitation forhigh school and college libraries.Robert J. Cain, North Carolina Division of Archives and His-toryRonald B. Hartzer. To Great and Useful Purpose;A History of the Wilmington District, U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers. [Washington, D.C.: Govern-ment Printing Office, 1984.] 172 pp. $10.00. Avail-able from Corps of Engineers, Attn: Public AffairsOffice, P.O. Box 1890, Wilmington, N.C. 28402.The Library Programs Service of the Govern-ment Printing Office has recently encouragedUnited States depository librarians to markettheir documents collections so citizens can be-come more aware of the usefulness and availabil-ity of United States government publications. Thisbook, which is distributed by the GovernmentPrinting Office to depository libraries, should notbe overlooked by North Carolina documentslibrarians. It is an interesting, attractive publica-tion which can be used to promote their deposi-tory collections. ~The author's goal is to provide a comprehen-sive account of the contributions of the Wilming-ton District Army Corps of Engineers to the112"North Carolina LibrariesNew North Carolina Bookseconomic development of North Carolina and aportion of southern Virginia. According to theauthor, most historians of North Carolina haveignored the role of the Corps in the developmentof the state. Archival records, interviews withpast and present Corps employees, and numerouspublished sources have enabled Ronald Hartzerto provide a thorough account of the CorpsT activ-ities in the Wilmington District through 1982.Although the Wilmington District was notestablished until 1885, Hartzer begins with a briefhistory of the settlement of North Carolina,emphasizing the importance of navigable watersin the stateTs development. North CarolinaTsdevelopment was hindered by the lack of naviga-ble ocean ports and navigable rivers connectingthe interior of the state to the ocean. The authordescribes early efforts by private companies andstate engineers to deepen channels and clearobstructions from the stateTs waterways. Thestate sought help from the Corps in the 1820safter private and state efforts failed. Developmentof navigable waters was crucial to the economicsurvival of the state.Early efforts of the Corps concentrated onimproving conditions on the Cape Fear River andOcracoke Inlet. Improvements that were madeoften seemed to be futile because of damage fromstorms and constant changes in the coastline.During the Civil War, the Corps was forced toabandon waterway projects in order to buildforts. At the end of the Civil War, improvement ofwaterways was even more crucial to the stateTssurvival. As a result of the war, North Carolinasuffered severe losses in terms of manpower andtransportation; railroads, bridges, and roads weredestroyed and rivers were obstructed. The Corpsresumed work on waterways in the state, and in1885 a district office was located in Wilmington.During the end of the 19th century and in thebeginning of the 20th century, the Corps madesignificant improvements to North CarolinaTs riv-ers and harbors. Dams, locks, and jetties wereconstructed, and dredging methods were im-proved. The Corps also constructed the Intra-coastal Waterway during this period. From themid-20th century until 1982, the CorpsT activitiesincluded flood control, military construction,renourishment of beaches, regulation of con-struction along waterways, environmental qualityplanning, and continual dredging of rivers andharbors.In addition to providing descriptions of var-ious Corps projects, the author provides thereader with descriptions of the equipment devel-oped by the Corps and various construction tech-

niques for forts, locks, dams, jetties, and dredging.Hartzer also provides information about politicalstrategies and cooperation of the state and fed-eral governments which resulted in funding forthe projects. Throughout the book, Hartzer alsogives credit to various Corps employees for theirengineering innovations that have contributed tothe development of a system of navigable water-ways in North Carolina.Each page contains black and white photo-graphs, maps, illustrations, or tables whichenhance the readerTs understanding of the text.The layout of the illustrative matter and the qual-ity of the photographs are excellent. Readers willfrequently consult the glossary which providesbrief, clear definitions of the technical termsassociated with waterway engineering.Four appendixes add to this interesting his-tory. Appendix A is a table of freight traffic at theMorehead harbor from 1869-1979 and at theWilmington harbor from 1924-1979. Appendix Bis a chronology of the Wilmington DistrictTs boun-daries from 1885-1981. Appendix C lists Wilming-ton District Engineers from 1884-1983. Appen-dix D lists the procedures followed in initiating,authorizing, and constructing Corps of EngineersTprojects.Chapter notes are provided at the end of thebook. An extensive bibliography and index arealso provided.This book should be particularly interestingto people in the area served by the district, espe-cially to those who have witnessed CorpsT proj-ects. It is recommended for public, academic, andengineering libraries.Arlene Hanerfeld, University of North Carolina at WilmingtonJohn Ehle. Last One Home. New York: Harper &Row, 1984. 345 pp. $15.95.Last One Home spans the life of PinkneyWright, born in 1881 in a remote farming valley ofthe North Carolina mountains. Pink is a born bar-gainer though, not a farmer, and soon after hisMarriage and the birth of two children, he movesinto Asheville to work in cousin Hugh King's store.While his wife Amanda yearns for a cow andchickens, Pink bargains and barters"cider, paint,Cabbages, hogs, peas, furs, and ginseng"leadingHugh KingTs store into great prosperity.The story takes a new direction when Pinkbegins selling life insurance, first on the side, thenas founder and chief salesman of Monarch Insur-ance Company. The second half of Last One Home,New North Carolina Booksthen, is the story of Monarch Insurance and ofPink and AmandaTs children and their shiftingloyalties"to Pink, to Amanda, and to Monarch.PinkTs illness weaves through this part, finallydrawing the strings and bringing the novel to itsconclusion.Last One Home is similar in theme and char-acters to EhleTs earlier book, Lion on the Hearth(Harper, 1961). It, too, depicted a young man ofthe hills who gained great commercial success inAsheville. It, too, portrayed a wife distrustful ofcommerce and new ways, jealous children vyingfor favor in the family busiess, wandering sonsand brothers who return to charm all.Last One Home holds the readerTs attentionand is a good story, but it does not have the fire ofEhleTs earlier books. The characters are not sointriguing as were Paul and Kin in Lion on theHearth, and the plot does not carry the readeralong as it did in The Land Breakers. Still, librar-ies across North Carolina will receive manyrequests for this new novel, and its purchase isrecommended.Becky Kornegay, Western Carolina UniversityBruce Brooks. The Moves Make The Man. NewYork: Harper & Row, 1984. 280 pp. $13.50.A 1984 Newbery Honor Book, written in threeparts and set in Wilmington, this sports story tellsa tale of family relationships, illness, and how twoboys, Jerome and Bix, deal with their respectivesituations. JeromeTs respect for Bix begins with aLittle League game, the black team coached byJeromeTs brother Maurice, and the white teamshortstop, Bix, playing to win: oHe was the onlykid I had ever seen who seemed to know withevery part of himself just what to do on everysingle play.� Jerome, who integrates the whiteschool, feels himself to be without friends. Withhis mother in the hospital, Jerome registers forhome economics where he again encounters Bix,who doesnTt seem to be the same person. After Bixfreaks out in class, he disappears from JeromeTslife until they meet again by chance ona desertedbasketball court. The story concludes with Jeromejoining Bix for an event-filled trip to Durham tosee BixTs mother, a psychiatric patient at DukeHospital.This is JeromeTs tale, and he is the best devel-oped character. Though slow in the middle withsome unrealistic dialog, the story should hold theattention of both sports fans and students ofhuman nature. This is the authorTs first youngadult novel. Recommended as additional material1985 Summer"113

New North Carolina Booksfor school and public libraries serving grades fivethrough nine.Diana Young, North Carolina State LibraryRoy Wilder, Jr. You All Spoken Here: Preparedfor the Edification & Jollification of Readers,Writers, Browsers, Dialecticians, Linguists, Folk-lorists, etc., and for Visitors from Foreign Partswho Need to Parlez-vous in Cornpone Country.Foreword by William R. Espy. Illustrations by GlenRounds. New York: Viking, 1984. 215 pp. $16.95.The title of WilderTs book may be misleading.The book is more than the frivolous paperbacksold at beach restaurants to tell tourists that orahcheer� is the southern pronunciation for orighthere.� It is an entertaining and useful, if some-what random, collection of over three thousandsouthern words, expressions, and usages gleanedby the author from a variety of sources for someten years.oLeveling off. ThatTs what our nationTs lan-guage has been doing lately. Time and televisionare apparently the major culprits in eroding ourlinguistic heritage,� Wilder writes, hoping with hisbook to preserve some of the uniqueness andspice of regional speech. Our linguistic heritage ispart of the heritage being celebrated now in fourhundredth anniversary activities, as Wilder pointsout.You All did begin as a series of tourist-or-iented pamphlets published in the 1970s. Wilderhas compiled and added to the information inthat series for the present work. The southern-isms have been gathered from sources rangingfrom the oSykes Seed Store Symposium of Stove-huggers� to Mary Boykin Chesnut. They vary fromthe poetic (obetween hay and grass: between boy-hood and manhood; too late for one thing, tooearly for another�) to the earthy (ocold enough totake the stink off shit�) and from the very local(omullet blow: wind from the northeast ... inNorth CarolinaTs Bogue and Core Sounds�) to themore common and not strictly southern (ofrontroom: company room; the best room; where thepreacher sleeps�).Linguists and folklorists, as WilderTs subtitlesuggests, may indeed find material of interesthere, though they may miss an index or alphabet-ical order anywhere to locate particular words.You All makes no pretense of being a scholarlywork like Hans KurathTs A Word Geography of theEastern United States. Other readers may not beedified or jollified by the profanity, references to114"North Carolina Librariessex, or irreverent descriptions of reverent topicswhich are included.Cautions aside, the format is attractive andreadable. The book is divided into sections dealingwith such subjects as personality, weather, relig-ion, and food. Each section is introduced by aclever title, an anecdote, and a wonderful linedrawing by Glen Rounds.Wilder writes mainly for entertainment andexhorts his readers, oHave fun, you all ... heah?�You All is full of humor, much of it bawdy andcolorful in the southern-fried tradition of writerssuch as William Price Fox.Wilder is a native of North Carolina. Afterstudying journalism at UNC-Chapel Hill, heworked for various newspapers, including theNew York Post and the Herald Tribune. Later heworked in advertising and public relations and inthe political campaigns of Frank Graham, KerrScott, Terry Sanford, and Robert Scott. Wildernow runs his own press, the Gourd Hollow Press,in Spring Hope.Nancy Shires, East Carolina UniversityOther Publications of InterestTales and legends of the North Carolina coastare always popular books. Charles Harry Whed-bee, author of three such volumes, has anotherthat John F. Blair has just published, OuterBanks Tales to Remember ($7.95). There areseventeen stories in this small volume (133pages), some about Indians, some about animals,some about plants, some about romance and lostlove, all entertaining. The dust jacket is wonder-fully appropriate for the book, another excellentdesign by Virginia Ingram of John F. Blair.School and public libraries will want to get acopy of a new booklet by Joe A. Mobley that hasjust been published by the North Carolina Divi-sion of Archives and History. USS North Caro-lina: Symbol of a Vanished Age is a well-researched, illustrated, and designed fourteen-page booklet that tells the story of our state'sbeloved battleship (for which many of us canremember collecting dimes while we were ingrade school). The ship was built in 1937 and par-ticipated in about fifteen battles in the Asiatic-Pacific campaigns of 1942-1945. It was installedas a memorial in Wilmington in 1961 and hassince attracted over six million visitors. Mr. Mob-ley tells the story well.

ItTs always gratifying to see a new history ofan educational institution, particularly of aninstitution that no longer exists and thus couldeasily fade from memory. Country College on theYadkin: A Historical Narrative by Virginia G.Fick, tells the story of Yadkin College, a Methodistschool which opened in 1856 and closed in 1924.Mrs. Fick, a faculty member at Davidson CountyCommunity College, has done her research care-fully and written well. The ninety-six page volumehas notes, sources, eleven appendixes, and anindex containing over eight hundred entries. Ithas many illustrations: photographs, reproduc-tions of documents, letters, a map. Order from theDavidson County Community College Book Store,P.O. Box 1287, Lexington, NC 27293-1287. Price is$15.95 plus tax, postage, and handling.Libraries that buy travel guides or mountainmaterial will want to get a copy of A TravelerTsGuide to the Smoky Mountains Region by JeffBradley. The guidebook includes the mountains ofTennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia.The author states that othis book was written forPeople who want to understand the history andculture of the area they visit,� and his commen-tary does give more historical information thanmany guidebooks do. He also gives location,address, hours, and telephone number for theSites, hotels, and restaurants that he includes.(Harvard Common Press, 535 Albany St., Boston,MA 02118; $19.95 cloth, $10.95 paper; 272 pages,including index.)Libraries with genealogical collections maywant to purchase Cemeteries of Yadkin County,North Carolina, compiled by Carl C. Hoots, anOriginal publication from The Reprint Company inSpartanburg, S.C. ($25.00 paper). The volume hasfour parts: church cemeteries, private cemeteries,Iredell County cemeteries, and Davie Countycemeteries, totalling almost twenty thousandentries. The information given includes name,birth and death dates, and family relationships.There is an index by surname, a map, and anintroduction.Public libraries will want to get the revisedand expanded edition of The Andy Griffith Showby Richard Kelly. (John F. Blair, 1984. 296 pages,$8.95 paper). The show is currently celebrating itstwenty-fifth anniversary and is highly popular(two national fan clubs!). The original edition ofthe book was published in 1981. This edition hasthree new chapters, including an unfilmed script.The book is a serious work in the field of televisioncriticism, making it also appropriate for librariesthat collect in that area.New North Carolina BooksInstructions for the Preparationof Manuscriptsfor North Carolina Libraries1. North Carolina Libraries seeks to publish articles, bookreviews, and news of professional interest to librarians inNorth Carolina. Articles need not be of a scholarly nature,but they should address professional concerns of the librarycommunity in the state.2. Manuscripts should be directed to Robert Burgin, Editor,North Carolina Libraries, School of Library Science, N.C.Central University, Durham, N.C. 27707.3. Manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate on plain whitepaper measuring 8%"x11".4, Manuscripts must be double-spaced (text, references, andfootnotes). Manuscripts should be typed on sixty-space lines,twenty-five lines to a page. The beginnings of paragraphsshould be indented eight spaces. Lengthy quotes should beavoided. When used, they should be indented on bothmargins.5, The name, position, and professional address of the authorshould appear in the bottom left-hand corner of a separatetitle page.6. Each page after the first should be numbered consecutivelyat the top right-hand corner and carry the author's lastname at the upper left-hand corner.7. Footnotes should appear at the end of the manuscript. Theeditors will refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 13th edi-tion. The basic forms for books and journals are as follows:1, Keyes Metcalf, Planning Academic and Research LibraryBuildings New York: McGraw, 1965), 416.Susan K. Martin, The Care and Feeding of the MARCFormat,� American Libraries 10 (September 1979): 498.8. Lhotographs will be accepted for consideration but cannotbe returned.9. North Carolina Libraries is not copyrighted. Copyright restswith the author. Upon receipt, a manuscript will be acknowl-edged by the editor. Following review of a manuscript by atleast two jurors, a decision will be communicated to the writ-er. A definite publication date cannot be given since anyincoming manuscript will be added toa manuscript fromwhich articles are selected for each issue.Issue deadlines are February 10, May 10, August 10, andNovember 10.1985 Summer"115

NCLA ConferenceThornburg to Open ConferenceLacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General of theState of North Carolina, will speak at the openingsession of the North Carolina Library AssociationBiennial Conference in Raleigh. The session will beheld from 1:00 to 3:00 on Wednesday, October 2, atthe Raleigh Civic Center.Thornburg was born in 1929 in MecklenburgCounty, served in the U.S. Army, and graduatedfrom Mars Hill College and the University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill. He received his law degreefrom UNC in 1954 and began a law practice withState Senator and later Congressman David Hall.During his thirteen years as a practicing triallawyer, Thornburg was elected to three terms inthe North Carolina General Assembly. He wasappointed a Superior Court judge in 1966 andserved on the bench for sixteen years. In 1984, hewas elected attorney general of the state.Banquet Features Associate State Superinten-dentDr. Dudley E. Flood, the associate state super-intendent of public instruction, will be the speakerat the banquet of the North Carolina Library Asso-ciation conference, held at 7:00 on Thursday,October 3, in the Raleigh Civic Center. Dr. Flood willspeak on oThe Magic of the Written Word.�Flood is a native North Carolinian whoreceived degrees from North Carolina Central Uni-versity, East Carolina University, and Duke Univer-sity. He served as second vice-president of theNational PTA and has received the DistinguishedProfessor Award from the National Academy ofSchool Administrators. He has contributed articlesfor publication to more than twenty-five journalsand periodicals.Petty to Speak at Third General SessionThe third general session of the North CarolinaLibrary Association conference will feature Dr.Charles V. Petty, founder and president of FamilySuccess Unlimited. He will address the topic ofcareer development in a speech entitled oRoaring116"North Carolina LibrariesFires, Flickering Flames, Dying Embers, or ColdAshes.�Petty graduated from Ouachita University inArkansas and earned the Doctor of Theologydegree at Southwestern Seminary in Fort Worth,Texas. He has directed statewide programs for theimprovement of family life in the states of Texasand North Carolina. Petty also became an author-ity on volunteerism and worked for seven years onthe staff of the governor of North Carolina.NCLA ConferenceRaleigh Civic CenterTentative ScheduleWednesday, October 28:00 - 12:00 Library Resources Committee9:00 - 10:00 Community and Junior Col-lege Section9:00 - 12:00 Health Affairs Committee1:00 - 3:00 First General SessionLacy H. ThornburgAttorney General of NorthCarolina3:00 Exhibits Open4:00 - 5:30 College and UniversitySection4:00 - 5:30 Junior Members Round Table4:00 - 5:30 Library Resources Committee5:30 Exhibits Close7:00 - 8:00 GovernorTs Mansion OpénHouse7:00 - 9:00 State Library Open House9:00 Alumni Association MeetingsThursday, October 3All Day Intellectual FreedomCommittee7:30 - 9:00 Resources and TechnicalServices Section BreakfastMeeting9:00 Exhibits Open

9:00 - 10:309:00 - 10:309:00-11:0010:30 - 12:001:30 - 3:002:00 - 3:002:00 - 4:003:00 - 5:004:00 - 6:005:306:00 - 7:007:30 - 9:309:30Friday, October 4All DayAll Day7:307:30 - 9:009:009:00 - 10:309:00 - 10:3010:00 - 12:001:001:00 - 2:303:00 - 4:00Public Library Section, Audio-visual CommitteeRound Table on the Status ofWornenReference and AdultServices Section. NC Association of SchoolLibrariansNC Association of SchoolLibrarians SupervisorsChildrenTs Services SectionResources and TechnicalServices SectionChildrenTs Services SectionShowcaseDocuments SectionExhibits CloseRound Table on the Status ofWomen Reception (NorthCarolina Museum of Art)BanquetDr. Dudley FloodAssociate State Superin-tendentDepartment of PublicInstructionPresidentTs DanceIntellectual FreedomCommitteeMicrocomputer Users Groupfor Librarians in NorthCarolinaRound Table on EthnicMinority Concerns BreakfastMajor OwensUS. CongressmanChildrenTs Services SectionBreakfastDavid McPhailAuthor and IllustratorExhibits OpenRTSS Catalog Interest GroupRTSS Collection DevelopmentInterest GroupPublic Library SectionExhibits CloseThird General SessionDr. Charles V. PettyPublic Library Section, YoungAdult CommitteeNorth Carolina Associationof School LibrariansResearch Grant AwardsProposal GuidelinesWhat is the NCASL Research Grant Program?The Research Grant program is NCASLTs way ofacknowledging library media coordinatorsT skillsand expertise while responding to their interests topursue new ideas and projects.What is a Research Grant?Research Grants are financial awards to assistlibrary media coordinators in carrying out researchprojects that provide for professional growth,improve media program effectiveness, and enhancestudent learning. (For ideas on locally basedresearch see Margaret TassiaTs oIdea Exchange� inthe Spring 1984 issue of School Library MediaQuarterly.)Who can apply for a Research Grant Award?Any NCASL member (or members) who is not alibrary educator.What are the deadlines for Research Grant AwardApplications?This year, the deadline for applications is Sep-tember 16, 1985. Awards will be made at the NCLAConference and NCASL Work Conference.How does an individual or group apply for theResearch Grant Award?People interested in applying must follow the spe-cific guidelines outlined and write a description oftheir research project (a proposal) including:- what they want to do- how much money they will need to carry out theresearch project (an itemized budget)- how they plan to evaluate the effectiveness ofthe research project- how they plan to share their findings and con-clusions.Specific guidelines are available from NCASL.How much money can be requested for a ResearchGrant Project?Research Grant Awards can range from $25 to$1,000 depending on the depth, scope, and needs ofthe research project.1985 Summer"117

What can the Research Grant Awards money be What if I have never written a research proposalused for? before?The money can be used for such items as: Do not let inexperience in writing a research pro-computer time posal prevent you from applying for a Researchprinting costs Grant Award.consulting feespostage If you have any questions, feel free to contactprofessional travel members of the NCASL Research Grant Committeerelease days. for assistance. Members include:The money cannot be used for: Frances Bradburn Central Regional Educationsalaries Center (Region 3)retroactive projects Kittye Cagle R. J. Reynolds High SchoolThe money could be used for:equipment(Winston-Salem)Arabelle Fedora Winston-Salem/Forsyth Schoolsbook and nonbook materials (if needed for the sek ee etsnae 3 noe aan ee2 Juanita Spoon Washington School (Greensboro)research project)Provide a detailed justification if the request Submit proposals, no later than September 16,includes items which are usually purchased 1985, to:through local or other funds. Research GrantAwards may supplement, but not supplant, localfunding.Beth RountreeInservice Coordinator/MediaThompson Staff Development Center428 West BoulevardCharlotte, NC 28203Join NCLANORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION CHECK TYPE OF DUES:; ia)_"_ New membership __" Renewal "_" Membership no.Name =First Middle Last oPosition QoOoBusiness AddressOoCity or Town State Zip Codeiwia]Mailing Address (if different from above) aOoSPECIAL-Trustees, paraprofessional and support staff, non-salaries persons,retired librarians, library school students, oFriends of the Library,� and non-[ok arians: costes cose ciate - SERRE CARA cra NOR Peed COMMS sve we's $15.00LIBRARIANS"earning up to $12,000 ..................065 $22.00LIBRARIANS"earning $12,000 to $20,000 $30.00LIBRARIANS"earning over $20,000 ................. cece cece eevee eee $40.00CONTRIBUTING"individual, Association, Firm, etc. interested in the work ofNGLA. defies s e+e oh out peulraes Scapa ira cmmaete et. a, peau $50.00INSTITUTIONAL"Same for all libraries .............. ccc eee sen eneeee $50.00CHECK SECTIONS: One free; $4.00 each additional.ChildrenTs 0 Trustees © WomenTs Round TableCollege O Public Spey teint:Documents Cl Ref. & Adult O Ethnic Minorities RTJr. College ©) RTSS (Res.-Tech.)NCASL (School) 0 JMRTAMOUNT ENCLOSED §.nnMail to: Eunice Drum, Treasurer, NCLA, Division of State Library, 109 East Jones Street, Raleigh,NC 27611.118"North Carolina Libraries

ee aes eee aadNCLA MinutesNorth Carolina Library AssociationMinutes of the Executive BoardJanuary 25, 1985The Executive Board of the North Carolina Library Associa-tion met on January 25, 1985, at the Forsyth County PublicLibrary in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Board members pres-ent were Leland Park, Pauline Myrick, Jane Williams, RobertaWilliams, Eunice Drum, Mertys Bell, Shirley McLaughlin, JerryThrasher, Judie Davie. Robert Burgin, Rebecca Ballentine, PatsyHansel, Judith Sutton, Vivian Beech, Mary Avery, Larry Barr,Stuart Basefsky, Mary P. Williams, Karen Perry, and Benjamin F.Speller, Jr. Also present were Steven Squires (representing Collegeand University Section), Kieth Wright, Arial Stephens, LouiseBoone, David Ferguson, and William H. Roberts, III.The meeting was called to order by President Leland Park. Herecognized William H. Roberts, III, director of the Forsyth CountyPublic Library, who welcomed the group.President Park shared with the group copies of his recentCorrespondence on behalf of the North Carolina Library Associa-tion with various outgoing and newly elected government officials,including Governor-Elect James G. Martin, Governor James B.Hunt, Lieutenant Governor Jimmy Green, Lieutenant Governor-Elect Robert B. Jordan, III, Secretary of the Department of Admin-istration-Designate Grace J. Rohrer, outgoing Secretary of theDepartment of Cultural Resources Sara W. Hodgkins and Secre-tary-Designate of the Department of Cultural Resources PatricDorsey.The minutes of the October 12, 1984, meeting of the Execu-tive Board were presented for Roberta Williams, Secretary, byShirley McLaughlin, Acting Secretary. The following correctionsWere noted:1. Page 1, paragraph 3"Change oSteering Committee andTask Force on Networking� to oNorth Carolina LibraryNetworking Steering Committee and task forces.�2, Page 8, paragraph 3"Delete the name of M.I. Davis fromthe mailing address given for the Division of Public Infor-mation and Publications, North Carolina Department ofPublic Instruction; correspondence should be addressedto oDirector, Division of Public Information and Publica-tions, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction,Raleigh, North Carolina 27611.�The minutes were then approved as corrected.Eunice Drum gave the treasurerTs report and distributedCopies to all board members. She stated that an updated reporton the savings accounts would be mailed later to all boardmembers, Treasurer Drum expressed concern about the paymentof very small bills ($1 to $10 plus postage) sent direct to thetreasurer from the sections. She pointed out that the associationhas to pay a service charge for each check written, no matter howSmall the amount. Treasurer Drum stated that, in many instances,it would be more economical for such small bills to be paid out ofthe sectionTs petty cash fund with reimbursement made to theSection later by the NCLA treasurer. After some discussion, theboard suggested that President Park send out a communicationto committee and section chairmen asking them to implementmeasures to reduce the number of small bills going direct to thetreasurer of NCLA.Pauline Myrick, vice-president/ president-elect, gave an up-date report on plans for the 1985 Biennial Conference. She recog-nized Arial Stephens, conference manager, who reported on theconference program and scheduling of various events. He urgedall section chairmen and others planning meetings and/or pro-grams during the conference to notify Johnny Shaver, localarrangements chairman, as soon as possible regarding spaceneeds and special requirements.The possibility of increasing registration fees for the 1985Biennial Conference was discussed. It was pointed out that thefees approved by the Executive Board at its meeting on October12, 1984, were very low in comparison to those being charged atother recent conferences. Robert Burgin moved that all pre-regis-tration fees for the 1985 conference be increased by $5 over thefees listed in the October 12 minutes of the NCLA ExecutiveBoard, that all registration-at-conference fees be increased by $10and that fees for library school students be increased by $5. Themotion was seconded and passed.Robert Burgin, editor of North Carolina Libraries, reportedthat the Winter 1984 issue is currently being printed and shouldbe mailed in late January or early February. This issue has noparticular theme, but features an article on UNC-CharlotteTs ex-perience with library automation, a survey of public access micro-computers in the state, and an article on the new Clemmonsbranch of the Forsyth County Public Library. Future issuesinclude Spring 1985 (collection development), Summer 1985(library history), and Fall 1985 (tentatively, library service toinstitutions).Robert Burgin presented to the NCLA Executive Board arecommendation from the Editorial Board of North CarolinaLibraries that copies of section and committee reports not beprinted in the journal but that the journal limit itself to printingthe minutes of the Executive Board meetings. Robert Burgin thenmoved that section and committee chairs be required to submitquarterly and biennial reports. Quarterly reports will be summar-ized by the secretary for inclusion in the minutes of the ExecutiveBoard. These minutes (not including the quarterly reports in full)and the biennial reports will be printed in North Carolina Librar-jes. This motion was seconded and passed.Jane Williams, 2nd vice-president, announced that she hadmembership forms/brochures available.In the absence of Dr. Gene Lanier, chairman, IntellectualFreedom Committee, President Park distributed a report from Dr.Lanier on recent activities and concerns being addressed by thiscommittee.The report of the Governmental Relations Committee wasgiven by Louise Boone, chair. The ALA Legislative Workshop heldon January 5, 1985, in Washington, D.C., was attended by EmilyBoyce, Elsie Brumback, Gayle Keresey, Helen Tugwell, Judith Sut-ton, Nancy Bates, Nancy Massey, Bill Bridgman, Jake Killian, andLouise Boone. They reported a particularly informative session onlobbying by Bill Doswell, lobbyist for the Virginia Library Associa-tion. Washington Legislative Day will be held on April 16, NCLAsections should forward names of their delegates to Louise Boone1985 Summer"119

NCLA Minutesby March 13, 1985. Also, NCLA sections planning to provideinserts for the informational packets to be distributed to con-gressmen should send thirty-five copies to Louise Boone by April10, 1985.Dr. Kieth Wright and Dr. Judie Davie, faculty members of theDepartment of Library Science/Educational Technology, UNC-Greensboro, spoke to the board about concerns and future plansfor library education programs in North Carolina. Dr. Wrightpointed out that the proposal currently under consideration bythe state legislature to require one media specialist per fourhundred pupils in the public schools will create a demand foradditional trained school library/media specialists in the state.Dr. Davie observed that there is a salary disparity for media spe-cialists in North Carolina public schools in the proposed careerdevelopment ladder. A masterTs degree is required for state certi-fication, but the salary schedule for media specialists is the sameas for teaching faculty with a bachelorTs degree.Steve Squires gave the College and University Section reportfor Robert Bland, chair, who was unable to attend the meeting.This section will sponsor a conference entitled oThe ElectronicNetwork: Sharing the Costs and Benefits of Library Automation,�May 30-31, 1985, at the Whispering Pines Country Club in Whis-pering Pines, N.C. The program will present the most currentinformation available on the state of automated library networks,with particular emphasis on how small and medium-sized librar-ies may be able to automate through networking arrangements inwhich costs of the hardware and software necessary to supportan automated, integrated library system are shared. Speakers willinclude Barbara Epstein, library automation consultant; BillGosling, head of technical services, Duke University Libraries; Bil-lie Ozone, library director of Smith College Library; Gary Pitkin,head of technical services at Appalachian State UniversityLibrary; and a representative from SOLINET Brochures withcomplete information about the conference will be mailed inearly March.Mary Avery, chair, Community and Junior College LibrariesSection, reported that the name change for this section which wasapproved by the Exécutive Board at its October 12, 1984, meetingwas also approved by a unanimous ballot of the section member-ship in December 1984 and is thus now official.The report of the Documents Section was given by StuartBasefsky, chair. The Depository System Committee has beenawarded $500 by the GODORT-Friends of Documents Fund to beapplied toward the design, printing, and distribution of brochuresfor use in lobbying for a North Carolina State Publications Deposi-tory System. The Documents Section will have a table at the 1985NCLA Biennial Conference from which information and bro-chures about the section will be distributed. Janet Miller, ForsythCounty Public Library, has been elected vice-chairperson/chair-person-elect of the Documents Section. She is also serving as edi-tor of The Docket, the quarterly newsletter of the section. Anadvertisement soliciting subscriptions to The Docket will appear inthe SLA Newsletter. In an effort to recruit new members to NCLAand to the Documents Section, a letter from the chair directed toall non-member Federal Depository Libraries in North Carolinawas mailed in January. The section will hold a workshop on thepurpose and functions of the North Carolina State Data Center atthe Forsyth County Public Library on April 12, 1985.Vivian Beech, chair, Junior Members Round Table Section,reported that brochures with application forms for the B& TGrassroots Grants are ready for distribution to the libraryschools. A $250 grant will be awarded to a library school studentto help defray expenses to the 1985 NCLA Biennial Conference.JMRT will have.a booth in the exhibits area at NCLA and willsponsor an orientation to the NCLA program for new members ofNCLA and first-time conference attendees. This will include aoNight on the Town� with dinner and dancing for conferenceattendees. Plans are being made to sponsor a oYoung Librarians120"North Carolina LibrariesAward,� with the first winner to be announced in October at theBiennial Conference. Publicity about the award will be distributedthis spring.Judie Davie, chair, gave the report for NCASL. At the ThirdNational Conference of the American Association of SchoolLibrarians held in Atlanta November 1-4, 1984, members ofNCASL served as program presenters on SDPI Media EvaluationCenter, School Library Media Day, microcomputers and evalua-tions of the conference. A resolution on the Future StructureReport was presented at the Challenge Forum; subsequentlyNCASL received attention in the national library press (DecemberAmerican Libraries and School Library Journal). The resolutionhas been sent to the ALA Executive Board and the AASL Board ofDirectors. Eunice Query presented NCASL with $5000 to establisha scholarship in honor of her students and colleagues at Appa-lachian State University. The scholarship is to be administered byNCASL and is to be awarded to an individual who is admitted tograduate study in school librarianship and who is not required toattend an ALA accredited program. A memorial fund has beenestablished at the library of Forsyth Country Day School inmemory of Lucy Cutler, former lower school librarian who diedtragically in November 1984. Emily Boyce, Elsie Brumback, GayleKeresey, and Helen Tugwell represented NCASL at the ALA Legis-lative Workshop, Edith Briles was invited by Betty Stone, formerpresident of ALA, to participate in the discussion and plans of theNational Library Week Committee. Elsie Brumback, Judie Davie,Gerald Hodges, Gayle Keresey, Marilyn Miller, and twenty schoolmedia professionals from throughout the country were invited tomeet with Shirley Aaron, AASL president-elect, to establish priori-ties for her tenure as president of AASL. Several members ofNCASL are candidates for national offices in ALA: Marilyn Millerfor president-elect of AASL; Elsie Brumback for chair of the AASLSupervisors Section; Judie Davie for ALSC Board of Directors;Gayle Keresey for YASD Board of Directors. NCASL extends con-gratulations to Leonard Johnson, library media supervisor forGreensboro City Schools, on his retirement on January 31, 1985.Mr. Johnson is a former president of NCLA. Plans for the springinclude the publication of the NCASL bulletin and two brochureson public relations topics; the participation of Judie Davie andHelen Tugwell in ALA Legislative Day; the implementation ofSchool Library Media Day on April 17; and oR and R� forums inseveral school systems.Reporting for the Public Library Section, chair Judith Suttonstated that the 1985 Public Library Trustee Conference will beheld May 29-30 at the Radisson Plaza Hotel in Raleigh. John Berry,editor of Library Journal, is the keynote speaker. Theme for theconference is oPublic Libraries and the Governmental Process.�Larry Barr, chair, Reference and Adult Services Section,reported on plans to sponsor a spring workshop on microcompu-ters in Raleigh. This section has also started a quarterly newslet-ter, with Joel Sigmon of the State Library serving as editor.The report for the Resources and Technical Services Sectionwas given by Ben Speller, chair. The NCLA/RTSS Executive Com-mittee met on November 1, 1984. A wrap-up discussion of theMini-Conference on the Changing Role of the Technical ServicesLibrarian led to the following recommendations:1. A state-of-the-art equipment facility should be organizedto maintain equipment for demonstration purposes at programssuch as the one held at Whispering Pines. The State Library wassuggested as a possible agency to coordinate the development ofthis facility.2. Future RTSS conferences should include programs onmicroforms and on the ergonomics of furniture for video displayterminal use. These might be conducted as shorter travelingshows, going to the east, west, piedmont, and mountains.

Initial plans for the NCLA Biennial Conference were discussed.The Collection Development Interest Group and the Serials Inter-est Group plan to co-sponsor a program on oRetrospective Buyingand Collection Development.� The general RTSS session will focuson oAutomated Authority Control.� The now traditional RTSSBreakfast and Business Meeting will continue to be held with thebreakfast being open to NCLA members. The RTSS bylaws do notspecify a method of selecting chairs of interest groups. The con-sensus was that the RTSS Executive Committee should select newchairs for the biennium. The bylaws are being revised to includethis policy.Patsy Hansel, chair, reported that the Round Table on theStatus of Women in Librarianship will sponsor a workshop onMay 13-14 at the UNC School of Library Science entitled oUpperLevel Management Speaks to Supervisors; or, Everything We WishWe'd Known When We Started Out.� The round table plans tosponsor a speaker and fashion show for the Thursday morningsession of the Biennial Conference. Members of the round tablewill also give a reception Thursday evening at the North CarolinaState Museum of Art. Plans are underway for a summer workshopon lobbying to be held August 1-2.Mary Williams, chair, reported that the Round Table on Eth-nic Minority Concerns is planning to sponsor Congressman MajorOwens as the speaker at a Friday morning breakfast session at theBiennial Conference.Rebecca Ballentine reported that the SELA Conference heldOctober 17-19 in Biloxi, Mississippi was very successful. SELA hasgrown in membership and the future looks bright with biennialconferences to be held in Atlanta (1986), Norfolk (1988), andNashville (1990).NCLA MinutesOther reports were given by Karen Perry (ChildrenTs Section)and Arial Stephens (Networking).Jane Williams distributed information on LSCA ContinuingEducation Grants and discussed these with the Board. NCLA Sec-tions are eligible to apply for these grants. After July 1, 1985, theywill be available solely for speaker fees and expenses. Williamsalso stated that Title IJ Library Construction Funds are availableagain this year.Arial Stephens reported that Benton Convention Center inWinston-Salem was holding space and dates pending confirma-tion of a definite booking for the 1987 NCLA Biennial Conference.Judith Sutton moved that the 1987 Biennial Conference be held inWinston-Salem at the Convention Center and that it be tentativelyscheduled for October 27-30, 1987. The motion was seconded andpassed.Louise Boone inquired about the possibility of gettingselected state officials on the NCLA mailing list by offering themcomplimentary membership in NCLA. Jerry Thrasher moved thatno more than twenty-five ospecial� memberships in NCLA be giveneach biennium to congressional and state officials as recom-mended by the Governmental Relations Committee and the presi-dent of NCLA. This motion was seconded and passed.President Park discussed plans for the NCLA Spring Work-shop to be held in Greensboro at Greensboro College on April12-13. He asked the board members to be prepared to share theirsuggestions and evaluations at the Workshop.There being no further business, the meeting adjourned.Roberta S. Williams, SecretaryCONSTITUTIONof theNORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONChanges in the Constitution and Bylaws Recommended by theExecutive Board and the NCLA Constitution, Codes, and Handbook Revision Committee.(4/12/85)ratification at the biennial conference, October 2-4, 1985.NOTE: This publication of proposed constitution and by-law changes for the North Carolina Library Association meets thenotification requirements of the current constitution. The changes listed here will be placed before the membership forCONSTITUTIONPRESENT ARTICLEARTICLE II]. MEMBERSHIP1. Membership in the North Carolina Library Associationshall consist of five classes: individual membership,institutional membership, contributing membership, honorarymembership, and life membership. Only individual membershave voting privileges.5. Honorary. The Honorary and Life Membership CommitteeMay recommend to the Executive Board for honorarymembership non-librarians who have made unusualContributions to library services. Such nominees may be electedby the Executive Board.6. Life. The Honorary and Life Membership Committee mayrecommend to the Executive Board for life membershipPersons who are no longer actively engaged in library work.Such nominees may be elected by the Executive Board.PROPOSED ARTICLE(Changed wording is underlined)ARTICLE II]. MEMBERSHIP1. Membership in the North Carolina Library Associationshall consist of five classes: individual membership,institutional membership, contributing membership, honorarymembership, and life membership. Only individual and lifemembers have voting privileges.5. Honorary. The Honorary and Life Membership Committeemay recommend to the Executive Board for honorary,non-voting membership non-librarians who have made unusualcontributions to library services. Such nominees may be electedby the Executive Board.6. Life. The Honorary and Life Membership Committee mayrecommend to the Executive Board for life membership, with_voting privileges, persons who are no longer actively engagedin library work. Such nominees may be elected by the ExecutiveBoard.Discussion: These proposed changes serve to state what is actually the practice, that is: honorary members are non-voting members;life members are individuals who have been regular members of NCLA and continue to have the right to vote.1985 Summer"121

NCLA MinutesARTICLE V. EXECUTIVE BOARD1. The officers of the Association, the past President, twoDirectors elected by the Association at large, the representativeof the Association to the ALA Council, the North Carolinamember of the Executive Board of the Southeastern LibraryAssociation, the Editor of North Carolina Libraries, and thechairman of each section shall constitute the Executive Board.Chairmen of Round Tables shall serve as non-voting membersof the Executive Board.3. Round Tables of the Association may be organized byapplication, signed by twenty-five voting members ofthe Association and approved by the Executive Board.5. The officers of the Sections and Round Tables shallbe a Chairman and a Secretary, who shall be elected bythe membership of the Section or Round Table, andwho shall be responsible for the program meetings andany other business of the Section or Round Table. Otherofficers may be added at the discretion of the Section orRound Table.6. The President of the Association may appoint aChairman and a Secretary if the Section or Round Tablefails to elect officers.ARTICLE V. EXECUTIVE BOARD1. The officers of the Association, the past President, twoDirectors eleeted by the Association at large, the representativeof the Association to the ALA Council, the North Carolinamember of the Executive Board of the Southeastern LibraryAssociation, the Editor of North Carolina Libraries, and thechairman of each section and round table shallconstitute the Executive Board. A parliamentarian may beappointed by the President as a non-voting member.(3. Delete section 3 and renumber sections 4-8.]4. The officers of the sections and round tables shall beelected by the membership of the section or roundtable. They shall be responsible for the programmeetings and any other business of the section or roundtable.5. The President of the Association may appointofficers if the section or round table fails to electofficers.Discussion: These proposed changes serve to state specifically that round tables and sections are the same, that is: they have the samerequirements for method of organization, voting, finances, representation, and responsibility. The present constitution indicates thatthey are not equal. Also, a provision is made for a parliamentarian for the board, non-voting, who may be appointed by thePresident. This will serve to assure that the board follows procedures correctly in the administration of the business of theassociation.BYLAWSPRESENT BYLAWSARTICLE II. DUTIES OF OFFICERS1. President. The President shall preside at all meetings ofthe Association and of the Executive Board. He shall, with theadvice of the Executive Board, appoint all committee chairmenand suggest other committee members ...PROPOSED BYLAWS(Changed wording is underlined)ARTICLE II. DUTIES OF OFFICERS1. President. The President shall preside at all meetings ofthe Association and of the Executive Board. He shall, with theadvice of the Executive Board, appoint the Editor of NorthCarolina Libraries and all committee chairmen and suggestother committee members ...Discussion: This proposed change brings the bylaws into conformity with that of the handbook of NCLA, stating that the President,with the advice of the Executive Board, appoints the editor of North Carolina Libraries.3. First Vice-President. If it becomes necessary for the FirstVice-President to complete the unexpired term of thePresident, he may also serve his own term as President orrelinquish the office. In the event of the First Vice-Presidentbecoming President during the unexpired term of the electedPresident, the Second Vice-President shall automaticallybecome First Vice-President and President-Elect. If the SecondVice-President is unable to assume the duties of the First Vice-President and President-Elect, the Executive Board shallappoint a First Vice-President until an election can be held. Ifthe Second Vice-President does assume the office of First Vice-President and President-Elect, the Committee on Nominationsshall then present the names of two candidates for the office ofSecond Vice-President.3. First Vice-President. The First Vice-President serves asPresident-Elect and presides in the absence of the President.If it becomes necessary for the First Vice-President to completethe unexpired term of the President, he shall also serve his ownterm as President. In the event of the First Vice-Presidentbecoming President during the unexpired term of the electedPresident, the Second Vice-President shall automaticallybecome First Vice-President and serve in that office until a newFirst Vice-President is elected at the next regular election. TheExecutive Board shall appoint a Second Vice-President to serveuntil the next regular election is held. If the Second Vice-President is unable to assume the duties of the First Vice-President, the Executive Board shall appoint a First Vice-President to serve until the next regular election is held.Discussion: This proposal change states more clearly the formal order of succession and the procedures to be followed should theoffice of president, Ist vice president/president-elect, and 2d vice president become vacant.122"North Carolina Libraries

5. Secretary. The Secretary shall keep a record of themeetings of the Executive Board, and the biennial meetingsand any special meetings of the Association.6. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall assist in the preparation ofthe budget and keep whatever records of the Association thePresident and the Executive Board deem necessary. He willcollect and disburse all funds of the Association under theinstructions of the Executive Board and keep regular accounts,which at all times shall be open to the inspection of allmembers of the Executive Board. He shall handle and keep allmembership records. He shall execute a bond in such sum asshall be set by the Executive Board, the cost to be paid by theAssociation. He shall perform such other duties and functionsas may be prescribed by the Executive Board. The term ofoffice shall be four years.8. The term of office of all officers shall commence at theadjournment of the biennial meeting following their election, orif the biennial meeting cannot be held, upon their election. Theterm of office of the Treasurer shall commence at theadjournment of the biennial meeting following his election.NCLA Minutes5. Secretary. The Secretary shall keep a record of themeetings of the Executive Board, the biennial meetings, andany special meetings of the Association. In case of a vacancy,the Executive Board shall appoint a Secretary to serve until thenext regular election is held.26. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall assist in the preparation ofthe budget and keep whatever records of the Association thePresident and the Executive Board deem necessary. He willcollect and disburse all funds of the Association under theinstructions of the Executive Board and keep regular accounts,which at all times shall be open to the inspection of allmembers of the Executive Board. He shall handle and keep allmembership records. He shall execute a bond in such sum asshall be set by Executive Board, the cost to be paid by theAssociation. He shall perform such other duties and functionsas may be prescribed by the Executive Board. The term ofoffice shall be four years. In case of a vacancy, the ExecutiveBoard shall appoint a Treasurer to serve until the next regularelection is held.8. The term of office of all officers except the Treasurer shallcommence at the adjournment of the biennial meetingfollowing their election, or if the biennial meeting cannot beheld, upon their election. The term of office of the Treasurershall commence at the end of the fiscal year following hiselection.Discussion: These proposed changes state more clearly the formal order of procedure should the office of secretary or treasurerbecome vacant. Also, it establishes the term of office of treasurer to parallel that of the associationTs fiscal year (January 1 - December31) rather than that of the other officers which changes at the close of the biennial conference. This is necessary for an orderlytransition and the handling of the annual audit.ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP1. Dues shall be collected on a biennial basis beginning in1973 as follows: ... (then lists all categories and amounts, etc.).2. The Association shall allot to the Section 25% of thebiennial dues of individuals and institutional membersaccording to the Section chosen by the members when the duesare paid. Each member is entitled to the choice of one sectionand becomes a member of that section upon stating the choice.10. No changes in the policies or traditions regardingmembership shall be made without approval of themembership by a mail vote. A majority of the votes cast shall berequired to make any such change. The Executive Board or theMembership at any duly constituted meeting may initiate suchprocedure.ARTICLE II. MEMBERSHIP1. Dues shall be collected on a biennial basis. Categories ofmembership shall include individual, contributing, honorary,and life. Honorary and life members are not assessed dues.2. Each member is entitled to the choice of one section orroundtable at no additional cost.10. No changes in the dues structure or policies regardingmembership shall be made without approval of themembership by a mail vote. A majority of the votes cast shall berequired to make any such change. The Executive Board or themembership at any duly constituted meeting may initiate suchprocedure.Discussion: These proposed changes remove from the constitution the actual dollar amount for membership in NCLA and thuseliminates the requirement for the constitution to be changed each time a dues change is made. Dues are and still will be changedonly by a vote of the membership.1985 Summer"123

NCLA MinutesTreasurerTs ReportJanuary 1, 1985 " March 31, 1985Exhibit ABalance on Hand " January 1, 1985 " Checking AccountReceipts:Dues and Receipts:Association $ 14,406.12Sections 4,867.00Total Dues and Receipts $ 19,273.12NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARIES (Schedule 1) 2,318.13Reimbursed Expenses (THL) 634.36Reimbursed Expenses (Special Libraries) 50.001985 Conference 4,400.00Total ReceiptsTotal Cash to Account ForExpenditures (Exhibit B)Cash Balance, March 31, 1985Exhibit BCash DisbursementsExecutive Office Expenses:Telephone $ .76Postage 94.63Copies 3.50Data Processing . 404.80Supplies 78.06Membership Mailing 88.95Clerical Help 205.00ALA Representative ExpensesSELA Representative ExpensesPresident's ExpensesTransfer to Assoc. SavingsTransfer to McLendon Loan Savings1985 ConferenceCommittee Expenses:Intellectual Freedom $113.99Governmental Relations 135.00Library Resources 62.54Sections Expenses (Schedule 1)NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARIES (Schedule 1)SELA Membership DuesFreedom to Read Foundation DuesBulk Mail Account Deposits (Less Reimbursements)Refunds of DuesTar Heel LibrariesTOTAL DISBURSEMENTS (To Exhibit A)124"North Carolina Libraries$11,385.4726,675.61$38,061.0819,657.19$18,403.89$ 875.70321.00258.9425.0010,000.00300.00278.75$ 311.531,551.554,901.9125.00100.00415.3480.25212.22$19,657.10

FOR OVER ONE HUNDRED AND SIX YEARS BLACKWELL'S HAS MAINTAINED AREPUTATION FOR SERVICE, A REPUTATION FOR COMBINING EXCELLENCE WITHINNOVATION. NOW, IN 1985,BOTH BLACKWELL'S AND BLACKWELL NORTHAMERICA CAN OFFER YOU A FULL RANGE OF SOPHISTICATED YET PERSONALBOOKSELLING SERVICES.B.H. BLACKWELL BLACKWELL NORTH AMERICABRITISH AND EUROPEAN PERIODICAL SERVICE FIRM AND STANDING ORDERSMACHINE READABLE PERIODICAL INVOICING/BACK ISSUES NEW TITLE ANNOUNCEMENT SERVICEMUSIC "BOOKS, SCORES AND RECORDS CATALOGUING IN CARD OR COM FORMATFIRM AND STANDING ORDERS VARIED TECHNICAL SERVICESNEW TITLE ANNOUNCEMENT SERVICEFOR FURTHER INFORMATION, CONTACT:B.H. BLACKWELL, LTD. BLACKWELL NORTH AMERICA, INC.BROAD STREET 6024 S.W. JEAN ROAD, BLDG. G.OXFORD, OX13BQ LAKE OSWEGO, OREGON 97034ENGLAND. TELEPHONE NO: (503) 684-1140TELEPHONE NO: OXFORD (0865) 24911 TELEX NO: 151-234TELEX NO: 851-83118OFFICES IN:BLACKWOOD, NEW JERSEY, LONDON, ONTARIO, CANADA; NOVATO, CALIFORNIA; KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,RICHMOND, VIRGINIA; CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA; RINGSTAD, DENMARK AND HAMBURG, WEST GERMANY1985 Summer"125

126"Your K-3 students will loveSet X1 of Books for YoungExplorers ~ full-colorbooks about real-lifesubjects. Teacher'sguide included.NEW! FROMNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC...Start K-3 students on a lifetime of readingwith Set XI of Books for Young Explorers!S�"�= 1975, teachers, librarians, andparents have purchased four millionBOOKS FOR YOUNG EXPLORERS to:¢ Awaken a childTs curiosity withsparkling photographs, lifelike pamt-_ ings, and lively text,¢ Answer childrenTs questions about_ their world with basic facts on scienceand natural history;Encourage youngsters to read -books of comfortable length (32 pages)and convenient size (834 by 11),_ © Withstand heavy school use withdurable paper, hard covers, andostitched binding.North Carolina LibrariesSet XI of BOOKS FOR YOUNGEXPLORERS gives your K-3 readersthese four exciting volumes:Exploring the Seashore, where each waverolls in with new treasures. __Baby Farm Animals and how farm chil-dren help take care of them.What Happens at the Zoo, an excitingbehind-the-scenes look at zoo life.The Wonderful World of Sealsand Whales __explores the behavior of sea mammals.And when youngsters want to know _more, the More About... teacherTs guidehelps answer their questions.How to Order: This four-book setin library edition, with catalog cardsand the More About. .. teacher's guide,is yours for the low price of:Only $12.95(plus postage and handling)No. 00533 Library Edition.ISBN 0-87044-533-2Order today"toll free!(800) 368-2728(Call weekdays 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.Eastern time.)_ For information about other sets ofBOOKS FOR YOUNG EXPLORERS,write to:[] National GeographicEducational ServicesWashington, D.C. 20036 _

Ce eeeJoin NCLAek eA eeWhat is NCLA?® the only statewide organization interested inthe total library picture in North Carolina,whose purpose is to promote libraries andlibrary service in the state© an affiliate of the American Library Associationand the Southeastern Library Association, withvoting representation on each councilWhat are the benefits of membership?® provides opportunities for interaction amongthose interested in good library service®@ entitles you to receive North Carolina Librar-ies, a quarterly journal, winner of the presti-gious H. W. Wilson Award in 1981® gives you the opportunity to develop leadershipskills® enables you to attend workshops, continuingeducation programs, and conferences at re-duced rates© keeps you informed on library developments inthe state through an information network andpublicationse@ gives you individual voting rights in the asso-ciation© encourages support staff and paraprofessionalsto join at reduced rates© entitles you to membership in one of the sec-tions or roundtables of the associationTo enroll as a member of the association or torenew your membership, check the appropriatetype of membership and the sections or roundta-bles which you wish to join. NCLA membershipentitles you to membership in one of the sectionsor roundtables shown below at no extra cost. Foreach additional section, add $4.00 to your regulardues.Return the form below along with your checkor money order made payable to North CarolinaLibrary Association. All memberships are for twocalendar years. If you enroll during the last quarter of a year, membership will cover the next twoyears.Sn nN Perversum semen eeNORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION"___ New membership ____. Renewal ____ Membership no.NameFirst Middle LastPositionBusiness AddressCity or Town State Zip CodeMailing Address (if different from above)CHECK TYPE OF DUES:© SPECIAL-Trustees, paraprofessional and support staff, non-salaries persons,retired librarians, library school students, oFriends of the Library,� and non-(IDPATIAKS Ae ance yc HedT aye os howe celts H0 © oaeme? cee Risks a use 1000) LIBRARIANS"earning up to $12,000 ......-:.0ssssserrrr trees nes $22.00CO LIBRARIANS"earning $12,000 to $20,000 ....----.-sss0sss0see0s .. $30.00O LIBRARIANS"earning over $20,000 .......:s- sess ersreer etre e recess $40.00© CONTRIBUTING"individual, Association, Firm, etc. interested in the work ofINCI es ces ae hid ton «ba aye eines + oF 28 ee ee $50.00CO INSTITUTIONAL"Same for all libraries... +002 s0eeer rere e sees e eee $50.00CHECK SECTIONS: One free; $4.00 each additional.© Children's © Trustees © Women's Round TableO College © Public oO eats,© Documents © Ref. & Adult LPN AI ele0 Jr. College © RTSS (Res.-Tech.)© NCASL (School) OG JMRTAMOUNT ENCLOSED $__________Mail to: Eunice Drum, Treasurer, NCLA, Division of State Library, 109 East Jones Street, Raleigh,NC 27611.1985 Summer"127

"" Carolina is reading . .Grand Old LadiesNorth Carolina Architecture Duringthe Victorian Age, Introduction bySterling Boyd, Chief Photographer," Joann Sieburg-Baker, Editor, Marguerite=. Schumann_ A splendid triumvirate of architecturalhistory, literature and photography!Features 146 Victorian buildings, withphotographs and captions using literary fragmentsfrom works of well-known North Carolina writers.0-88742-013-3, photos, $19.95 cloth New October.Tar Heel Sights,Guide to North CarolinaTs Heritage, MargueriteSchumann. oIncludes more than 1,000 historical and cul-tural sites statewide.� Southern Living.0-914788-64-7, photos, maps, $8.95 paperCarolina Curiosities,Jerry BledsoeTs Outlandish Guide to theDadblamedest Things to See and Do in NorthCarolina, Jerry Bledsoe. oYou will learn things aboutTarheelia youTve never known before . . .�� Sam Ragan,Southern Pines Pilot.0-88742-007-9, photos, $7.95 paperJust Folks,VisitinT with Carolina People, Jerry Bledsoe. oJerryBledsoe is CarolinaTs Listener Laureate.� Charles Kuralt,CBS News.0-914788-31-0, illustrations, $9.95 clothAsk for our free, complete catalog of books.The East Woods Press429 East Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28203 (704) 334-0897For orders only, call toll free (800) 438-1242; in NC (800) 532-0476128"North Carolina Libraries

EDITORIAL STAFFEditor ChildrenTs ServicesROBERT BURGIN BONNIE FOWLER:School of Library Science 237 Arrowleaf DriveNorth Carolina Central Lewisville, NC 27023¥ University (919) 945-5236urham, NC 27707 7(919) 683-6485 College and UniversityMARIE DEVINEAssoci 2 Ramsey Librarypee i UNC-AshevilleTSY J, HANSEL :Cumberland County Public pega eaeLibrary tae! aeBon FeO Community and JuniorF i C 28302ela College Libraries(919) 483-8600 BEVERLEY GASSAssociate Editor Guilford Technical CommunityROSE SIMON Bs. ox 309Dale H. Gramley Library Jamestown, NC 27282Salem College (919) 292-1101Winston-Salem, NC 27108(919) 721-2649 DocumentsMICHAEL COTTERBook Review Editor J.Y. Joyner LibraryALICE COTTEN East Carolina UniversityWilson Library Greenville, NC 27834UNC-Chapel Hill (919) 757-6533Chapel Hill, NC 27514(919) 962-1172 Junior Members RoundtableJOHN BURNSSiecor Corporation489 Siecor ParkHickory, NC 28603(704) 327-5219N.C. Association of SchoolLibrariansFRANCES BRADBURNCentral Regional Education CenterP.O. Box 549Knightdale, N.C. 27545Address all correspondence to: Robert Burgin, EditorSchool of Library Science, N.C.C.U., Durham, NC 277070.North Carolina Libraries, published four times a year,Public LibraryBOB RUSSELLElbert Ivey Memorial Library420 Third Avenue NWHickory, NC 28601(704) 322-2905Reference and Adult ServicesILENE NELSONDuke University LibraryDurham, NC 27606(919) 684-2373Resources and Technical ServicesGENE LEONARDIShepard LibraryNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurham, NC 27707(919) 683-6220Round Table for Ethnic MinortyConcernsSYLVIA SPRINKLE-HAMLINForsyth County Public Library660 West 5th StreetWinston-Salem, NC 27701(919) 727-2176Round Table on the Status ofWomen in LibrarianshipMARY McAFEEForsyth County Public Library660 West 5th StreetWinston-Salem, NC 27101(919) 727-2264Trusteesis the official publication of the North Caro-lina Library Association. Membership dues include a subscription to North Carolina Libraries. Member-ship information may be obtained from the treasurer of NCLA.Subscription rates for 1984 are $20.00 per year, or $5.00 per issue,per year, or $7.00 per issue,for domestic subscriptions; $25.00for foreign subscriptions. Backfiles are maintained by the editor. Microfilmcopies are available through University Microfilms International. North Carolina Libraries is indexed byLibrary Literature and publishes its own annual index.Editorial correspondence should be addressed to the editor;be addressed to the advertising manager. Articles are juried.North Carolina Libraries is printed by Meridional Publications,advertisement correspondence shouldWake Forest, NC.Issue deadlines are February 10, May 10, August 10, and November 10.

PVEBLZ DN BVITANSAAADLAAULS GYE LSVA BOE?yYaLLOO 09 TAVHOIWLLOVd