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EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITYresearch and creative activityWALTER PORIES:HONORED BUT HUMBLEAlso in this issue:A Slave�?Ts Story Brought to Life,Deciphering Coastal History,Ethics in Medical Research

1VimeleNIVERKSISpring 2002WWW.News.ecu.eduDr. Thomas L. FeldbushVice Chancellor, Research and Graduate StudiesJohn DurhamDirector, News and Communications ServicesTom FortnerDirector, Medical Center News and InformationDr. Alan A. SchreierDirector, Program Development andCoordinator of Institutional ComplianceDr. Emilie S. KaneActing Director, Office of Sponsored ProgramsMarti Van ScottDirector, Office of Technology TransferCOITODa elieaei.Garnet BassLinda Nobleit Dc~ Cliff HollisTony Rumpleedge is published by the Division of Research andGraduate Studies at East Carolina University.Any written portion of this publication maybe reprinted with appropriate credit.�?oNA AAA orJohn DurhamEast Carolina UniversityNews and Communications ServicesHoward HouseGreenville, NC 27858-4353252-328-6481durhamj@mail.ecu.edu© 2002 by East Carolina UniversityPrinted by Theo Davis Sons, Zebulon, NCPrinted on recycled paper.4,000 copies of this public document were printedat a cost of $8,920.00, or $2.23 per copy.61218ta bleSuitable for FramingDr. Walter Pories �?" artist, surgeon, scientist, chef, musician and more �?"is embarrassed by the attention he has received since winning theO. Max Gardner Award.The Sands of TimeThe ECU geology department teams with the U.S. Geological Survey andthe N.C. Geological Survey to decipher 10,000 years in the evolution ofNorth Carolina�?Ts northern coast.Geology at its CoreSometimes along with the science you need a little elbow grease.Making the GradeFaculty seek to enlighten the debate about public education through researchinto teacher preparation, teacher mentor programs, the influence of charterschools and school naming issues.22 Safety Firstedge talks with Dr. Paul Cunningham about the policies and practices thatprotect human research volunteers.26 Free at LastStudents become historians when the autobiography of an ex-slave namedAllen Parker captures their imagination and their hearts.Never one to take half steps, Dr. Walter Pories has revived memoriesof a farm his aunt and uncle owned in Germany with a 520-acre organicfarm he now calls home. Though he might be called a gentleman farmer,he knows every inch of his land and delights in nature�?Ts subtle variety.�?oEvery time of year, there�?Ts something blooming,�?� he says. �?oIt changesall the time.�?� Photo by Cliff Hollis.o f3135content sIn search of vaccine againstpotential biological weaponRefining techniques to detectDNA damageCasting new light ontreating cancerBlueprints you can walkthroughScience center for easternN.C. proposedAnti-stuttering device goeson saleMore faculty obtain outsidefundingOff-campus programs growRestructuringUrban LegendsHistorian turns his focus frommachine politicians to the townstobacco built.The Love DoctorSociologist takes a close look at whatmakes relationships click.Maps and MoreNew center makes GIS technologyusable, affordable.Farming, Forestry and FishingFederal grant establishes centerto improve occupational health,safety in southeast U.S.A look at recent publications byECU faculty, plus news on recordings.1 « SPRING 2002edge

research briefsIn search of vaccine against potential biological weaponhms anthrax scares riveted thenation�?Ts attention last fall, one ECU labfocused instead on another possiblebiological weapon, the bacterium Brucella.Dr. R. Martin Roop II, associate professorof microbiology and immunology, is tryingto understand how the bacterium works andto develop a vaccine to prevent itsdebilitating effects in humans.Brucella causes brucellosis, a diseasewith flu-like symptoms that can weaken itsvictims for months and is difficult to treat.Although it seldom kills, Brucella is apotentially powerful warfare agent becauseit spreads easily in air particles. �?oThelogistics of taking care of thousands of sickpeople can be more complex than dealingwith thousands of deaths,�?� Roop said. �?oInwarfare, it can be better to bring yourenemy to its knees and cripple them.�?�Armed forces also must be concerned aboutincidental exposure by troops stationedoverseas. Brucella occurs naturally in foodanimals around the world.A vaccine to prevent brucellosis inanimals exists, but that vaccine makeshumans sick. In his search to find a vaccinefor human use, Roop focuses on trying todefine the genes that allow the bacterium toproduce disease in the host. �?oIf we knowhow (Brucella) produces disease, then wecan use genetic engineering to produceRefining techniques to detect DNA damagestrains without the ability to producedisease,�?� he said. Those geneticallyengineered strains could then be used tocreate a vaccine.Roop, who came to ECU a year agofrom Louisiana State University MedicalCenter-Shreveport, has received about $1million in research funding from theDepartment of Defense and the NationalInstitutes of Health.Despite its potential in mass warfare,Brucella is an unlikely choice for terroristsbecause it is seldom lethal, Roop said.�?oThese terrorists seem to want a moreinsidious shock effect,�?� he said. �?oIt seemsthey want to kill a lot of people.�?� »7 aN pioneer in technology to detect damage to DNA,Dr. John C. Sutherland is refining his techniques to allow him tocount and measure the lengths of single molecules. Whenperfected, the new technology will enable scientists to detect lowlevels of DNA damage and to study the effects of lower doses ofradiation than was previously possible.Sutherland joined the ECU faculty last fall as chair of thephysics department, coming from the Brookhaven NationalLaboratory, where he maintains research facilities. As a seniorbiophysicist at Brookhaven, Sutherland led a research groupwhose innovations twice were recognized by R&D magazine asbeing among the top 100 technological achievements of the year.In 1997, Sutherland�?Ts group and Quantar Technology Inc.jointly received an R&D 100 Award for developing a device thatdetects visible, ultraviolet and near-infrared light. The devicespeeds the ability of scientists to obtain a number of differentreadings during fluorescence emission studies commonly used inbiology, chemistry and physics. Ten years earlier, Sutherland�?Tsgroup received the same award for a device that records thefluorescenceof DNA and other molecules that have beenseparated by gel electrophoresis, a standard research method.Although his technologies have wider application, much ofedge » SPRING 2002 * 2Sutherland�?Ts research has focused on detecting damage to livingtissue from exposure to the sun�?Ts ultraviolet rays and fromionizing radiation. Sources of ionizing radiation include X-raysand radon gas. In collaboration with his wife, molecular biologistDr. Betsy Sutherland, he has developed ways to quantify theamount of DNA damage that occurs from varying amounts ofexposure. Chronic or high levels of exposure can lead topermanent cell damage and cancer.UVA and ionizing radiation produce different kinds ofdamage and thus require different methods of detection. Todetect UVA damage, Sutherland developed a technique forcalculating the frequency at which a particular type of damageoccurs along a strand of DNA. lonizing radiation, however,causes several types of damage that may be less frequent butthat tend to occur in particularly troublesome clusters. For it,Sutherland determined how to calculate the number of damagedclusters.Those clusters also are at the heart of his newer project,working out a way to count and measure the lengths of singlemolecules. One of its advantages, he said, will be its ability toobtain the same information as his previous technology whileusing much smaller samples of DNA. °research briefsCasting new lighton treating cancerBh. Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Centerhas been selected as the first site for aclinical trial of a new form of cancertreatment. Light Sciences Corp. of Seattleselected the cancer center to test itsinnovations in the new field of photody-namic therapy. Physicians at the center alsoare conducting other in-house trialsinvolving photodynamic therapy.The cancer center, jointly supported bythe Brody School of Medicine and PittCounty Memorial Hospital, became one ofonly a handful of sites in the countryoffering the therapy when it established thePhotodynamic Therapy Center in AprilDr. Ron Allison, clinical director of radiation oncology at the Brody School of Medicine, holds the laser 2001. Dr. Gordon H. Downie, aused for most photodynamic therapy.pulmonologist and medical director of thePhotodynamic Therapy Center, said morethan two dozen patients were treated in the first year. They included patients with lung, esophageal, colorectal, breast and skin cancers.Most photodynamic therapy combines a drug with delayed activation and a laser that produces a special frequency of red light. Thedrug is administered intravenously in most cases and settles selectively in tumors, where it can beactivated by the laser. When activated, the drug releases toxic oxygen radicals that attack the tumor. ,The light used does not produce heat, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue, which is one ofthe side effects of traditional radiation therapy.Light Sciences Corp. has developed a new photosensitive drug, called LS11, and an implanteddevice to activate it. Standard photodynamic therapy is limited to areas on which the light can be shineddirectly, such as those adjacent to airways, the gastrointestinal tract and other hollow organs or tubes,Downie said. Light Science�?Ts approach, which it calls the Oncolux�"� System, could expand the therapy�?Ts usesbecause the device can be implanted directly in a tumor and be activated for long periods using a light-emitting diode, or LED. LEDs are semiconductors of the type used for indicator lights and remote-control devices. The phase | trial tests the safety of the treatment. Downie said he expects the trial tolast several years.Downie and his ECU colleagues have launched their own trial using photodynamic therapy to treata form of advanced lung cancer, malignant pleural effusion. When cancer spreads to the lining of thelung, the irritation causes the lining to fill with fluid. The fluid presses on the lung and makes breathingdifficult. Draining off the fluid �?" the traditional treatment �?" eases breathing temporarily but does noteliminate the source of the problem. The ECU doctors will use photodynamic therapy to try to kill themushroom-like tumors. They will deliver the light by inserting a thoracoscope between the lung and its lining.In addition, the ECU physicians are conducting an on-going comparison of photodynamic therapyand traditional radiation therapy and are considering a trial using photodynamic therapy to treatrecurrent and early breast cancer. �?oThere�?Ts also a whole area of research looking at the possibility of thisas a diagnostic tool,�?� Downie said. °In photodynamic therapy, light generated by the machine at right activates a drug that has been administeredintravenously. The drug releases oxygen radicals that attack the tumor.3 *° SPRING 2002 * edge

research briefsConcrete pours at the Science and TechnologyBuilding are smoother, thanks to virtual reality.Blueprints you can walk throughya N campus construction project has become a research laboratory for twoprofessors in the School of Industry and Technology.Dr. Ihab Saad and Dr. David Batie, both assistant professors of construction manage-ment, have been testing a visualization system they think will enable them to forecast �?" andthus avoid �?" problems in the construction process. Their system continuously monitorsconstruction of the new science and technology building and creates a four-dimensionalimage through ECU�?Ts virtual reality tool RAVE. The fourth dimension is the ability toseemingly walk through or manipulate 3D images. This ability, Saad said, allows them to seemore accurately how the various layers of the construction project �?" from framing toplumbing and cables �?" will interact.During the first phase, for example, the professors predicted that the forms used topour concrete slabs were too large to be removed with air pressure as planned. Theirprediction proved accurate, and the contractor shifted to pouring smaller sections at a time.The images also could provide useful documentation long after the building has beencompleted. �?oIf repairs need to be made, you�?Tll be able to see more precisely what will beinvolved,�?� he said. Previous research has shown that 3D drawings improve the accuracy ofcost estimates and scheduling on construction projects. °Science center for eastern N.C. proposedft» new generation of scientistsand scientifically literate citizens will benurtured in eastern North Carolina if plansfor a proposed science center succeed. ECUhas joined other educational institutions andbusiness interests to promote the center.The Eastern North Carolina RegionalScience Center is proposed as a teaching,learning and research center for the 29counties east of Interstate 95. It wouldadvance science education in public schoolswith resources for teachers and studentswhile also making its visual computingtechnologies available for industrialresearch and product development. Aplanetarium-style theater, exhibit space andlarge-screen theater could host educationalprograms for the broader public.The center�?Ts advanced classroomswould help schools in poor, rural countiesoffer higher-level courses, said Dr. John T.Meredith, chair of the science center�?Tsexecutive committee and clinical assistant. Ci idi_Q? Dae * 6professor of emergency medicine at theBrody School of Medicine. �?oWe need this if * An advanced biotechnologywe're going to continue economic classroom incorporating telemedicinedevelopment in eastern North Carolina,�?� he �?"_ technologies, advanced microscopy andsaid. �?oA lot of studies have shown that the advanced computer-imaging technologies.key to development is science and math * An advanced chemistry and physicsliteracy.�?� classroom.A two-day workshop in the fall will * A visual-computing science theatersolicit opinions on the eventual components __ with seating for 200. This domed theaterand design of the center. Preliminary plans �?" would be capable of creating interactive,include: virtual environments ranging in size from* Headquarters of the planned Health �?"_ subatomic particles to galaxies.Careers Academy, a collaborative program * Exhibit space suitable for travelingto attract high school students into careers programs from the Smithsonian Institutionin health care. The academy�?Ts partners are and other museums.ECU, the Brody School of Medicine, Pitt No site has been selected, butCounty Schools, Pitt Community College Meredith said the location should beand University Health Systems of Eastern accessible to residents throughout easternCarolina. North Carolina.* An entrepreneurial development Plans are being spearheaded by ECU,center. the Pitt County Industrial Development* A teaching resource center. Commission, the Pitt County Educational* Hands-on learning centers, after- Foundation and Pitt Community College. »school academies and summer programs.Anti-stuttering device goes on saleye anti-stuttering device developed __ the institutional nursing market. The CD-ROMis an interactive computer application designedby ECU scientists reached the commercialmarketplace during the past year. Called to help practitioners and medical studentsSpeechEasy, the device looks like a hearing aid _distinguish between normal and abnormaland is available in designs that canbe womin _ heart sounds in children. It was developed bythe ear or behind the ear. Dr. Michael McConnell and Alan Branigan.The technology was developed by Drs. * Technology forMichael Rastatter, Joseph Kalinowski and measuring products inAndrew Stuart and licensed to the start-up chemical batch processescompany Janus Development Group. The device _ has been licensed forworks by altering the speed or pitch at which the development to a localwearer hears his own voice. In doing so, it slows | company. Dr. Paulthe overactive electrical signals in the right side | Gemperline�?Ts technologyof a stutterer�?Ts brain to near normal, allowing _ provides a detailed picture ofhim to speak distinctly. what happens to chemicalsThree other products and processes during processing, whichoriginating at ECU moved into the marketplace could lead to less waste.during the 2000-2001 academic year. The In other technologyOffice of Technology Transfer reports that: transfer news, the university* Aquatic sounds recordings by Drs. received three patents,Joseph J. Luczkovich and Mark Sprague and applied for 10 more andformer graduate students Stephen Johnson and __ received notices from facultyChris Pullinger have been licensed to a software about 18 other technologiesdeveloper for use in an electronic encyclopedia. _ that may hold patentThe scientists collected the mating sounds of �?"_ potential. Total income fromfish to chart spawning timetables as an aidto _ licenses reached nearlyfisheries regulation. $150,000. University patents brought in an* The Pediatric Heart Sounds CD-ROM _additional $1.6 million in research supporthas been licensed to a publishing firm targeting �?" between 1999 and 2001. °Off-campus programs growHed by web-based courses, enrollment in ECU�?Ts off-campus graduate programscontinues to show strong growth. Off-campus enrollment for the 2000-2001 academicyear totaled 1,028, more than double the number two years earlier.Enrollment is about evenly divided between master�?Ts degree programs and non-degree, continuing-education programs. Eight master�?Ts programs and eight certificateprograms are offered on-line or at satellite locations. Eight more master�?Ts level programsare being developed for delivery through distance education.Off-campus students now account for 28 percent of all graduate enrollment.In other news from the Graduate School:* The School of Nursing will begin admitting students to its PhD program in fall2002. The program emphasizes both family health care and clinical nursing science.* The PhD program in communication sciences and disorders has created a newconcentration in clinical audiology. °More faculty obtainoutside fundingmat, and staff participation inprojects funded by outside sponsors rosenearly 10 percent during the 2000-2001fiscal year. Approximately 280 individualswere involved in projects funded by $40.9million in grants and contracts,according to the Office ofSponsored Programs.A similar increase occurredin the number submittingapplications for outsidefunding. Some 355 faculty andstaff members submittedrequests for $112.6 million.Public service projectsaccount for 45 percent ofECU�?Ts sponsored programs.Research garners 33 percent.Instruction and academicsupport account for most ofthe remaining funds.Among the largestsponsors during the 2000-2001year were the National Institutesof Health, the N.C. Departmentof Health and Human Services, theNational Library of Medicine, the U.S.Health Resources and Services Administra-tion, the National Science Foundation andthe Office of Naval Research. °RestructuringRE William V. Musehas announced several changes in theuniversity�?Ts senior administrative structure.The position of vice chancellor for researchand graduate studies will be restructured asthe vice chancellor for research, economicdevelopment and community engagement,still under Vice Chancellor Thomas L.Feldbush. Graduate studies will be shiftedto the office of the provost and vicechancellor for academic affairs. Thechanges will be effective July 1, 2002. °5 ° SPRING 2002 * edge

edge » SPRING 2002 * 6�?oIt isn�?Tt just that you want to be able to paint something,but you want to communicate in a different, special way,�?�Says Pories, shown here with one of his own paintings.Vinner of the O. Max Gardner Award.rgeon Walter Pories shares ther. Walter Pories warned his daughter Mary Jane about gangswhen she was going through high school in Cleveland, Ohio. He told hernever to go to certain areas in town. Then he went one step further. �?oHedoesn�?Tt just talk about things,�?� she says. �?oHe mapped out where thedifferent gangs operated and drove us there �?" to places I didn�?Tt think weshould go. He has this insatiable desire to know things and explore.�?�He instilled that sense of exploration in his six children. �?oHe gave allof us an open door to find out what we wanted to be, but the core was, youserve others,�?� she says. �?oFind a way to use your gifts for the greater good.�?�Those dual traits �?" an insatiable curiosity and a desire to serve others�?" have guided Walter Pories�?T own career. They have led togroundbreaking discoveries in animal nutrition, the development of anoperation called the Greenville Gastric Bypass to treat morbid obesity andthe discovery that his operation often leads to an instantaneous reversal ofadult-onset diabetes, giving rise to an entirely new line of inquiry into thecauses and treatment of diabetes. Founding chairman of the School ofMedicine�?Ts department of surgery, Pories has been recognized repeatedlyfor his role in training future surgeons and for his service to community andmedical organizations.For these accomplishments and others, the UNC Board of Governorslast year gave Pories its highest honor, the O. Max Gardner Award. Theaward recognizes one faculty member each year from the 16-campusuniversity system for �?ocontributions to the welfare of the human race.�?�Pories shies from the spotlight. �?oIt�?Ts embarrassing to get all of this attentionfor work that so many other people had a part in,�?� he says.In his medical school office, he sits in front of a large, unframed oilpainting. With a marine blue background, a streak of red and just a hint of awhite sail, the painting whisks the viewer onto the open water. Thesignature in the lower right corner reads �?oPories.�?� Although he has had one-man shows, Pories is dissatisfied with his skill as an artist. �?oI�?Tm better atcartooning than I am at painting,�?� he says. He talks of the distinguishingstyles of Winslow Homer and Georgia O�?T Keeffe. �?oIt isn�?Tt just that you wantto be able to paint something,�?� he says, �?obut you want to communicate in adifferent, special way.�?�Pories himself more closely resembles a Picasso than an O�?TKeeffe,one from the cubist period, full of angles and parts that at first appearunrelated yet somehow create a fascinating whole. He is artist, surgeon,scientist, chef, musician, family man, retired Air Force officer and farmer.He describes himself as a military nut. Others say compassionate, deter-mined, modest, intelligent, skilled, complex, humorous, versatile, loving.Continued7 * SPRING 2002edge

Morethan60 ofPories�?Tcartoonshave beenpublished,includingsome inCurrentSurgery,a medicaljournal he edits.Open-minded, too, especially when itcomes to food, as it often does. He prepareslavish gourmet meals, sometimes for dinnerparties of 40 people. Any visit by hischildren, now ages 32 to 48, begins with atrip to the grocery store. On the way, hedescribes the menus for the whole weekend.He�?Ts no food snob, however. He�?Tll eatpickled eggs from a jar in a country store.And oh, yes, a laughing colleague says, besure to ask him about the duck that got runover in his yard.No, don�?Tt ask.�?oA part of the European influence, andthe influence of people who didn�?Tt havemuch, is that you never waste anything,�?�says daughter Dr. Susan Pories, a surgicaloncologist at Harvard Medical School.�?oOne time he made chicken soup. I was outbabysitting. I came in late and didn�?Tt turnthe light up. I just opened up the pot anddished some out. He�?Td made the soup fromedge » SPRING 2002 * 8chicken feet, and the feet were still inthere. There was one in my bowl. Hewould make things from mostdisgusting things �?" organs andoctopus. He�?Td tell me you can savechicken fat and use it instead ofbutter on bread.�?�Pories seldom regrets anytasting experience, least of all hisfirst soybean. It happened about 26years ago, when he was being recruited tohelp start a brand new medical school. Theschool�?Ts future site was then nothing morethan a field of red clay and soybeans.According to family lore, Pories asked whatthe crop was and, being told, gave it a try.However bitter the first taste, Pories and hishosts decided he was the right chef for thejob. For the next 19 years, he served aschair of the department of surgery for theECU medical school and chief surgeon ofPitt County Memorial Hospital.Now, at 71, he has accomplishedenough to fill several careers and hasenough projects under way for severalmore. He stepped down as chair of surgeryon his 65th birthday and stopped operatingon his 70th, just as he had long planned.�?oYou always have to have an exit strategywhenever you start something,�?� he says.�?oNo one is ever going to tell you you�?T re notas good as you should be.�?�He continues to do research, teach andsee patients, following up on surgeriesperformed years before. He�?Ts working withDr. Mohammed Tabrizi in the departmentof computer science to develop a wireless,Internet-based system for maintaining andanalyzing medical records. He also is tryingto persuade the National Institutes of Healthto establish a national registry of surgery.A pharmaceutical company must documentextensive testing under careful supervisionbefore it can bring a new drug to market.By contrast, �?oany surgeon can devise anykind of operation and often there�?Ts nofollow-up,�?� he says. �?oEventually somekinds of surgery drop out as problemsbecome obvious, but that�?Ts not the way todo it. That�?Ts a lack of discipline. We need tostandardize procedures.�?�No one can accuse Pories of lackingdiscipline. He has insisted on detailed, long-term follow-up of all 1,600 gastric bypasssurgeries by ECU doctors. This enabled him,early on, to recognize the most surprisingresult of the surgery. Adult onset or Type IIdiabetes, which often accompanies obesity,and its precursor, insulin resistance, lessen ordisappear in patients who have undergonethe Greenville Gastric Bypass even beforeweight loss sets in. His curiosity piqued,Pories assembled a team of molecular andchemical scientists, exercise physiologistsand other surgeons in what is now a long-running research program seeking tounderstand the phenomenon.�?oThis means diabetes is not aninexorably progressive disease and that bymaybe changing a molecular marker or asignaling system, you could free people upfrom that disease,�?� he says. The researchteam�?Ts papers have received widespreadacclaim, and Pories, professor of surgery,now holds additional appointments asprofessor of biochemistry and adjunctprofessor of exercise and sports science.Pories first ventured into researchwhen, as a young medical student at theUniversity of Rochester, he had landed apart-time job with Dr. William Strain. Anorganic chemist, Strain wanted to understandhow wounds heal and had focused hisattention on the role of amino acids. Hestudied their function by feeding rats a dietdeprived of one amino acid at a time. Theidea was that if healing slowed when the ratswere on a particular diet, the absent aminoacid would be shown to be important inhealing.Strain was both meticulous and frugal.For each amino acid he studied, he insistedon 10 sets of experiments involving 60 ratsin each set. In the midst of one study inwhich healing improved instead of slowed,he ran out of feed after only nine sets of ratsand the supplier had raised his price. Ratherthan paying the added cost or being satisfiedwith results from 540 rats, he ordered Poriesto synthesize the formula. Pories did, but theresults changed. Strain tried making abatch himself. It still didn�?Tt work.�?oSo clearly it was a contaminant (inthe feed),�?� Pories said. The supplier�?T sformula, it turned out, had been made witha process involving zinc. This time Strainordered Pories to learn all he could aboutzinc, setting the stage for groundbreakingdiscoveries. By Pories�?T last year in medicalschool, he and Strain had published thefirst paper establishing zinc as an essentialmineral for animal health. Pories contin-ued the research for the next 20 years,establishing new Food and Drug Adminis-tration standards for trace minerals andhelping boost feed efficiency in farmanimals by 20 percent.�?oThese were exciting times for a guyJust out of medical school,�?� Pories says.�?oI became a visiting professor inEdinburgh when I was just a resident, andI was featured in Time magazine. And itwas from an accident.�?�Strain was known as a good mentor,albeit an eccentric one. Pories�?T experienceshowed why. At different times, Strain hadhim diagramming sentences from a third-grade textbook, selling bicycles and buyingmelons. At ECU, Pories followed Strain�?Tslead in broadening the education of hisstudents. He required residents to attendweekly luncheons with guest lecturers ontopics ranging from anthropology andchemistry to investment banking and homebuying. He also is credited with havingdeveloped the first national curriculum forresidency in surgery. Among his honorshave been a national teaching award fromthe Association for Surgical Education andthe Frederic Douglass Stubbs Award foroutstanding contributions to the training ofblack surgeons from the National MedicalSociety.�?oI probably never would have goneinto surgery if it hadn�?Tt been for him,�?� saysDr. Beth Foil, now a surgeon with EasternSurgical and Wellness Associates inGreenville. �?oI was going to be a psychia-trist. I thought surgery wasn�?Tt medicine. Hesaid a surgeon is a primary care doctor whoFifty cows and 80 goats help keep the pastures and woodlands cleared on Pories�?T farm.operates. That�?Ts what he was.�?�As a teacher, he was fair but infuriat-ing. Foil recalls a mistake she madeinserting a central line that caused apatient�?Ts lung to collapse. �?oI had to callWalter and tell him what I�?Td done,�?� shesays. �?oBy the time he got in, we�?Td drainedthe fluid, reinflated the lung, and she wasdoing all right. He said, �?~So you found anew way to administer antibiotics. Are yougoing to write this up as a protocol?�?T Hedidn�?Tt blast you, which was the prettystandard way to deal with medical students.He knew you were already kicking yourselfto the max.�?�On the other hand, he seldom if everhanded out praise. Says Foil: �?oI understandhe told other faculty, �?~Don�?Tt tell residentsthey�?Tre doing well. They won�?Tt try as hardto get better.�?T He can still infuriate me. Heknows which buttons to push, like a masterart teacher who�?Tll never let you think yourpainting is good enough.�?�Pories has a short, stocky build, with afringe of closely cropped, salt-and-pepperhair and dark eyebrows over darting browneyes. Only the eyes, sitting behind dark-framed glasses, belie a patient demeanor.His is quick to laugh and even quicker tobegin a long, rambling story filled withsumptuous detail and punctuated by theaccents of his parent�?Ts Germany, the Frenchvillage of his first overseas militaryassignment or the Southern draw] of acolleague. Often he stops mid-tale. �?oCanyou believe that?�?� he�?T ll ask while hislistener, aching from laughter, begs him togo on.He was born in 1930 in Munich,Germany, �?oto be near my mother,�?� as hetells it. �?oUntil 1936, I thought I was aCatholic kid in a well-to-do, upper-middle-class German family.�?� But that year, �?owewere informed we were Jewish.�?� Threeyears later, while his father was out of townon business, the Nazis came in the middleof the night and took 9-year-old Walter, hismother, sister and an uncle to the Dachauconcentration camp, just outside Munich.They were loaded with others into cattlecars headed for the Polish-German border.The trip, often delayed as the train waitedon sidetracks, took three or four days.Finally, they reached the border. �?oWegot out, and they lined us up,�?� he says. �?oItwas our understanding that we were to beexecuted. Now, I don�?Tt remember thisContinued9 » SPRING 2002 * edge

portion �?" I remember the train ride �?" butmy mother and sister told me about this partlater. Apparently, the Polish border guardsintervened. They said, �?oWe don�?Tt like theJews either, but you�?Tre not going to killthem here.�?T So we got back into the train togo back to Munich.�?�By the time they reached Munich,Pories�?T father, a decorated veteran of WorldWar I, was waiting with documents for theirrelease. Aided by an old Army buddy whohad risen in the Nazi hierarchy and by thepapal nuncio, he had obtained long-soughtvisas and passage to Lisbon. �?oNow is thatwild?�?� Pories asks. �?oIs that a wild story?�?�It is wild in part because Pories refusesto focus on the tragedy overshadowing it.His storytelling holds a light touch, filledwith comic digressions and affection.�?oWhat I remember most was the greatkindness of the German people and theGerman guards in the train,�?� he says.�?oThey brought us sausages and water.�?�Pories�?T glass is never half empty andseldom merely half full. The surprisescholarship that sent him to WesleyanUniversity in Waterbury, Conn., was �?othemost fortunate thing that�?Ts ever happened tome.�?� Working for Strain, the demandingedge » SPRING 2002 * 10Shaft the llama never passes up an opportunity for a snack.and eccentric researcher, gave him �?othe besteducation I ever had.�?��?oT�?Tm always awed by his enduring andunending optimism,�?� says Mary JanePories, who owns a corporate relations firmin Grand Rapids, Mich. �?oHe�?Tll buy cars oneafter another, and they may all be lemons,but they�?Tre always the best car he�?Ts everhad.�?�From Lisbon, the family sailed for Riode Janeiro. In Brazil, they reconnected withthe Catholic Church, but a year and a halflater, it was the Hebrew Immigration AidSociety that came to their rescue at EllisIsland. Quarantined for weeks because ofthe daughter�?Ts scarlet fever, the Poriesfamily ran out of money. The Hebrew aidsociety gave them bus tickets for Milwau-kee, where relatives lived, and $5 each.�?oWith that my dad said, �?oYah, untilHitler is defeated, we will be Jews.�?T Wearrived in Milwaukee. I got enrolled inHebrew school and was bar mitzvahed.So you�?Tre looking at a guy who has beenbaptized, confirmed and gone through barmitzvah. As you might imagine, in collegeI took a fair amount of religion coursestrying to understand it.�?�He had dreams of becoming amusician when he arrived at conservativeWesleyan sporting a duck-tail haircut andpeg-leg pants. An encounter his junior yearwith a Dixieland band ended that idea. �?oTrealized then and there that if they were somuch better than I was and the best theycould do was ride around in a beaten-upDodge, then I was on the wrong career path.�?�Instead, he followed a path he had firstcrossed in Germany. To get him away fromthe growing problems in Munich, Pories�?Tparents had sent him to live for extendedperiods with �?othe Catholic side of thefamily�?� �?" an uncle and aunt, both ruralphysicians, and their four children. �?oWithoutdoubt, they were the two most reveredphysicians in their area,�?� he says. His uncleoften took the children on rounds to visitpatients and had them help in cleaning theoffice. Later, Pories would adopt the samepractice with his own children, alwaysstopping after rounds for treats at a Germanbakery.By the time he graduated from medicalschool, he had a wife and two children. Anintern�?Ts monthly paycheck of $15 didn�?Ttpromise much support. The Air Force madea better offer, including further medicaltraining (cardiac, thoracic and pediatricsurgery, plus obstetrics), worldwide traveland nifty clothes. He used to preen in hisuniforms for his children, and he took everyOpportunity to try new forms of transporta-tion �?" tanks, ships, airplanes. �?oI flew ineverything with more than one seat,�?� hesays. �?oIt was a glorious time. I�?Tm just amilitary nut.�?�The military itself seemed just a littlenutty at times, as when it placed Pories incharge of a nuclear reactor. �?oIt took abouttwo months to get out of that job,�?� he says.At least it gave him a chance to test hisphilosophy. �?oIn life, the main thing is to gowith the flow and maintain a sense ofhumor.�?�He left active duty after 12 years towork at hospitals in Rochester and thenCleveland. He would join the Reserves aftercoming to ECU, rising to the rank ofcommander. During Desert Storm, whenReserves took over stateside duties fortroops shipped to the Middle East, hecommanded Womack Army Hospital. Heretired after that with 24 years of service.The military�?Ts diverse training hadprepared him well to lead the new surgerydepartment at ECU. Early on, he did someof everything, including emergency heartsurgery and pediatrics. �?oWhen I first cameto Greenville, he was the only one doingsurgery on neonatal preemies,�?� says Dr.Charles F. Willson, a pediatrician and assistantdean for medical affairs. �?oThen he developedthe Greenville Gastric Bypass. His surgicalskills are incredible that he can range fromthe smallest patient to the largest.�?�Willson�?Ts admiration grew as hewatched Pories help the hospital andphysicians shape their response to the riseof managed care. It grew more as theyserved together on a committee to improvehealth care for children and pregnantwomen on Medicaid. �?oHe has just beena great mentor for me,�?� Willson says.�?oT always think back on how Walter runshis meetings. For example, at end of anintense meeting, he�?Tll go around and leteveryone speak. It�?Ts the most democraticand revealing way to end meeting andbrings everyone back together as a group.�?�Among the meetings Pories chairstoday are those of the North CarolinaMedical Board, which is charged withlicensing and regulating physicians andphysician assistants. Colleagues call it athankless job, but Diane Meelheim, theboard�?Ts assistant executive director, saysPories carries off the role of chairman withgrace and compassion. �?oSometimes peoplecome in and don�?Tt want to retire,�?� she says.�?oHe gives them a retirement speech andhelps them see what should be obvious.�?�It�?Ts the type of compassion shewitnessed �?" and received �?" many timesfrom 1978 to 1989 when she worked asPories�?T nurse practitioner. Once afterbreaking up with a boyfriend, she startedcrying during hospital rounds �?" theultimate breach of conduct. Poriesdismissed the medical students and headedback to his office with Meelheim. �?oWestopped in a stairwell,�?� she recalls. �?oHe puthis arms around me and said, �?oThere is alid for every pot. You will find your lid.Tears are OK now, but not out there.�?T�?�Years later, after she had moved on to lawschool and then to the medical board,Pories would fly to Dallas to see herinstalled as president of an organization formedical administrators.However far he has traveled since1939, Pories has stayed close to his nativeland. When some question arises about histastes or interests, he�?Ts likely to shrug andwith a smile answer, �?oI�?Tm European.�?� Hereturns to Germany frequently to visitfamily, especially the cousins �?" childrenof the physician aunt and uncle �?" withwhom he spent so much time as a child.The memories remain vivid. �?oThey livedon maybe three acres with great gardens,vegetable gardens and an orchard,�?� hesays. �?oIt was a great place to play. It wasabsolutely heaven.�?�For the past six years, Pories has beenre-creating that heaven on a slightly largerscale. He leaves off pruning the grapevines on a fall Saturday for a tour of the520-acre organic farm he now calls home.With unrestrained delight, he offers figs,grapes and persimmons for the tasting.Then he introduces the chickens (housed ina coup he built), 80 goats, several geese, allama named Shaft and 50 cows, includinghis �?odebutantes,�?� heifers too young to bebred. Half a dozen guinea hens roam free,keeping the farm clear of ticks. �?oWehaven�?Tt had a tick in a year,�?� he says.With Rommel the dachshund ridingshotgun, Pories guides his Toyota Priusover paths and through pastures. He pointsout the way plant life varies with the ridgesand swales of the Tar River floodplain,laments the disappearance of the beaverswhose pond had made a home for waterbirds, snapping turtles and otters �?"�?oT love otters�?� �?" and stops to pick wildchamomile. �?oEvery time of year, there�?Tssomething blooming,�?� he says. �?oIt changesall the time.�?�Always have an exit strategy, says Pories,who stopped operating at age 70.Pories credits his wife, Dr. Mary AnnRose, assistant to the ECU chancellor, withthe idea of buying the farm. It started with ahundred acres, then grew as property oneither side went up for sale. They rent out therow crops, leave the woodland to a foresterand tend the animals themselves. Theanimals in turn tend the pastureland. At first,Pories hired someone to mow the pastures.�?oThe guy charged me $600 to mow,and it had to be done a number of times ayear,�?� he says. �?oIt wasn�?Tt that his price wasextravagant. I just hadn�?Tt figured on it. So Icalled the extension agent to see what I coulddo. The extension agent said, �?oWell, doc, areyou sitting down?�?T I said yeah. He said, �?oThisis going to be hard to believe, but most folksput animals on pasture.�?T So pretty soon weended up having livestock.�?�Initially, he says, he�?Td had doubts aboutmoving to a farm. No more. �?oIt�?Ts so peacefulout here,�?� he says. �?oYou can just sit and lookat the stars.�?� «i» SPRING 2002 « edge

girdae�?"..OL OP eal al et NS Sor~forrifyingly huge project�?Tseeks key to N.C.�?Ts coastal history| and its futureall it a race against time.In conjunction with federal and state investigators, the ECUgeology department has launched a project to decipher 10,000 years inthe evolution of North Carolina�?Ts northern coast �?" where the ancientrivers ran, when the Outer Banks formed and how their shape haschanged time and again, how often hurricanes have battered the shores,how and when the salty ocean waters have invaded the sounds, howoften and by how much sea level has changed. With their data, thesescientists hope not only to map the underlying geology of the present-day coast, but to improve their understanding of both the short- andlong-term forces that drive coastal change.They plan to do it in only five years. Data analysis couldreasonably be expected to take five times as long because of thevoluminous amount of data being collected and the level of detail theresearchers hope to achieve in their analysis. �?oThis is a horrifyinglyhuge project,�?� said Dr. Stephen Culver, professor and chairman of thegeology department. �?oI�?Tve already started working weekends �?" butthat�?Ts mostly because the stuff is so interesting.�?�A sense of urgency drives the timetable. The evidence of severeand increasing rates of erosion on the Outer Banks is clear. At SouthNags Head, condemned beach homes hang in suspended animation aslap by lap, the waves bring them closer to collapse. Farther south nearBuxton, Hatteras Island has worn so thin that the N.C. Department ofTransportation has run out of room to move the highway when thenext storm washes out N.C. 12. Adding to that is meteorologicalContinuedRIGHT: Ona field trip to the Outer Banks, ECU geologists assemble theirvibracore and extract sediment from a dry lake bed in the Pea IslandNational Wildlife Refuge. In center left photo, department chair SteveCulver checks his notes from an earlier trip. Technician Jim Watson, top farright, designed and fabricated the vibracore. Also with them are professorDave Mallinson and graduate student David Vance.Photographs by Scott D. Taylor13° SPRING 2002 * edgeedge * SPRING 2002 ° 12

evidence that the North Atlantic has entered a30- to 40-year period of increased hurricaneactivity. Rising sea level further complicates thepicture. At the current rate, North Carolina�?Ts sealevel will be 12 to 18 inches higher than now bythe end of the century. Altogether, it means thata significant portion of the Outer Banks willdisappear while huge areas of the mainlandflood permanently. The only question is when.�?oTf you're a politician, you don�?Tt want to(consider) this,�?� Culver said. �?oYou�?Tre dealingwith a certainty, but it might not happen for ahundred years. Or it might happen overnight ifa hurricane comes ashore at an alreadythreatened location.�?�The cost could be tremendous, in livesand property. Development in North Carolina�?Tscoastal counties has soared since the mid 1950s,when the last period of high hurricane activityended. The year-round population of DareCounty, for example, has more than doubledsince 1980 and continues to have one of thehighest rates of growth in the state. In addition,Dare�?Ts seasonal housing more than doubled inthe 1990s, growing by 7,000 buildings,according to the North Carolina CoastalFederation.�?oIt�?Ts a disaster waiting to happen,�?� saidDr. Stanley Riggs, professor of geology. �?oIn thelast six years, we�?Tve had seven hurricanes.These were teeny storms, but they just cleanedour coast. Just think what would happen with aCategory 4 hurricane.�?�In addition to Culver and Riggs, leadinvestigators from ECU are Dr. DavidMallinson and Dr. Reide Corbett, both assistantprofessors of geology. Working with them areJames Watson, the geology department�?T stechnician; Dorothea Ames, an assistantscientist working with Riggs; and graduatestudents David Vance, Nichole Foster, ErinLetrick, Bob White and Megan Murphy. TheU.S. Geological Survey and the N.C.Geological Survey are full partners in theresearch. Other agencies lending assistanceinclude the N.C. Division of Parks andRecreation, U.S. National Park Service, U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers and N.C. Division of CoastalManagement.The project is designed to provideunprecedented detail about the North Carolina| edge » SPRING 2002 * 14coastal zone from theVirginia border south toBogue Banks and fromthe mainland across thesounds and Outer Banksonto the continentalshelf. �?oOur goal is tounderstand theimportant parameters ofcoastal change atdifferent time scales,from what happens as aresult of individualstorms to thousands ofyears,�?T said Dr. RobThieler, USGS researchgeologist. �?oTo do that,we see the need toconduct research at aregional scale, not just asingle barrier island.�?�Eventually, he said,USGS would like torepeat the process tocover the entire NorthCarolina coast.Thieler and aUSGS crew spent threeweeks in July mappingthe continental shelf offthe Outer Banks from a110-foot boat. InAugust they returnedwith a smaller boat toassist ECU investigatorsworking in AlbemarleSound. Coring and data analysis will follow thesame division of duties, with USGS taking thelead on the offshore studies and ECU personnelleading studies of the Outer Banks and sounds.The project draws from several disciplinesto cross-check and elaborate on findings.Geophysical surveys will provide graphic detailabout the layers of buried sediment throughoutthe coastal zone. Sediment cores will extract thechemical and biological evidence that allow theresearchers to date the various layers anddescribe the environment through time. Recenthistorical evidence �?" oral histories, recordsfrom the Corps of Engineers and aerial photosdating back to 1932 �?" also will be brought tobear. As these examinations of the past go on,GI New Transgressive Barrier IslandsKoes Eroded Remnants of Complex Retrograde, _ Barriers with Beach-Ridge StructuresABOVE: This map could depict North Carolina�?TsOuter Banks and estuaries within one to twocenturies, based on current rates of sea level riseand storm erosion. It could become reality sooner,however, if sea level rises faster or the patternand intensity of coastal storms increasessignificantly. The thin black lines show the currentoutline of land.RIGHT, TOP: Five vibracores helped constructthis cross-section of Pea Island�?Ts sediment layers.RIGHT, BOTTOM: This seismic profile of theAlbemarle Sound approaching the Outer Banksindicates the locations of ancient channels, withyellow being the most recent.From Estuarine Shoreline Erosion in North Carolina: Cause and Effect by S.R. Riggs (in press)Graphic courtesy of Steve CulverGraphic courtesy of Dave Mallinsonso will observations of the present. Contempo-rary rates of erosion and sedimentation,measured at designated points on the ocean andsound sides of the barrier islands, detail theshoreline changes taking place today.By studying all this evidence, the teamhopes to answer a number of questions about:» Shoreline erosion. How fast does itoccur? What drives erosion? When sediment isremoved from one area, where does it go andhow is it transported?* Sand resources. Where are the depositsof offshore sand and how deep are they? Whattype of sand is out there? What is the role ofthese offshore deposits in the formation andmaintenance of the barrier islands?Looking S$* The effects of storms. How do stormsof various intensities affect the migration of thebarrier islands and inlets? How do they affectthe estuaries? How often do major stormsstrike the coast?* Sea level and climate change. What isthe precise history of sea level and climatechange, and what does it indicate about thefuture?* Water resources. How often and forhow long have ocean waters invaded thesounds and estuaries? What does the recordshow about the quantity and quality ofgroundwater?* Habitat. How have the physical andchemical changes to land and water affectedTraverse Bca. 20% compaction| Paleo-Roanoke River Valley Complex >|hve ColingtonBay Islandplant and animal life? What can be expected inthe future?* Human influence. How muchdifference has human activity made in the rateof erosion and other changes?�?oKnowledge of the geology can play animportant role in planning the future growth ofthe coast,�?� said Charles W. �?oBill�?� Hoffman,senior geologist for the coastal plain with theN.C. Geological Survey. Because mud erodesfaster than sand, pinpointing the locations ofancient, mud-filled river channels and inletswill show precisely where the greatest erosionthreats are, he said, allowing developmentdecisions on a parcel-by-parcel basis. Policymakers and regulators for fisheries, water andother natural resources also will benefit.�?oGeology is often the fundamental layer onwhich other things can be built,�?� he said.Although the current project began inearnest in the summer of 2001, it builds onRiggs�?T three decades of coastal research.During that time, he has found evidence ofwhat he believes is a record of frequent,sudden changes in sea level and equallysudden changes in the configuration of theOuter Banks, with inlets opening or closing, inturn altering the mix of fresh and salt water inthe sounds. Sometimes, he said, the barrierislands disappeared altogether. All of this, heproposes, has taken place since the end of thelast major ice age with dramatic shifts in sealevel and habitat occurring in as little as two orthree decades.�?oTf we had a category 4 storm today thatopened the sounds to the ocean, turning themback into salt-water systems, people wouldfreak out,�?� he said. �?oBut that has happened inthe past. These are things that happen in shorttime frames. Five counties of eastern NorthCarolina that are at sea level are seeing achange now from swamp forest to salt marsh.There�?Ts hardly a spot out there more than twofeet above sea level.�?�This new research project will put meaton the bones of his earlier work, he said,thanks to an alignment of resources, personneland technology. �?oWe have the potential todevelop a detailed sea level curve,�?� he said.�?oThe evidence that we have in the sounds maybe the best in the world if we can just learnhow to read it.�?� «15 » SPRING 2002 edge

___ edge » SPRING 2002 * 16Cj E ©) LO (5 Y () a clear November day David Vance discovered aAl ITsCORESometimes along withthe science you needa little elbow greasegraduate student�?Ts most appreciated contribution to geology:young muscles. Jim Watson�?Ts homemade vibracore had all thegrace of a jackhammer, and Vance had refused relief after takinghis turn guiding the core�?Ts sleeve into the marshy sand of the PeaIsland National Wildlife Refuge. He and the vibracore ceased theirwork only when they hit a hard-packed layer of sediment about4 1/2 meters below the surface. If his professors�?T suppositionproved correct, he had drilled down to Pleistocene-age sediment,10,000 or more years back in time. Vance could be excused soremuscles, whatever their age.As Vance wiggled his shoulders, the rest of the crew mulledthe best way to extract the sleeve with its contents intact. Theyincluded Watson, the vibracore�?Ts creator and a technician with thegeology department, and professors Steve Culver and DaveMallinson. A short time later, Mallinson put his own muscles towork, hitching himself to a sled mounted with the antenna of aground-penetrating radar and dragging it back and forth across adry lake bed.It is a scene they will repeat countless times in hundreds ofvariations over the next five years as they and fellow researchersseek to unravel the geological past, present and future of NorthCarolina�?Ts northern coast. The layers of their research are ascomplex and varied as the sediment they study.Mallinson and coinvestigator Stan Riggs focus on thestrategraphic record. With chirp sonar, ground-penetrating radar(GPR) and seismic records, they�?Tre charting the lay of the landunderneath the surface of the sounds and barrier islands, followingthe dips and curves of sediment laid down and cut through by windand water. Each technology fills in a different piece of the puzzle,able to read on land or over water, offering large-scale deepreadings or finely detailed shallow readings.Earlier, in his campus office, Mallinson had pointed to hiscomputer screen. To his trained eye, the squiggly lines representedancient, overlapping channels of the Roanoke River, now filled bylayers of sand and mud and covered by the Albemarle Sound.�?oWe think we have a rather high-frequency record of sea levelchange because of these nested channels,�?� he said. �?oYou get onebig channel, and that seems to fill in (with sediment) as sea levelcomes up, and then it looks like we have another channel that goesback across that and cuts into it. That�?Ts two events essentially.What I�?Tm trying to do now is figure out where the channels goLEFT: The first core recovered from Pea Island tells much about the historyof the island over the past several hundred years. Each lettered sectionindicates material deposited in a distinctly different environment. A ismodern marsh vegetation. B shows sand, pea-sized gravel and shell debrisleft by a storm-generated washover between 70 and 150 years ago. Carbondating indicates the mud and marsh-plant remains in C are 200 to 500years old. D is composed of medium-grained sand that originated either inthe sound or an inlet.because as these get filled in with sediment, we can put a corethrough it and recover the sediments for age dating. This tells uswhere sea level was at a particular time.�?�Ground-truthing, the geologists call it. Throughout thisproject, there will be an abundance of ground-truthing as biologyand chemistry answer questions about what all those squiggly linesmean and as one chemical signature is used to cross-check thefindings of another.Some of the studies focus on Pea Island. Riggs�?T assistant,Dorothea Ames, has acquired numerous sets of aerial photographsof the area, dating back to 1932. Comparisons of these photo-graphs helped establish a detailed timeline of barrier islandprocesses. Culver picked the Pea Island site based on the historyshe developed.and habitat to interpret the conditions in which older specimens lived.Reide Corbett, another faculty member scheduled to arrive atPea Island the next day, will use the same cores to decipher otherclues to environmental change and to begin assigning age dates tothe various layers of sediment. He will focus on the geochemicalsignatures. Like Culver, he works backwards. �?oThe present is the keyto the past,�?� he said. �?oThe idea is to take the data set of the presentestuarine system and then take longer cores and see what was goingon in the past.�?�Stable, or nondecaying, carbon and nitrogen isotopes willprovide information on the sources of sediment and where it�?Ts beingstored. Soils of the past 100 years, for example, are likely to show ahigh nitrogen content because of fertilizer and wastewater runoff. Inaddition, terrestrial,Scott D. TaylorBack on the Tsisland, Culver sat H ;down amidst the grass |and oats near a Jsound-side marsh andopened his fieldnotebook to anAugust expedition. Onthat day, he had hand-augured an explor-atory core of justunder two meters. Hisnotes documented thelayers it had revealed.�?oWhen you havea northeaster or ahurricane, sand fromthe front of the barrierisland gets washedover to the backbarrier where themarsh is,�?� he said.�?oWe take a core in the marsh and hope to get a record of thewashover event and therefore a record of storm history. If we candate these events, we�?Tll get some evidence of hurricane periodicityand some idea of how many of these storms have occurred over aperiod of time.�?�Culver will pay particular attention to certain microscopiccreatures found in those layers. Called Foraminifera, these single-celled organisms grow up to a millimeter in size and form a wart-likeshell either by clumping sand together or by secreting a shell-likecovering. When they die, they leave behind the protective shell.Foraminifera are found in all marine environments, but differentspecies live in different environments.In the present study, Culver will decipher changes in the coastalenvironment �?" the salinity of the water and temperature trends, forexample �?" by the type of Foraminifera living there at the time. He�?Tsstarting with modern-day organisms and will use their distributionDavid Vance, left, takes over the vibracore from Dave Mallinson= | brackish and marine. �?~4 sources carryP * 44\¢\different carbon andnitrogen signatures.Corbett will look atthe specific isotopespresent and theirratios.Already onefinding has piquedhis curiosity. About=�?" 4 30 centimeters deeprr �?~ all around theAlbemarle Sound,the proportion ofcarbon in thesediment increasessignificantly. �?oWehaven�?Tt dated it yetSO we�?Tre not surewhen it happened,but we see itthroughout the area, from fresh water to salt water, and at aboutthe same interval. What that relates to, we don�?Tt know. All we cansay at this point is that it will be interesting.�?�Dating will rely on a large arsenal of radioactive isotopes.Because radioactive isotopes decay into stable isotopes at a known,steady rate, calculations based on current measurements can tellhow old certain deposits are. And because each isotope has its owndecay rate, called a half-life, different isotopes come into play atdifferent times. Carbon-14, for example, will date sedimentthousands of years old while lead 210 can date sediment from thepast 140 years within a year or two.Before the project is complete, all the data �?" including piecesof research not covered here �?" must come together in one coherentwhole. �?oIntegrating the data is the challenge,�?� Mallinson said. �?oWehave to do it piecemeal but with constant coordination. None of itstands alone. We need it all to reconstruct the whole framework.�?� °17 » SPRING 2002 © edge |||||

ublic schools educate the vast majority of Americans and thus play a major rolein the development of individuals and organizations. At the state and local levels,they also account for a significant portion of public expenditures.Forty percent of the North Carolina state budget, for example,is devoted to public schools. There�?Ts little wonder then that schools garnersuch a large share of public policy debates and dinnertable discussions.Among the ECU faculty members trying to enlighten those debatesare the four whose projects are discussed here.Stunned. Dumbfounded. Disappointed.Dr. Parmalee Hawk found plenty of ways todescribe her reaction to the results of her latestresearch project. She had just completed anintensive analysis of beginning teachers thatfound no significant differences in theperformance of teachers who had graduatedfrom college with a degree in education and�?olateral-entry�?� teachers who came to the fieldstraight from other careers without formalteacher training.For school superintendents and principals,the findings suggested that an increasingreliance on lateral-entry teachers need not harmstudents�?T education. For a professor ofeducation, however, the results were shocking.�?~T�?Tve spent most of my life doing this(preparing teachers for the classroom),�?�Hawk said.The state Board of Education paved theway for lateral-entry teachers in 1985 when itcreated a new route to licensure as a teacher.It allowed college graduates with degrees infields other than education to begin teachingimmediately in areas of their expertise so longas they simultaneously took teacher-educationcourses through an accredited program.The initial goal was to attract trainedprofessionals from industry, government andthe military, particularly for math and scienceclassrooms. Since then, the growing shortage ofclassroom teachers has led to more widespreadapplication. Today, at least one new teacher infour comes through a lateral-entry program.The question for Hawk was whether thequality of teaching was affected by theentrance of these non-traditional teachers.Existing literature focused on perceptions ofteachers with little hard data about perfor-mance, she said. Her study, funded by theN.C. Department of Public Instruction andUniversity of North Carolina GeneralAdministration, sought objective assessmentson two measures:Carefully trained observers rated teachersusing standards established for evaluatingNorth Carolina�?Ts teachers. Hawk said thestandards have been well validated andexamine traits known to be effective inteaching. The observers did not know howthe teachers had been trained.Students were tested, using the StanfordAchievement Test, at the beginning and endof their course with the teacher.To reduce the variables affectingperformance, Hawk limited the research tomatched pairs of teachers, that is, a first-yearteacher with traditional training and a first-yearlateral-entry teacher in the same subject areaand in the same school. The study found nosignificant differences in classroom perfor-mance or in student achievement.While interesting, Hawk said, the resultsare far from conclusive. She was able to enrollonly 10 pairs of teachers in the study. All taughtin either middle school or high school, and alltaught in-field, that is, they taught the subject inwhich they héld their undergraduate degrees.�?oThis really ought to be repeated with largernumbers and with elementary teachers sincethere really is no degree other than educationfor that,�?� she said.For now, Hawk has drawn a fewsignificant lessons. �?oIt tells us there is more thanone way you can be a teacher,�?� she said. �?oItsays that for traditionally prepared middle andsecondary teachers, those precious hours spenton content (as opposed to teaching techniques)are well spent. And the best thing is that schoolsystems can feel some confidence in the abilitiesof lateral-entry teachers if they hire in-field. �?oSeveral state and national reports suggestthat as many as 70 percent of public schoolteachers leave the profession within their firstthree years. �?oIt�?Ts a terrible waste of talent and acritical issue directly related to the quality ofpublic schools,�?� said Dr. Vivian Mott, associateprofessor of adult education.Many states and local districts haveinitiated programs to stem the tide, from paidsabbaticals to a requirement that all beginningteachers be matched with experienced mentors.Mott is leading a longitudinal study evaluatingthe role such programs play in teacher successand retention. �?oWe throw out a lot of potentialremedies,�?� she said. �?oThis study will putempirical research behind the practices.�?�Funding comes from a grant program run by theSchool of Education.In the study�?Ts first two years, Mott and herfellow investigators conducted focus groups andone-on-one interviews with about 60 teachers inthe Pitt, Nash-Rocky Mount, Greene andWilson school systems. They are following theteachers over time, through the ups and downsof their teaching experiences, to find sources ofencouragement and discouragement. They hopeto add more teachers each year.With the cooperation of the schoolsystems, the investigators recruited teachers forthe study to ensure a range of experience.Among the more specific conclusions from thefirst two years of the project were:The most successful mentoring partner-ships were those that teachers established ontheir own, rather than through assignments.Whether assigned or voluntary, the mentoringrelationships needed a regular commitment oftime. They also worked best when the mentorand new teacher taught the same grade orsubject area and when they taught in the sameschool, so help could be just down the hall.�?oWhen a new teacher needs help, needs an ideaor needs to bounce an idea off of someone, itdoesn�?Tt do any good to call and make anappointment three days down road withsomeone at another school,�?� Mott said.Time proved to be a recurring theme in theinterviews. Mott said the teachers cited theimportance of scheduled but unstructured freetime. �?oThe sort of thing that we heard is thatContinued||iiISPRING 2002 ° 18edge19 * SPRING 2002 * edge

get to use it for planning or dialogue,�?� shesaid. �?oNew teachers Particularly need to beSupported with time and space to talk with Charter schools emerged as one proposedother teachers about No idie�?T Solution to the dissatisfaction wirag ut What they�?Tre doing and education that spread en aca pissoughout: the 1980s and early 90s. The idea behind themPi 10 give Publicly funded schools greater5. in how they operate so long as theirbe The teachers drew a sharp distinction aan on ee tetween professj S also resai Peete �?" and staff development, in education aha calls for pre ater choicedg pro essional devel opment as shea oe ent ina charter Is elective,may improving teaching effectiveness, specific may tailor their programs forevelopment was more oriented to StOups of students.; RAD Gi vig oechoo and administrative issues. �?o�?~Profes-sional development was seen as moreadvantageous and at the choice of theteacher,�?� Mott said. �?~more years that 2 publima had in the classroom, the me �?"�?" and 1.3 million students in North Publicresenttul they were of staff de ge,velopment asnot rele ins ti Dr. Met aa © taking time away from What �?"_ economics ear �?otg aay; OW how well th° Schools are fulfilling their promise There are{wo main arguments for charter schools,�?� he; Said. �?oOne j ;Although higher salaries and improved Paap ; sg ra Te nae for the studentsTis thateSources Came up in interviews, th thdidn�?Tt I 93 �,� competition fortop the list ey students wil] ig iinn rary sie rove administrative the pants,�?� Gam pare soe a kick ina ing onNOP fesse canal a ° argument. Because care shexample, Mott said, they kn onals. For �?"_few students, he said, their eff ativelyneed to be at the s nae oe "a when they Schools holds potentially = ton traditionalbefore- and after-school hh . $e Holmes theorizes Ae Xs orehours that may ignore how Bi or them�?" nearest to charters will feel the oo i ayspend working at home. ume they improve student performance and = ty toMott has presented the project�?T demand for their product, that is, enr *t uildfindings at state and int Pres f the school, Limiting his stud =ences, through nternational confer- Carolina, he com study to Northing school ipa with the participat- based on eaiene rina aaes dataand through an article nd-ol-year testing overaccepted by The Journal several years. His compariEducation, Alth mal of Teacher traditional eleme Parison of 1,300ough the results cannot be �?otnentary schools found a small butleam a lot from them abo mnsWers at this poi ti; ut what point. Does a traditido jobs better.�?� sitar | saigionaaedge » SPRING 2002 * 26student benefit from the competition more thanothers? In theory, he said, students closer to theperformance level of the charter school�?Ts targetaudience should benefit most. Furthermore, ifthe charters do lure away a certain group ofstudents, those remaining at the traditionalschool will be more homogenous. Does thathave an effect on performance measures?�?oTt�?Ts much more difficult to get at thanI expected,�?� he said.Holmes also is looking at several otherquestions related to school performance. Hehas found evidence, for example, that currentstandards drive schools to concentrate onhelping borderline students pass their end-of-year tests while providing little or no incentiveto help students at the top or bottom of theirclasses.�?oWe have to think as a society aboutwhat we want out of schools,�?� he said. �?oIfwe�?T re going to use test scores to measurewhether schools are good or bad, we need tounderstand what drives them.�?�Dr. Derek H. Alderman, assistantprofessor of geography, has a keen interest inthe role of place names in public commemora-tion. He cut his academic teeth with adissertation on the politics of naming streetsafter the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.When a dispute over naming a Californiahigh school for King made national headlinesin 1998, Alderman found a new avenue toexplore.�?oPlace names, whether a school name ora street name, are a way for us to identifyourselves,�?� he said. �?oThey are important andpowerful symbols.�?�In Riverside, Calif., the school boardannounced plans to name a new, predomi-nantly white high school for King. Someparents protested. They respected King�?Tsaccomplishments, they said, but feared thatattaching his name to the school would hurttheir children�?Ts chances of being admitted to aquality college. Admissions officers mightassume the school was predominantly African-American and, making a further assumption,low-achieving. After intense debate, the schoolboard stood by its decision.Alderman used the incident to frame alarger study. The resulting paper, �?oSchoolNames as Cultural Arenas: The Naming ofU.S. Public Schools after Martin Luther KingJr.,�?� has been accepted for publication in anupcoming issue of Urban Geography.The school naming issue can become sointense that many school boards havedeveloped complex rules for names. Othersrefuse to name schools after people, insteadreferring to inanimate objects or geographicfeatures and locations.�?oTf you name a school Northwest HighSchool, it doesn�?Tt tell who you are culturally,�?�he said. �?oOn the other hand, people fight overthese issues. They will have very differentideas about what part of culture or historyshould be commemorated.�?�Naming and renaming schools for Kingis part of a larger effort of minority groups toreclaim a part of their heritage, Alderman said.When schools were integrated and consoli-dated in the 1960s and �?T70s, the names ofmany formerly minority schools were changedto appease whites. Just as the names of BookerT. Washington and George WashingtonCarver seldom adorned all-white schools,King�?Ts name today has largely been given toschools heavily populated by minorities. Of the110 public schools Alderman found, mostwere in central cities.�?oSome activists have expressed concernabout naming streets and schools for King inAfrican-American areas only,�?� Alderman said.�?oTheir argument is that he was for all races andthat his name should be seen and recognizedby all. That�?Ts why Riverside was so important.It was about crossing boundaries, and Kingwas about knocking down boundaries to raceand class.�?�Alderman said he�?Ts interested infollowing up to see how the schools integrateKing�?Ts memory into the schools �?" whether itbecomes just a name or is incorporated in themission. �?oA lot of people suggest now that weshould be teaching character education in theschools,�?� he said. �?oWhat better way to teachcharacter than to name school after someonewho exemplifies good character and buildingon that?�?�SPRING 2002edge

dical research involvinghuman subjects has made headlines in unwantedways over the last few years. Several researchvolunteers �?" including at least two healthyyoung adults �?" have died, and federalcenters. The developments caused some laypeople, researchers and ethicists to questionwhether established safeguards are fundamen-tally flawed.In the United States, biomedical andbehavioral research involving human subjectsis regulated by the federal Office of Humanin advance and monitored in progress by localcommittees called institutional review boards,or IRBs. Both IRBs and researchers are expectedto adhere to the standards set forth in a 1976document known as The Belmont Report. Thereport outlines three basic ethical principles:* Respect for persons, which in turn hasled to the requirement for the informed consentof research subjects." Beneficence, meaning that the possiblebenefits of the research should be maximizedand possible harms minimized.* Justice. The principle of justice seeks toensure that the burden of medical research doesnot fall unduly on vulnerable populations such asprisoners and welfare recipients and that medicaladvances resulting from publicly funded researchbe made broadly available and not limited tothose who can afford them.To learn more about issues involvinghuman research subjects and their protection,edge turned to Dr. Paul Cunningham, chairof the ECU University and Medical CenterInstitutional Review Board from 1997 untilspring 2002. Excerpts from that conversationfollow. Cunningham, who also was chair ofgeneral surgery, left ECU in March after18 years with the Brody School of Medicineto become chair of the surgery department atUpstate Medical University in Syracuse, N.Y.| ioe * SPRING sece ¢ 29©« se Problems involving researchwith human subjects have received a greatdeal of publicity, but how widespread arethey?nningh Have human researchsubjects been dying like flies on the streetsor behind closed doors for years? Theanswer is obviously no. Is it a perfectsystem, a system that is beyond critique orwithout blemish as it is regulated by localinterpretation by all the IRBs across thenation? The answer is no.©« ee: Do you see a pattern to theproblems that are occurring?The regulation ofhuman subjects research was for yearsoverseen by an office within the NationalInstitutes of Health. NIH had a collegialrelationship with researchers across theUnited States and had a more or lessbenevolent approach to encouraging ethicalresearch. Over time, the public ethicistsacross the nation recognized there were stil]issues related to research that needed to beand put it under the Department of Healthand Human Services with a new directorand a new name and a new goal in life, andthat is to regulate. HHS has a long traditionof regulation and is comfortable with thisnew role.With the new emphasis on regulation,more questions are being asked about theperformance of IRBs across the nation, andmany IRBs that had gone on for years andyears without any external review aresurprised, to say the least, when they arevisited by federal agents asking about theway human research is conducted andtrying to match the record keeping or theprocess that has been approved with what isactually happening in the institution. Insome situations when the questions wereContinuedre)SPRING 2002edge

years. We also expect to expand ourforeseeable future.edge: Describe the review process.Cunningham: We have differentlevels of review �?" full review, expeditedreview and a thing called exempt, some-thing that is determined to be not under thejurisdiction of the IRB because it is notresearch or is so trivial that it does not needto be reviewed on a continuous basis. Thatwhich is expedited is done by the chair orthe designee of the chair, an experienceda IRB member. That which requires fullPaul Cunningham, IRB chairman ee = ope Se purview of the wholeether.For a full review of a single proposal,an experienced reviewer will need betweenfour and six hours of study to do a first-class job with that particular work. That�?Ts inadvance of a board meeting. Everyonelooks at the research proposal, but we alsohave people designated as a primary andsecondary reviewer (who make recommen-dations). They can recommend we approvethe project. They can recommend weapprove it once modifications are made,sometimes expeditable by the chair andsometimes they have to return to the IRB.They can recommend we disapprove it, orwe can table something. Also, we some-times invite investigators in to answerquestions. Because each research project isunique, the discussion is entirely unique.edge: What do you see as the mostcrucial or difficult elements in terms ofasked, the answers were unsatisfactory tothe regulators, and on return Visits, in spiteof consultative letters of reprimand, theproblems had not been corrected. This hasusually been interpreted as intransigence oreven arrogance, rightly or wrongly, and as aresult, several programs have been shutdown. Many of the programs subject to thisshut down have gone through tremendousevolutions. They have increased their staffand other resources that are now dedicatedto the appropriate adjudication of humanresearch.edge: Has ECU made any changes asa result of these developments?Cunningham: We watched withgreat interest from a distance and wonderedif we would share that same fate. I hadrecently been appointed to be chairman ofthe IRB and recognized the Opportunity tolook at ourselves much more critically andto develop a new structure to help withmaintaining the principles set forth in ourfederal regulations. We have hired an officeadministrator and additional office staff forthe institutional review board. The IRB staffpreviously consisted of the chair and oneassistant. We created a website to helpresearchers understand the requirementsand guide their applications for review. We3 Cunningham: The IRB�?Ts job is tolt the risk-benefit ratio to the clearadvantage of the human subject. The mostchallenging component is the assessmentof risk. Sometimes clinicians or those inacademia take some risks for granted. It isimportant to look through the eyes of theresearch subject to understand all of thepotential ramifications of risk and then takeSteps to alter the risk-benefit ratio to thetook place over the course of two and a halfphysical presence to the main campus in theobstruction and one who is providing ahave gotten in the past is that we are notperfect at adjudicating the same issue in thesame way every time. The IRB has someinstitutional memory, but it does have adynamic that is based on the feelings of theindividuals who are convened on thatparticular day. The chair has tried to workthrough a system where the reviews have amore defined system so we cannot be asfrequently criticized for being capricious inour judgment.edge: In one report, the U.S. Depart-ment of Health and Human Services saidIRBs in general �?oreview too much, tooquickly and with too little expertise.�?�Cunningham: I'd love for thatmessage to go to all the investigators. Toreach a higher level of perfection, it requiresa more in-depth review, and that takes time.Time in review, however, adds to the levelof frustration in the researchers. So the IRBleadership has to be sensitive to that dynamicand respond appropriately. There is anelement of pragmatism associated with IRB.One needs to get the work done.edge: Do you run the risk of becom-ing, like the NIH, too collegial with thepeople you�?Tre overseeing?Cunningham: Again, we have towalk a fine line. The IRB is a department ofthe university, but there is such a thing asconflict of interest so it holds itself at arm�?Tslength from the institution itself I have to becareful to recuse myself, for example, if |feel uncomfortable about my ability to judgean issue that is related to some lucrativegrant that may be coming to my departmentor to the medical school or some section thatI clearly would like to champion. And thatgoes for all members of the IRB. We allhave pet projects. We all want the universityto be successful.-On the other hand, we haveto be careful not to be too permissive.edge: Have there been any projectsservice and support. Perhaps the criticism wehave gone from one to two meetings of theboard per month and have a robust andadvantage of the volunteer participant.edge: How do the faculty researchershere that on reflection you think maybeshouldn�?Tt have gone forward or should haveedge: Some people who followmedical research have suggested thatadverse events are underreported nationally.Do you think that�?Ts true?Cunningham: | absolutely amcertain that all are not reported and in atimely manner and in a way that an IRB canmake sense of it. For example, there arestudies that are being done across the world,and literally we will get hundreds of reportsof so-called adverse events. It�?Ts impossiblefor an IRB, isolated as we may be andinsulated within the United States as weclearly are, to really do justice to a reviewand adjudicate as to whether four or five orsix or seven or 50 of these events shouldmake a difference as to the way a study isconducted. Some sponsoring bodies (somepharmaceutical companies, for example)make sure that they have what is called adata safety monitoring board independentlyconstituted that can collect all of thisinformation, review it intensely, applystatistical powers to it and make recommen-dations, and we trust them. That is the mostuseful collaborative relationship that an IRBcan have with a study sponsor. However, innon-sponsored programs where anindividual investigator is engaging in astudy, that person is unlikely to have thecapability to hire his or her own data safetymonitoring board, and therefore it is left tothe IRB to create some mechanism that cansubstitute for the more rigorous approach.We have not been able to put that intoconsistent practice here to date, and I don�?Ttthink anybody else in the nation has beenable to do that.edge: Informed consent is one ofethical cornerstones of medical researchusing human subjects. How do you makesure the consent is as informed as possiblegiven the complexities involved?Cunningham: We provide a standardconsent format with the basic elementsincluded. But because every piece ofresearch is unique, the content has to betailored to those basic elements that shouldbe indicated. The principle that I thinkconcerns. For example, in the region we areseeing increasing numbers of Hispanic-Americans settling and making easternNorth Carolina their home. It makes little orno ethical sense to offer Hispanic-Americans with limited English a consentform written in English for them to read andsign. Furthermore, the grammar and syntaxthat we are accustomed to using in Englishmay not be satisfactory for certainsubcultures in the Hispanic-Americancommunity. Some come from Nicaragua.Some come from Mexico. There are allsorts of countries that all speak Spanish buthave different values. It can become verycomplicated when one has to deal withcross-cultural issues that seem at first blushto be very simple: just translate the forminto Spanish and then it�?Ts over. But no, wehave to translate from English into Spanish,then have an independent person whounderstands the culture read it and translatefrom Spanish back into English, make sureit means the same thing and has the sameimplications gn the individual who isreading it �?" that it�?Ts not too authoritative,that it doesn�?Tt say strange things that haveno real context in the language. These aresome of the subtleties that are sometimesfrustrating and expensive for the investiga-tors and the IRB.edge: Right now there is a pushnationally to do more testing of drugs onchildren, and there are discussions aboutgene therapy and about privacy rights forresearch volunteers. How do the new issuesthat keep coming up affect the IRB�?Ts work?Cunningham: Tissue banking isanother major item of discussion. With eachdemand, complexity, evolution, it�?Ts goingto make it very interesting for IRBs. Wewill have to spend more time thinking aboutthese issues and providing customizedsolutions for each of these areas. Brand newinventions will tax us in the same way.edge: Could you explain the tissuebanking issue for us?Cunningham: Modern science hasallowed us potentially to create a wholetions for the most remote distant future.Therefore, it is important when individualsprovide tissue, even anonymously, that thereis a mechanism to take this into account.Let�?Ts say if I take a small portion ofyou and preserve it somewhere in thisinstitution. Twenty years from now I couldcreate another you. Not only would I knowwho you were �?" so this thought of beingconfidential would disappear �?" but itwould clearly affect you in some verymeaningful way, that I created another you,especially if I sold some pieces of the otheryou for money. Or I may discover that yourprogeny could benefit in some way as aresult of the work I am now doing. Nowyour grandchildren are alive, and because Ihave a piece of your tissue, I�?Tm recognizingthat there is something that needs to be toldto these people whom I don�?Tt know. Thesepossibilities are causing IRBs to reflect onthe ways that information is being sharedwith the prospective research subjects. Imay need to tell you some of this for you tofeel comfortable sharing a piece of yourtissue.In addition, there are now guidelinescurrently that if your tissues would bediscarded anyway, there should be free andeasy access that facilitates research usingthat tissue. Even that is coming underdiscussion.edge: Dr. Albert Jonsen, one of theauthors of The Belmont Report, hassuggested that we need to revisit theBelmont principles to strike a better balancebetween the greater good for society andindividual rights. Do you agree?Cunningham: The Belmont Report,I think, says it all. It may not say it asprecisely as some would wish who are morethoughtful and who might like to codify,amplify, add a couple of additional elementsof clarification. But I think it has withstoodthe test of time and in my judgmentcontinues to serve us as a strong principledfoundation for any sort of work that isintended today or that I can anticipate in thefuture. If you really truly believe in those||intense process of review. We have been carried out in a different way?Cunningham: Not yet, that I�?TmCunningham: The IRB walks a fine aware of. :human being from a single cell. It has now principles �?" respect for individuals,|| intense proces of ew. Weave cakaiauibe become apparent that if someone donates a beneficence and justice �?" then you're || Issues arise when there are cultural piece of tissue, it may have some connota- �?"_�?"_going to do the right thing. » || | edge * SPRING 2002 * 24 |i) 25° See or.view the process? should be emphasized is informed and

\ Sion DarecD,ine~ �?"_ ae oO =I,PUT L VEL) Miuagnasss\afi :�?~, . |CT|a meLLLiiTTth ath,�?~Wherever Allen Parker went, we wanted to be there,�?T say students who made an ex-slave�?Ts story their ownTo My Mother:Whose eyes were not permitted tosee the emacipation of her race, butwho died a slave and now lies buriedin an unmarked and neglected graveon the old plantation in the sunny �?"south, near where she spent her lifein unpaid foil for others, this littlebook is affectionately dedicated.(Recollections of Slavery Times by AllenParker, Dedication)ilto understand what he and others like himhad endured, to hear his voice. Surely, fora former slave who lived and died inobscurity, this was all too much to take in.For Newman, the wonder lay not inthe story she told Allen Parker, but in thestory of Allen Parker�?Ts life. �?oIt really hitme in the graveyard,�?� she said. �?oThis bookwas dedicated to his mother, who lies inan unmarked grave in the South. His owngrave was decorated with a flag forMemorial Day and had a granite markeron a hill. Just the difference between theSouth and North, an unmarked grave vs. amarked grave �?" what a tremendousaccomplishment for him.�?�Remarkable as both stories alreadyare, a new chapter is unfolding. Thecollaboration at the March 2002 interna-tional conference of the Society forInformation Technology and TeacherEducation in Nashville, Tenn.F iHoe�?�|||| do not know exactly when I wasborn, for slaves keep no familyrecords, (Chapter 1)oF*Perhaps the only person more amazedthan Parker would have been by thesedevelopments is Dr. David Cecelski, whowas the Whichard distinguished visitingprofessor of the humanities in the historydepartment in the 2000-2001 academicyear. �?oThere was something magical aboutwhat happened that semester,�?� he said.�?oThey had enthusiasm and drive and for thehilMa asWrre oh et. - : p 7 .~ : 4) ; ' : ~ ="Wt F Rr, . wy"): ich. » . : �?~ �?T ¥ .Mii bis 7 - itl : �?~ 4 wl; 4 : . ¥ �?~ne �?~ i ayer \: - f va 4 . . : 4 - a�?T: : 3 7 rise » i " ,i .'% # iat Lee" �?~ » �?" -ij . . : i489 . o x ' �?~Y "j FF. Fh : '. ¢ �?~ ° . » *�?� a aie �?o ., . �?" 4 iy . : st Lt �?T4 Tiin :}, :+;LNius,. LEheyear ago Joyce JoinesNewman sat at a graveside in Worcester,Mass., and talked to a man she�?Td never met.4.- 7�?~ : isi rsol a ae+t,aie tN r=2 199 �?" 2A man who died nearly 100 years ago, whowas no relation of hers and whom she�?Tdnever heard of until a few months earlier.The story she told him strained belief.How a 21st century college professor hadstumbled across a copy of the autobiogra-phy of his years in slavery. How theprofessor had introduced this slim volumeto a dozen students, herself included,attending a university near his ChowanCounty, N.C., birthplace. How it hadinspired those students to spend monthstracking down the details of his life. Howthat search had brought her fromGreenville, N.C., to Worcester. How all ofthem wanted the world to know his story,students are negotiating with a publisherto re-release Parker�?Ts book, Recollectionsof Slavery Times, complete with theirannotations documenting his story andfleshing out its subtleties. Already, awebsite they developed is attracting theattention of serious scholars. In addition tothe text, annotations and notes on the classproject, the website includes lesson plansfor elementary and secondary schoolClasses. The plans were developed bygraduate students of Dr. Joy Stapleton,assistant professor of education, whobecame interested in the project aftermeeting Newman. Stapleton andNewman presented a paper on theright reasons, not for a grade. They gotattached to Allen Parker and wanted to tellthe world his story. They did world-classresearch. It was the most extraordinaryteaching experience I�?Td ever had.�?�Cecelski had discovered Parker�?T sbook, published in 1895, a few years backin a Midwestern library. At the time, it wasthe only known copy in existence. Oneother has since been located.The book chronicles about 25 years oflife on the Martinique plantation innortheastern North Carolina. He details hisown life, such as being rented out to poorwhite neighbors and watching his motherContinuedBACKGROUND: �?oCotton Hoarding in the Swamp�?� depicts life as Allen Parker would have know it. The illustration comes fromReport of the Services Rendered by the Freed People to the United States Army, in North Carolina, in the Spring of 1862,After the Battle of Newbern by Vincent Colyer, superintendent of the poor under Gen. Burnside, published in 1864.eeaomgeres epSarecente et capaeamieaR:A ReuA ee�?"_ Seen Sonne me a aSe NE es ee ._�?"a�?"�?"-eedi '. �?" ; °sane

ABOVE: Also from Colyer�?Ts book are theillustrations �?oArrival of Freed People�?� and�?oChopping Wood and Cooking for Hospitals.�?�BOTTOM: Edward Mosely�?Ts map, circa 1733,shows the region of North Carolina that AllenParker knew well.edge » SPRING 2002 * 28rented out the child Allen and his mother overa 10-year period.being beaten by one of them, but alsodescribes pastimes such as raccoon hunting,common superstitions, and techniques used inlogging. Humor weaves through drama andfactual recitation. Finally, Parker depicts howhe and slaves from a neighboring plantation weekly class meetings, and Newman createdstole a dugout canoe to escape to freedom by a website that brought all their materialway of a Union gunboat plying the Chowan together.River in 1862.For his first semester at ECU, Cecelskimapped out a weekly seminar called �?oTheSlave Narrative in American History.�?� Tosupplement course readings, he wouldintroduce his students �?" a mix of undergradu-ates and graduates �?" to historical researchwith a few assignments based on Parker�?T sstory. Once the students started digging,however, Allen Parker became their mission.Cecelski tossed aside his syllabus. Instead ofreading what historians had to say, the studentsbecame historians, conducting originalresearch under Cecelski�?Ts guidance, Severalcontinued the work through an independentstudy course the next semester and then ontheir own into the 2001-2002 year.The challenge throughout was to find therecords to substantiate Parker�?T s story, bothabout his life under Slavery and the one hewent on to live after his escape. �?oThe questionwas, what can we learn about history from thisnarrative,�?� Cecelski said. �?oThe way to go is toget the details right first, to find out who allthese people (mentioned in the narrative) were,what life was like then. Once you have that,you can step back and make conclusions aboutthe nature of slavery here vs, in Alabama orWhatever you want to ask.�?�the students divided responsibilities, withsome taking manuscripts or local historywhile others tackled genealogy, militaryhistory or life in Worcester. They set up an e-mail group to discuss developments betweenTheresa Nelson, a graduate student inhistory, drew the task of tracing Parker�?T sgenealogy or, more accurately, that of hiswhite owners. �?oThe genealogy led us to whereAllen Parker was from,�?� she said. �?oI spentcountless hours going through Census recordstrying to understand the size of Martiniqueand what it produced. We were looking foranything we could find, not Just about AllenParker, but about being a slave in northeasternNorth Carolina because you have tounderstand the context in which he lived.�?�She eventually found Martinique itself,still owned by descendants of the family thatheld the original land grant. She visited familymembers, who gave her access to familyrecords, and led the class on a field trip to theplantation, including the original plantationhouse, a slave cabin and a slave cemetery.Like every other aspect of the project, onestep led to another. �?oI spent time with thearchives in courthouses in Hertford andEdenton running down clues,�?� she said.�?oT went to New Bern. Wherever Allen Parkerwent, we wanted to be there.�?�[he very fact that he offered anythingfor sale was considered evidence that itwas stolen. (Chapter 5)The following year I was let out alonelor my board and clothes, that is twoshirts and two blankets. (Chapter 3)The students also followed the trail toplaces Allen Parker never visited. Ascelebrants gathered on the anniversary of theMillion Man March, graduate student RobertScott Thompson zigged and zagged his wayacross the crowded Washington Mall to theNational Archives. �?TA record of a militarypension could confirm another detail ofEach scrap of information revealed itselfonly after tenacious digging. No slave Biblescharted the family tree, and while Censusrecords listed every white by name, slaveswere merely numbered property. The first timethe students found Parker mentioned by name,| free man serving in the UniIt was on a record detailing how his owner had eeThe first documents Thompson checkedturned up nothing. �?oThe people there weren�?Ttreally sure where to look,�?� Thompson said.To cover as much territory as possible, �?oThey said we have this other stuff but wedon�?Tt think it will be in there.�?� Nonetheless, hesat at the microfiche reader and went back towork. Four hours later, bleary of eye andempty of pocket, Thompson had his prize.The trip to the Archives was his last stopon the way back to Greenville after visiting afriend in Baltimore. He�?Td had $19 in cash.Some 177 pages of affidavits and correspon-dence about Parker�?Ts pension application filledthree sheets of microfiche. �?oHere was morethan 100 pages written on this one guy whohad seemed obscure,�?� he said. �?oMost pensionrecords had only 10 to 15 pages, but he wasdenied his pension at first so he had to provehis case.�?� With his $19, Thompson printedcopies of as many pages as he could andheaded home. He could now verify Parker�?Tsmilitary service, though on the capturedgunboat Norcum, rather than the �?oKnockum�?��?Tof Parker�?Ts narrative, and he had a physician'saffidavit describing a small man in poor healthwith bad feet, a sad state for one who thenmade his livelihood as a street vendor of candyand popcorn.As the students fitted the evidencetogether, the string of annotations grew. WhereParker tells of runaway slaves, notes cite thelaws and punishments for running away alongwith contemporaneous reports of thefrequency of runaways while Union forcesoccupied eastern North Carolina. A photo-graph of Smalls Crossroads shows the present-day site where owners once auctioned off theservices of their slaves. Each person Parkermentions gets a word of explanation. A cousinAllen may have lived with for a short time inNew Haven, Conn., is identified. Another noteclarifies the way Allen Parker�?Ts owner, PeterParker, disposed of property in his will. Beforethey were done, the students�?T annotations andaddenda would exceed the length of Parker'smanuscript.Besides these he had a large number ofoxen that were used for hawling thegreat logs out of the woods. (Chapter 7)Parker devotes only two short paragraphsto life after his escape, giving the students littleto go on, but with Susan Butler working thephones, little proved adequate. Butler was oneof a handful of nontraditional students in theclass. She works full time as systems liaison inJoyner Library�?Ts North Carolina Collectionand is completing her undergraduate degree acourse or two at a time.Butler proved to be not only tenacious,but persuasive. Her job was to uncoverParker�?Ts life in Worcester, and she had to domost of the work long distance. One by oneshe charmed, cajoled and wheedled peopleinto helping out. �?oPeople love talking abouttheir hometowns,�?� she said, �?oand becauseI was so excited, I guess it was contagious.�?�A librarian looked through back issues ofnewspapers to find Parker�?Ts obituary and faxedher a copy. Someone at the cemetery sent herburial records and drew a diagram of thefamily graves. The town clerk typed up acopy of Parker�?Ts death certificate, e-mailedit to her and followed up with a photocopy ofthe original.She regrets that all accounts of Parkerhave been filtered through someone else�?Tseyes. Because Parker was illiterate, he leftnothing in writing. Even his autobiographyhad to pass through someone else. Still, shesees him clearly. |�?~T see a small man, not broken, but not inthe best of health,�?� she said. �?oEven though hewas freed, life didn�?Tt get any easier. I thoughtof him as one step ahead of the bill collector.His children died young. The obituarydescribes him as always smiling and sayschildren loved him, but I�?Tm not sure whetherhe kept a smile pinned to his face because itwas the safe thing to do in the white culture.I see him as a very careful man.�?�In a few days I embarked in theUnited States Navy and was placed onboard a vessel that had been capturedfrom the rebels. (Chapter 8)Some details of Parker�?Ts life may neverbe known. Why did he travel to England in1904, and who paid for the trip? But as long asa trail existed, the students followed it.Eventually, that meant a trip to Worcester.Because others couldn�?Tt get away, thetrip fell to Newman, an instructional technol-ogy consultant to the College of Arts andSciences who took the course as a post-ContinuedPhoto by Joyce Joines NewmanTOP: Joyce Joines Newman created the websitethat pulled the class materials together.MIDDLE: Susan Butler found allies willing tohelp piece together Allen Parker�?Ts history inMassachusetts.BOTTOM: Allan Parker�?Ts grave in Worcester,Mass., is decorated for Memorial Day.29 » SPRING 2002

The class takes a field trip to Martiniqueplantation in Chowan County, where AllenParker lived as a slave for 25 years before hisescape in 1862. The plantation is stil] ownedby the family that held the original land grantWearing the hat in the top photo is professorDavid Cecelski. These scenes were taken froma video made on the trip.edge » SPRING 2002 30met with two scholars who provided valuableguidance: Dr. Janette Greenwood of ClarkUniversity and Dr. Thomas Doughton at theCollege of the Holy Cross. Greenwood�?Tsand saw these huge industrial buildings, it camealive. I realized that when he was there, he sawthe beginnings of the automobile andtelephone. I was shocked becau| se I suddenlrealized how close he was.�?� �?~she�?Td given. Newman leamed of Doughtonthrough a more circuitous route. She hadwritten to the present-day pastors of twochurches mentioned in Parker�?Ts obituary. Onepassed her letter along to Doughton, whoFrom New Haven I went to variousplaces, staying but a short time in each.| finally drifted to Worcester, where| have lived most of the time for the lastthirty years, (Chapter 8)Whenever the students encountered apotential stumbling block, they usually foundsomeone willing to go the extra mile to help.joined the Grand Army of the Republic, the Maury York, head of Joyner Library�?Ts NorthAmerican Legion of its day, and any detailsthat might be included about his military, we sources of information. The Parker familydescendankept looking thro �?~ ts, contacts in county courthnei bila ie �?" ao and Worcester, and most of �?~ana hittin:realist.Many years before, most of the Grand Army and her class of teachers adopted the students�?Trecords had been destroyed. Only a few aeremained. The gods smiled. In a book :. ofinane ne students�?T themselves who pushed througheee , obstacles. A graduate studentsn �?" for membership and been undergraduate in how to resin areali: ra o deaieaae si rr evidence. Others pitched in to help tir" ;OP tp e Classmates with research when the going gotDought tough, offered suggestions and |to th shton, whose family stretched back support. What had be nee�,� pre-Civil War African-American Sun as a class assignmentdiniiiteiMiaaaie continued as a personal mission and concludedwith a profound sense of connection, and notonly to Parker.�?oHe was Everyman, every black manbefore the Civil War and after,�?� Nelson said.�?oThrough him, I was able to get an understand-ing of how former slaves tried to make it Therepe er unique, nothing special abouten Parker, and that�?Ts what makes hia sae es him soF or more on the Allan Parker slavenarrative project, visit the class website at http:/each year and listed individuals alphabeticallywith their addresses, The second, publishedevery other year, was organized by addresseswith the names of everyone who lived at eachaddress. With Doughton�?Ts help, she tracedParker�?Ts decline into deeper and deeperpoverty by the neighborhoods where he lived.Once he began to receive his military pensionhe moved yet again �?" but this time to a more |affluent African-American community.On the trip, Newman realized Parker�?T sStory was not ancient history. �?oBefore I wentup there, everything was in the past,�?� she said.Even though we�?Td been to Chowan Countyand seen where he lived and worked, itDayna S. Dunn, Julie Gorman, Joan Joyner,Theresa Nelson, Joyce Joines Newman,Stephanie Noles, Darlene Perry, RobThompson and Kevin Treadway.URBANLEGENDSHISTORIAN TURNS HIS FOCUSFROM MACHINE POLITICIANSTO THE TOWNS TOBACCO BUILTD. Roger Biles is a big-city man.From his parents�?T home, he could smell thetear gas and see the orange glow ofdowntown Chicago burning during the raceriots of 1968. He has written biographies oftwo of Chicago�?Ts biggest machine politicians�?" Mayors Edward J. Kelly and Richard J.Daley �?" and one on the antithesis ofmachine politics, Illinois�?T three-term U.S.Sen. Paul Douglas. He also has examinedthe Depression, the New Deal and federalhousing policy, primarily as they affectedmajor urban areas.But a history professor driven bycuriosity needn�?Tt be confined to a big-citybox. Now in his eighth year at ECU, Bileshas caught scent of a rich history in thesmall cities that tobacco built. His nextbook, he said, will tell the story of how fiveeastern North Carolina towns were built bythe tobacco warehousing industry and theculture it spawned.�?oThis is an urban phenomenon notmany people have written about,�?� he said.�?oThere was a time in the fall when the wholeworld for them revolved around the tobaccowarehouses. There�?Td be balls and parades.The buyers would bring their wives withthem, and towns would entertain them foras long as they were there.�?�Biles plans to trace the development ofGreenville, Goldsboro, Kinston, RockyMount and Wilson from the 19th century tothe present. �?oThe tobacco culture is dying,�?�he said, �?obut in its day, it was the intersec-tion of urban, rural and Southern culture.These communities became what theybecame because of tobacco.�?�He turned his attention to easternNorth Carolina as he awaited publication ofPaul H. Douglas, Crusader for Cold Wara nlThe history of tobacco towns has received little attention, says Roger Biles.Liberalism. Northern Illinois University Presshas scheduled release of the book for fall2002.Douglas, who served in the Senatefrom 1949 to 1967, was a squeaky-cleanreformer and a fascinating character, Bilessaid. Entering politics after World War Il,Douglas became �?oone of the great voices ofliberalism and the most important person inCongress with regard to civil rights issue,�?�Biles said. �?oHe believed in civil rights downto his bones.�?�Not so Richard Daley, whom Bilesportrayed in the 1995 book Richard J. Daley:Politics, Race, and the Governing of Chicago.�?oDaley did a wonderful job remaking theface of Chicago,�?� Biles said. �?oHe balancedthe books and kept the city solvent. But ifyou weren�?Tt white in Chicago, it was adifferent story.�?�Biles undertook the biography to putDaley�?Ts 22 years as mayor into the contextof the development of the city of Chicago.He deals not only with Daley�?Ts rise throughthe ranks of the Democratic machine and�?oDaley was a pretty bright guy, butthere was a tendency to underestimate him,�?�Biles said. �?oHe had a lot of ability as apolitician and as a manager. Having donethe book, | have an ounce more sympathyfor him than before, maybe more than anounce, and an even greater understanding ofhow difficult running a city like Chicago is.�?�Policies more than personalities driveBiles�?T interest. Thus, alongside the biogra-phies are his books Memphis in the GreatDepression, A New Deal for the American Peopleand The South and the New Deal, all publishedbefore he arrived at ECU. More recently abook he co-edited on housing policy, FromTenements to the Taylor Homes: In Search of anUrban Housing Policy in Twentieth-CenturyAmerica, is receiving favorable reviews inacademic journals. And he is awaitingpublication of The Human Tradition in UrbanAmerica, which he edited, and Encyclopedia ofthe Great Depression, for which he was anassociate editor.�?oMy interest is in how governmentmakes policy and how it affects people�?Tslives,�?� he said. �?oWhen policy makers makepolicy, they�?Tre trying to make things better.Sometimes it�?Ts a bust, but sometimespeople�?Ts lives improve.�?�31 © SPRING 2002edge

| The North Carolina AgromedicineInstitute, headquartered at ECU, hasreceived a five-year $3 million federal grantto establish the Southeast Coastal Centerfor Agromedicine. First-year funding totalsmore than $1 million. The center willpromote the health and safety of agricul-tural, forestry and fisheries workers andtheir communities in seven states �?" NorthCarolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia,Alabama, Mississippi and Florida �?" and theterritory of Puerto Rico,The grant, announced in September bythe National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health (NIOSH), funds 10research and outreach Projects. It alsocreates other opportunities for the center�?Tscooperating institutions, said Dr. SusanGustke, director of the AgromedicineInstitute. �?oWe�?Tre now recote.�?o gnized as a keyplayer in this field,�?� she said. �?oThis gives youmore strength when you submit Proposalsto other agencies.�?�Initial projects funded under theSoutheast Coastal Center for Agromedicineedge » SPRING 2002 + 32�?o ae Projects are Dr. David Griffith in anthropol-; oe �?~a ip ogy; Dr. Juan March in emergency medicine;iat = Dr. William Burke in dermatology; and Dr.= om Byron Burlingham in microbiology andseit se ca Pe Burlingham also is the ECUsane : ies Kaioewes for the Agromedicinea They The institute itself is a collaboration ofoe ECU, N.C. State and N.C. A&T, with theen �?" cooperation of the agricultural extensiontinndad service of N.C. State and A&T and of theDody North Carolina Area Health Educationmetabolizes Centers (AHEC), Begun as a grassroots�?"- of the effort, the University of North Carolinaever Board of Governors officially named it aPesticides on UNC institute in May 1999. Dr. Ththe market. �?~up atinFeldbush, ECU vice chancellor for researchand graduate studies, chairs the institute�?Tsboard of directors. Gustke was nameddirector in August 2000 but began work fulltime only last July. A physician, she alsodirects ECU�?Ts telemedicine program andPreviously oversaw the Eastern CarolinaAHEC. The Agromedicine Institute willcontinue to conduct other research andOutreach projects independent of theNIOSH grant.The Agromedicine Institute�?Ts partnershad only six weeks to pull together the 449-Page proposal after NIOSH announced thegrant competition. �?oIt was a good thing theinstitute was based on a collaborativemodel,�?� Gustke said.NIOSH funded 10 regionalagromedicine centers nationwide. Others* An evaluation of Programs designedCo prevent injuries in crop workers.° Education about pesticide dangersfor medical professionals.* A program to tailor Pesticideeducation and materials for migrantworkers with limited literacy skills.* Education and intervention toreduce skin disease among fishers.* An interventionProgram to reduce are based aheat-related stress in field crop workers, an t Bassett Healthcare inb: Cooperstown, N.Y.: inic i�?"�?" 7 P » N.Y.; Marshfield C= lon of a project that originated at Wisconsin; Ohio State University pan : d: in; O ; ColoradoState University; the University of TexasHealth Center at Tyler; and the universitiesof Kentucky, lowa, Washington andCalifornia at Davis,* Expansion and maintenance of theNational Agriculture Safety Database.Among the ECU investigators on theseMAPS ANDMORENEw CENTER MAKESGIS TECHNOLOGY USABLE, AFFORDABLEThe Center for Geographic Informa-tion Science opened its doors in fall 2001 tohelp ECU faculty and students make moreeffective use of geographic informationtechnology. Headquartered in the BrewsterBuilding, the center gathers under oneumbrella the latest GIS hardware, softwareand databases and provides training andtechnical support for users.�?oMost users find (the technology) sooverwhelming,�?� said Dr. Ron Mitchelson,chairman of the geography department,which oversees the campuswide center.�?oOne of our jobs with the center is to get thedata into a format they can use.�?�GIS enables its users to create visualrecords �?" such as maps and three-dimensional images �?" from a variety ofotherwise incompatible data. Centerdirector Dr. Yong Wang pointed to a studyof a proposed dam in Randolph County asan example. Just to begin to understand thedam�?Ts impact required information from fivedifferent sources: a geopolitical map,elevation readings, data on land use, aerialphotos showing the location of houses andCensus data. With GIS, all of that datacould be layered into a single product.Other information could be added as well.�?oWhen we overlaid EPA data, we saw an olddump right where the edge of the lake wouldcome,�?� he said.Mitchelson draws on GIS for his ownexamination of Israeli investments in theoccupied territory of the West Bank. To ageopolitical map, he has added a newIsraeli-built superhighway, Israeli settle-ments, new factories and other employmentcenters. A final layer delineates a 30-minutecommuting distance around the employ-ment centers. �?oThe Israelis have invested aton, not only in settlements but in infra-ex ploratOverGash (Green)What U.S. pilots would see when they flytheir missions to fight terrorismsemF oredune Erosion (Red)(Verrtixaliy Peyggersted hy 1)a aePlight Line Brewster Building « FootballStadium 45 Intersection of Greenville Bivd andCharles Blvd esatong Greenville Blvd west~=7)Created by the TM, dam and ite twffer, and DEM tySurface water hvight at 709 8. above moun seu levelLO ee te reneTM, and dam and ite 200 2. butTerdatavets draped over the digitalelevation model (DEM) dataSerf water ber ghd (TOPfh above moan sea levelImages from the GIS center indicate some of the variety of research under way.structure,�?� he said. �?oThey�?Tre not going togive those back. What does that investmentmean for the peace process?�?�The center�?Ts planning committeeinvolved representatives from acrosscampus, many of whom already work withGIS. The Center for Health ServicesResearch and Development, for example,produces an atlas that shows the distribu-tion of disease and causes of deaththroughout eastern North Carolina. Thisinformation can now be tailored to specificneeds. The GIS center has licensed softwarethat will allow clients to make their ownmaps and graphs by selecting different kindsof disease, demographic and resource datafrom the Center for Health Servicesclearinghouse.Until recently, each universitydepartment purchased its own equipmentand software. Now, a campuswide sitelicense for the most commonly used GISsoftware has cut the university�?Ts cost in half,Mitchelson said. Such savings allow forother investments, such as a large-formatplotter and high-speed printer. A library ofdatabases is being amassed with aconcentration on eastern North Carolina.�?oThe center represents a major increasein our capability to do displays of data andportraits of landscape and demographicchange in the coastal margins,�?� said Dr.Lauriston King, director of the doctoralprogram in coastal resources management.�?oWe'll also be able to monitor changes in thephysical and social environment.�?�The experience at other universitieswith central GIS facilities suggests that thetechnology�?Ts use will become even morewidespread and cross-disciplinary. Thecenter also will offer its services to theeastern North Carolina community, helpingcounties without GIS capability update taxmaps, for example. The potential applica-tions have just one major requirement.�?oAs histories study time lines, we studyspace,�?� Mitchelson said. �?oIn biology, itmight be a question of where rare speciesare. In geology, it may be where fracturesare. In political science, you might look atwhere a fire station should be located, or inbusiness, where to put the next mall. Allthese discussions are tied together byspace.�?�Space will not limit GIS users, however.The GIS center is equipped with 25individual work stations and projectionequipment, greatly expanding the ability totrain new users in the technology. Inaddition, Web access allows researchers tocontinue to work out of their own labs andoffices. °33 * SPRING 2002 * edge _

_ �?" so a ins PakSa oS s caATT i efamuoo We tah |A child of the Deep South, Dr.David Knox grew up with manners stampedinto his soul. Even now, when his ownchildren are grown, �?oYes, ma�?Tam�?� and �?onospecializes in the study of families andrelationships. Within that context, collegestudents prove to be both a convenient» source of study and a useful one. If he�?Tswoman buy his lunch �?" even a businesslunch? No, never, absolutely not.He recognizes that he�?Ts an increasinglyrare phenomenon. �?oI think our society isembarrassing in its display of manners,�?� hesaid. Ever the sociology professor, se oniwho specializes in matters of the heart hisobservations led him to question whetheryoung people behave any better on datesthan they do in the classroom and whetherthose manners even matter to themvaried audiences. Two books, One Child byChoice, published in 1977, and The Divorced»Ne's Dad's Survival Book: How to Stay Connected withYour Kids, are targeted to general readers.First published in 1998, The Divorced Dad�?TsSurvival Book was reissued in paperback in2000. Knox also has a string of collegetextbooks to his credit. Other publicationsfocus on issues beyond the college years.�?oMarrying a Man with �?~Baggage�?T:Implications for Second Wives�?� provides anfind out something like that.�?�Knox has been Pondering suchquestions since the age of 15, whenthoughts of love first appeared on his ownexample. Written with Zusman, it appearedin the Fall 2001 issue of the Journal of Divorceand Remarriage. \n it, the authors report thattwo-thirds of women answering a survey onthe 2nd Wives Crusade website say thehusband�?Ts first marriage causes moreproblems than they expected. Financialobligations to the first family head the list ofreasons. Taken by a self-selected group ofwomen, the survey cannot be presumed torepresent all second marriages, Knox said,but it nonetheless supports his view that theheart often leads the brain.�?oOne of the illusions is that peoplewho get divorced and are in a secondmarriage are wiser because they�?Tveexperienced this before,�?� he said. �?oThereality is that love is just as strong thesecond time as it is the first time. Love is adrug. It narcotizes the brain.�?� Reality sets inafter the couple is married and the childsupport check is due. As a result, secondmarriages have an even higher failure ratethan do first marriages,learned if it gets bad enough, they can leaveand survive,�?� he said. �?oWhen remarriedSpouses of 15 years are compared with firstmarried couples of 15 years, the former arehappier. One reason is that they would haveleft if they were not,�?� «* THE BUTTON THERAPY BOOK:HOW TO WORK ON YOURBUTTONS AND THE BUTTON-PUSHERS IN YOUR LIFE (TraffordPublishing, 2002) by Lloyd R. Goodwin Jr.This book doubles as a psychologicalself-help book and a counseling manual formental health professionals. Goodwin isinterim chairman of rehabilitative studies inthe School of Allied Health Sciences.* EXPLAINING CRIMINAL CON-DUCT: THEORIES AND SYSTEMS INCRIMINOLOGY (Carolina AcademicPress, 2001) by Paul Knepper. 7Knepper, professor of criminal justicestudies, reviews theories of criminalbehavior and their public policy implica-tions. The book�?Ts cover features a reproduc-tion of �?oDetectives Don�?Tt Rest,�?� an originalartwork by Paul Hartley of the School of Art.* THE PSYCHOLOGY OFCULTURAL EXPERIENCE (CambridgeUniversity Press, 2001), edited by HollyMatthews and Carmella C. Moore.The essays in this volume focus on therelationship of the individual experience andchart a new research agenda for psychologi-cal anthropology in the 21st century.Matthews is a professor of anthropology.» SOCIOLOGY OF PHYSICALS «in printEXPLAINING CRIMINAL CONDUCTTHEORIES AND SYSTEMS IN CRIMINOLOGYThe Psychologyof Cultural ExperiencePaul Knepper(Cambridge University Press, 2002),edited by Agust�?Tn Fuentes and LindaWolfe.This book examines the diverseEDUCATION AND SPORT: AN relationships between humans and otherINTRODUCTORY READER primates and observes how these(RoutledgeFalmer Press, 2002), edited relationships play a critical role inby Anthony Laker. conservation practice and programs.Wolfe, chair of the department ofanthropology, contributed a chapter tothe book in addition to co-editing.Written for British undergraduatestudents, this book covers theoreticalbackground and a range of contemporaryissues in sports and physical education.Laker is degree director in physicaleducation in the department of exercise andsports science.° FENIAN DIARY: DENIS B.CASHMAN ON BOARD THEHOUGOUMONT: 1867-1868(Wolfhound Press, 2001), edited by C.W.Sullivan III.This book contains the diary ofCashman, a political prisoner transportedto Australia on the last convict ship fromEngland, two essays by Sullivan onCashman and the rhetoric of his diary, anda collection of poems by Cashman andother political prisoners onboard the ship.Sullivan is distinguished researchprofessor of English and a member of theWelsh Academy.» EVALUATING WORKSITEHEALTH PROMOTION (HumanKinetics, 2002) by David Chenoweth.Chenoweth, professor health educa-tion, has written an introductory textbookfor undergraduate and graduate studentsplanning careers in worksite healthpromotion and health management.» PRIMATES FACE TO FACE: THECONSERVATION IMPLICATIONSOF HUMAN-NONHUMANPRIMATE INTERCONNECT IONS35 » SPRING 2002 *Continued�?"

an ee EST|vd3=me |==>MODERNIZATION IN THE ITALIANART FILM (Duke University Press, 2002)by Angelo Restivo,An assistant professor of English,Restivo discusses the Italian art cinema inrelation to the economic and culturalchanges that transformed Italy during the1960s.CHILD MENTAL HEALTH:EXPLORING SYSTEMS OF CARE INTHE NEW MILLENNIUM (TheHaworth Social Work Practice Press,2002), edited by David A. Dosser Jr.,Dorothea Handron, Susan McCammonand John Y. Powell.Providing services to children withemotional problems and their families is amajor challenge. This book addresses thatchallenge using the values and practices ofthe organized and coordinated �?osystem ofcare�?� approach. It also incorporates theperspectives of both service providers andconsumers of those services. Dosser isaprofessor and director of the Marriage andfamily therapy program, Handron is anassociate professor of community nursingsystems, McCammon is a professor ofpsychology, and Powell is a professor ofsocial work, all at ECU.INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAXES:FROM LAW TO PRACTICE (South-Western Publishing, 2001) by DanSchisler and Frederick Niswander.This textbook helps students under-stand both tax law and the practicalintricacies involved in the preparation of atax return. The authors are CPAs andassociate professors of accounting,TELESCOPIE: LA SCIENCE DUGENRE (Peter Lang Publishing Inc.,2002) by Frédéric F ladenmuller,Fladenmuller, associate professor offoreign languages and literature, examinesedge » SPRING 2002 36the way Marcel Proust used science in hisliterature. Télescopie is written in Frenchand appears as part of the publisher�?Ts seriesCurrents in Comparative RomanceLanguages and Literatures.LIFE-STYLE PERFORMANCE:A MODEL FOR ENGAGEMENT INHUMAN EXISTENCE (Slack Inc.,2002) by B.P. Velde and G.S. F ilder.COMMUNITY OCCUPATIONALTHERAPY EDUCATION ANDPRACTICE (Haworth Press, 2002) byB.P. Velde and P.P. Wittman.The first book describes how to createa multi-dimensional occupational therapyprogram with examples from varioussettings, cultures and populations. Articlesin the second book illustrate occupationaltherapy as a collaborative initiation inwhich those who need them guide theprovision of services. Beth Velde isdirector of graduate studies in occupationaltherapy.INTENTIONAL HELPING; APHILOSOPHY FOR PROFICIENTCARING RELATIONSHIPS (Merrill/Prentice Hall, 2001 ) by J. J. Schmidt.Primarily written for counselors,clinical social workers and other profes-sional helpers, this book is a supplementalguide to the theories, skills and knowledgethat proficient clinicians bring to helpingrelationships. Schmidt is a professor ofeducation and chair of the department ofcounselor and adult education.PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIOSFOR PRACTICING TEACHERS (PhiDelta Kappa Educational F oundation, 2001)by Ann Bullock and Parmalee Hawk.This consise book provides practicingteachers with information and logistics forcreating a teaching portfolio, Bullock is anassociate professor of education, and Hawkis director of teacher education for theSchool of Education.YOUNG ADOLESCENT DEVELOP-MENT AND SCHOOL PRACTICES:PROMOTING HARMONY, 2ND ED.(National Middle School Association, 2001)by J. Van Hoose, D. Strahan and MarkL�?TEsperance.personal characteristics of young adoles-cents, this book offers an intimate glimpseinto the development of 10- to 15-year-oldsand provides insight into what their behaviormeans. L�?TEsperance is an assistant professorof education.WRITING, 2ND ED. (Routledge, 2001),edited by Philip Rubens.This completely revised edition coverseverything from audience analysis togrammar and Web design. Rubens is aprofessor of English.A HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHYOF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCA-TION, 3RD ED. ( WCB-McGraw Hill,2002) by Robert Mechikoff and Steve Estes.This textbook in sports historydiscusses how philosophical ideas aboutmind and body have played out in sports andphysical education, from the time of ancientGreece to the present, An associateprofessor, Estes is chair of the department ofexercise and sport science. His coauthor isone of two historians for the International]Olympic Committee.THE COMPLETE PIANO MUSICOF WILLIAM GILLOCK VOL. Ill(Green Mill Recordings, 2002 ), performedby Henry Doskey.This compact disk is the third inDoskey�?Ts series of piano solos by Gillock, anoted music educator and composer forpiano students and their teachers. Doskey isan associate professor of music.The Science andTechnology Buildirig,ECU's largest projectfunded by theeehigher-education¢dnstruction bondissue, is scheduledfor completion in�?oMay 2003.a

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