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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Carteret County Club at the University of North Carolina is organized to promote fellowship among the students who hail from Carteret but, further, it wishes to translate a part of education in terms of the community which is common to each of its members. And so it has sponsored this study of the conditions, resources, and problems of our home county which has been made by Miss Aleeze Lefferts, Mr. Clifford W. Lewis, and Mr. Henry C. Lay. These three members of the Club have worked in season and out to the end that they might faithfully portray Carteret’s place among the coun- ties of the State. The Club extends its appreciation to the Extension Division of the University for its aid in publishing this bulletin. Also it wishes to thank the various social and civic organizations, the officials of various industries, and the State Fish Commission for information furnished the authors. Mr. George Parkin, a member of the Club, prepared the map of the county. Mr. J. S. Holmes furnished an in- teresting history of Fort Macon and Mr. Elmer Higgins gave us access to statistics on fisheries. We are also indebted to Mr. H. H. Lenox, Professor M. C. S. Noble, and Mr. Hugh Overstreet for mis- cellaneous information. Mr. J. W. Workman, County Superintend- ent of Schools, has given us information on schools and Mr. Stancil, County Auditor, has furnished statistics on wealth and taxation. This bulletin was prepared as a laboratory study in the Depart- ment of Rural Social-Economics and the authors are very greatly indebted to Mr. Edgar T. Thompson, of this Department, for his advice, encouragement, suggestions, and criticism during the course of its preparation. THE CARTERET COUNTY CLUB, CLARENCE W. Hatt, President. | CONTENTS ling | hail | ation | I bers. | Ere rORIGCAL DACKGROUND ....... 1 and eeze II hese I, RO ae 23 end un- III EE Ee eee 32 1 of hes IV } of I ORAM IOW ee 50 lub, V in- - en .o0wty inpuermes..... 60 H, 1is- VI nd- Farm Conpirions anp Practicés...................- 66 cil, VII rt- eeeecks Manner Prosiem..... 74 ly 6 i 4 VIII ™ Niles le a 83 | IX nn Pie ee 91 D4 meee WO0ney Paotious 95 FOREWORD Epncar T. Tompson Department of Rural Social-Economics Localism does not necessarily mean particularism; the first is a thing to cultivate, the second is a thing to get rid of. Localism suggests concern for, and attachment to, one’s locality; particu- Jarism means aloofness and, sooner or later, local egoism. Un- fortunately, the period of material development, particularly of real estate, in which the communities of the Southern States are now in the midst, is promoting a provincial-mindedness among our people which manifests itself in much boasting, much boosting, and too little concern for the public welfare. This kind of spirit wants facts but of a certain kind only. It wants facts but not too many. Opposed to this attitude is the attitude which substitutes plan- ning for boosting, an intelligent pride in achievement for boasting, and demands all of the facts as the only sure and certain basis for rational planning and development. Such an attitude is striven for in this little bulletin on Carteret County. However, it is very evident that not all of the facts needed about Carteret County are possible without a more elaborate survey of actual conditions than , three University students, giving all of their spare time between studies and far removed from the community of their study, are able to make. Yet there are many things about this summary study which commend it to Carteret people. In the first place it is a labor of love on the part of Mr. C. W. Lewis, Mr. H. C. Lay, and Miss Aleeze Lefferts, all Carteret County students at the University. By the examination of reports and miscellaneous lit- erature and by correspondence with home county people they have assembled a body of information on Carteret County which, although not complete, ought to make a valuable contribution to a better understanding of existing conditions and problems which challenge the best thinking and action of the county’s leaders. In the second place the chapters compare Carteret County with the other ninety-nine counties of North Carolina in scores of par- ticular details determining where Carteret leads, where she lags, and where she is merely marking time. Each comparison pre- sents a challenge to the people of the county to better a poor rank or maintain a good one. eer! ver, ei2s49eF Seu Oe C2 HBAS E> 6 CarTERET County: EcoNomic AND SOCIAL The Carterct County citizen who sits down to read this study through will be well repaid for his time. He will be worth more to his community, county and state when his knowledge about them is supplemented by a careful reading of the pages that follow. University of North Carolina April 19, 1926. ERE ee ane eee THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AeezeE Lerrerts, H. C. Lay, C. W. Lewis The location of Carteret on the Atlantic coast of North Caro- lina accounts for the beginning of its history at an early date. Old Topsail and Ocracoke Inlets are famous in the early history of North Carolina as gateways to the mainland and both of these inlets are passages to Carteret. These inlets offered harbors to vessels during stormy weather and proved excellent gates of en- trance to the mainland. These are some of the reasons why the earliest explorers visited Carteret and why some of the earliest settlers came there. Early Explorations In 1524, Giovanni Davenazzano, a Florentine navigator in the service of France, visited the Cape Fear region, remained there a few days and then turned northward to explore the coast. He made stops at every opening or inlet, touching Carteret first at Old Topsail inlet, then at Ocracoke Inlet. Giovanni and his crew were probably the first white men to visit Carteret. Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow set out in 1854 to ex- plore the coast of the new world for Sir Walter Raleigh. After sailing sixty-seven days they arrived at Roanoke Island. From Roanoke they explored the coast southward for six weeks, stop- ping on the mainland and islands where they found Indians friendly and food in abundance. These explorers reported to Raleigh the names of the territory as given by the Indians. “The Indian name of the Albemarle Sound was Occam, and into it flowed a river called Nomopana, and near the mouth of this river was a town called Chowanook, and the name of the king thereof was Pooneno. The Pamlico shores of the county of Carteret were called Secotan, and those of Craven, Pomonick. Secotan was under the king of Wingandaceo, and Pomonick under an independent king named Piamacum. In the interior, toward the setting sun, the coun- try was called Newsiok, and through it coursed the river Neus.” Barlow’s account of a visit to the Island of Wingandacoa, which was somewhere within Ocracoke Inlet and in Core Sound near the mainland called Secotan, is given by Ashe in his History of North Carolina. This island was probably Cedar Island or one of the islands near it. CARTERET County: ECoNoMIc AND SOCIAL After Barlow and Amadas reported a favorable trip to Queen Elizabeth, Raleigh secured a charter to send a colony to the new world. Ralph Lane was placed in charge of this colony of one hundred and eight men. They left England in seven ships in 1585 and were one month and twelve days in reaching the country later called Carolina. Three days later they narrowly escaped being wrecked on a beach which they called Cape of Fear. After three more days the colony reached Wocokon, a part of the North Caro- lina banks now known as Ocracoke. The colony spent the next month in exploring the mainland and islands of Core Sound and Pamlico Sound. This was the third expedition from the Old World which stopped at Carteret. At the end of a month the colony moved up to Hatteras and to Roanoke Island where they started the first English colony in America. Lane left for England in order to get supplies. When he returned in 1590 he found his colony gone and only the word Croatan carved on a tree to indicate their whereabouts. A legend still further connects this colony with the history of Car- teret. Tradition says that this colony became mixed with the In- dians by intermarriage, that some years later Indians in the locality of Carteret and adjoining counties told of parents with blue eyes and said that they could read out of books. The family names of many of the people in Carteret correspond to those given for Lane’s Colony according to Hawks’ History of North Carolina. Some of these names are: White, Baily, Stevens, Howe, Johnson, Willes, Smith, Brown, Little, Taylor, Lucas, Berry, Butler, Wright, Chap- man, Harris, Martin, Jones. The next white men to visit Carteret, in 1652, were settlers from Virginia. Roger Green, a clergyman from Nansemond County, Virginia, played an active part in bringing settlers south of the Chowan river. This section includes Carteret County. In 1654 Francis Yeardley, a son of Governor Yeardley of Virginia, was sent on an expedition to explore the region which now includes the counties of Currituck, Camden, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Bertie, Washington, Tyrrel, Dare, Hyde, Beaufort, Pamlico, Craven, Car- teret and Onslow. During the same year the Governor of Vir- ginia reported, “Small sloops owned by Virginia settlers are em- ployed in visiting the sounds of Carolina for the purpose of hunting and trading with the Indians.” These small vessels carried back much game and valuable products of trade made with the Indians as well as wonderful reports of the country visited. This news spread among the settlers in Virginia and caused those people to wish to move to the new region to the south because lands there CarTERET County: Economic anp SocIAL 9 were free from quit rents. In 1656 the Virginia Assembly commis- sioned Thomas Dew and Thomas Francis to explore the coast be- one tween Cape Hatteras and Cape Fear and these men also visited 1585 Carteret. Settlers from Virginia were gradually spreading south- later ward to the section known as Albemarle. In 1663 Charles the eing Second of Great Britain granted the land known as “Carolina” hree and part of Georgia to the eight Lords Proprietors. Among re these proprietors was Sir George Carteret, and after his death in next 1679 his son with three other proprietors bought Sir William Berk- and ley’s share of Carolina for three hundred pounds. At this time orld Albemarle was the only section settled by white men, but ved these settlers were looking for more land, better land, and irst cheaper land and continued to move slowly southward along the get coast. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania had also sent out trading and and exploring vessels to the shores of Carolina, and by the year uts, 1650 the people of New England were beginning to migrate south- ar- ward to Albemarle and counties along the coast. In 1669 the Pro- In- prietors decided to divide Albemarle into four precincts named Car- ity teret, Berkley, Shaftesbury and Albemarle—this was a part of the yes Grand Model of the Proprietors. It did not meet with success as of the thinly settled precincts, such as Carteret, objected to the rent e’s on land being paid in silver rather than provisions. Peter Carteret, of a relative of Sir George Carteret, was governor of the province at es, this time and the dissatisfaction increased to such an extent that he p- abandoned the colony and went back to England in 1673. By 1688 settlers from Albemarle had spread southward along the mn coast as far as the Cape Fear settlement. ‘i Territorial Beginnings 54 In 1696 Bath County was separated from Albemarle, and Car- a3 teret by this division was in Bath County, Archdale Precinct. Bath he County extended from Albemarle Sound down to the undivided e, limits of the province and when Carteret Precinct was established m some years later, it included the entire unsettled region embracing n. the Cape Fear and down to the South Carolina line. The settle- - ments in the region about Carteret were not growing rapidly because g of trouble with the Indians. The northern part of the county k around Cedar Island was most thickly settled. These first settlers were French Hugenots from Virginia. In 1710 De Graffenreid and Lawson brought a colony of Swiss and Germans who settled along the banks of the Neuse. Most of them remained around that vicinity but some of them, looking for more room and better land, 10 CARTERET County: Economic AND SOCIAL moved over to the Core Sound region. Carteret was now increasing in population. In 1712 the Core and Tuscarora Indians staged their last war on the whites in Carteret. They destroyed much property and many lives. Among those who lost their lives was John Lawson, the earliest historian of the state. Colonel Moore in 1712 closed the war by marching into Carteret and completely subduing the savages in a battle near the present town of Beaufort. In the same year a fort was built on Core Sound to protect the in- habitants. It was named in honor of Governor Hyde. After the Indian war was over settlers came more rapidly to the territory around Core Sound and North River. Most of these settlers came from the Berne colony, others came from Virginia, Albemarle and New England. In October, 1713, the town of Beaufort was laid out into lots which were sold to purchasers. In the following February tracts of land on Bogue Sound were taken up. Also in the same year a grant of land was issued to John Porter reaching from Drum Inlet to Topsail Inlet, which tract included Port Lookout. The Lords Proprietors allowed Governor Hyde to issue patents for land, not to exceed six hundred and forty acres in a body, re- quiring a cash payment of twenty shillings for every hundred acres and an annual rent of one shilling. These terms applied only to Bath territory as Albemarle was held under the Great Deed. The Indian troubles were scarcely over when privateering be- came a menace to the settlers along the Carolina coast. The pirate most familiar in North Carolina history is Teach, better known as “Blackbeard.” He used Core Sound as a place to hide when he was being chased on the Atlantic, and all the harbors of Pamlico Sound were known to him. His ship, the Adventurer, was ‘cap- tured on November 22, 1718, by Lieutenant Mayard near Ocra- coke Inlet. “Teach’s Hole” is still pointed out by pilots on Pam- lico Sound. The Council established Carteret Precinct in 1722, including all the settlements in that direction and the town of Beaufort was in- corporated into a seaport entitled to a collector of customs. A road was ordered opened from Core Point to New Bern. The following year it was decided that growth of this part of the province was be- ing retarded for lack of commercial facilities. To improve this con- dition a navigation act was passed to encourage a settlement on Ocracoke Inlet because of the good harbor at this place. In 1729 the first Assembly was called together after Carteret was obtained by the English Crown. At this Assembly Carteret had two mem- CarTERET County: Economic AnD SociaL 11 as bers and in 1733 it still had only two members. Gabriel Johnson ns was the royal governor of the province. ue was Some Early Land Grants ore From 1735 to 1750 a great many land grants were issued by tely the King’s Council for lands in Carteret County or Precinct. In ort, the following list of grants familiar Carteret County names are - recognized. the we | Petitions granted in 1735: we Thomas Lovick and Francis Thornton, 640 acres. Arthur Mabson, 640 acres. ind Joseph Morgan, 640 acres. out Petitions granted in 1736: a John Webster, 208 acres. me § Nic Bryant, 327 acres. om George Cummins, 400 acres John Starkley, 400 acres. ut. Carry Godbee, 200 acres. nts David Sheppard, 100 acres. ! re- Petitions granted in 1737: res Theopelos Norwood, 640 acres. : to Bryant McCullin, 500 acres. Anthony Cox, 300 acres. David Turner, 200 acres. a a Ie Charles Cogdale, 422 acres. te Petitions granted in 1738: a John Webster, 140 acres. he John Dudley, 270 acres. C0 Richard Lovit, 100 acres. D- John Shaw, 640 acres. . Petitions ganted in 1739: n- Joseph Sessums, 268 acres. Joseph Calvert, 292 acres. Bradberry Cook, 100 acres. 1] Sam Noble, 320 acres ms Moses Houston, 300 acres. John Small, 300 acres. d ff Nevil Bell, 200 acres. o & William Shackleford, 500 acres. e- Petitions granted in 1740: - @ Thomas Lovick, 400 acres. n ff William Houston, 300 acres. of John Roberts, 400 acres. ‘ § Francis Allways, 300 acres. d § Joseph Bale, 100 acres. - of Michiel Pasquornett, 400 acres. John Hodgson, 350 acres. David Shepard, 100 acres. 12 CaRTERET County: ECONOMIC AND SocIAL Petitions granted in 1741: Frank Brice. Joseph Noble, 500 acres. Henry Stanton, 480 acres. James Salter, 200 acres. Petitions granted in 1742: John Webster, 250 acres. Stephen Lee, 200 acres. John Shackleford, 640 acres. Nicholas Hunter, 200 acres. Petitions granted in 1743: George Bell, Jr., 200 acres. David Bailey, 300 acres. James Yeats, 200 acres. Charles Cogdale, 100 acres. James Winwright, 375 acres. Thomas Morton, 200 acres. George Read, 300 acres. Nath Martin, 275 acres. Peter Barton, 100 acres. Benjamine Weeks, 200 acres. Sam Chadwick, 175 acres. Jonathan Bangs, 48 acres. Johnson Simpson, 480 acres. Petitions granted in 1744: Thomas Lewis, 100 acres. Moses Houston, 300 acres. Thomas Nelson, 300 acres. William Coles, 200 acres. George Styring, 100 acres. Petitions granted in 1745: John Saunders, 300 acres. Nevil Bell, 200 acres. James Johnson, 200 acres. Lancaster Lovick, 200 acres. Valent Wallace, Sr., 150 acres. William Frazier, 100 acres. Nathaniel Smith, 300 acres. Petitions granted in 1746: William Salter, 200 acres. Peter Baston, 100 acres. Petitions granted in 1747: John Willison, 200 acres. John Lipton, 200 acres. Valentine Wallace, 100 acres. John Hicks, 100 acres. Thomas Nelson, 200 acres. * *steisises Sepa seceas CarTERET County: Economic AND SocIAL 13 Petitions granted in 1748: Nathan Smith, 400 acres. Thomas Nelson, 640 acres. George Bell, 200 acres. George Cogdale, 200 acres. Thomas Dudley, 400 acres. John Nelson, 156 acres. Robert Savage, 300 acres. George McKeen, 250 acres. James Johnson, 200 acres. William Whitehurst, 350 acres. Thomas Lewis, 100 acres. Petitions granted in 1749: Samuel Negus, 100 acres. Samuel Smith, Cedar Island. Habakuck Russel, 50 acres. Joseph Roads, 100 acres. Petitions granted in 1750: David Hecks, 50 acres. Western Williams, 300 acres. Thomas Chadwick, 40 acres. Andrew Bet, 50 acres. Church Bell, 400 acres. Seth Robens and Isaac Scrivers, 400 acres. Jobeth Weeks, 100 acres. Thomas Matchett, 100 acres. John Anderson, 100 acres. John Williams, 200 acres. Petitions granted in 1751: John Gillet, 250 acres. Lancelot Lovett, 200 acres. Lewis Trott, 200 acres. By 1757 land grants in Carteret had reached 47,617 acres. The above list of grants given may not be entirely correct but it gives some idea of the families first taking up land in Carteret. Carteret was divided into four districts in 1745 as follows: (ty, Northeastern Part of Newport River. (2). Southeastern Part of Newport River. (3). From Beaufort Township to Core Creek Bridge. (4). From County Courthouse at Beaufort to North River and Extreme East. This was for convenience in building and re- pairing roads and bridges. Thomas Baker was appointed treasurer of Carteret and several other eastern counties. The Spaniards In 1741 several Spanish Privateers took possession of Ocracoke Inlet and seized the vessels arriving there. They also landed and carried off the cattle of the inhabitants. Eventually they were driven away but their depredations were so great that provisions 14 CARTERET County: ECONOMIC AND SocIAL had to be supplied to the distressed people at a cost to the province of more than ten thousand pounds. Again in 1744 they boldly en- tered the harbor of Beaufort. Major Enoch Ward hastily gathered some militia and held them at bay until August 26, when they succeeded in gaining possession of the town itself. In a few days, however, Colonel Thomas Lovick and Captain Charles Cogdell came to the rescue with a sufficient force, and early in September the Spaniards were expelled, suffering considerable loss. Later in 1753 Gov. Dobbs recommended that another fort be built near Ocracoke Inlet and the town of Portsmouth laid out. This Fort was called Fort Granville. Here commerce would have the protec- tion of guns. In the same year a poll tax was levied on all taxable persons of Carteret. Some funds were necessary. Thomas Lovick with a regiment at Beaufort consisting of two companies of 195 men was collector at Beaufort in 1754, and in one of his reports he says, ‘““No arms, no ammunition and no Indians.” In 1755 Governor Dobbs visited Beaufort and the surround- ing vicinity. This visit was made because of the unopposed raids of Spaniards on the coast of North Carolina. He found the work started on a fort on the land side of the sound, but he immediately decided that the fort should be built on Point of Bogue Island near Old Topsail Inlet. This change was made at once and the fort was called Fort Hampton. It was made of wood and kept in use, more or less, until after the war of 1812: It was replaced by the present Fort Macon. Internal Improvements From 1754 to about 1761 a number of bills were passed for improvements in Carteret County. An act was passed for the creation of parishes in Carteret for the promotion of the Protest- ant religion. An act was passed in 1754 by the King’s Council to improve, mend and repair roads, bridges and water courses al- ready laid out or thereafter laid out in Carteret. Two years later another bill was passed to change the method of work on roads and operation of ferries to more economical methods. Another act in 1762 gave the right to every freeholder in Carteret to serve on the jury. All entries for land in Carteret at this time had to be made with the Surveyor-general at Bath. In 1767 an act was passed to erect a beacon at Old Topsail Inlet and others through Core Sound—each vessel coming and going through Old Topsail Inlet must pay a toll or tax. Another act passed by the English Council was to prevent the ultimate destruction of fish in Core Sound, Bogue Sound, and Straits of Carteret. Due to the fact & CarTERET County: Economic anp Soci. 15 that Ocracoke was not included in any county, the Governor, the Council and the Assembly included it in Carteret. Reverend John Reed was pastor of Saint John’s Parish in Beau- fort which was located where the present Methodist church is now. He complained of trouble with the Methodists and asked for aid from the secretary of the Church of England. The settlers of Car- teret at this time were so destitute that they were incapable of sup- porting the minister of Saint John’s Parish which was the Church of England’s Parish. Carteret in the Revolution When the call for troops came in 1771 to support the Revolu- tionary forces Carteret’s detachment, consisting of one company, marched into New Bern from Beaufort under the command of Wil- liam Thompson, Colonel; Solomon Shepard, Lieutenant Colonel; Thomas Chadwich, Major; and Malachi Bell, Second Major. In 1774 the Craven and Carteret detachment marched out of New Bern with two field pieces, six swivel guns mounted on carriages, and with supplies that would last them on their route to Hillsboro. During this year the first free and independent assembly met in New Bern. William Thompson represented Carteret County. In 1776 John Blackledge offered to Congress his salt plant to make salt during the war for eight shillings per bushel. And Robert Williams in a letter to the North Carolina Council of Safety says: “I am go- ing to abandon the salt works till summer and tend to rice crop which is on thirty acres.” John Easton was appointed paymaster for the two independent companies commanded by Captain James Anderson and Captain Enoch Ward. One thousand pounds were put in his hands for this purpose. He was also to run a salt plant for the government at Gallant’s Point. John Easton and Bryce Williams were appointed by Congress to purchase, receive and pro- cure fire arms for the use of the troops. The last court held in Carteret that recognized George the Third met in Beaufort the 19th of March, 1776. The next court was held in June but George the Third was not mentioned. ; When the English brigantine, William, anchored in Beaufort Harbor April 10, 1776, it was seized. On May 10, the North Caro- lina Provincial Congress opened negotiations with Virginia to sup- ply two ships from that province to help guard Ocracoke Inlet. Congress was also of the opinion that the situation of Beaufort and the inlets adjacent were such that it appeared absolutely necessary that a considerable military force should be stationed near, or at that town. In 1777 British cruisers undertook to close the channel A 2S ~s ES EE ES! 16 CARTERET County: EcoNoMIc AND SociIAL of commerce through Ocracoke Inlet. But many vessels continued to come in bringing ammunition and supplies and privateers were constantly sallying forth to prey on the British. Among these. ves- sels were the Sturdy Beggar, the Nancy and the General Washing- ton. In September, 1777, two English frigates appeared at Ocra- coke Inlet and destroyed several ships ready to sail. Immediately the Sturdy Beggar with fourteen guns, and the Pennsylvania Farmer with sixteen guns sailed to clear the harbor. The inhabitants of Carteret now demanded that Old Topsail Inlet be fortified. June 6, 1778, a French ship arrived at Cape Lookout with dry goods. The ship was the French frigate, Ferdinand, carrying thirty-six guns and two hundred men. Her goods were. advertised for sale at Beaufort March 12, 1778. The French in this way were a great aid to the war stricken settlers. In 1783 a tax of four pence was levied on every hundred pounds of taxable property, to go toward repairing public buildings in New Bern. The General Assembly of North Carolina also levied a tax of eight pence on every hundred acres of land and two shillings and two pence on every hundred pounds value of town lots. The money from this was to go toward clothing and housing the poor. In 1785 another act was passed to tax inhabitants of the county, the money from which was to go toward granting bounties to persons who “killed or otherwise destroyed” any wolves, bears, panthers or wild- cats in Carteret County. Years before, the historian Lawson had complained of not being able to sleep on account of howling pan- thers and wildcats when he visited Carteret and Craven. In 1779 a part of Carteret was annexed to Jones County. Car- teret was flourishing as a trade center. The report of John Dawes, customs collector, showed that Carteret owed the state 1,896 pounds of customs collected. Carteret in the War of 1812 In the war of 1812 Carteret sent troops in the 2nd Regiment with other eastern counties. But her outstanding contribution was the noted commander, Otway Burns. He came to Carteret from Ons- low, engaged in seafaring, and soon became captain of a coasting vessel plying between Beaufort and New York. When the war of 1812 commenced he obtained from the United States government letters of marque and reprisal, and built, through the aid of several wealthy persons as a stock company, a fast sailing ship called the Snap Dragon. She was fully armed and equipped with cannon, guns and men. His intimate knowledge of the Carolina coast and 9 eh te oie ebm CarTERET County: Economic AND SociaL 17 the daring of a chosen crew of men soon made the name of Otway Burns a terror to all the British in American waters. and destroyed a large number of English prizes and brought into Beaufort heavy cargoes of valuables. He established quite a market for the merchants of all eastern Carolina. From an observatory on the top of a high building, the old Atlantic Hotel, he used a spyglass and commanded an extensive view of the ocean. His ship was kept with a ready crew and anchor tripped. When he espied the Eng- lish colors his fast vessel was soon in pursuit. In England the Brit- ish Council decided that he must be captured and had a fast sailing vessel built as a merchant ship and with concealed arms. The Snap Dragon was deceived by his ruse and Burns and his crew were taken prisoners. They were released after the war. Railway Development The coming of the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad to the port towns of Carteret played a vital part in the history of the two towns. In 1852 the railroad received its charter—the road was to begin at Goldsboro and terminate at Beaufort at a cost of $900,000. In 1854 the town of Beaufort planned to take $100,000 worth of stock but in the following year decided to let the county take half of this amount. The Stock Company had Walter Quinn, a surveyor, measure the distance and pick out the best place for the railroad to terminate. The places picked were Gallant’s point, Lenoxville, Shepard’s Point and Beaufort. About this time land speculation sprung up around the vicinity of Beaufort. New Bern now tried to gain a controlling stock in the company, which it succeeded in doing, and the building of the railroad was delayed by the contro- ersy arising over the change made in stockholders. When New Bern gained controlling stock they began to ask for contracts but in the meantime ex-Governor Morehead became interested in a tract of land known as Shepard’s Point. He bought this tract of land from the Arrendell’s estate and shortly afterward offered the At- lantic and North Carolina stockholders to take $100,000 of stock and build some of the road, the thirteen miles from Clumper’s Creek to Shepard’s Point, the cost of which he would deduct from his stock, if the stock company would build the road to Shepard’s Point instead of Gallant’s Point near Beaufort. The railroad com- pany accepted the proposition and the road was started from Goldsboro to Shepard’s Point. Land speculators began to buy up land in the vicinity at once, and three miles from Shepard’s Point a town was laid out and named Carolina City. It was to be a re- He captured A Fi “ £E ERE SC 18 Carteret County: Economic anp Socian sort and commercial city because of the nearby harbor and the railroad connections being made with the western part of the Governor Morehead began to sell his land at Shepard’s Point in 1857. Lots were laid out and a town planned. His land sale on November 11, 1857, was the first public land sale to be held in Carteret, and the first day $13,000 worth of property was sold. The town was named Morehead City in honor of Governor Morehead. He planned to make his town a second New York City, believing that with the excellent location of the seacoast and with a railroad running from Asheville to this port, it would be possible to bring the products of the state here for shipment to for- eign countries and to larger cities. The first train ran from Golds- boro to Morehead City on June 7, 1858. This was the beginning of the present seaside resort named in honor of its founder, More- head City. In 1860, just before the beginning of the Civil War, Carteret contained four hundred square miles of territory and had a popu- lation of 8,186. Then in 1861 came the secession of North Caro- lina and the ravages of the civil struggle which Carteret felt state. rather heavily. Carteret in the Civil War Troops were formed at Beaufort and the “Old Topsail Rifles’ tendered to the Confederate government in May, 1861. They were assigned as Company C to the 2nd regiment at Fort Macon and were taken to a camp at Weldon for training and returned in Sep- tember to Fort Macon. Another fort was hastily constructed at Ocracoke and Fort Macon was put in good condition and well garri- soned. This fort, which had taken the place of Fort Hampton in 1836, was built of the strongest masonry at a cost of $175,000. The regiments at Fort Macon were the 27th Volunteers and the Ist North Carolina Volunteers. The 7th North Carolina Regiment went to New Bern in August, 1861, and did picket duty at Bogue Island, near Fort Macon. They were later moved to Morehead City and then to Newport. In March, 1861, they went to New Bern where they were defeated by the Federals and driven back toward Kinston. Company C of the 2nd North Carolina Regiment was or- | ganized at Beaufort with 133 men including officers. Captain S. D. #) Pool was executive officer. They were transferred to Coast Artil- lery later and Captain Pool was promoted to Colonel of the 10th i | j | | ) 7 if ft 1 Regiment. Companies B, F, G and H were stationed at Fort Macon under Colonel White until its capture. The 10th Regiment did picket duty around New Bern, Wilmington, Goldsboro and Kins- ) \ _ army in condition for further fighting, “f% Car ' and Negroes took on a threatening aspect. As far back as 1821 » there had been an insurrection of the N ton until May, 1863. Picketing was also maintained on Shackle- ford’s Banks and at Cape Lookout where much valuable informa- tion from the enemy was procured. A salt plant established at Morehead City was attacked-and captured by the enemy just be- fore the attack on Fort Macon. The attack upon the fort began on March 23, 1862, when General Parke of the Federals moved his forces to Carolina City, took possession of Morehead City and Beaufort, and demanded the surrender of Fort Macon. Colonel guns were now brought to bear on the land side. Everything was prepared for a long siege. On April 11, General Parke began to land his troops on the “banks” and skirmishes took place in which the Fed- erals were stronger. General Burnside came down to Morehead City to affect a surrender on April 24, but with no success. On April 25 an attack was made by land and also from the sea by the blockading squadron. The boats were driven off but the land guns could not do much to the Federal troops. Finally Colonel White realized that his flag would have to come down and on April 26, 1862, he surrendered the besieged fortress. The Confederate loss was seven killed and eighteen wounded. The captured garrison was paroled—some of them going inland and others to Wilmington. After the capture of Fort Macon, Newport was attacked and the Confederates were defeated by the 103rd New York Cavalry. The 43rd Massachusetts Infantry came through Morehead City on their way to New Bern. They were transferred to Morehead City by boats. When Sherman was at Goldsboro in March, 1865, getting his he had all his equipment and material transported from Morehead City and Wilmington over the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad and for this purpose he had many repairs made, especially on the bridges, eleven of which had been burned between Goldsboro and Morehead City. Reconstruction The days of reconstruction began in 1868 with a majority of petbaggers in the legislature. The conflict between the whites egroes of Carteret and one > or two adjoining counties. Now the Negroes stationed at Fort Ma- » con committed atrocities at Beaufort and even threatened to turn © the guns of Fort Macon on the town if the people did not release CarRTERET County: Economic anp Soclia 19 ~~ =e CARTERET COUNTY: EcoNomMic AND SOCIAL 20 some Negro prisoners. Finally General Ruger forbade any Negro ; : leaving the fort unless with a white officer. Many colored troops : | were organized by carpetbaggers and in their enthusiasm at hav- j | drilled all day and celebrated all night. ing so much power they Negroes on confiscated and : The Freedmen’s Bureau settled free abandoned lands and helped them in many ways to get adapted to ‘ their new condition. They even established food stations to feed : : No help was given to the white people until the yellow | , when the government established a hospital at a company of ninety men and three officers a Sh a them. fever epidemic 3eaufort. In 1867 were stationed at Beaufort for the purpose of maintaining order | among the conflicting factions of reconstruction programs. ; | The United States sloop, Huron, was wrecked off the coast of | Carteret by a severe storm in 1874 and soon afterward the United States government established the line Life Saving Stations along the coast of North Carolina which are today the protection of men The remarkable feat of N. H. Bishop who ar- following the sea. q } rived at Beaufort after having traveled from Quebec in a canoe 5 | through inland waterways, pointed out the feasibility of an in- : land waterway which would lessen the danger of Cape Hatteras — and plans for the present Boston-Beaufort Inland Waterway was © the result of this discovery. The Great War and After Camp Glenn, formerly Carolina City, was established in 1913 as a training camp for the North Carolina National Guards and many thousand men were trained there for the Mexican War. During the great war Camp Glenn was turned into a Coast Guard Air Station where men were trained in the use of Hydroplanes with which to patrol the coast. The camp is still a Coast Guard Station. Carteret furnished men to the Army and Navy during the last war, built ships and patrolled the coast and made war savings investments. Most of Carteret’s volunteers went into the Navy for which many of them were already trained and there- fore Carteret’s list of Naval Officers was long. Probably the most distinguished service done by a Carteret man in the late war was that of Youman Weeks who was a Corporal in Company F, 118th Infantry. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action near Bellicourt, France, Septem- ber 30, 1918, and October 8, 1918. Corporal Weeks on the morn- ing of September 30, when two enemy machine guns were making a part of the line untenable, advanced across open ground 1S 4 d 0 W it | '§ T f a or eT 18 1S ae Of a m- . i is Te ie d CarTERET County: Economic Aanp SocIAL 21 upon one of the guns, rushed the position alone, captured the gun and five of the enemy, and shot down the sixth who endeavored to escape. By this gallant act he prevented the enemy from enfilading our position and thereby saved the lives of many of his comrades. In a later advance he was killed. In Carteret’s history, which is long and very hard to obtain accurately, the most historic features, as we have seen, are the old town of Beaufort and Fort Macon located on the banks near Old Topsail Inlet to guard the entrance to Beaufort Harbor. Beau- fort is still the county seat of Carteret, it looks out upon the same » historic harbor; and it holds within its old streets the marks of wars and of honors in the past. Its population has reached 3,500 and like its twin city, Morehead, just across the water, has be- come a resort town with tourists in summer flooding its water-front driveways and giving it, for the moment, a cosmopolitan ap- pearance. Fort Macon, no longer of service to the United States as a fortification, has long since fallen into decay and visited only by tourists interested in its history. In 1924 Congress gave Fort Macon and the four hundred acres of land belonging with it to the state of North Carolina to be used as a state park. The old fort is in the midst of a string of government establishments, among them Camp Glenn, near Morehead City, the United States Laboratory for research in marine biology on Piver’s Island near Beaufort, and the numerous Coast Guard Stations on the beach. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Ashe, S. A., History of North Carolina, Vols. I and II, Greensboro, Charles L. Van Noppen, 1908. Clark, Walter, The State Records of North Carolina, Goldsboro, Nash Brothers, 1905. Conner, R. D. W., The History of North Carolina, Chicago and New York, Lewis Publishing Co., 1919. Conner, R. D. W., Race Elements in the White Population of North Carolina, Raleigh, The College, 1920. Hiawks, F. L., The History of North Carolina, Vol. I, 2nd Ed., Fayette- ville, Hale, 1857. Jones, J. S., Memorials of North Carolina, New York, Scatcherd and Adams, 1838. Hakluyt, Richard, Early English Voyages to America, Vol. II, Edinburgh, E. and G. Goldsmid, 1889. Lawson, John, History of North Carolina, Charlotte, Observer Printing Co., 1903. Moore, John W., History of North Carolina, Vols. I and II, Raleigh, Alfred Williams and Co., 1880. ; Porter, O. D., Naval History of the Civil War, New York, The Sherman Publishing Co., 1886. “== ~~ =e Se Ae Séeere CARTERET County: EcoNoMIC AND SocIaAL Saunders, William L., Colonial Records of North Carolina, Raleigh, P. M. Hale. Scharf, J. T., History of the Confederate States Navy, New York, Rogers and Sherwood, 1887. Todd, V. H., Von Graffenried’s Account of the Founding of New Bern, Raleigh, Edwards and Broughton Co., 1920. Weeks, J. W., History and Biography of North Carolina, Vol. I, Scrap- book. Wheeler, J. H., Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina, Columbus, O., Columbus Printing Works, 1884. < i Le oe oe ae Pe ‘ a ae aaa a By * = Bi ie = ix : . : t= ee 3k IT NATURAL RESOURCES Bm. <. tay Geography Carteret County is situated in the east central part of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. It is bounded on the north by Craven County, the Neuse River, and Pamlico Sound; on the east by Core Sound, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by Onslow and Jones Counties, being separated from Ons- low County by White Oak River. According to the 1920 census report Carteret County contains 366,720 acres. Topography and Soils The topography varies from swampy country principally in the north eastern region, to fairly high land in the western part, although there is swampy country scattered here and there all over the county. The highest elevations occur in the western end of the county. The elevation at Newport is 19 feet above sea level while at Beaufort and Morehead the elevation is 12 feet. Core and Bogue Sounds are separated from the ocean by a long narrow strip of land known as the banks, which extends along the ocean front of the county. The continuity of the banks is broken only at Beaufort, Ocracoke, Bogue, and Whalebone inlets. Many large sand dunes are found on these banks. The county is split up very much especially in the eastern por- tion. Newport River, North River, and Cedar Island Bay serve to make communication difficult on the mainland while Core and Bogue Sounds separate the banks from the mainland. The high sandy loam soils of Carteret County are well suited to the raising of truck products and general farming. Recently drained land that is very largely muck is suitable for corn, cab- bages, onions, and celery. Large quantities of fertilizer are used annually by Carteret farmers. In 1920, 806 farms reporting out of a possible 858 farms, used $163,613 worth of fertilizers. Climate The climate of Carteret County is very mild with few cold days in winter. It is a common sight to see roses and other varieties of i nS nn é sat 7 P ~ E9856) 2 sisi ‘iad 2 4 CarTERET County: ECoNOMIC AND SocIaAL flowers in full bloom at Christmas. The average temperature for 1925 was 64.1 degrees Fahrenheit. The rainfall was well dis- tributed throughout the year, September being the one exception. For 1925 the average rainfall was 3.9 inches per month. The fol- lowing table shows the temperature as recorded at the United States Biological station at Beaufort. Temperature Chart for Beaufort, N. C., for 1925. Month Mean Highest Lowest Total (Degrees Precipitation Fahrenheit) “ 7 ERR aE TE | 68 : ic cari MELT SRR AMOR Pi: 70 30 3.97 Sis Se 71 25 3.33 ry | mae SRE AOE Re 80 40 1.47 ee 88 50 17 pO SEEM DERE DOSER GSE SOR PEE RA 2 90 69 7.11 a eee 93 68 7.57 PN a i cateeenne tne cat 80 92 65 3.55 eee ee ns See REDON OER ANGER RCE 92 65 AQ Go! OE Pe EER Re ha BRM Ba 66 87 4l 4.37 ee 55 77 Al 2.89 Eee: gt TEE RSS CSE E LE, 69 12 4.78 WAN a 64.1 Degrees Fahrenheit._..m3.9 ins. Carteret County has a growing season of 365 days. Forests The forests of Carteret County form an important natural re- source and lumbering gives employment to many people. The loca- tion of most of the standing timber is in the western and central parts of the county. The standing timber comprises 42,189 acres or approximately 11.2 percent of the total area of the county. A large part of it is in pine, but gum, poplar, oak, juniper, and cypress are plentiful. The timber is used for various purposes; pine lumber for shipment or for local building purposes forms the largest use, but large quanities of pine and gum are used in the manufacture of barrels. Cypress, juniper, and oak are used for boat building. There are three saw mills in the county besides a lumber manu- facturing plant and several box and barrel factories. The forests of the county are important in so much as they form a source of fuel and lumber, in the manufacture of which are employed many people who depend on it for a living. Much of the waste land is cut over timber land which has been allowed to grow up in underbrush or has been burnt over from time to time. This land could be planted in trees after cutting over and owing to the natural rapidity of growth the trees would soon be ready to cut again. Disastrous fires have often destroyed valuable Top—Dairy Cattle. Upper Middle—Carteret County Court House. Lower Middle Grading and Packing Irish Potatoes. Bottom—Old Fort Macon. . ws ws tmé +) WAT AS. y 2 ey “Pear es CarTERET County: Economic anp Sociau 25 The present tax system does not encourage land owners to let their trees grow until they are big enough for timber. Each year the trees are taxed accordingly to their size and the tax increases in proportion to their size. Then the landowner cuts them for timber prematurely because the total tax has become so great that he considers it unprofitable to let them grow longer. Further- more, the average landowner does not like to pay taxes on his prop- erty and get no return; it would be much more desirable to have the entire tax paid when the timber is sold. Water Surface Carteret County is different from most counties in that out of 366,720 acres within its boundaries 158,789 acres are water sur- face. A large part of the water surface is contained in Bogue, Core, and Pamlico Sounds. The principal rivers are North, Newport, and White Oak the last of which separates Carteret from Onslow County. There is approximately 19,802 acres of swamp land in the county. Since Carteret is a tidewater county it is natural for swamps to form. Some very good timber can be found in these swamps, and they afford an excellent refuge to wild animals. The drainage of the county is good because all the land is so near the water that a ditch will drain it unless it is unusually low. The coast line of the county is approximately 85 miles long and consists of five reefs called “banks’’. They are broken by Beau- fort, Bogue, and Whalebone inlets. Beaufort and Morehead City are the two most important harbors in the county. Both towns are on the Inland Waterway which runs from New York to Beau- fort. Twelve feet of water may be had by vessels on the Inland Waterway. In Core and Bogue Sounds yssels have navigable channels of three to six feet of water, while on the bar at Beau- fort vessels drawing up to seventeen feet of water may enter. Water transportation is furnished the county by two lines of freight boats running from Morehead City and Beaufort to New- bern, Washington City, and Norfolk. Flora and Fauna Carteret County is an ideal spot for the naturalist for it abounds in plants and animals. Nearly all plants can grow here “es ATW BME 26 CARTERET COUNTY: EconoMic AND SOCIAL months. It is a common sight to see roses and many other flow- Bs ering shrubs blooming at Christmas. The Camelia Japonica flour- F ‘shes in this mild climate. The county is noted for its holly, mis- tletoe, and yaopon. The animal life of Carteret County is very abundant. Deer, squirrels, minks, opossum, and raccoons are plentiful, especially around the swamps. Large numbers are : killed every year and owing to the inroad of the sawmill on the | ; refuge places there will soon be a very small number of these : animals unless some steps are taken to preserve them. The bird Most § 4 aos = 42D Tn) life of Carteret County is large in variety and numbers. of the birds are migratory such as the ducks, geese, brant, swan, | | ny other species. Many bald-headed © eagles have their habitat around Carteret County, while fish hawks, 4 | owls, and other birds of prey are common. There are several heron — { rookeries in the county, the one on Craney Island being of special , snipe, plover, herons, and ma interest. The abundance of wild fowl attracts many hunters to the county every year and the fowl are suffering from their onslaughts. Fishing Industry The three natural industries of Carteret are agriculture, jum- bering, and fishing. Of these three fishing is by far the most im- portant. North Carolina is the most important fishing state on the South Atlantic coast, doing a $2,414,499 business in 1923. , Carteret County carries on the largest fishing industry in the state, |; amounting to $729,363 in 1923, which is 30.2 percent of the total FF for the state. The scallop industry of North Carolina is practically limited to Carteret County. Thousands of gallons of scallops are shipped to northern markets each year; 55,826 were shipped in 1924, Owing to heavy rains most of the scallops were killed last year and so the State Fish Commission declared a closed season «— until they have an opportunity to become abundant again. E Clams constitute another important phase of the fishing indus- 2 try. They are able to keep well for several days and because of 9 this hundreds of bushels are shipped north and to inland towns f each year. In 1924, 11,468 bushels were shipped. v The oyster industry is an important item in the fishing indus- try. In 1924 Carteret County produced 128,905 bushels of oysters. There are more oyster shucking houses and canning plants in the H - ciated manufacturies. 4zivie the State Fish Commission equipped the patrol boat a laboratory under the charge of Mr. T. R. McCrea to ascertain as near as possible the amount of pollution of North Carolina oyster beds. As yet the pollution has been far below that of other and there has been no cause to condemn any oyster beds. Shrimps are another source of revenue to the fishermen. Shrimp trawling forms an occupation for many people. Hundreds of pounds of shrimp are canned annually at Morehead City and Beaufort. In 1924 the catch amounted to 42,540 pounds. The shipments of food fish from Carteret County are very large, the catch in 1923 was 6,894,899 pounds, exclusive of oys- ters, clams, and scallops. The principal food fishes are trout, spots, croakers, bluefish, mackerel, shad, pigfish, mullet, sea mul- let, harvest fish, butter fish, flounders, and drum. The wide va- riety of fish offers very good opportunities to fishermen with all types of nets. There are about 260 species of fish known around Beaufort and its vicinity. Perhaps the most important phase of the fishing industry is menhaden fishing and the manufacturing connected with it. In 1918 the catch amounted to 90 million pounds, while in 1923 the catch was only 40 millions of pounds. The menhaden is used in the manufacture of fish scrap and oils. for fertilizer and for stock feed, while the oil is used in paints and in the manufacture of soap. There are approximately 1500 people employed in the menhaden fishing industry and its asso- states The fish scrap is used Owing to the recent scare about the supposed oyster pollution “Pamlico” with — _% ' ATA WW BASSE SE 28 STATISTICS OF FISHING IND CaRTERET County: EconoMIc AND SocIAL INVESTMENT FOR 1918 Persons engaged Number 656 On vessels fishing —-—-—---—---—---— aloes On vessels transporting ——-—-—-—-—-----—-—__--—_—_-_— 35 In shore fisheries 1,251 766 Shoresmen -_.-.----—--—- Ea. DA nee ann ERS ene nee jk: | | Seen CnC ER Ran irda ener e nen nue r 2,708 Investment Vessels fishing Gasoline —_ Tonnage 1,026 Cte ta eee Sail Tonnasce. $$$ ____ —_— Outfit s: Vessels transporting Caan se eee ee Tonase Outfit Tonnage —_ Outfit 26 Boats Sail, row, etc. Power -— Apparatus, vessel fisheries Paeee einee i i a ee am Gill nets Lines Dredges Apparatus, shore fisheries Bees : eet eS ig et | Ene RRR ONE SIL! Marcia ioe) aro mE ten riots aementkr Sy oa A mene 8 aS el ang Pyke O68 ee eee Lines 2 ei ee ME a WO ieee re ra CRE RA UREOE oi a i ee Shore and accessory property en I Eee! Number USTRY IN CARTERET COUNTY SHOWING NUMBER OF PEOPLE ENGAGED AND Value 49 $356,150 142,350 5,144 8,025 925 9,755 112,875 102,600 800 50 1,530 82 3,185 1,000 49,305 24,750 659 543,480 74,000 $1,475,828 orang tettiahense wm vines ORR Carteret County: Economic anp SociAL 29 Y PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF CARTERET COUNTY 1918 AND 1923 1918 1918 1923 1923 Product Pounds Value Pounds Value A NOE 75,636 § 3,774 24,850 § 895 NN 3,800 155 5,000 252 ING dis ae 261,055 32,545 511,190 45,199 a 3,015 107 27,850 2,557 NN 71,999 4,379 177,426 9,350 3 COren oo... TRB i ge eG, SCANT cere etal MOAB oie Cero 151,871 10,615 1,139 124 59 Crevalle _ 204. a A con | BES SNES, er 232,226 9,863 1,734,495 34,700 5 nerve, red and black == 32,165 1,332 96,470 3,347 Eels OES NED SI ie aE 1,500 150 15,535 2,325 Flounders __ 8,175 543 70,762 3,419 4 I a ee aes PAG LC 66,850 3,399 Menhaden __ 90,232,799 480,212 40,707,940 203,639 Mullet: m Fresh 405,855 19,804 495,404 34,365 i Salted rable 22,500 4,000 6,800 760 Perch, white _ SPs (OMe Eee RIN poeta ee, af 95 Pigfish 152,380 4,859 277,835 5,714 L ts i te Rib ac dian re geet acts ie puma gd Sg P i Pinfish 18,380 238 1,060 40 ba Pompano __ 2,768 332 15,360 1,501 5 Mb Sea Bass 59,650 5,763 102,265 8,217 : Shad Bae er ae 53,994 13,753 103,319 26,044 ? 100 Sheepshead 17,099 988 136,185 2,322 y 300 Spanish Mackerel . 115,330 ‘11,372 131,175 13,568 ba a 792,565 11,372 766,248 17,919 ps Squeteague —_ 1,584,096 122,323 1,234,190 85,772 8 Striped Bass 995 133 35,990 6,502 eiurseon ____ 540 27 lg Le encode 186 Suckers sain ict: pusicebicuac oF aka GROIN ic = sed Yellowtail - 8,108 229 Loe ee WS Shrimp 450,108 9,385 252,792 8,606 150 Crabs: a 2,000 OO ae a ae Soft 233,665 23,811 181,996 27,673 Terrapin 60 We Turtles 7,500 4.4, 300 (| ee 47,176 8,103 115,192 26,292 Oysters ___ 879,977 31,925 1,592,906 89,602 Scallops __ 415,572 30,768 554,574 46,214 mere mides 19,125 RG ok REG et Missed Other aquatic hides = 1,050 BE. > dmeanennas is nn OF “Marth” 319,070 7,892 I eae ear oe ee as 1,100 33 aot § Cate hie Pee 190,650 10,971 Snapper ___ re ek ese 1,200 84 Tautog ants 75 5 Total 196,479,790 $857,827 49,765,511 $739,363 30 CARTERET County: ECONOMIC AND SociaL CARTERET COUNTY COMPARED WITH THE TOTAL FOR NORTH CAROLINA IN THE NUMBER OF POUNDS OF FISH FOR 1918 AND 1923 ACCORDING TO THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VARIOUS FISHES i 7 CARTERET COUNTY NortH CaroLina aren * SPECIES ES fee ncixe ARE 1918 | 1923 1918 1923 1918 | 1923 Ringlees 75,636 24,850] 14,473,820] 6,522,397) .5 3 Rinefish —_ 261,055 511,190 322,055 896,694} 80.7 | 57. Butterfish ——. 71,999 177,426 731,257 298,990 9.9 | 59.5 ae 47,176 155,192 197,576 263,536) 24. 43.7 wane 235,665 181,996 379,310 513,646] 62. 35.3 Menhaden ____| 90,232,799 | 40,707,940 179,910,599 | 63,289,940} 50.2 64. eee 428,355 502,204, 1,128,029 1,749,712) 38. 28.8 Oysters 879,977 1,592,906} 1,518,724 3,917,396] 58. Al. Scallops: —__ 415,572 554,574 422,832 554,574 98. |100. NE occ 53,994 103,319} 1,657,036 2,370,234) 3.2 A OG hie ee 729,565 766,248} 1,236,095 1,751,723) 64.2 4.4 Squeteague __| 1,584,096 1,234,190} 3,361,246 3,984,347, 42.2 | Sl. Striped Bass __ 995 35,990 286,538 477,001 = 7.5 The United State Biological Station The Bureau of Fisheries established a station on Piver’s Island in 1902. The laboratory was established primarily to furnish aid to the fishing industry but it also serves as a laboratory for students doing scientific investigation. A terrapin hatchery is operated here in an effort to restock the marshes of North Caro- lina with the diamond back terrapin. Some recent investigations directed from Piver’s Island are: The Mullet Investigation, Investigation of Summer Fisheries of Pamlico Sound, and Investigation of the Scallop Problem. Owing to the rapid decrease of the mullet in North Carolina, the United States Bureau of Fisheries started an investigation in 1925 under the direction of Mr. Elmer Higgins. Before any steps could be taken to conserve the mullet it was necessary to learn its life habits. In connection with this a tagging experi- ment was put on in which 3,000 fish were tagged. As yet no recommendations have been offered for the regulation of the fishery. During the summer of 1925 the Bureau of Fisheries with the cooperation of the State Fish Commission investigated the action of pound nets and long haul seines on fish. The results were that, of the two species forming the bulk of the catch in pound nets, grey trout and harvest fish, about half were under the marketable size, while practically no destruction occurs by long haul seins CarTERET County: Economic AND SociaL 31 until October. The wastage of the pound nets occurs during June, July, August, September, and October. The State Fish Commission, upon recommendation, passed a ruling establishing a me closed season on pound nets until August Ist. During 1925 such heavy rains occurred that the scallops were 23 seriously decreased. Accordingly Mr. James S. Gutsell was finally 3 secured by The State Fishery Commission from the Bureau of f Fisheries to work out a solution. After much study of the problem " he recommended a closed season until the scallops had an oppor- 54 tunity to spawn. As a result the season was opened Janury 18th, « § 1926. Although the scallops are small they are found in con- | siderable quantities in some parts of the county. r Scenic Places and Tourist Advantages Carteret County is very fortunate in having very good natural r advantages for pleasure seekers. Its excellent beaches on the sound and ocean attract thousands of people every summer. The prevailing breezes makes a delightful summer resort, while in winter it is warmed by the Gulf stream so that the climate is very enjoyable. The county is on the eastern end of Route 10 ts | thus assuring good roads for those who prefer to motor down. 0} In the waters around Carteret County abound large numbers of ty |} fish that are sought for by many sportsmen during the summer. is} The sounds and rivers offer a feeding ground for countless num- t- |) bers of ducks and geese. Many sportsmen come each year to take advantage of the opportunities that nature affords them here. re: Fort Macon, near Beaufort, is one of the historic spots in of) North Carolina. Fort Macon had its origin in 1755 under the | name of Fort Hampton. Fort Hampton was only a wooden struc- ni, |) ture. In 1836 the fort was rebuilt of masonry and named Fort on | ~=Macon. After its surrender to the Federal forces in 1862 it was ny |? held by a small garrison and finally dismantled. The Federal goy- t)| ernment has recently granted it to the state to be set aside as a State a ri: @ Park. no | eo Ill THE COUNTY’S PEOPLE ALEEZE LEFFERTS The Values of Human Bookkeeping To have a record of Carteret’s people which is based on sta- tistics——to have written down how they have lived, with facts about their homes, health and interests; how they have worked, fished, farmed and manufactured; and how they have progressed from year to year is to view the county as it is and not as one hopes it is or imagines it to be. It is possible also by means of sta- tistics to compare the achievements of Carteret’s people with the achievements of the people of other counties. When Carteret’s citizens are called upon to pass judgment upon county government and county programs of work they must judge the present and future needs of the county by their knowledge of the processes which brought success or failure in the past. Carteret’s successful business men plan their work upon the basis of the facts obtained from good bookkeeping. Cannot a county do the same thing with success? This chapter presents some of the facts about the people of Carteret County. Total Population The one hundred counties of North Carolina averaged 25,591 inhabitants each in 1920. In that year Carteret ranked 68th in population with 15,384. But in the last nine census reports Car- teret has shown a steady increase in population. Only one census report of the fifteen given below shows a decrease in the population of Carteret and that was a decrease of less than one percent in 1840. Carteret annexed a piece of territory from Craven County between a 1880 and 1890 which affected the increase of population shown by the census of 1890. Of the nine North Carolina counties bordering the Atlantic || ocean, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Pamlico, Onslow, Carteret, Pender, || New Hanover and Brunswick, Carteret ranked next to New Han- | | : 7.) Ee . ee over in both population for 1920 and the percentage increase of ; population between 1910 and 1920. New Hanover increased 26 | percent in population during the decade and Carteret 11.7 percent. There were 3,413 families in Carteret occupying 3,231 homes | | in 1920. Of these homes 851 were rented by the families occupy- | ing them and 2,446 homes were owned by the families, or in other | words, 76 percent of the homes in Carteret are owned by the families occupying them. The following table shows Carteret’s population by decades since 1790. TOTAL POPULATION OF CARTERET COUNTY: 1790-1923 Percent Increase Year Population or Decrease Carteret North Carolina sta- ee, bout SESE % 17.6 21.4 SS a 9.6 16.2 i Ce CB OD 12.1 15.0 ee CR S07 17.6 15.5 ee CO — .001 2.1 sta- SSE ee eee |e 5.3 15.3 Senne 2 |. 17.9 14.2 » |, 25 10.0 7.9 ee: 9,784 8.5 30.7 nent ee 10,825 10.5 15.6 SSE |e | 9.1 17.1 » ff 13,776 16.6 16.5 ee) ee 15,384 11.7 16.0 ful ES iris IRON ined * Territory was annexed from Craven County between 1880 and 1890. with I +t The figures for 1923 are estimated by the Bureau of Census. Townships According to the last United States Census report there were : vhirteen townships in Carteret County. Nine of them were official- | iy numbered and four were townships created since 1910 from I ine parts of adjoining townships. The townships are: White Oak (1), Car Morehead (2), Newport (3), Beaufort (4), Straits (5), Smyrna nu) (6), Hunting Quarters (7), Portsmouth (8), Merrimon (9). ition Harkers Island Township and Carteret Township were organized s4)| from parts of Straits Township; Cedar Island Township was ween’ | OTganized from a part of Hunting Quarters Township; and Har- wn’ lowe Township was organized from a part of Newport Township. > These last four townships created since 1910 have not been ant’ Officially numbered. The population figures for the townships in the rider’ following table will include any town or village within them. The Ve Har) table shows the trend of population for the nine townships from 1900 to 1920. ole Carteret County: Economic anp SocIau 33 ~ ss APA WRstt st jese 34 CarTEeRET County: EcoNoMIC AND SociaL POPULATION OF TOWNSHIPS WITH PERCENTAGE INCREASE AND DECREASE: 1900-1920 Percent Increase 1910 Percent Increase 1900 Townships 1920 or Decrease or Decrease ft, | es, 881 —l1.9 1,000 9.7 912 Morehead _.._----- 3,867 24.3 3,109 37.7 2,259 Newport ____ 1,093 — 9.8 1,212 2.6 1,181 Beaufort —____—__ 4,099 18.4 3,459 11.5 3,012 & Giree (aie 905 —37.4 1,445 18.0 1,224 | Smyrna ——____ 894 —20.7 1,254 16.0 1,081 Hunting Quarters — 1,724 1.4 1,700 11.2 1,520 § Merrimon _....------ 455 9.6 ALD5 39.0 472 *Portsmouth Cedar Island Sra yi 376 Ce cee 5 Harkers Island _..— 681 hates 2 404 * Returns from Portsmouth and Cedar Island made together, 1920. 1900 to 1910, and White Oak and Symrna Townships losing popu- lation from 1910 to 1920. The decreased population of Straits and Newport Townships is perhaps explained by the decrease in territory since 1910. Rural and Urban The United States Census treats as urban all incorporated © places of 2,500 inhabitants or more and the remainder of the © county as rural. Carteret’s population was counted as entirely — rural until 1920. The census for that year gave the urban popu- ® lation of Carteret as 5,926 which was the combined populations ‘t of the two largest towns, Beaufort and Morehead City. In 1920 i the urban population was 38.5 percent of the total population and ) the percent of increase of population of all incorporated places was 29.3 while the percentage increase of open-country population was ( only 12.3 showing a slight trend toward urbanization. F In 1920 North Carolina was 80.8 percent rural and 19.2 per-| cent urban. The United States, on the other hand, for the first’) | time showed a higher urban than rural percentage—51.4 percent against 48.6 percent. PRS MER ars DR Pa TP ARREST EI ST RETIN GET Ne RON enetoste: - a Open-Country Population i; In 1920 the percent of open-country population in Carteret; | was 53.6 percent of the total population. In the state the open — country population was 71.4 percent of the total population. By “open-country” is meant those who dwell for the most part in isolated farm houses. Re cee ee ascertain teat CaS HE EE NER MEDI CarTERET County: Economic anp SociA. 35 EASE The following table gives the open-country population with ig Percentages for the last three decades. OPEN-COUNTRY POPULATION OF CARTERET 912 | 1900-1920 2,254 Percent in Percent Increase 1,18) Year Open-Country Population or Decrease We 7,909 sie of eet tn eee 8,4.09 61.0 6.3 fe a AOE se OS 8,154 53.6 12.3 Ou) ie 41) Carteret shows a decrease in open-country population from 1910 to 1920 and also from 1900 to 1910. This fact further ity that is taking place in Carteret County. Density of Population The total density of Carteret per square mile was 26.8 inhabi- front tants in 1920 while the state averaged 52.5 inhabitants to the opp), Square mile. Carteret’s rural population per square mile was trait 16.5 which was the lowest rate of rural population per square neal mile of the forty-nine counties havin The open-country density per square mile in Carteret in 1920 was 12.7 inhabitants and the open-country contained 53.3 percent of the total population. In the state 71.4 percent of the population lived in the open-country in Race The percentage of Negro population in Carteret has steadily decreased for the last thirty years. The same has been true of _, North Carolina and the United States. In 1920 the Negro popu- nM lation in Carteret had increased only 3 percent above that of 1890 while the white population increased 52 percent during that _ period. in Wise The following table compares the population of the races in _ Carteret and also gives the percentage Negro population in North Carolina and the United States from 1890 to 1920. WHITE AND NEGRO POPULATION OF CARTERET WITH PERCENTAGES FOR N. C. AND U. S., 1890-1920 PERCENTAGE NEGRO IN PoruLaTION ope? Year White Negro Carteret Bn. , 5 pe. A _ = 1890 8,528 2,297 21.2 34.7 11.9 lat’ 1900 9,684 2,127 18.0 33.0 11.6 art = 1910 11,460 2,292 16.6 31.6 10.7 1920 12,962 2,382 15.5 29.8 99 ies 36 CarRTERET County: ECoNOMIC AND SocIAL Foreign-Born Population In the total population of Carteret County in 1920 there were only 24 of foreign parentage and 56 of mixed parentage. In the same year there were only 36 foreign-born whites. The fact that there are no great manufacturing industries in Carteret accounts for the small proportion of foreign-born inhabitants. The native countries of Carteret’s foreign-born population are given in the table below. FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION OF CARTERET COUNTY: 1920 Country Number Country Number Piete ooo ees a Hungary oo ee 1 pn Seana RM, Renae mallet nrO ee | Trelane ago ae 1 Ensieh ee 4 I ls ee eee 1 GOES 1 Netherton’ 25.5555 1 Wh i a _ 4 Seotline Gioia 3 Cee oo a ee China: x PEA Mer as UMeenren ss 1 Nawal oo a Other Counties): oc ce 2 The fact that there are more people from Norway and Sweden than from other foreign countries is accounted for by the fact that they are notably sea-faring people and Carteret is on the sea coast. Sex Carteret County has more males than females according to the census report of 1920. This was true of the state at large which had a ratio of 101.6 white males to 100 white females. SEX RATIOS IN CARTERET COUNTY: 1860, 1920 Males per 100 Females Males Females PS SE os he 7,746 7,638 eed: S00 a 96.8 3.060 3,156 Nate Weue: 1Pa0 2 a a 102.0 6,546 6,414 Native White: 1600: a a ee 3,001 3,063 Foreign-Born White: 1920 _._._-_--_-__...__.. 300.0 27 9 eeeee SOG a ee 1,172 1,213 Deets S000 ce ee 60 93 Total 21 years and over: 1920 ge i 3,901 3,922 Native White, native parentage _.————s«S99.3 3,285 3,306 Native White, foreign or mixed oo ee 166.0 35 21 Foreign-born White —... 000 27 9 ee 533 586 18 to 44 years inclusive: 1920 ss ts«éi9H.O 2,819 2,965 The table shows 102.0 white males to every 100 white females and only 96.6 Negro males to 100 Negro females. The colored women are employed in domestic work and in the canning of sea foods which probably offers better chance of employment than is RO — CO eden fact Sea the hich CarTERET County: Economic anp Socia. 37 offered to the colored men. So far the Negro men have not adapted themselves to the fishing industry very well and they have not found many farms to rent in Carteret County where farms are usually small and cultivated intensively. In 1860 there were 97.9 white males to every 100 white females. The ratio of white males to 100 females has greatly in- creased in Carteret since 1860—a condition which is explained by the fact that there are few industries in Carteret which give regular employment to white women. The number of Negro males per 100 Negro females was only 64.3 in 1860. In 1920 the ratio was 96.9 males to 100 females. Marriage and Divorce The rate of divorce in the state in 1923 was 15.9 mariages per divorce. In 1916 the rate was 31.9 marriages per divorce. The number of marriages per divorce in 1906 was 52.8. The state’s average increase in the divorce rate from 1906 to 1923 was lower than the average increase for the United States. The following table gives marriage and divorce statistics for Carteret County from 1887 to 1923. MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE IN CARTERET COUNTY 1887-1906; 1916, 1922, 1923 Number Number Number of of of Marriages Marriages Divorces per Divorce RE ne 1 79 3 88 1 88 100 3 33.3 111 1 111 94 1 94 pa 94 1 94 129 3 43 : 104 poe na A : 101 1 101 115 2 57.5 ‘ 108 2 54 ins 111 1 111 2 aes 138 4 34.5 ot 137 1 137 ‘ ae 139 4 34.7 a 144 3 48 i de a : 136 path ue. iti a ee 117 10 11.7 SI 106 4 24 NES 138 4 34.5 a § | AMWUuStt / Milsines 38 CARTERET County: EcoNoMIC AND SocIaL In 1922 the number of marriages per divorce in Carteret was 24. In 1923 the number was 34.5 which shows a slight decrease. However, there were only 30 divorces in Carteret from 1887 to 1906, a period of ninteen years, while in the year 1916 alone the number of divorces reached 10. In the two-year period 1922 and 1923, there were 8 divorces which showed a much increased rate of divorce over that of the period from 1887 to 1906. The ten- dencv towards urbanization in the county as shown from the table on rural and urban population has brought increased divorce. Birth Rate The birth rate for the white race and the birth rate for the colored race is approximately the same in Carteret County for the years 1920, 1921, and 1922. The majority of the white race ‘s rural while the most of the Negro race which composes only a small part of the population live in the urban districts. There- fore the birth rates given in the table below are urban for the Negro race and to a large extent rural for the white race. This probably has some effect upon the result shown in the table. BIRTHS AND RATE PER 1,000 OF POPULATION IN CARTERET COUNTY: 1917-1922 WHITE NEGRO Year Number Rate Number Rate Cl, Sie ea eRe Ae SATE 2 29.3 71 29.4 en a er OA tee SE oe a ee ae Re Pe eee j § eee kan LOTS, SRE SEM T TRE ATRE ESTER TO 31.4 84. 35.1 |. ERR RSE NIE Rina eipserers coke saan ees tenn ia cr 468 35.4 82 34.2 ee ee ee Shik 65 27.0 BIRTHS BY SEX AND COLOR FOR CARTERET COUNTY: 1917-1919 W HITE NEGRO Year Male Female Male Female a a a a ee ee 188 38 So |} EE ALES Se END Some aT Mere 183 44, 54 I ge ee ee 162 37 38 This table shows that there were more males born among the white race in 1918 and 1919 than females while among the Negro race there were more female than male births. Death Rate The following table gives the number of deaths and the rate of deaths for both the white and the colored race from 1917 to 1922, A RN ENR mn OI OR ANNA A = TE: OES ee eeaicess — _—e a = ¥ ri ‘ate ble 51 ate ‘ 04 WHITE AND NEGRO DEATHS AND RATE PER 1,000 POPULA- TION IN CARTERET COUNTY: 1917-1922 Wuire NEGro Year Number Rate Number Rate a ee |) 11.2 47 19.5 ie 14,1 87 Satins hie EE 180 11.6 50 iia 1920 ___ Poe ae 13.4 158 31.4 EES SET Ee RD | 11.4 140 16.7 i ni 11.0 34 14.1 Considering the small percentage of N egro population in Car- teret County, the deaths shown in the tables for the Negro infants under one year of age and under five years of age, make a much higher rate of deaths than for the white infants of the same ages. This is seen from the tables which follow: DEATHS AND RATE PER 1,000 POPULATION OF INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR OF AGE IN CARTERET COUNTY: 1917-1922 WHITE NEGRO Year Number Rate Number Rate ES, | 53 11 155 a nS, 100 20 204 ee 100 14 187 Sa a eS, y i 66 1] 131 i ae 79 9 110 Ee es 89 4, 62 DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE BY AGE AND RACE IN CARTERET COUNTY: 1923 Under one One Two Three Four Race Total Year Year Years Years Years White 4,2 29 10 2 1 0 Negro 9 6 1 2 0 0 Health Carteret organized a Department of Health in cooperative agreement with the State Board of Health on September 1, 1922, but this was discontinued March 1, 1923. During the time that work was reported the budget, expenditures, cost equivalents and average earnings were as follows: Cost Average Budget Expenditures Equivalents Earning $1,666.66 $2,555.07 $3,288.45 $1.27 Carteret should not be satisfied with less than the best which can be secured in behalf of the health of her citizens. The health of Carteret’s citizens means wealth to the county and progress to CartTERET County: Economic anp SociaL 39 = “ea AMWUuStYs 40 CARTERET County: EcoNoMIC AND SOCIAL the county’s enterprises. The money spent on health is not a charitable gift to the needy when a county has an organized health force; it is rather an investment which will add money to the county's treasury. Therefore Carteret which prides itself upon being a popular summer-resort section of the state must not neg- lect its health program. Crime In Carteret County In the following tables comparing crime in Carteret County for the ten-year periods ending June 30 in 1914 and 1924, re- spectively, it should be kept in mind that: 1. The population of the county increased about 15 per- cent over the ten-year period. Changes in the statutes increased the number of criminal acts that could be committed, for example, the prohibition law and changes in the definition of assault and battery. The increasing complexity of urban life has brought a con- sequent loosening of communities and the increase of petty crimes. 4. Stricter enforcement may mean more prosecutions for fewer crimes, This is especially true of the law against carrying concealed weapons. CRIMINAL CASES DISPOSED OF IN CARTERET COUNTY DUR: ING THE FALL AND SPRING TERMS OF THE SUPERIOR COURT: 1913-14, 1923-24. 1913-1914 1923-1924 43 27 pag ge EE SEA ROME OE EE ot ee TE 69 1 RATER TEN a RO I Pa a Rae 70 Acquitted _ Nolle pros a eee CarTERET County: Economic AnD SocIAL 4] CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS WITH WHICH DEFENDANTS WERE CHARGED DURING THE FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1914 AND 1924 Charged With 1913-1914 1923-1924 Assault (inc. assault and battery) = 1 I eae ees CS eee Athen iehae teste 2 ] 0 5 Deeneie With deadly weapon... st 9 SE SATE a Carrying concealed weapons ts 2 gh et a ee ae Disposing of mortgaged property __§ 0 SEE SE a en G6 Sa tery 2 Ym rg EEO ae AMET CURE ATL EA ee wronetty 0 Intoxicating liquors _.. 0 ete ee ae Oe mauraer: Second Degree ss 1 2 8 1 5 1 2 2 1 0 ] 1 1 1 0 5 1 4 2 37 8 I ey 0 0 0 2 2 a 1 OEE ee ea rene ESET GTO 1 UGS Na ea OSA NEI 14 Does Carteret Read? Carteret County ranked 28th in 1924 in the number of in- habitants per county circulation of eight National magazines with 17.1 inhabitants per magazine. The eight national magazines are: The Ladies Home Journal, McCall’s Magazine, Cosmopolitan, The Saturday Evening Post, the American Magazine, The Literary Digest, The Youth’s Companion and The Woman’s Home Compan- ton. And although Carteret is largely rural it ranked 96th in 1924 in the number of inhabitants per county circulation of three farm periodicals with 53.7 inhabitants per paper. These periodicals are: Farm and Fireside, The Country Gentleman, and The Progres- sive Farmer. Total Illiteracy ten years of age and over. Of the counties adjoining Carteret, Pamlico has a lower percentage with only 7.6 percent. The percent of male adults in Carteret 21 years of age and over who are illit- erate is 12.4, and the percent of females is 13.3. Between 16 and 20 years of age inclusive only 64, or 4.5 percent, are illiterate. Only =f) AMWUBI? CarTERET County: EcCoNoMIcC AND SociaL wer percent—this was Pamlico with White Illiteracy Of white illiterates in Carteret, ten years of age and over, in 1920 there were 754 or 7.8 percent of the white population ten years of age and over. Of the adjoining counties Pamlico and Craven have lower rates, Pamlico with 5.6 and Craven with only 3.3 percent. Of white male illiterates, 21 years of age and over, Carteret has 10.7 percent while Pamlico has 7.3 and Craven only 6.3 percent. The same is true of white females, 21 years of age and over,—Carteret has a percentage of 10.4 while Pamlico has 8.5 and Craven 4.6 percent. New Hanover ranks first in the state in white literacy of population 10 years of age and over, having only 1.8 percent illiterate. Negro Illiteracy Of the Negro population 10 years of age and over, 336 or 21.3 percent are illiterate. Of the adjoining counties only Pamlico has a lower rate with 11.5 percent. The number of male illiterates, 21 years of age and over, is 147 and the number of female illiterates, 21 years of age and over, is 177. The Negro population constitutes only a small percent of the population of Carteret, only 15.5 per- cent in 1920. These rates of Negro illiteracy are smaller than those of adjoining counties except that of Pamlico. Non-Voting In Carteret County The average number of votes cast in Carteret County in 1920 for Governor, United States Senator, Congressman, and President of the United States was 4,353. In 1924 the average number cast was 4,044 for the same four officials. The total number of quali- fied voters in Carteret County in 1920 and 1924 is not available but reckoning all inhabitants 21 years of age and over in 1920 as eligible to vote, there would be 7,823 eligible, 6,591 of which are white. Reckoning on the basis of the native white population alone, only 66 percent of the citizens of Carteret voted in 1920 while upon the basis of the possible eligibles in the total popula- tion in 1920 only 55.6 voted. In 1924 the average number of votes cast was 309 less than in 1920 which would make the per- centage voting in 1924 show a marked decrease since the popula- tion had increased considerably since 1920. va, wn ro bo — lan 7 ent ast i CarTERET County: Economic anpD SociaL 43 Non-voting is at present assuming serious proportions in all sections of the United States. Collier’s Magazine has pointed out the “descending curve of American Democracy” by revealing recent voting history as follows: In 1896—80 percent of eligibles voted. In 1900—73 percent of eligibles voted. In 1908—66 percent of eligibles voted. In 1912—62 percent of eligibles voted. In 1920—50 percent of eligibles voted. In 1924, in spite of an intensive campaign by the National League of Women Voters and other organizations, only 51.2 percent of all qualified voters in the United States voted. That our people should resume their responsibility of voting is apparent. The table following gives the number of votes cast for four dif- ferent officials in 1920 and 1924. THE VOTE FOR GOVERNOR OF NORTH CAROLINA IN CARTERET COUNTY: 1920, 1924 Total vote: 1920 4,386 Cameron Morrison (D) 2,094 John J. Parker (R) 2,292 Total vote: 1924 4,145 A. W. McLean (D) 2513 I. M. Meekins (R) 1,832 THE VOTE FOR UNITED STATES SENATOR IN CARTERET COUNTY: 1920, 1924 Total vote: 1920 4,383 Lee S. Overman (D) 2,094 A. E. Holton (R) 2,289 Total vote: 1924 4,133 F. M. Simmons (D) 2,311 A. A. Whitener (R) 1,822 THE VOTE FOR UNITED STATES CONGRESSMAN IN CAR- TERET COUNTY: 1920, 1922, 1924 Total Vote: 1920 4,357 Samuel Brinson (D) 2,077 Richard L. Herring (R) 2,280 Total Vote: 1922 4,146 C. L. Abernathy (D) 2,583 Thos. J. Hood (R) 1,563 Total Vote: 1924 3,769 C. L. Abernathy (D) 2,213 W. H. Fisher (R) 1,556 <3 me S| AMWHUETs 4.4 CarRTERET County: EconoMIc AND SociaL THE VOTE FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES IN CARTERET COUNTY: 1920, 1924 Total Vote: 1920 4,385 James M. Cox (D) 2,070 Warren H. Harding (R) 2,315 Total Vote: 1924 4,130 John W. Davis (D) 2,261 Calvin Coolidge (R) 1,854 Robert M. La Follette (1) 15 Leisure Time Activities In the summer Carteret abounds in places of amusement and sports from the gay palilions at Atlantic View Beach to the quiet summer cottages along Pamlico Sound. Swimming, sailing, and fishing are good everywhere on the shore line and it is said that no family in Carteret lives more than two miles from the water, thus everybody may enjoy it at will. The beaches are all free and as fine as any on the Atlantic coast, and gasoline launches are plen- tiful enough to carry everybody to and from the beaches whenever picnics, sailing parties or swimming is at hand. Also, in winter, the creeks and bays are the resort of thousands of wild geese and ducks which make the hunting clubs along the sound and beach quite popular places for sportsmen. The larger communities of Carteret have well organized social groups such as community clubs and woman’s clubs which plan leisure-time activities like ice-cream suppers, bazaars, and musical and dramatic programs. They also invite and sponsor Chatauqua and Lyceum entertainments and cooperate with the schools in giv- ing support to their clubs and basketball and baseball teams. The school buildings serve as community centers in all the smaller towns and villages. There the various clubs, fraternal lodges, and Parent-Teacher’s Associations meet for work or for en- tertainment in the auditorium of the building. Home talent puts on entertainments here of music, plays, oyster suppers and _ holi- day socials and here also the traveling speaker, artist, politician or magician meets the people at their leisure. Probably the most distinctive social of the smaller community of the tide-water section, however, is the oyster roast down at the water’s edge on a moon- light night. This is the party that only a native can appreciate. Bene ees Pa a ‘ Beh ae ae ‘Sen CarTERET County: Economic AND SOCIAL 45 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1. United States Census, Population, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910 and 1920, Estimates since 1920; Marriage and divorces, 1908, 1916, 1922, Preliminary reports, 1923, 1924; Birth Statistics, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922; Mortality statistics, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914. 2. Atlas of Agriculture, 1919, Part 9, Rural Population and Organization, Section 1, Rural Population, United States Department of Agricul- ture, Washington. 3. Annual Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics, North Carolina State Board of Health, 1923, Raleigh. 4. Biennial Report of the Attorney General of the State of North Caro- lina, 1912-1914, 1922-1924, Raleigh. 5. House, R. B., The North Carolina Manual, 1925, North Carolina State Historical Commission, Raleigh. 6. 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PS ¥'98 PPL £6 0'OT 692% g8 992 L'6 os 9°08 taquinu ‘¢z6T ‘uoryeyndod jo ogofoT aod SOsRvasIp yeosousa Jo SasBvo peyodaa jo gaquinu 9y} Jaquinu~~-~ S261 heaiwsrietet JO 0O0‘OOT 19d stsopnos9q -n} Aivuouynd wor syyvap jo Jaquinu 9y} 8aIDY asvasig” Jaquinu S261 ‘SYWIG OOOST 19d YQAIG -p[ryo ye sioyjour jo syyvap Jo soquinu ay} dequinu “~~ §Z6T “sy yIq OOO'T tad aBv Jo avac 9uo Japun s}URjJUT JO syyvap Jo aaquinu ayy qoquinu “~~~ §Z61 ‘uorye—ndod o1saN ayy 107 SJUBPGVYU OOO'T Jad syyeap Jo zaquinu ayy iaquinu 6261 ‘uoTjepndod ayy ay} 10] syUBIIqeYUL YOO*T Jed syyvap jo azaaquinu ayy Jaquinu © $261 “uoryerndod [e}03 ayy IOJ syuLpqeyur OOO, tad syjeap jo zaaquinu ay} Jaquinu ~ ~ $361 ‘uoryerndod [e307 ayy 40] SyUByIqeyul 000°T aed Sy}Alq Jo Jaquinu 9y} laquinu ~~~ Zo6L ‘uot erndod [Bind 9G} TOF SyyIq OOO'T J9d 93v Jo avad 9uo Japun syuezuy JO syjvep jo Jaquinu ay} Jaquinu —---~-~ 2 oc61 ‘uorjyerndod jeans 9y} 10; syyeep 0OT Jed syjarq jo Jaquinu oq} Jaquinu ~~ 2261 “uorzerndod jeans ayy IOJ syuByTqsyU! OQOOT Jed syyvop jo saquimu ou} joquinu ~~ 1261 ‘uornendod yeins ay} 10] SyuByqeyur OOO'T Jod syjarq Jo saqunu ay} UT Jaquinu ~~~ Z26T ‘Uoryeyndod [eani ay} 103 S}UBPTQeYyU! OOO'T Jed syjitq Jo saquinu ay} uy sya puv syrug eng eneennneteneeneereeeeeeee UV TNOLLEV J SiIWRTrOYp FWeRT *JeITeast AOOPINO PuVN BuIOFYT 2 i awe WI9T a aie puzg ie . 2 ae PAgL Sees U16F a 2 aa 962 er ee 5 ae See 199 | eee 4192 rae UIPE regs UIL9 suey §.}919}189 IV WEALTH AND TAXATION EE: C. W. Lewis. ' oy It is the object of this chapter to give a review of the wealth t resources of our county. The chapter is based on the table to t be found at the close which compares Carteret in various par- ticulars with each of the 100 counties of North Carolina. if ASSESSED VALUATION OF PROPERTY: 1902-1925 V Year Valuation \ TOON ee ee prema ch, $ 1,016,683 s |) | Stee aeR Maroy enemies Onis fF 2,140,374 5 WA8 ee 3,751,709 5 | 10 i a ee 14,175,841 5 | SOE oe 13,619,389 s | 1 oe _ 12,861,389 Be a SMMC ENS ot a IONE ee ee 12,086,497 a The above table shows that Carteret’s taxable wealth rose from $1,016,683 to $14,175,841 over a period of 18 years, from 1902 through 1920. In 1920, taxable property reached its highest mark and from this year to 1925 the value of taxable property has i a dropped from $14,175,841 to $12,086,497. In this period from . ( 1920 through 1925 the wealth of the county has decreased Fz $2,089,344. There are two reasons for the gradual decrease in $ taxable wealth. The first cause was the revaluation of 1919 which t ¢ came at a time of abnormally high land values. Since 1919 the ( county officials have found it necessary from time to time to change ; e the ratio of assessed valuation to real valuation. The county ofh- cials did this because they knew that some of the values placed on | $ property were higher than the real value of the property. The sec- ; ond cause of the decrease in taxable wealth since 1919 is the deterio- , ration of the value of the property. Such property buildings, ‘ 0 boats, farms and machinery deteriorate when left idle and not | repaired. When compared with other counties Carteret ranks low in 6 wealth. In 1917, Carteret ranked 77th among the counties in : ; taxable wealth. Durham led with $804 per inhabitant, Carteret | had $267 per inhabitant, Dare was at the bottom with $391 per in- | habitant. In 1923, Cartret ranked 56th among the counties in taxable property. Durham led with $1930 per inhabitant, Car- — teret had $876 per inhabitant, Wilkes was at the bottom with $465 per inhabitant. In 1925, Carteret ranked about 60th among the counties of the state with 755.40 per inhabitant. Set seule eee eats CarTERET County: Economic AND SociaAL 51 For the taxable property of the white people of Carteret in 1921 we ranked 66th with an average of $1,016 per white inhabi- tant. This was just a little above the state average of $1,009 per white inhabitant. In negro taxable wealth per inhabitant we ranked 8th with an average of $187. The state’s average in this particular was $135. FACTORS OF CARTERET’S WEALTH: 1925 rr in weer DPODERY 451,000.00 RO i eee 10,116,271.00 rn em SEE ee eee 526,000.00 nr Gem O SOPGUNI 1,690,760.00 I 475,613.00 I A i et 1,999,062.70 rr ne WU SOUR eg 1,850,650.00 rn me eee OrOuriy 6,985,096.00 meme Of Gli fish and products (19238) ss 739,363.00 eeument i Oth industry (1918) = iti‘ t 1,475,828.00 I? i ee 1,781,946.00 Value of all products manufactured = s—s—‘CsS 1,146,858.00 Personal Property Under this head all property is included except land, buildings, and permanent improvements. In 1925, personal property in Carteret County was valued at $729,053.00 or $45.50 per in- habitant in the county. In 1921, according to the report of the State Department of Revenue, Carteret ranked 73rd among the counties of the State in personal property per inhabitant. Durham County led with $1,480 per inhabitant. Carteret had $161 for each inhabitant, and Macon was lowest with $93 per inhabitant. The state’s average of personal property for each inhabitant was $252. Real Property Carteret occupies an area of 252,965 acres. There are fifty other counties which have a larger acreage than Carteret. Robe- son is the largest with 567,513 acres and the smallest is Chowan with 109,810 acres. The total value of land in Carteret was $2,993,060 in 1920. It was $10,006,334 in 1924, and $10,116,271 in 1925. When the value of real property in our county was compared with other counties of the State in 1920, we were found to rank 59th. Buncombe ranked first with $7,664,587. Dare ranked lowest with $474,859. In 1924, Pitt ranked first with $27,657,466. Carteret ranked 54th with a total value of $10,006,334. Clay ranked lowest with $1,278,459. a “#3 AMWUHESAT? CarTERET County: Economic AND SOCIAL The number of town lots in 1920 were 2,242; in 1924, 3,344, In a period of four years Carteret County has gained over one thousand town lots. In 1920, Buncombe ranked first in the value of town lots with $13,484,771. Carteret ranked 41st with $1,097, 840 and Clay ranked lowest with $22,336. In 1924, Mecklen- burg ranked first with $66,138,499, Carteret ranked 35th with $3,671,189, and Clay was at the bottom with $67,594. Agricultural Wealth There has been something like a three million dollar increase in the value of farm property over a period of six years in Car- teret County. In 1919, the value of all farm property was $3,002,241. At this time the County ranked 93rd among the other counties of the state. Pitt ranked first with $44,937,177 as the value of all farm property. Dare was at the bottom with $184,893. In 1925, the value of all our farm property was $6,985,096. This three million dollar increase was due to the use of improved methods of farming and of planting more and larger money crops. Value of Farm Land he value of farm land in Carteret County has increased about six million dollars during a period of fourteen years. In 1909, Buncombe County led with $5,708,474 as the value of all farm land. Carteret ranked 81st with $927,939 as the value of all farm land. Dare County was ranked the lowest with $350,163 as the value of her farming land. In 1923, Mecklenburg County led with $24,734,106. Carteret ranked 58th with $6,118,801. Clay County ranked lowest with $1,278,459. Farm Machinery and Implements Along with the increase in farm land has come an increase in the value of farming utensils. This is proof that the farmers are keeping up with the modern method of farming. The use of machinery has to some extent taken the place of farm labor. The farmers have made a good increase over a period of fourteen years, but there is yet a great deal of room for improvement. In 1909, Swain County ranked first with $240,796 invested in farm im- plements. Carteret ranked 90th with $29,467 and Dare ranked lowest with $1,275 as the value of farming utensils. In 1923, Guil- ford County led with $6,602,474, Carteret ranked 60th with $376,480, and Graham County ranked the lowest with $51,205. 2S 53 344, Carteret’s increase in the value of farming utensils over a period of ‘ fourteen years was $347,013. alle 097, Value of Livestock len- § The value of live stock in the county has increased at a slow vith’ rate when compared with other counties. During a period of five | years we have increased the value of livestock over $200,000. This is too small an increase for Carteret when the opportunities of our county are considered. If the people of the county would only look around them they could turn much idle land into livestock wealth. ‘In 1920, Johnson County led in livestock wealth with $2,111,555. _ We were way down near the bottom with a rank of 92nd and a rate the) of $195,742 for our livestock wealth. Dare ranked lowest with a | yate of $41,163 as the value of livestock. Our value of livestock vit)? in 1925 was $395,815. . Value of Crops Carteret does not produce as mnch wealth as it should from its farms. We rank very low in money making crops. It is possible for our county to rank among the first in farm wealth because _ the soil is capable and will produce almost any crop on a good yield out basis. 09, In 1919, Robeson County led all the other counties in the state Neil ’ in crop values with a rate of $22,955,950 for all crops. We ranked iri : 79th with the rate of $1,580,851 for all crops. Dare was the low- the! est with a total crop valuation of $40,384. led Carteret had 858 farms in 1919 and produced $1,981 worth of 4) agricultural wealth per farm. The state average for each farm ' was $2,104 of agricultural wealth. If the money received from the crops of the county in 1919 had been divided among each male farmer, each would have received $408, just about enough to buy a y Ford car. That is what many of the farmers did and their year's _ expenses went unpaid. ve CARTERETS AGRICULTURAL WEALTH ol 1919 1925 1) Value of all farm property ______ _-...$ $9,002.24) $ 6,985,096 ‘\)\ Value of all ee Orne a i‘ ~Value of livestock per farm 375.00 461.32 Ne ee 858 910 School Wealth In the school year of 1913-14, Carteret had $2.19 invested in school property for each inhabitant. Our rank in this particular was 75th, Durham ranked first, and Tyrell ranked last with $.44 “es AMYWuUustt 54 CaRTERET County: EcoNoMIC AND SociaL per capita. In the school year 1923-24, Durham ranked first with the rate of $40.08 per inhabitant. Our rank in this particular was 11th with the rate of $28.00 per inhabitant. Clay’s rank was at the bottom with the rate of $4.38 per capita. N In the school year of 1923-24, Buncombe County led all the — counties in the value of school property with the rate of $2,486,075. k In this particular our county ranked 36th with $435,500 as the a value of all school property. Clay ranked the lowest with $48, | | 380.26 as the value of all school property. In the school year 5 | 1924-25 the value of all school property was $451,000. The school 1 property has increased $15,500 in value during the period of one year. Taxation Taxable wealth and taxes have greatly increased in the county g during the past fourteen years. In 1910, the total taxable wealth 4 was valued at $2,226,658 and the tax rate was $.70 on the $100 | valuation. In this year, 1910, Carteret collected $33,127.89 in property taxes. The county paid $481 of the amount collected to fi the State. In 1924, the taxable wealth of the county was valued at $12,205,176. The tax rate was $1.50, not including the school tax. The county collected $230,663.79 from taxes and paid $2,325.40 to the State. In fourteen years the county has increased $9,928, 518 in the value of taxable wealth. The tax rate has been in- creased $.80 on the $100 valuation during this period of fourteen — years. The county’s tax collections has increased $187,535.90 — over the period of fourteen years. In 1912, the total tax burden — for each inhabitant was $1.81; in 1922, the tax burden for each ! inhabitant was $6.35. Thus over a period of ten years the tax } burden has increased $4.54 for each inhabitant of the county. In 1919, Mecklenburg ranked first in the amount of income taxes collected. In this year Mecklenburg paid $24,119.12. Carteret ranked 44th on the income tax collection by paying $589.67. Alleghany County was ranked the lowest in income tax ~ collections with only $1.50. In 1922, Mecklinburg ranked first ie again by paying $80,695. Our county ranked 37th and paid ki $15,759 in income taxes. Clay ranked the lowest with only $4,646. & par SALARIES OF COUNTY OFFICIALS 1 County auditor Clerk of court | | | | | | A be S aR Re Beate Carteret County: Economic anp Socia. th Fisheries ag COMPARATIVE TABLE OF WEALTH FROM FISHERIES at 1918 1923 wasme Of fish and products $ 857,828 $ 739,363 mmaver Of pounds caught _.. 196,479,790 49,765,511 ae aime of the vessels $ 1,475,828 j 5 @ Value of manufacturing plant ss $ 576,893 ; The fishing industry in Carteret County contributes a large 8; portion of the county’s wealth. The value of the fish caught in t | 1918, was $379,363. In this same year $1,475,828 was invested 0 in the fishing industry for the county. | Banks and Bonds BANKING WEALTH 1923 1925 ty I Tf 5 5 th |} Number of inhabitants per bank ss 3,000 3,200 0 = ee Oe Pome Sams $ 167,326.23 en eee LL 1,607,350 $ 1,690,760.14 in to Carteret has five banks as follows: Beaufort Banking and Trust st || Company, Bank of Beaufort, Bank of Morehead City, Marine Bank , | Of Morehead City, and Bank of Newport. In 1925, the total y | bank surplus was $167,326.23, or an average of $10.75 per inhabi- 3 tant. The bank capital per inhabitant in 1923, was $9.82. At this , . time Carteret ranked 59th among the counties. Mecklenburg led _ with $96.27 per inhabitant. Caswell County was at the bottom with $1.32 per inhabitant. In 1923, New Hanover led other counties in per capita bank re- sources with $522.65 per inhabitant. Our county ranked 50th with $103.73 per inhabitant. Brunswick County ranked last with _ only $10.21 per inhabitant. In 1925, the total bank resources of a the county were $1,690,760.14 or $108.35 per inhabitant. Bonded Debt In 1923, Lenoir County ranked first among the counties in per capita bonded debt with $74.40 per inhabitant. Our county _ ranked 11th with $44.80 per inhabitant. Columbus County ranked a the lowest with a rate of $.33 per inhabitant. In 1925 the county -. bonded debt was $1,326,000 or $84.40 per each inhabitant. Our county had a difference in 1925 of $23.95 between per capita bank resources and per capita county bondage. The bank resources were $108.35 per inhabitant and the bonded debt was $84.40 per inhabitant. oe “ea AMWUSTT CarRTERET County: Economic AND SociaL Automobiles AUTOMOBILES, SCHOOLS, AND BANKS 19265 Number of automobiles ———_______ = 561 Amount invested per capita in automobiles —_ $ 28.1 Total amount invested in automobiles 2.4 ee $ 568,000 Total amount invested in schools _._____.__...._ $ 451,000 Total amount bark capital —....._.._...__.__ $ 158,330 The automobile has increased in number very rapidly since 1915. In this year Guilford County led with a total of 985 cars. Carteret ranked 81st among the counties with a total of 27 cars. Graham, Alleghany, and Mitchell ranked the lowest with no automobiles at all. In 1924, Guilford led in the number of cars with 13,790. Carteret ranked 88th in the total number of auto- mobiles with 561 cars. Graham ranked last with only 18 automo- biles. In nine years Carteret has increased the number of autos from 27 to 561. This is an increase of 534 automobiles in nine years. In 1924, the county had invested in automobiles $568,000. Highways HIGHWAY TABLES: 1925 Total wileage 2 290 miles Piura enrisee 2k i ascension ae oe oe a ; 50 miles Soft surface 0 a 240 miles Cost of road later .. ee $ 8,978.82 Cost Of reed supervision 1,598.49 Cost of machinery adnd' material 2 9,334.89 SCG) “Ceasers Wace ec guanar aoe amen i coal $ 19,912.20 Cost of bridges built and under construction ___- 845,000.00 Cost of hard surfuct roads 2000 1,133,150.50 $ 1,998,062.70 In 1925, Carteret spent $19,912.20 for the maintenance of its roads. In addition to this we built 50 miles of hard surface which cost $1,133,150.50. These roads cross several wide streams of water by means of concrete or wood bridges. These bridges num- ber eleven in all, of which eight are wood and three are cement. The wooden bridges cost about $195,000 and all the cement bridges cost about $650,000. The total value of all road work is $1,998,062.70. Railroads Our county has only one railroad system to render service to the people. This system is the Norfolk and Southern Railroad. It has 26 miles of rail which passes through the north central part of the county and ending on the seashore. The value of the railroad equipment for 1925 was $475,673. as Ae if ’ ei r 4 =? “4 AMWUST?T 64 CarTERET County: Economic AND SOCIAL North is well established and the trade in these markets will pay a premium of from 25 to 50 cents per hamper for this type of stock. The Southern yam sells at a discount in the Northern markets be- cause it appeals to a cheaper class of trade and because of its poor quality due to inferior grading and packing. When one storage room is filled in this Beaufort house, the doors are closed and the roof drafts opened, which can be cut’ off by two separate ventilators and the air draft is forced into the room through its slatted floor. This method of curing removes the humidity, which is generally held about 30, and the tempera- ture in all portions of the room is kept even. The house, containing about 21,000 bushels, reduces its over- head per bushel because of the large volume, the insurance is low with the fire outside of the building and with each of the rooms separate. The large volume also assures the buyers of a regular supply, being the equivalent of 40 carloads; and, if well graded and packed, a good reputation will be established, which will bring re- peated orders for the same brand of goods. Mr. G. W. Huntley, of Beaufort, who owns and operates this house, is a far-sighted business man and is keenly interested in the agricultural development of his section; he is trying to create an all-year-round business for Carteret County and thus insure their agricultural prosperity. He deserves the codperation of all public agricultural workers. Wallace Fisheries Company In 1913 the Wallace Fisheries Company was organized with a capital stock of $50,000. The present officers are: Mr. Charles S. Wallace, president, and Mr. W. M. Webb, secretary. The plant, located at Morehead City, has a value of $50,000 with a yearly out- put of $75,000, which consists of fish scrap and oil. The company employs about 20 men. Willis Marine Railways The Willis Marine Railways at Morehead City had its origin in 1910. The plant is valued at $5,000 with a yearly output of about $1,000. Boat repair work forms the output of the plant. Woodland and Company Woodland and Company was incorporated in 1918 with a capi- tal stock of $77,800. The officers are: Mr. J. E. Woodland, presi- dent, and Mr. Gordon C. Willis, secretary. The plant which is valued at $160,000 has an output amounting to $450,000 annually, “83 +) re a AT Top. left—Scene on Old Canal. Top, right—-Scene on New Canal. Middle—Cape Lookout Lighthouse. Bottom—U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. ee Pe oe | en £ Bes E E E ‘ a = 2 e | Recut pee Bae CarTERET County: Economic anp Soctaz 65 consisting of canned vegetables and seafoods. In conjunction with the packing plant the company operates an ice plant and box fac- tory. The plant is located at Morehead City. The Eubank Lumber Company was organized in 1920 by Mr. W. M. Eubanks at Newport. The plant gives employment to about thirty men. SOURCES OF INFORMATION United States Census for 1920. Thirty-fourth Report of the Department of Labor and Printing of the State of North Carolina. 1923-24. Report of the Commission of Revenue of North Carolina. 1924. VI FARM CONDITIONS AND PRACTICES ALEEZE LEFFERTS Agriculture and Manufacturing Farming occupies the time of a great many more people in Car- teret than does manufacturing. The United States Census for 1920 gives the number of individuals who have the responsibility of farms as 858, although, of course, more than 858 people are employed on the farms. The value of the agricultural products in 1920 amounted to $1,700,104. This amount came from the 858 farms which had an average of 20 cultivated acres each. The number of people employed in manufacturing industries in 1920 was 467 and the value of the products of these industries was $1,512,170. While the value of the agricultural products ex- ceeded that of the manufactured products in 1920 the number em- ployed to produce the agricultural products greatly exceeded the number required to produce the manufactured products. Thus while Carteret’s major human interest is rural, manufacturing plays an important part in the county’s economy and deserves our study for that reason. Land Under Cultivation In 1920 only 4.7 percent of the total number of acres in Car- teret County were under cultivation. Of the 366,720 acres of land 69,464 acres were cultivated. In 1910 there were 77,181 acres of Carteret in cultivated lands and in 1900, 74,751 acres. Unimproved Lands By improved lands is meant, according to the Census definition, “all lands regularly tilled or mowed land in pasture, which has been cleared or tilled, land lying fallow, land in gardens, orchards, 7 vineyards, and nurseries, and land occupied by farm buildings.” (| The 1920 Census shows Carteret with 24.9 percent of its total be acreage improved. The state as a whole has an average of 40 per- cent improved lands. The fact that Carteret contains many marsh lands and islands, which are typical of the low coastal region, ex- plains its low percentage of improved lands to some extent. How- jj ever, the percentage is still too low. The number of acres in im- | proved land in 1910 was 20,175 acres and in 1920 only 17,304 acres. |] Only one county has a smaller percentage of land under cultivation CarTERET County: Economic AND SOcIAL 67 than Carteret—this is Dare with only .4 percent of its acreage under cultivation. Carteret’s problem is evident. It must develop its land resources further. Farm Ownership and Tenancy In 1920, 81 percent of the white farmers of Carteret owned the _ farms that they cultivated. In this particular the county ranked as{_ 17th among the 100 counties of North Carolina. Dare county yy ranked first with 96 percent white ownership. Carteret ranked of) 81st in Negro farm ownership in the state with 52.2 percent while _. Dare again led the state. Fe ; Of the 858 farms in the county 20.4 percent or 175 were operated 54 | by tenants in 1920. This rate of tenancy was a decrease, however, from 1910 of 19 percent. Carteret ranked 18th in 1920 among the counties with a decreasing rate of farm tenancy. The state’s average rate of tenancy is 43.5 percent showing an increase of farm tenancy in the state since 1910 of 9.5 percent. The marked de- J _ crease in farm tenancy in Carteret from 1910 to 1920 was due to | There was also a marked decrease in farm acreage. In fact, the - 1910 Census shows the farm acreage then to have been 77,181 ar _ whereas in 1920 it was only 69,464 acres. The farms in Carteret ‘| show a slight increase in size from an average of 78 acres in 1910 - to an average of 81 acres in 1920. This fact might suggest in- A creased farm tenancy but such was not the case. The increase in H size of farms and the decrease in farm tenancy at the same time | may probably be interpreted to mean the increased interest of the q farm owners in this industry. Farm tenancy, although a vital problem, is not the most serious problem in Carteret. The prob- lem with us is the changing of vast acres of rich soil, now lying idle, into farms that will produce wealth. 3 The following table gives the forms of farm tenancy in Car- i teret and the number of tenants employed in each in 1910 and 1920. 4 i FORMS OF FARM TENANCY IN CARTARET COUNTY: 1910, 1920 al 1910 1920 ag eee AONE cs 73 TEC TE AT ORS Sak 86 Share-Cash Tenants _..___—s—‘'12 3 cn ee oat a 18 cer Meters uae NON cigs ae 145 ee a ee 325 ry = =F a8 AMYHSI? CARTERET County: EcoNoMIc AND SocIAL Size of Farms The average size of the 858 farms in Carteret County in 1920 was 81 acres with 20.2 acres of cultivated land per farm. In 1910 the number of the farms was 982 and the average size was 78.5 acres. In the following table the farms of Carteret are classified according to size. CLASSIFICATION OF FARMS IN CARTERET COUNTY ACCORD- ING TO SIZE IN 1910 AND 1920 1910 tinder: & neres 3 eee Sts 0. Bete a ee 10 to 19 acres 90 to 40 acres oe ee BO to OO acted 6k a ea ee 100 to: STs Bere oe 175 to 295 acres 260 to 499 acres : BOG 10 O00 mere!) oa 1,000 and over County average Stete averacé ou. Farm Wealth The total value of all farm property in Carteret in 1910 was $3,002,241 while in 1910 it was $1,492,453 with a greater farm acreage. The ten-year increase in farm wealth from 1910 to 1920 amounted to 100 percent—48 other counties had a larger percentage increase. The state’s average increase in farm wealth for the ten- year period was 134.5 percent. The average value of farm land and buildings in Carteret in 1920 was $2,895 while the state average was $3,990. Carteret ranked 75th in this respect. The value of farm land per acre in Carteret was $27.11 in 1920 while in the state the average value per acre was $42.84. The total value of farm buildings in 1920 was $600,610. In 1910 the value of farm buildings was $389,525 and in 1900 only $168,050. The total agricultural wealth in 1919 was $1,700,104. Eighty- four other counties surpassed Carteret. The production of agri- cultural wealth per farm in 1919 was $1,981, and per rural inhabi- tant, $232. The rural per capita increase from 1910 to 1920 reached 277 percent and Carteret ranked 5th in the state in this respect. The state’s average was 112 percent. Carteret ranked 79th in the total production of crop wealth in 1919 with a crop value of $1,580,851. The crop value per country inhabitant was $216.00 and Carteret ranked 54th in the state. The ere an E crc : Co res 4 (01 4 sto 3a CarTERET County: Economic AND SocIAL 69 state's average was $256.87 per country inhabitant. In 1919 the crop production per farm worker was $1,024 and Carteret ranked 87th. The average for the state was $1,054. The value of the crop yield per acre, in 1919 was $91.33 for Carteret and $61.40 for the state. Carteret ranked 16th among the counties of the state in crop _ yield per acre. This is a significant fact which corresponds with -| the small size of farms and low rate of tenancy already considered. _ It also points out the wealth which might be derived from thousands of acres in Carteret which are not under cultivation. Food and Feed Crops In 1920 Carteret imported food to the value of $1,148,795. Thirty-three other counties imported less. In that year the cereal crop amounted to $163,341; other grain and seed $10,830; hay - and forage $18,955; vegetables $406,656; fruits and nuts $8,155. The total value of the food crop was $607,937 and of the non-food crop $972,914. Grain Corn and oats are the only grains which are raised in Carteret County. In the production of these Carteret ranked 98th and 97th respectively in 1919 with a total production of 83,547 bushels of corn and 885 bushels of oats. These crops are raised as feed for stock chiefly and are not usually money crops. Potatoes In 1919 Carteret ranked 11th in the state in the production of Irish potatoes with a total production of 60,787 bushels. In that » same year Carteret ranked 14th in the production of sweet potatoes | with a total production of 152,505 bushels. The yield per acre of Irish potatoes was 114.6 bushels and the yield per acre of sweet | potatoes was 145.2 bushels. This yield per acre was far above | that of Duplin and Johnson, leading counties in the production of ) Irish and sweet potatoes. The value of these two crops alone in’ Carteret was $213,289 in 1919. Non-Food Crops The cotton crop of Carteret in 1919 amounted to 2,665 bales from 3,849 acres of land. The cotton yield per acre was 366 pounds » and only eleven other counties in the state had a better average yield per acre. The tobacco crop of the same year reached 778,265 pounds from 991 acres—the yield per acre being 785.3 pounds. Carteret ranked 2nd in the state in the production of tobacco per acre in that year. The value of the non-food crops in 1919 was $972,914 a =F ES AMWtirist 70 CarTERET County: Economic AND SOCIAL and in 1922 amounted to 57 percent of the total agricultural wealth produced. Livestock and Livestock Products The total value of Carteret’s livestock in 1919 was $32,750. The horses were valued at $82,587, the mules at $115,600, the cattle at $16,071, sheep at $244, and the swine at $54,018. The value of poultry was $13,421 and bees $1,194. Carteret increased 79 percent in the value of its domestic animals since 1910. The value of livestock per farm in 1919 was only $375. In this Carteret ranked 68th. There were only 424 dairy cattle in the county and the per capita production of butter was .2 pound. The total value of dairy products was $1,041. However, from 1910 to 1920 the increase in number of dairy cattle was 63 percent which shows some improvement over the past. The pork production per capita in 1919 was 78.8 pounds while the state averaged 99 pounds per capita. The total value of chick- ens and eggs produced was $27,566. The egg production per capita was 14.9 dozens and Carteret ranked 98th in that respect among the other counties. The honey and wax produced amounted to $788.00. Farm Implements and Improvements In 1920 the farmers in Carteret had $182,100 invested in farm implements and machinery. This amount equalled $212.00 per farm. The state averaged $202.50 per farm. Thirty-seven other counties invested larger amounts in farm implements per farm than Carteret farmers did. In 1910 the total amount invested in farm implements was $60,420 and in 1900 only $20,890. The increase in the investment in farm implements from 1900 to 1910 was 140 percent and from 1910 to 1920 the increase was 201 percent. ‘These marked increases show the trend to be toward better farming and more professional interest in it. Farm Bookkeeping If the farmers all over Carteret would do better bookkeeping their interest in, and returns from, farming as a business would increase. The United States Census is the only recorder of the crop values for many farmers. Many farmers never know exactly what they spend on their crops, what their family spends, or what their entire crop sells for. They do not know whether the family cost more or the entire crop and farm products brought less when SR SEP oe ie sist aa > 2a SR Rene CarTerRET County: Economic anp Socia. 71 the end of the farming year finds them in debt. Any manufacturing enterprise knows what its plant spends for operation and improve- ments and exactly what the proceeds from all sales amount to. If the average farmer would only consider himself a business man! SOURCES OF INFORMATION United States Census, 1910 and 1920, Agriculture. Tables Compiled in the Department of Rural Social-Economics at the Uni- versity of North Carolina. 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Z1Z‘9FZ | udng L8L'09 | |Speysnq ~~~ ETST ‘UoToNpoad oze}0d ystay uy |———~ UHI —.- ~ ALIAY OSL°SIf | ~uoysuyor COSSEL |Ssfaysnq ~~~ _ EI6T Suotonpoad oyejod yaams up [YET 90L SME | | $96°ZI SINQUYTYOI 8E9 su0p 6 T6L SUOTpONpoid a¥vi0oj pur Aey ay 4186 0°0 19AOURFT MIN 9L2°80I | ~~ Uosuy gs speysng 06 T SUoryoNpoid yo [eo uy |--—"WAL!) ST 0°0 ie ee? RS ydjopury 0 speysng ‘OZ6T ‘yesyA Jo uoTonposd eyideo aad uy fo 4100T the 0°0 err Per Oo UB MOD 0 speysng ~~~ OZé6l fadov aad uoT}ONpoid yeoyM up | YIOOT gooey oye y siege yey niga yey UV TILA J ake. }SIMO'T Sulpea’] S.Jolay1Vg ALNQNQOO LHUALUVO NI SHOLLOVUd GNV SNOILIGNOO WUVd LAOGV SLOVA AO WIAVL [z= ToOs,*4 [roacu wy I AON “> ¥ 22 2° epAH | 1-9 —_ — Be ae pinching nen -s Gnaetaen eens Vil THE LOCAL MARKET PROBLEM H. C. Lay Food Shortage In 1920 the feed and food consumed in Carteret County amount- ed to $1,899,364.50 more than the farmers produced. In other words the total amount of food and feed needed in 1920 was valued at $2,638,787.50 whereas the total produced was only $739,422. During the same year our cotton and tobacco crops amounted to $972,914. It can easily be seen that our cash crops are not paying for our imported food and feed, and that Carteret County’s farms are failing to produce enough to feed our people and animals. It is important to note that Carteret County produces large quantities of fish and that it forms a large part of our diet. Fish was not included in any of these figures because of the lack of statistics. Why Our Farmers Fall Behind The farmers of Carteret County failed to the extent of $1,899,- 364.50 in supplying the food and feed needed, mainly for four reasons: 1. Lack of ready cash markets. Too often we hear farmers say that if they grew food crops, they could not be sold—that there is no demand for them. The merchant claims the western meats and produce are more in demand than home products. But if the farmers would meet the consumer’s needs with meat and vege- tables of good quality there is no reason why he should not have a market for his produce. Carteret County has an ideal climate and soil for raising truck the whole year round and it should supply the market at home and have a surplus. If the farmer would study the demand of the market, producing when the market was not flooded, he would benefit himself as well as his customer. 2. Lack of codperation of farmers in marketing their produce. Until very recently the farmers of Carteret County have codper- ated very little. The farmers should codperate in marketing their produce and in outside markets. Only very recently have there been sweet potato storage houses in the county. These storage houses enable the farmers to hold their crop and make a good profit, otherwise they would all be trying to sell their potatoes at the same time and receiving a correspondingly low price. The Irish potato crop is sold in the late spring for a fairly low price and Carteret County: Economic Aanp SociaL 75 nearly all shipped away from the county. In the winter we need Irish potatoes and pay a high price for them. Why cannot a large part of the potatoes shipped in the spring at low prices be stored for home use? 8. The excessive growing of tobacco and cotton. The growing of cotton and tobacco is carried on very largely because of the fact that the farmer can secure a cash return. From an economic stand- goods as a food supply. Consideration of the kinds of crops plant- ed should precede the investment in labor and money in order to get the maximum returns. 4. General lack of modern methods of cultivation and manage- ment. ‘The deficit in our food supply is not caused by our farmers failing to work or that the soil is poor. Our farmers are usually hard workers and good rich soil is found all over the county. The trouble lies in the fact that the farmer as a general rule does not employ the best methods of farming and in some instances over- works the soil. Too Little Home-Raised Supplies In 1919 Carteret County had to import nearly two thirds of the food and feed consumed by her people. The chances of Car- teret County being a success agriculturally will never materialize unless we discontinue sending away money which should be kept at home. The farmers are giving too much attention to the pro- duction of cotton and tobacco and neglecting the production of food crops. Then too many of the farmers have as their major occupation fishing, tending their farms only when the fishing is poor. According to the annual consumption figures given out by the Federal Department of Agriculture, 2,338,268 pounds of meat were needed in 1920 by the people of Carteret County. Only 1,654,133 pounds were produced at home, leaving a deficit of 684,235 pounds to be imported. Carteret County has ample natural resources to raise hogs, cattle, poultry, and sheep, not only for home use but for ex- portation. Fifty-two counties produced more pork than did Car- teret whose average in 1920 was only 79 pounds per capita. In per capita production of butter, Carteret ranked 97th. In 1919 only .2 pounds of butter per person were produced whereas a minimum of 48 pounds was needed for each person. Carteret needed 123,072 pounds, yet only 4,348 were produced, leaving a swe 76 CARTERET County: ECoNoMIC AND SOCIAL deficit of 118,724 pounds to be imported. There is a growing de- mand for dairy products and Carteret farmers have taken ad- vantage of this opportunity with good results. In 1919, 199,992 fowls were needed for our 15,384 people, while only 13,236 fowls were produced—a deficit of 186,756 fowls. Furthermore 269,220 dozen eggs were needed and only 40,097 were produced, leaving a deficit of 229,123 dozen. Carteret’s rank in egg production was 98th among the counties—we produced only 14.9 dozen per capita. There is always a sure market for poultry and eggs. The fact that many farmers think that poultry raising is not important and leave it for their wives to do partly explains the shortage. Every farm ought to have a large flock of poultry well cared for. Several farmers have made good profits from their poultry yards besides supplying themselves with fresh eggs and poultry. Carteret ranked 95th in corn production per capita in 1919. The crop amounted to 6.1 bushels per capita whereas the amount needed was 31 bushels per person for man and beast. The total production of corn was 83,547 bushels and in this respect Car- teret ranked 98th among the counties. This means a shortage of 393,357 bushels. In 1919 Carteret ranked 11th in the production of Irish pota- toes, producing 60,787 bushels. Since 1919 the farmers have increased their acreage and produce more. Irish potatoes are one of the most important crops in the county. The sweet potato crop for 1919 was 152,562 bushels, Carteret ranking 14th among the counties. The crop for 1925 proved to be the best one in several years. A large potato storage house capable of holding 21,000 bushels of potatoes has been built at Beaufort and has already been filled. These potatoes will sell for an ex- cellent price after the crop has been sold. Carteret County ranked 98th in the production of hay forage, producing only 638 tons in 1919. She also ranked 98th in the number of dairy cattle on farms. Our county had only 424 dairy cattle on the farms in 1919. Carteret needs good cows to produce good milk for growing children and in order to do this there must be raised enough hay and forage to make it profitable to keep cows. Milk is very important for babies and growing children and canned milk is not a good substitute. The lack of milk will make for underweight and poorly developed children. During a recent test of all school children many children in the county were found undernourished and underweight—some children as much as forty pounds underweight. CarTERET County: Economic anp SocIAL 77 Our Livestock Status Carteret County’s farms have very little livestock in compari- son to what they ought to have. Our farms should have 13,893 animal units (a moderately stocked farm means one animal unit for every five acres—a horse, a dairy cow, five hogs, seven sheep, or one hundred hens) while we have only 3,469 animal units leay- ing a deficit of 10,484 animal units. In other words Carteret County is 75.1 percent below the moderately stocked level. The utilization of our idle land by the raising of livestock would go a long ways toward supplying food for home consumption. Suggested Solutions of Carteret County’s Food Need Problem 1. Diversified farming: There is no reason why the farmers of Carteret County should not supply the county with food. The climate affords a long growing season and the soil is very easily cul- tivated. The main difficulty lies in the fact that our farmers may be too content to sit back while growing a cash crop such as cot- ton, tobacco, or potatoes and depend on the town as a source of food, chiefly canned food and staples. Another drawback to the county is the large number of people who fish for a living and do not have an opportunity to raise food stuffs. They use canned goods of all kinds, even canned milk for the baby. The farmer should have a garden to supply the family needs besides a surplus to be marketed in town. 2. More hogs and cattle: With the large acreage of idle land in Carteret County there ought to be a large number of hogs and cattle available for the market each year. As it is now large quanti- ties of meat have to be shipped in each year. Every farmer ought to have a herd of swine, which would be very economical because of the utilization of scraps as feed. According to the North Carolina Crop Report Service for 1921 Carteret County had an acreage of 2,309 acres in peanuts. Hog raising might be very successful in connection with peanut growing. A herd of cattle on every farm would form a source of income for the farmer without much labor at the same time utilizing his idle land. 3. Better banking practices: Large numbers of farmers depend on the banks to carry them over from year to year on the feed and fertilizer bills. The banks could do much to influence farmers to produce more food. The farmer depends too much on cash crops to pay his debts to the supply merchant and to the bank. If the banker would stipulate so many acres in foodstuffs instead of cotton or tobacco as a prerequisite to a loan it would go a long way towards CARTERET County: EcoNoMIc AND SOCIAL solving our food need problem. The banker would lose nothing by this far-sighted policy as the rate of interest would be the same while the farmer would make just as much as if not more, at the same time supplying the demand at home and keeping money in the county. 4. Standardized marketing: A certain standard has to be main- tained in order for produce to demand a uniform price. If the farmers would coéperate and make their products as attractive as possible all the time they would find no trouble in selling their pro- duce, for fresh vegetables are in demand in Carteret County all the year round. The hotels will form a big source of consumption, for since the influx of summer and winter tourists the demand has been very great. SOURCES OF INFORMATION United States Census for 1920. Tables Compiled in the Department of Rural Social-Economics at the University of North Carolina. North Carolina Department of Agriculture Crop Reports. FOOD AND FEED NEEDS AND DEFICITS FOR CARTERET COUNTY (Based on the 1920 Census Report) 1. Food and Feed—Needed: 15,384 people at $155 a year $2,384,520.00 1,171 work animals at $78 a year 121,338.00 424 dairy cattle at $37 a year 15,688.00 1,914 other cattle at $16 a year 30,624.00 112 sheep at $3 a year 336.00 6,096 hogs at $14 a year 85,344.00 13,838 poultry at $.75 a year Total Food and Feed Needed $2,638,787.50 2. Produced: Food and feed crops $ 607,937.00 araaey Ws a a 3,100.00 Poultry products 27,566.00 Honey and wax 788.00 Animals sold and slaughtered 100,031.00 739,422.00 $1,899,364.50 e Carteret County: Economic AND SOCIAL 3. Distribution of food and feed shortage or surplus: (1) Meat needed for 15,384 people at 152 Ibs. Produced: wee puree as 280 Tg, lbs. 98,250 Soe emery at S.5 ibs... Tg 48,433 1,259 other cattle at 350 Ibs. _ Ibs. 440,650 meee eee Oc tte a Ibs. 1,066,800 Total meat produced CREEL EE Gh Te (2) Butter needed for 15,384 people at 48 lbs. Produced ____ sce a ee (3) Fowls needed for 15,384 people at 13 fowls Produced : ee (4) Eggs needed for 15,384 people at 17.5 doz. eo... | i (5) Corn needed for 15,384 people at 31 bu. Produced ____ WE ca CED ap (6) Wheat needed for 15,384 people at 4 bu. Preocene Deficit (7) Hay needed for: 1,171 work animals at 10 lbs. a day 424 dairy cattle at 6 lbs. a day____ 1,914 beef cattle at 6 lbs. a day. Ss 78 sheep at 3 lbs. a day 79 Ibs. 2,338,368 Ibs. 1,654,133 Ibs. 684,235 Ibs. 123,072 Ibs. 4,348 Ibs. 118,724 fowls 199,992 fowls 13,236 fowls 186,756 doz. 269,220 doz. 40,097 doz. 229,123 bu. 476,904 bu. 83,547 bu. 393,357 bu. 61,536 0 bu. 61,536 tons 2,132 tons 464 tons 2,162 tons 42.5 tons 4,800.5 tons 638 tons 4,162.5 Ait f a4 aan qin watt Se jal a 4 CARTERET County: ECoNoMIc AND SocIaAL CARTERET COUNTY LIVESTOCK, 1920 CENSUS 1. Animal units on hand: Animal units 1,124 mature work animals 47 colts, (1-2) 245 dairy cattle 834 calves (1-2) 1,269 other cattle, (1-2) 2,757 hogs, (1-5) 3,339 pigs, (1-10) 65 sheep, (1-7) 13 lambs, (1-10) 13,838 poultry, (1-100) Total animal units 2. Animal units needed: Acres in farms, 69,464 acres divided by 5 Percent that units on hand are of the units necessary to stock county on a moderately stocked basis.* Percent that Carteret county is below the moderately stocked farm *A moderately stocked farm means one animal unit for every five acres—a horse, a cow, five hogs, seven sheep, one hundred hens. * Lb LP 90T SILT PLOT ST 0°0 9T L0° 9L°9T OT 0 66 6 Gg L BUI[OLBD nae WON o}eY paar SPOT @ | eee I1V CT reer ALIAY oe o1eRq I0uv;yT MON a Po eee I.ouvfT MIN Seer a ul a1eVq Ayunod) }SIMO'T Lor Why S96ZL | Sanquaypyoo ——— urpdnqdg Sn ey GILG OFS OSL’STt| ~ 9°6 SOP OTT [6a PIS 6LT oyeY uoPSUYO LC? ~~ ydyopury ————~" SoAee x [Pott AL, Auevyso[[V [PAT young Ayuno: Sulpeay UIRAS = iat weit 4 i" iat pat vel “ aad 4 tly ‘snjding , 6S ims 46 posfy Yyooys SurAnq sure y Por ae ee ee a er ere oer L8L‘09 |'snq ~~ omen oTjOnpoId 0O}B}0d YStIy cOGS*ST|snq uot ponpoid oyejyod yams 00 ‘snq “~~ : Seqideo aod uoronpoid yea M 9 — oe eyided aod uotponpoad usog OVI ‘zop ~~ eyidvd god yoyep uotjonpoid 337 G oe eyides dod uoronpoid 193 ng ‘6L | ae eyded sed uornonpoid y10g "SZ mee 106. Oe ee te au0y je psonpoid soayddns poay pue poojy papaIaNn a}eyY Ivpnoyseg ALNOQOO LAYALYVO WON SLIOMAd GNV SGHYUHN GHHaA GNV GOO Q4s¢ 4486 WIT OVPL 4166 4496 4486 UAL6 Pugg 4166 yur y $.Jo19}1e_ Tebgaae Vill SCHOOLS C. W. Lewis Carteret County is located in the extreme eastern part of the State. It is one of the oldest counties in the State and has many points of educational interest connected with its history. The first public schools in the county were established in 1840. These schools were small and had only one or two teachers in each. They were supported by the toll or money collected from the boats that used the Harlan Creek Canal. This was one of the first ways that education was supported from public funds. This old Canal remains today as a useless relic and a symbol of former service. SCHOOL POPULATION 1920 1923-24 School population, 7 years or older _... bat 3,890 5,498 PenOpL . enroliient (0 ee 3,106 4,374, There were 2,648 children in the county, seven years through thirteen years, in 1920. There were 2,218 children, at the above age, attending school. In the same year there were in the county 663 youths fourteen years through sixteen years of age. Of these 574 attended school. Also in the same school year there were 579 youths seventeen years through twenty years of age and 314 of these attended school. There were altogether 3,106 pupils enrolled in the public schools of the county in 1920. In 1923-24, the school popu- lation had 1,608 more than in 1920. In 1923-24, Guilford County led all the other counties of the state in school population with 30,414 children. Carteret in this particular ranked 66th with 5,498 chil- dren of school age. Graham County ranked lowest with 1,375 children of school age. In 1923-24, the school enrollment in our county had increased by 1,268 children. In this same year Guil- ford County led the other counties in school enrollment with 24,707 children enrolled in school. Our county ranked 60th in the number of pupils enrolled with 4,374 children enrolled. Graham County was lowest in this particular with 1,266 children enrolled in its public schools. In 1923-24, Carteret had 25.6 pupils to each teacher employed. In this particular we ranked 63rd. Johnston County led all the other counties with 29.1 pupils per teacher. Bertie County was lowest with 20.1 pupils for each teacher in as ‘Wee IsjOOWUIS DI{Qnd : H Ul po.saAu! 000 isoe | junowp jo4o] ttb\.4609 4. Haauusaaob 1g OOZES | 4Q Agunos ALNNOD jaysiy VO HLIVIM AAILVUVIWOD ONIMOHS Suv vos EC ICE ZOlt IS$UROIOD es ADs ul JuUnoOWY 41% G1 mSap!qowojnio uy SL UIWLSaAuT ooo ‘9zG¢ “Ot 6\ a poad pauny, , | pnupl puw Se | Dunyjno}ubeo 80S ZzZ0€ $F |jO Jo aN} OA EGG! BES FOE LTE UJIDIM 31q DX. — ™ oo, sAjLuno éNOILVONdCH GAUOXAV ALNOOO LAUALUVO _ aaa -_ —," a Lestat a ee porn : <7 , . ’ 84 CARTERET County: EcoNoMIc AND SOCIAL the county. In the same school year 3,137 of the 4,374 pupils at- tending public schools were rural children. In this particular we ranked 83rd. Wake County led all the other counties with 16,164 rural children attending school. Clay was lowest with 1,548 chil- dren attending rural schools. Carteret’s Schools Carteret has forty school buildings and in this particular the county ranks 82nd. Mecklenburg led all the counties with 148 school buildings. Clay County ranked lowest with 16 school build- ings. In 1925, Carteret had only seven secondary schools. In these seven schools there were about 300 high school students. Four of these high schools are consolidated. Three of them are ac- credited. Two are urban schools. The two secondary schools have nine months’ terms. The other five rural secondary schools have an eight months’ term each. Teachers’ Salaries In 1921-22, Carteret had 136 teachers of which 117 were white. These white teachers received an average annual salary of $682.25. Each of the 19 colored teachers received an annual salary of $451.32. In 1923-24, Carteret spent $102,420.14 for teaching and super- vision. In this same year the county paid to each white teacher an average annual salary of $712.47. The colored teachers of the county received $506.19 as an average annual salary. Cost Per Pupil The county spent $.156 on each pupil per day during the 1922- 23 term. It ran 75th while New Hanover ranked first with $.281 for each pupil. Madison ranked lowest with $.135 for each pupil enrolled. School Investments and Expenditures The county had $451,000 invested in the 50 school buildings in 1923-24, At this time the county ranked 64th in this particular. Buncombe County ranked first with $2,486,075 invested in school property. Carteret has $28.00 invested in school property for each inhabitant. The county ranked 11th while Durham ranked first with $40.08 invested in school property per capita. Clay County was at the bottom with $4.38 invested in school property for each inhabitant. The total expenditures of the county for the school year 1923-24 was $237,612.41. The school levy for that year brought in $237,- 675.85. ‘The county’s levy was $63.44 more than the total expendi- Top MELD. BM women wimg vs var Ot BD yay ee: Wiis, pbb ints Beaufort Graded School. Middle—-Morehead City Graded Bottom RAMI ans see as eensbhoaisiona bait aapenep AL runt, y CEMB COLE bby Hi, SQ. Newport Graded ie ‘i atm © aegee School. School. wn a Hn rat at ay wel! wat! « naa cos ~ I OF eee er > pete eee SN. bd CaRTERET County: Economic anp Sociab 85 tures. In the total expenditures we ranked 45th among the counties, Mecklenburg ranked first with $1,574,243.37 as the total expendi- tures. Clay ranked lowest with $48,380.36 for the total school ex- penditure. In the school tax levied we ranked 54th among the other counties of the state. Guilford ranked first in the school tax levied with a total of $1,942,313.30. Dare County ranked lowest with $17,113,.44 tax levy for her public schools. Automobiles and Schools In 1924, the county had invested in automobiles $568,000 and | $451,000 invested in the public schools of the county. It is very \ plain and clear that automobiles are more attractive in Carteret than | education. It should be of interest to the people of Carteret to think which is of most value and real service to the county. Below is given a table showing a comparison of school facts in 1914 and 1924: TEN YEAR GAINS IN CARTERET COUNTY SCHOOLS 1914 1924 i penool Population—Rural = = 2,988 3,452 a I 4,524 5,498 " School Enrollment—Rural _.. 2,235 2,374 " a 3,301 4,374 m Average Daily Attendance—Rural 1,556 2,227 “4 SE i 2,389 3,536 i" Total number of teachers employed 79 117 i! Total number of rural teachers cpa ren 58 81 Average annual salary of white rural teachers oa 239.51 $ 601.25 Average annual salary of colored rural teachers __ 156.15 308.57 Paid all white teachers for the year... gana: See Paid all colored teachers for the year 2,113.75 9,617.63 Paid Beaufort teachers for one year 2,400 15,674.25 Paid Morehead City teachers for one | een 4,545 18,993.28 Number of Teachers White teachers 1914 1924 ee re, CON 79 117 cs he 58 81 meaufort white teachers === os 8 14 Morehead City white teachers = 13 22 I a ig ONION PIE NE TE 158 234 Colored teachers 1914 1924 Total colored teachers ___ Fei OMA NDE AGO adie TE SRE 9 19 ee en, We 6 7 mueerore colsed teachers .... .. ss 3 6 merenead coloved teachers _... FS s 6 hg oo Bi AS A Gel LOMO sei RIE ee oe 21 38 Scholarship of Teachers in 1923-24 Urban Rural Number of teachers having normal training. 8. 12 19 Number of teachers having 4 years experience ____ 10 16 Number of teachers having college degrees “i 14 4 / ta bgiac 86 CARTERET County: Economic AND SOCIAL Number of Schools in 1924 Total Rural White schools ————-~~-——------------—------___-_-___---------— 4d 37 Colored schools ——————-—————____---—--—___--______- 9 7 Average term in Days White schools: 1923-24 All SebHOM 22a 141 Rural schoo 130 Urban schools -_----— 170 Colored schools: 1923-24 All eehoele 205555 150 Rurel soo ok 120 Urban seno0lk?: 170 Extra-Curricula Activities The schools of the county rank very low in playground equip- ments. The average playground equipment for the schools of Car- teret are as follows: basketball and baseball courts, slides and swings for the smaller children. There is a great need for some other sports in the schools of the county. Some of these sports are: tennis, track, football, boating and swimming. In most of the schools of the county the pupils have plays, parties, debates and societies. These extra-curricula activities are carried on in the small schools as well as the large schools. There is a great need in the county for some one who can direct all these activities with skill. The Needs of Carteret’s Schools The county needs one more accredited high school. The county needs more consolidated schools. The county needs better equipped school buildings. The county needs more and better prepared teachers. The county needs a better system of raising school funds. The county’s pupils need better transportation. The county has need of a larger variety of athletics. The county needs more playground equipment. The county has a great need in extension of the social — activities of the schools. : j. The schools need more money. a eee pete ° Solution of School Problems The first big problem of the schools of the county is the lack _ of funds. This can be solved by doing away with the present sys- | tem of local taxation and adopting the unit system of taxation. At | present the taxes in school districts are different and it is plac- ing an extra heavy burden on some of the districts. In a district where the property value is high the tax rate is lower than in a CarTERET County: Economic anp SociaL 87 place where the property value is lower. An example of this is two small districts in the county. One of them is Atlantic which has 264 school children with a property value of $130,158.00 and a school tax of $.80 on the $100 valuation. The other district is Camp Glenn which has 175 school children. The value of property in the district is $1,300,000.00 with a school tax of $.40 on the $100 valu- ation. Under such conditions the pupils in the Camp Glenn district will receive more than $61.00 worth of training or schooling per pupil. The pupils in the Atlantic district will receive about $2.00 worth of schooling per child. It would be necessary for Atlantic to pay about $2.40 on the $100 valuation for each of its children to have the same advantages as the children at Camp Glenn. Any one can see that such a system of taxation can not turn out a stand- ard product and such a system is harder on some districts than others. The county unit plan will eliminate this unfair way of taxation and give all an equal chance in educational training. The unit plan would levy a tax for the entire county for less than $.60 on the $100 on all rural property. The funds from this would go to support the rural schools of the county. This blanket fee of less than $.60 on the $100 would give all the schools in the county as they stand, nine months terms. The next step in problem solving is that of consolidation. There are 50 public schools in the county and only 8 of these are high schools. Three of these high schools are accredited and the other five are only doing some high school work. The county needs five consolidated schools. It would be impossible to have more than this because certain sections of the county are isolated and do not have enough children to support a consolidated school. By having five consolidated schools it would be possible to educate the pupils better and very much cheaper. Most of the rural districts would be given the chance to send its pupils to an accredited high school. These pupils could get the advantage and privileges that they are now being denied. The expense of these five consolidated schools could be met by the $.60 blanket fee or tax. SOURCES OF INFORMATION J. W. Workman, County Superintendent of Public Instruction in Carteret County. Tables compiled in the Department of Rural Social-Economics at the Uni- versity of North Carolina. ; Tables compiled in the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Carolina. t* GIS‘1Z6 : meye.y FLPOS piojsyimy S6PS PO-S26L Ul uoTyeyndod jooyos 4399 L90°S69 PILOT LSU'S 6Z-Z261 “sjooyos [Vind ul JUuoUM][OLUY p1gs ILI l'6z2 ——~ mo uUYO cr? 9°GZ = be-E7gL Stoayove} aod sjidnd jo soquiny p1gg9 9F0'S6L WIByViry LOL RS projpinsy) PLE ~~ $Z-SZ6L ‘yUoUMT[OIUa = [ezO,T, 4109 JUIU]OLU TT OSS'FLS SPS vi ARID | GLocosr'zg]” equiooung 000‘ TSS P261 ‘Aqtadoid [ooyos [[e Jo on[RA Uqr9 629°L 9T aoe. ARID StI Sinquayyoo W P26 ‘Ssurpfing jo sequiny Pugs fijuadotd 100yo9 Lg é gi Aueyserty | 06" gjuqdureyyION | OL" ~~ uolyenyea ($Z6T) OOT$ 94} UO xB] [OOYOS UL suTes AVIA ANO UIST Ie" LY gugdmeyyoN | 1g oe UIA. 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C. Lay, C. W. Lewss Industries Carteret’s industries have expanded greatly in the last decade. There have been established all over the county fish factories to take care of the increased yearly catches of Menhaden. There are innumerable fish packing houses that ship fresh fish all over the eastern United States. The lumber business has grown rapidly since 1900. There have been several new mills established since then. Means of Communication Great progress has been made in Carteret’s highways and rail- roads. The increased number of automobiles has naturally de- manded better roads. In 1915 Carteret County had 27 auto- mobiles and now there are 561 in the county. The total amount of miles of highway in Carteret is equal to 290 miles. Within the last two years Carteret County has constructed 50 miles of hard surfaced roads and now has contracts out for about 30 miles. Both Morehead City and Beaufort have all their principal streets paved and more under construction. As further evidence of progress and development there is now under construction a half million dollar bridge connecting Beaufort and Morehead. Recently there has been established a bus line to Beaufort and to Morehead City, and from Beaufort to Atlantic. Railroad service has increased and improved in recent years. Large shipments of fish and farm products are shipped the year round over the county’s only railroad, the Nor- folk Southern. A great factor in communication is water transportation. Ever since the beginning of the county boats have played a leading part in the development of communication. Telephones have broken down the barrier of isolation that is so dangerous to a community. The inhabitants of the outlying dis- tricts of Carteret County are no longer isolated. Communication is now carried on by automobile, boat, telephone, telegraph, and radio. There is a government radio station located at Camp Glenn. The two newspapers of the county, The Beaufort News, ot Beaufort, and The Coaster, of Morehead City, are very pro- gressive and do a great deal for the betterment and advance- +t% ee BPA TLE Y 92 CARTERET County: Economic AND SocIAL ment of the county. They have fairly large circulations that cover the entire county. Schools In recent years the development of schools in Carteret County has gone forward by leaps and bounds. Many new school build- ings have been erected with a corresponding increase in attendance. There are four consolidated schools in the county and eight school trucks are used to transport the pupils to and from school. Both Beaufort and Morehead City have public schools for white and col- ored. A movement is underway now in Beaufort to erect a new up-to-date school building. Morehead City has recently com- pleted a handsome modern school building. Churches There has been a steady advancement among the churches in the last twenty years. This improvement includes the building of several new churches and the remodeling of several old ones. In Beaufort the Methodist and Baptist churches have built annexes recently. In Morehead City an Episcopal church was built a few years ago. Civic Organizations In recent years there has been a well defined movement towards the formation of civic organizations, namely: Women’s Clubs, Pa- rent-Teachers Associations, Chambers of Commerce, and other civic bodies. The club life aspect has aided very much in the organiza- tion, development, and codperation of these organizations. The fol- lowing data were secured from the secretaries of the organizations in the county. Atlantic Parent-Teachers Association The Parent-Teachers Association of Atlantic was organized in October, 1924, with an enrollment of 125 members. The purpose of the organization is “to get the codperation of every parent, teacher, and child in the interest of our school”. The association has al- ready improved the school buildings and grounds to a large extent and plans a great deal more work of this nature. The present of- ficers include a president, vice-president, and secretary and treas- urer. Mrs. Lee Daniels is the president at this time and she has done a great deal in the interest of the organization. Beaufort Community Club The Beaufort Community Club was organized in 1921 with 40 charter members. Since then the membership has increased to 75 members and 20 associate members. The object of the club is CARTERET County: Economic anp Soca 93 “the intellectual, philanthropic, social, civic, and domestic better- ment of the community”. Various results of the Community Club are: fall and spring flower shows, garden club, beautification of the town, means of bringing a Chautauqua to Beaufort, forma- tion of library, and maintains rest room with the help of the town commissioners. The present officers are: Mrs. Leslie Davis, presi- dent; Mrs. W. A. Mace, vice-president, and Mrs. Wallace Brinson, treasurer. Beaufort Chamber of Commerce The Beaufort Chamber of Commerce was organized several years ago to serve as an agency through which the merchants and business men of the town may act. Good work has been done by this organization since its start. It has been instrumental in securing many public improvements for the town and_ harbor by the Federal government. It is now agitating for dredging to be done in the harbor in order to have a bigger turning basin. A breakwater is also needed to keep the harbor from filling up again. The pres- ent officers are: Mr. W. H. Taylor, president; Mr. J. A. Horna- day, first vice-president; Mr. W. G. Mebane, second vice-president, and Mr. J. P. Betts, secretary and treasurer. Morehead City Woman’s Club The Woman’s Club of Morehead City was organized in 1920 with only one department—a_ civics department. Since then Music, Literature and Art, and Social departments have been formed. The aims and purposes of the club are “in every way to work for the betterment and uplifting of the town”. The club which has 135 members, has done a great deal to beautify the town and has helped the school by giving a curtain for the auditorium. The pres- ent officers are: Mrs. A. H. Webb, president; Mrs. J. C. Taylor, secretary, and Mrs. Alvah Hamilton, treasurer. Newport Parent-Teachers Association The Parent-Teachers Association of Newport was organized in October, 1924. The aims of the association are “to bring into closer relations the home and the school, that parents and teachers may cooperate intelligently in the education of the child’. This organization has been very active in beautifying the school grounds and in supplying equipment for the school. The present officers of the association are: Mrs. J. C. Mizelle, president; Miss Josie Pigott and Mrs. C. E. Herrington, vice-presidents, and Mr. S. D. Edwards, secretary and treasurer. +i% -% ~* 4&3 - BPW ss 94 CARTERET County: Economic AND SOCIAL Sea Level Parent-Teachers Association The Parent-Teachers Association at Sea Level was organized in October, 1924, with 33 members. The aims of the organiza- tion are to promote the welfare of the school and the community as a whole. A great deal has been done for the school with gratifying results. The association has purchased a piano, seats for the auditorium, window shades, stage curtain and athletic equipment. Mrs. Calvin Taylor is president of the association. Straits Community Club The Straits Community Club was organized in 1921 by consoli- dating the Ladies’ Aid Society and the Young People’s Betterment Society. The club has been very active in social and civic affairs, particularly concerning the schools and church. The present of- ficers are: Mrs. Bulah Stewart, president; Mrs. Nellie Watson, sec- retary, and Mrs. Fannie Nelson, treasurer. Old Topsail Club The Old Topsail Club was established at Beaufort several years ago to serve as a social center and as a gathering place for the men of the community. It also serves as host to visitors stopping in Beaufort. The membership of the club consists of about 30 members. Morehead City Hospital Carteret County’s only hospital is located at Morehead City. It is modern and thoroughly equipped in every way and has thirty beds. This brick hospital is located on the water’s edge of the harbor at Morehead. Cool breezes make it delightful in summer while in winter the southern exposure keeps it warm. Doctor Ben Royal was instrumental in getting this hospital established at Morehead and owns the controlling interest in it now. eee os Se erence Xx CARTERET COUNTY PROBLEMS ALEEZE LEFFERTS In this chapter are briefly reviewed six major problems of direct vital concern to Carteret County people. We have many others, but those presented here are deemed fundamental and basic. They are hard and knotty ones but not incapable of solution. Our people applying themselves to the task of making Carteret a better county to live in will daily grow in the graces of citizenship and fraternity, which, after all, are the best products of human ex- istence anywhere. Education Education is the means by which competent citizenship is de- veloped—by which the level of human adequacy is raised. We have made a great deal of progress along educational lines in Car- teret County but there is still much to be done. For example, Car- teret County in 1922 paid her white rural school teachers an aver- age salary of only $533.18 each. Sixty-nine other counties did bet- ter, ranging all the way from $1,169.72 in Montgomery to $533.64 in Chatham. Colored teachers in Carteret fared even worse, with an average of only $451.32 per annum. Seventeen counties pay their colored teachers more than Carteret and these include some of our neighbors. New Hanover heads the list with $949.11. We cannot say too much in praise of the teacher but how poorly do we reward her services. White school children in Carteret attend school better than colored school children but there is room for improving both. Our white school population in average daily attendance in 1921-22 was only 76.8 percent of the total enrollment: in Washington County 82 percent of them are on hand every day. Only 67 per- cent of our negro school population attended school regularly, and in this respect fourteen counties outrank us. The school can not reach the boy or girl not in attendance. Here is a problem for our truant officers but they cannot solve it without the support of the strongest public opinion that Carteret people can give them. Carteret County in 1921 taxed herself $3.48 per inhabitant for school purposes but sixty other counties did better. Wilson Coun- ty, for example, averaged $12.90 school tax per inhabitant. With twelve school districts, she had in that year sixty-two school trucks, et Sa BREwWrMieyy sépa}cie? 96 CARTERET County: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL or one-ninth of all such trucks in the State, transporting daily about 2,500 pupils to and from school. Carteret is not spending too much money in behalf of education. We had $451,000 invested in public school property in 1924, but then, on the other hand, we had $65,000 more than this amount invested in automobiles. Perhaps an enduring civilization can be built on this basis but one may be permitted to doubt it. The education of its youth is the biggest business of a community, and Carteret County must not lag behind in this important work. Illiteracy A good part of our educational work in Carteret must concern itself with illiteracy. While it is true that we are far from the bot- tom of the list of North Carolina counties in this matter, we will do well to remember that there is always room at the top and lit- eracy for all our citizens is no impossible ideal. In Denmark illit- eracy is practically non-existent and what has been done there we can do if we will but apply ourselves to the task. In North Carolina there were 44,000 illiterate white women in 1920—almost enough to fill a city the size of Charlotte. There were 344 of them in Carteret County. Or, in other words, we ranked 56th among the counties of the State in adult white female illiteracy with 10.4 percent of our total number unable to read or write their names—voters, now, who cannot make out a ballot! And 10.2 percent of our white men were in the same condition. But what shall we say of our negro illiterates—21.3 percent of the race in Carteret County? Is it possible for Carteret County whites to reach their highest and best development alongside of an illiterate, unsanitary, immoral negro race? For these things are bred by ig- norance. The way out is education and more education with strict en- forcement of our compulsory attendance laws impartially adminis- tered to both races. Moonlight schools, vacation schools, night schools, are helping to solve the problem among adults in many places. “North Carolina needs an earnest, concentrated campaign to wipe out the blot of illiteracy. The level of a state’s progress must always be gauged by the extent of the peoples’ ability to share in the thoughts, hopes, aspirations, discoveries, and move- ments of humanity. So long as North Carolina has a white il- literacy rate higher than that of forty-six other states in the Union, her level of progress will be lower than it ought to be. ‘Great is our heritage of hope, and great 3 33 Lhe obligation of our civic fate’. —) a pl tia iis Slat a ll, CarRTERET County: Economic anv Socia 97 Farm Tenancy . A little more than one-fifth of Carteret County farmers are land- less and homeless, according to the 1920 Census report. Or exactly 20.4 percent of all our farmers, both white and colored, were ten- ants in that year. Tenancy is one of the major problems of the State and its eradication presents itself as a real task for our states- men and leaders. President W. B. Bizzell, formerly of the Agri- cultural and Mechanica] College of Texas, summarizes the social and economic effects of farm tenancy as follows: 1. A lower intellectual standard of living and a corresponding influence on the moral standards of those who compose this class. 2. A decreased interest in education and a neglect of educa- tional opportunity on the part of the children of tenants. 3. A general indifference to the religious motive and a cor- responding neglect of church attendance. 4. An increasing difficulty in promoting efficient rural organi- zations because of the low educational standards and the transient habits of a tenant class. 5. A gradual decline in the effectiveness of political action due to indifference and ignorance of farm tenants with reference to gov- ernmental policies. 6. The development of undemocratic tendencies in American life due to the social disintegration resulting from class conscious- ness that has developed between landowner and tenant. 7. General instability of rural institutions due to the transient habits of farm tenants who cherish no sentiments of attachment for the land they occupy and feel no concern about the development of the farmstead where they live. 8. A lowering of aesthetic appreciation because of the influ- ence of this class on the standards of the entire community in which they reside. 9. Depletion of soil fertility. 10. Impossibility of maintaining proper rotation of crops and the application of other scientific methods under a transient tenantry system. 11. A general reduction in the average farm income by vir- tue of these conditions. 12. Economic income influences to a large degree standards of living and cultural opportunities. The average income of the farm tenant is too low to secure these advantages. ott 4 AMWREYS Tehgaae 98 CarTERET County: EcCoNoMIC AND SociaAL Conservation of Natural Resources North Carolina in 1912 was cutting away her timber resources faster than thirty-eight other states. And in the six-year period between 1916 and 1921, $1,497,732 worth of timber in this State went up in forest fires. The rate of cut and fire damage is not available for Carteret County specifically, but it is safe to say that we are doing none too much in the way of sane conservation and preservation of our natural resources. Our forests are dwindling and how badly do we need a State-wide policy for their better pro- tection. Improved County Government Relatively there are few people in Carteret County who con- tribute anything to the support of State government. State taxes are paid by those who have productive properties sufficient to yield _ net incomes beyond $2,000 a year, by producing corporations, and by wage and salary. earners with incomes of $1,000 if single and $2,000 if married. On the other hand, everybody pays county taxes who owns land or has more than $300 in personal effects. Carteret County in 1922 had a higher county tax burden than thirty-five other North Carolina counties with an average of $6.35 for each individual within it. Out of this, $6.15 comes from general property—farm lands, buildings and livestock, city lots and factory sites and improvements thereon, merchandise, mill products on hand, solvent credits, etc. Not one penny goes to the support of county government from inheritance, income and other special taxes. An average of sixteen cents per inhabitant is paid by Carteret County people as poll taxes in support of county government. And five cents per individual is the average derived from licenses and per- mits. General property bears the chief burden of county support in Carteret County, as indeed, in every other county in the State. If county taxes are an unduly heavy burden in Carteret, we are likely to find the chief causes in (1) inequities in the county tax lists, (2) uncollected taxes, (3) fees and fines uncollected or unreported, and (4) primitive methods of bookkeeping and reporting to the public in annual statements. County government in North Carolina is a headless, traditional affair; county officials in great measure work independently of each other with no manuel of instructions to guide them. We need to put our county government and finances on a more business-like basis. It would seem that a State-wide county law providing for responsible headship—a county manager, perhaps,—is the first great need of county government in North Carolina. Vy i 4 Carteret County: Economic anp SociaL 99 Church Membership The latest comparative data on church membership is for the year 1916 obtained from the United States Census of Religious Bodies. This Census is issued once every ten years and the next is not available until 1926. In 1916, 52 percent of our popu- lation, ten years of age and over, belonged to no church what- ever. In 1916, 41 percent were non-church members. In all probability we have an even lower percentage at the present time, but still the number of our people without the direct influence of the church, many perhaps members in name only, is large enough to cause us much concern. As to the social function of the church it- self we shall content ourself with two quotations, the first from the University News Letter: “Three distinct religious tasks confront us: (1) social integra- tion in our countryside, (2) the cure of widespread illiteracy, black and white, (3) the settling of our landless, homeless multitudes. “These are religious as well as secular problems. And what tre- mendous problems they are in every land and country! Unsolved, they will be as certainly fatal to our civilization as they have been to every other in history. Church authorities ought to be even more active than State authorities in solving them—so, in sheer self-defense. The church must put an end to illiteracy and ten- ancy in North Carolina, or illiteracy and tenancy, town and coun- try, will put an end to the church.” And in the language of another writer, the creation of such a Christian world “is no impractical motive....... The Christian church undertakes no impossible task. It summons men to devo- tion to no impossible ideal. A Christian world is not only prac- ticable; in the long run it will be found that no other sort is practicable.” ote ~@h AMWtitst % BUREAUS AND SERVICE OF THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISION Cuape. Hitt, N. C. The University of North Carolina through its University Extension Division offers to the people of the state: I. Class Instruction: Regular university courses given by members of the faculty in many communities throughout the State. Minimum enroll- ment fifteen. Write for free extension class catalogue. II. Correspondence Instruction: Standard university courses by mail, either for credit or non-credit. Courses credited toward university degrees and state teachers’ certificates. Write for free correspondence instruction catalogue. III. Public Discussion: Programs for women’s clubs and other groups. Package library loans. Home reading courses. Programs and guidance for debating clubs, parent-teacher associations, ete. General information. Write for list of bulletins. IV. Lectures and Short Courses: Popular or technical lectures, indi- vidual or in series for clubs, community organizations, etc., addresses for commencement or other special occasions. Upon request short courses at the University for educational and commercial groups; institutes on road engineering, country life, newspaper work, community drama, etc. Write for free lecture bulletin. V. Community Drama: Guidance and direction in the writing and pro- duction of community plays, pageants, home chautauquas, and festivals. Write for list of bulletins. Field representative available. VI. Commercial and Industrial Relations: Codperate with business and manufacturing organizations of the State. Special studies, business surveys, and research on economic problems. Commerce and Industry monthly free. VII. Community Music: Leadership for community sings. Formation of community choruses. Lectures on public school and community music. Piano and organ recitals and other music programs. VIII. Visual Instruction: Lantern slides for loan to schools, com- munity organizations, clubs and individuals. Write for list of subjects. IX. Municipal and County Government Research and Information: Gives assistance and information on city, county and township government; lends documents; collects data and issues reports on important problems; drafts local ordinances and proposed legislation; and gives advice on mod- ern efficient methods of administration and local improvements. An expert adviser is available for consultation and visits to communities. X. Economic and Social Surveys: Of counties and communities for use by them in efforts to improve their economic and social conditions. In- formation about economic, social and civic conditions in the State and Nation. University News Letter weekly free of charge. XI. Recreation and Community Organization: Promotes community organization. Recreational programs and lectures. Laying out play- grounds. Equipment. Community recreation surveys. Physical ability tests for schools. Play institutes. Recreational bulletins, leaflets, and aids. Home chautauquas. Field day programs. County and local fairs. Field representative available. XII. High School Debating and Athletics: Annual state-wide contests in high school debating, academic subjects, and all branches of athletics. XIII. Design and Improvement of School Grounds: Designs and plant- ing plans for grounds of schools, churches, and charitable institutions. Write for list of bulletins. XIV. Educational Research and Information (the School of Educa- tion): Educational test and measurement supplies and assistance. School surveys. Advice and counsel with reference to school buildings, equip- ment, and general administrative problems. - Le a s* *t% ise 7 pe TR lle Ua ttiesensinneneeemetinnaninrntinuteineeee =. VW. LABRARY PV Oo? erg ee > Tey ET? EF ee Bere me © wt » s MUN AOE 30372 0032 8260 2 ei is 3 7 = = vis a ty yk Rec ETENS poe. oe seme meme gntes P «- ; re a ore San 5 peel pellet oe ‘ With - + 7 iat eet her ee + ic pe eee , ae . Simian ampagaieinn ww erin 3 — ° Om en « satin on Ore “~ ~ pret i, a eee ~ sr e enhance i. 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