) 7 ‘ 7 ; ; i 7 i THE HISTORY eee tga Oo OF i NORTH CAROLINA. a ; \ ; f i is ‘3 : / + ; \ fis } 4 £ { , te, \ od erry Oiaiaiiinisicnsinsittntensnctntenscnansil = | \ fe. | . « a a ee ee ee ree ‘ - > tm Sil agi . an - —_ ee Oe ape «sais ageahannie Cangas Mi dang yin hee" er s & ‘ ¢ ‘ F 4 - j te { 4 “f . j a = . > len » > — —_ ‘ ; se ARI gen ses ne ey Se ck ee iene TRAMP TON CRAN VILEE ce CUILDEORD 2 ef tee Re RANDOLTH cr caataa m ef Roky ONT NOMERY Newbern'9, a I | | | A TONES CP (od = ANSONCH SG ONnsLOw ce CARTERET O29 Hest om London ov BERTIE Caigadset UC CRAVEN Co Newbern > JONES CP zat 4 onstow ce --: be CARTERET co ce ™ THE j . BIS PORY. oo 4 a" : aa : “i > oe 4 ; cee. es AR pe eat he ba eee Re pe ee erry 5 DES abet = od be daub 2 ha Pegs pa 34423 amet s NORTH CAROLINA. te oe ye A yoy a pokey pets ar Bape gre $M ‘ : HUGH WILLIAMSON, M.D. LL.D. “Member of the Holland Society of Scienecs, ofthe Society of Arts and Seiences a of Utreeht, of the American Philosophical Society ,8e. i Ss Y z se IN TWO VOLUMES. pa Se we PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THOMAS DOBSON, AT THE STONE HOUSE, = A NO, 41, SOUTH SECOND STREET, e Fry and Kammerer, Printers- 1812, ; : a DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, to wit: x**eee* BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twentieth *L.S.* day of May in the thirty-sixth year of the Indepen- xxexxe denceof the United States of America, A. D. 1812, Thomas Dobson, of the said district, hath deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following to wit: *« The History of North Carolina. By Hugh Williamson, M. D. LL. D. Member of the Holland Society of Sciences, of the Society of Arts and Sciences of Utrecht, of the American Philosophical Society, &c. In two volumes. Vol. I.” In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, intituled, * An act for the encouragement of learning, by secu- « age: iy ring the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned.” And also to the act, entitled, “ An act supplementary to an act, entitled, ‘An act for the encouragement of learning, by secu- ring the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned,’ and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, en- graving, and etching historical and other prints.” D. CALDWELL, Clerk of the district of Pennsylvania. Trees +a ee EE EN OGL hy PREFACE. In collecting materials for the history of North Carolina, little information could be obtained from any accounts that have been published, of the British colonies, or either of them. Hackluyt, Purchass, and other ancient writers, have been suf- ficiently minute in describing the first discoveries, and the attempts that were made to form settlements on different parts of the continent: but no writer has treated, with any attention, of the pro- gress of colonization or the civil history of North Carolina, from the time in which the first permanent settlements were ~ formed in that country. Wynn, Oldmixon, and others, who wrote of Carolina, have done little more than name the northern province: their attention was chiefly en-. = "PREFACE. _gaged by South Carolina. Such were the effects of a good port and a large town, where the commerce.of the province cen- tered, the produce was shipped, and the principal inhabitants usually resided. My information has chiefly been taken from public records, and from letter books, or other manuscripts in the possession of ancient families. \ - The books that contain the proceedings of the governor’s council, the journals of the legislative assembly, and other docu- ments that remain in all the public offi- ees in the state, have been consulted. Information, little to be expected from such records, has also been obtained from dockets of the supreme courts. Extracts of laws that were neyer printed, powers of attorney, copies of affidavits, and much heterogeneous matter, were inserted in those dockets, in the infant state of the eolony, beside a general abstract of the 4 4 H | : | eee ee Sr mt AOE BIC yt. eaten Seriaineinimeimaammennena teat ome PREFACE. vil pleadings. The late ©. Pollock, was pleas- ed to favour me with the letter book of his ancestor, who had been thirty years deputy to one of the lords proprietors, and governed the®province, at different periods, as president of the council. I am also indebted to the letter book of Alex. ander Spotswood, who was lieutenant go- vernor of Virginia, near the beginning of the eighteenth century. General Wad- dell, who deservedly possessed the confi. dence of Governor Dobbs and governor Tryon, used to preserve every letter and instruction directed to him, while he sery- ed the province in a civil or military ca- pacity. His descendents, in the most obliging manner, were pleased to send me all the documents of a public nature, that had been found in his cabinet. I haye received much information, on detached subjects, from some of the most ancient and respectable citizens in the State, who continue to serve the country, and from ~ vili PREFACE. others who have lately been numbered with the great majority. 22 A gentleman, from Bern in Switzer- Jand, had the goodnes#to furnish me with a large file of letters, in a corrupt German language, written by the Baron de Graf- fenried, respecting Carolina. — — Of the debates that haye arisen be- tween the several governors and the le- gislative assemblies, and the disputes be- tween the proprietary agents and the peo- ple, I was furnished with copious details. — If I had been disposed to record disputes that originated in pride, resentment, the spirit of party, avarice or a dishonest temper, I might have swelled this work toa considerable bulk. Such details of follies and vices cannot be interesting. Some papers however, will be found among the Proofs and Explanations, that had no elaim to being copied, except that | | . | | : is | 7 4 PREFACE. S. occasional specimens may be acceptable, as they help to illustrate the manners and spirit of the times. ) There are chasms in the journals, and records remaining in the secretary’s of- fice, that were obviously occasioned by public commotions. Those defects would have been most conveniently supplied, by reference to records in a public office in London. Much research became neces- sary, to supply, as far as possible, those aceidental defects. The governors lived, and the assemblies met, at so many places, that ancient records are greatly scattered. Copies of instructions to the governors are sometimes entered on the journals of the councils; but copies are missing of some laws that have not been printed. Mr. Chalmers in his “ Annals of the United Colonies,” availed himself of the papers that are in the plantation office. He promised a continuance of VOL. I. b fa % a B, he 3 mir} i] x PREFACE. those annals. It was a ministerial work, written during the’ revolution war; and the apparent object was to prove that the colonists had no claim to being exempted from taxation by the British parliament. But that question being settled, by the treaty of peace, the further labors of Mr. Chalmers, in that field, were not required. As I wished to get a copy of certain: papers, that come under the Carolina head, I hoped, for the reason stated, that Mr, Chalmers, who was employed as a clerk in a public office, would furnish my friend with a copy, or assist him in ob-. taining one. He would do neither; but threatened to interfere, if application should be made to the head of the proper department. It was known that John Archdale, for- merly a proprietor and governor of Ca- rolina, had published some account of the provinee, in the year 1707; but that book nonstate ey aang ata int Oops , = PREFACE. xi is not to be purchased in London. A gen- tleman who had formed a library, con- sisting of every publication respecting American affairs, or visits made by Brit- ish subjects to other parts of the world, gaye that library to “ the Society for pro- pagating the gospel in foreign parts.” The library, to save storage, was removed to Gresham college; but the librarian died and the books were dispersed. Mr. Archdale’s work, and sundry other publica- tions of that period, are only to be found | at present in the British museum. Doc- tor Romayne, who ten years ago was in London, in the most obliging manner caused copies to be made of all the valu- able information, that is contained in Mr. Arehdale’s work, or in two other. small books, respecting North Carolina, that were published about the end of the seventeenth century. Those copies he sent me. xii PREFACE. The natural history of Carolina, or an account of its animal, vegetable, and fos- sil productions, would form of itself a work of considerable magnitude; but this is less desired by the inhabitants of the state, who rather wish to know what were the difficulties under which their ances- tors struggled, and the steps by which the colony attained its present rank among the states. I have confined myself to this part of the history, although it was the less pleasing task; for it is a history of disas- ters, misrule, and oppression; a more constant succession of grievances, than fell to the lot of any other colony. Having observed that some military transactions in the southern states, du- ring the revolution war, had not been cor- rectly detailed, and finding much reason to complain, that North Carolina had not a a Se ee en ee ii, gan shale paiement ne PREFACE. xiii obtained, from any writer, the credit she deserved ‘for her exertions on that ovea- sion, I proposed to bring the history of the state down to the year 1750, and had collected materials for that purpose. But considering that the history of the province may be acceptable to many people, who are less ‘soli¢iteus ‘wbout late military transactions, which continue to live in the memory; considering also that the extent or value of the services rendered by North Carolina cannot be fairly estimated, without taking a general view of the other military operations du- ring the war, an arduous work, I desisted from my original plan. A copy of this history was prepared, many years ago; but I was not in haste, for sundry reasons, to send it to the press. In case I had been called away, the publication, as I thought, might have been trusted with great safety to my xiv PREFACE. oldest son: a young man, whose moral and christian virtues, could not be prais- ed above his merits. But it pleased his heavenly Father lately to remove him to “a house not made with hands.” In this case I deemed it proper to have the work published without further delay. New York, June, 1812. ERRATA. VOL. I. Page 41, line 9th, for Oceam, read Occam. 68, - 85, Page 18, 55, 80, 96, "142, Ith, for twenty-fourth, read the twenty-fourth. 7th, for Matrovers, read Matravers. VOL. IL. ‘19th, for or, read on. 4th, for S. read Gr. 4th, for Bloden, read Bladen. Qist, for Bertil, read Bertie. for Tyrnel, tead Tyrrel. Srd, for crown, read, Craven. CONTENTS. 4a CHAPTER I. if i} . f Different nations attempt to form settlements in the coun aid try, now called Carolina—A general view of the origi- nal colonists-—-Columbus made his discoveries at a ) fortunate period.—Former adventurers to America are a little known.—The original discoverers of North and ) ) South America are equally forgotten.—Adventurers ‘si aia: : , . 1 from different nations succeed Columbus.—John Cabot, ie pall é in the service of Henry the Seventh, explores the coast.—Ponce de Leon, in the service of Spain, dis- covers Florida.—Verezano, in the service of France, discovers Carolina—A colony of French Huguenots attempt a settlement in Carolina, but are destroyed by the Spaniards. Their Spanish executioners are destroy- ed also, - - - - - - Page 1 CHAPTER II. Walter Raleigh obtains a patent for planting in North America, and sends a colony to take possession. They land to the westward of Cape Hatteras——They trade in a friendly manner with the Indians —Returned xvi CONTENTS. home they make a favorable report of the country— Raleigh sends out a second colony, who insult the na- tives, and settle on Roanoke island.—The governor ex- plores the country and searches for gold.—His progress is checked by the natives—An Indian chief meditates the destruction of the colony.—His schemes are dis- covered and he is killed.—The colony is visited by Sir Francis Drake, with whom they return to England.— ‘A third colony arrives, and a few of them remain to keep possession of the country, but are destroyed.— A fourth colony is sent out with orders to enter by Chesapeak bay.—They are landed at the former inlet, and compelled to settle on Roanoke island, by the per- fidy of a mariner—They send their governor to En- gland to solicit supplies.—Some years elapse, by reason of the Spanish war, before the governor returns, and when returned he could not find the colony.—Raleigh — in the mean time, assigns to a company in London, the right of trading to Virginia, and attempts in vain to dis- cover the colony.—The first emigrants were bad plan- ters, - - - - - - - 25 CHAPTER III. King James grants to other persons the lands that had been granted to Raleigh—A colony arrives in Chesa- peak bay, and settles near.the mouth of James’ river — The spirit of jealousy and: discord pervade the colo- ny.—Captain Smith fortunately becomes governor, but - CONTENTS. xvii he is taken prigoner by the Indians.—His life is saved by Pocahontas the emperor’s daughter.—The London company send out more colonists, who are idle and turbulent.—A small settlement is formed near the head of Nansamond river.—The whole colony is nearly destroyed by intemperance.—More adventurers come out.—The emperor’s daughter is married to one of the colonists——A new settlement is formed on Nansa- mond.— Virginia becomes a regal government.—Peo- ple who are driven from the old settlement by intole- rant laws, remove to the waters of Albemarle sound, and purchase land from the Indians, - - 67 CHAPTER IV. A charter is granted by Charles the Second, to eight lords and gentlemen, for part of the country that had been called Virginia—The new province is called Ca- rolina— A government is formed for the settlers near Albemarle sound.— Another government is formedfor settlers on Clarendon river, near Cape Fear.—Drum- mondis appointed governor of Albemarle county.—Peo- ple are encouraged to settle by liberal promises.—The first settlers on Clarendon river are driven off by the Indians.—They.are replaced by a colony,from Barba- does, of whom sir John Yeamans is made the gover- nor.—The tenure of land in Albemarle is improved by a new charter.—A colony settles at Port Royal. ° new and impracticable form of government is project- » Vege: c xviii CONTENTS. ed for Carolina—Charleston becomes the seat of government for the southern colony.—Stevens is ap- pointed governor of Albemarle —Laws are made to encourage population.— Miller, a turbulent man, is sent to Virginia, to be tried for seditious practices.—Cart- wright is appointed governor of Albemarle.—He re- tires, and Eastchurch, then in England, is appointed governor of the county, and: Miller his deputy —Mil- ler rigidly discharging his duty, is imprisoned by the, advice of a factious demagogue.—The rioters seize the treasury, and assume the government.—East- church arriving, is not permitted to exercise the go- vernment.—He dies before he can raise troops to subdue the insurgents.—The rioters appeal to the pro- prietors with fictitious complaints.—Their leader is ar- rested in England and tried, —- - - 88 CHAPTER V. Sothel, a proprietor, is appointed governor.—Harvey is deputy governor.—Sothel, on his passage to Carolina, is taken prisoner by the Algerines—Jenkins admin- isters the government.—The colony is distracted by anarchy and violence.—Sothel arrives in Carolina, and becomes a scourge to the colony.—He is compelled to resign the government.—The number of colonists de- creases greatly, by the continuance of anarchy —Lud- well, a proprietor and governor, attempts the redress of grievances.—Archdale, a proprietor, is appointed governor of the province.—He restores order to the - CONTENTS. xix colonies.—-Walker becomes president of the council — Cary is made deputy governor.—Settiements are form- ed to the southward of Albemarle.—Payments are made in country produce, instead of cash, at fixed prices.—The laws are not printed—There was no re- ligious establishment for many years.—Glover admin- isters the government, as president of the council.— Cary resists the government, by an armed force. — Hyde is appointed governor.—Cary’s partisans are dispersed, - - - : 135 CHAPTER VI. A colony of French huguenots settle on Trent river.— A colony of persecuted and distressed Palatines settle at Newbern—The Indians have decreased greatly, since the arrival of the first colonists—As the settle- ments extend, the Indians become more jealous.— The Indians seize Lawson the surveyor general, and Graffenried.—They put Lawson to death——The In- dians attempt a general massacre, and destroy many of the Inhabitants—An Indian war becomes general.— Some Indians are killed; and ashameful peace is made by the commanding officer. —Pollock, as president of the council, administers the government.—The In- dians renew the war.—Another army marches against them.—Eight hundred Indians are made prisoners; and the Indians sue for peace —The colony is greatly reduced by Cary’s rebellion, and the Indian war, 178 a a eg THE HISTORY * a / i OF i i NORTH CAROLINA. bid i | i | | HH 3 —_ ae HE He al | | aan | 7 | CHAPTER I. a) Mii “é ‘ ; Bein OF THE DISCOVERIES MADE IN AMERICA FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF EUROPE. No permanent settlement was formed, _ in any part'of North America, for many Diese _—‘* years after it had been discovered. The x “bs _-- €oast was explored by adventurers from different nations, and the country was. | | claimed by the several princes to whom, 3 Von. I. 7 - 7 al A | j Seaperenaelaneaena iia btaiims Ss — eigen 2 THE HISTORY OF they severally belonged, but one disaster ‘or another prevented either of the claim- ants, from keeping possession. Sir Walter Raleigh was the first adventurer, who at- tempted to plant an English colony upon this continent. His attempts did not suc- ceed according to his zeal and expecta- tions; for his ships found no safety in the waters of North Carolina; but he gave rise to a spirit of enterprise atid an extensive knowledge of the country. Other bays and rivers were discovered, and colonies were planted in the vicinity of better harbours, where they might take root in safety. Many years after Carolina had been discovered, after one colony and another had been expelled or destroyed, after settlements had been formed in other districts to the north- - ward, some industrious people, removing ~ from a stubborn soil or from the tyranny of unequal laws, seated themselves upon the waters of Albemarle sound; upon the Soe) ny a NORTH CAROLINA. 3 waters first explored by Sir Walter Ra- leigh, and among the natives. When a colony had sprung up in this manner, a charter was obtained, by sundry lords and gentlemen, for a large tract of coun- try, including the soil and séigniory. The province was then called by its present name. The adventures of small parties of ci- Vilized men among savage tribes in the wilderness, cannot be very interesting to the reader; but as the first English colony, that visited this continent, seat- ed themselves upon Roanoke island in North Carolina, it may be expected that, in giving the history of this pro- vinee, we should give a detail of the se- veral incidents. that led to its perfect es- tablishment. By looking back to the first discovery of this country, and taking a short view of the attempts that were made, by different nations, to keep it in | elit it Tt Ay _ THE HISTORY OF their possession, we shall be enabled to form a proper estimate of the difficulties that presented themselves to the first co- lonists; and we shall the better under- stand, in what manner the province was eventually settled. It will hardly be disputed that America had been visited once and again, by peo- ple from Asia and Europe, before the age of Columbus; though none of the former adventurers have acquired celebrity by their achievements. There was a coin- cidence of fortunate circumstances, that, ' caused the discoveries of Columbus to be regarded as miraculous, and prosecuted with a degree of zeal, little short of en- thusiasm. The use of the magnetic com- pass had lately been discovered in Eu- rope; and the spirit of navigation and commercial enterprise was cherished, at that epoch, by means unknown to former generations. The nations of Europe were h NORTH CAROLINA. § just emerging from a state of ignorance and barbarity; for the art of printing had lately been invented; and men, who had long been exercised in the destructive art of war, began to wish for some more useful employment. If Columbus was not the first adventurer, who returned to his own country, he was probably the first who returned with specimens of gold and other precious articles, which never fail to excite cupidity. The 'Tartars, who migrated by an easy passage to the west- ern coast of North America, may have communicated for many years with their native country; but there was nothing se- ductive in the appearance of the land they had discovered. It was chiefly re- commended by plentiful game for the support of indolence; and it was a refuge from domestic troubles. Those adventurers, whoever they may haye been, whether more or less nume- A Bis ills by Shia + Cae a eee rtrd 6 THE HISTORY OF rous, had not any great object in view;. and their history is buried in the dark vale of oblivion. —— “Tgnotis perierunt mortibus illi.” The names of princes, true or fabulous, who first established governments in dif- ferent parts of the other continent, may be traced from ancient records; but small as the empires, or rude as the nations may have been, who are thus recorded in his- tory, we constantly find that other people, whose origin is not discovered, had been living in each of those countries before: such governments were established. The first adventurers to America are not more eompletely sunk in obscurity than the first settlers in the greater part of Af- vica, Asia, and Europe. The eastern coast of North America was visited by Erick a Norwegian, near one thousand years. ago: but he was not the first hardy ad- omc genre ei wne ee ee ee NORTH CAROLINA. 7 Venturer, who discovered that country.* He found a race of savages there. High northern or southern latitudes are badly fitted to cultivation; nor do they abound in the most desirable game. People, who live in such climates, must be chiefly supported by the gifts of the ocean. For it is known that fish abound in high latitudes; and the natives of cold cli- mates, by living on the water, in quest of food, are observed to acquire habits that are nearly amphibious. It is not strange that America should have been frequently visited by such people, since it is not far distant from either shore of the other continent; but the history of those visits could not be the subject of public attention. The discovery of a few wild grapest did not excite the Riek AON i nocd Nari SE ERE IE, = S * See Proofs and Explanations, A. + See Proofs and Explanations, B. 8 THE HISTORY OF avarice of Erick’s cotemporaries, nor of those who had gone before him; and the furs, in which they dealt, were found in all high latitudes. ‘The first navigators, — who discovered South America, were not less enterprising than Columbus. Those men sailed to a country at three times the distance;* but they had fewer won- ders to relate. They had not discovered a new race of men, for wild beasts were the only inhabitants; nor could they tell, that the earth teemed with silver and gold; for those treasures had not been opened. Whoever those adventurers may have been; however great their genius and enterprise; they have fallen a prey to dumb forgetfulness. They wanted letters or historians to preserve their fame. The wisdom of Solon, and the yirtues of Scipio, have been celebrated by many a pen, while the founders of greater em- i a Oe an aa * See Proofs and Explanations, B. NORTH CAROLINA. 9 Pires and greater conquerors, have pass- ed away like evening meteors. “ Full many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark unfathom’d cayes of ocean bear.” The visit of Columbus was made at a fortunate period; sand it was made to a country that promised ease and riches. The first adventurers to a new country have seldom discovered any thing more tempting than a subject for industry, or a field for labour; but Columbus had disco- vered a country that was already settled; and the plunder of the natives might produce war without hazard, and wealth without labour. \ After Columbus had tendered his ser: Vices to Genoa his native country, to Por- tugal, and to Spain, without success, he sent his brother. Bartholomew with a tender of his services to the king of England; but his brother suffered ship- VOln & B 10 | THE HISTORY OF wreck on his passage; and some years elapsed before he made his application to Henry the seventh. That prince cannot be said to have countenanced the project; for he gave no proofs of his approbation before Christopher had sailed on his se- cond expedition to America.. The world is indebted to the benevolence, the gene- rosity and liberal sentiments of a woman, ~ for one of the most useful discoveries that ever was made. A discovery that has already given birth to millions, who are the most prosperous, and should be, if . they duly estimated their advantages, the . . most happy of the human race. We are indebted to Isabella of Spain for the ex- pedition of Christopher Columbus, Her husband. Ferdinand, the king, would not countenance the measure; and she pledg- ed her jewels to procure the necessary outfits. it NORTH CAROLINA: Ir Tf the princes in’ Europe, who had little money or limited conceptions, wer* deaf to the proposals of Columbus when he offered his services to search for a new country, those very princes, after he had’ made the discovery, seem to have been equally solicitous to obtain a share in the profits. The English, the French, and Portuguese, were ready to assist the Span- iards in reaping the golden harvest: the Spaniards alone had the fortune, I shall’ not call it gdod fortune, to pitch upon the chief sources of silver and gold. Christophér Columbus discovered one of the Bahama islands, now called Cat. island, the eleventh of October 1499. After visiting Cuba and Hispaniola, he returned to Spain. John Cabot, a Venetian in the service of Henry the seventh, sailed from Bristol in the year 1496, with four ships, in quest 12 THE HISTORY OF of land to the westward.* Lest he should interfere with the claims of Spain, he held a northern course. In that direction he discovered Newfoundland and_ the northern part of this continent; which he traced, from a high degree of latitude, until he came to the thirty eighth; from which he returned to England,+ his pro- visions failing. Henry did not think fit to prosecute those discoveries; and many years elapsed before other attempts were made, by English subjects, i in America. Pt Florida was discovered in the year. 1502, by an accident that. would be class-. ed among fables, not with correct. history, . t s ,; Pi i f - * Bacon’s History of Henry the Seventh. - + It is fully ascertained that John Cabot cdiried over the turkey from America. That bird, before his time had not been known in any part of the old continent. The French then called it, with some ‘Propriety, as they con- tinue to call it, coq d’Indie, the cock from om for Ame- . NORTH CAROLINA. 13 if the foibles and follies of men did riot compel us to believe many other stories equally at variance with nature and sense. The diligent and persevering search for the philosopher’s stone, had long been the opprobrium of chemistry; and many a visionary at this hour continues in chase of the perpetual motion: a thing impossible in nature. It had been report- ed, a few years after the discovery of America, that. there was a fountain in Bimini, one of the Bahama islands, that had the marvellous and happy power of restoring youth and vigor to aged per- sons, who should bathe in its waters. Jean Ponce de Leon, a wealthy but aged in- habitant of. Porto Rico, believed the story, and sailed in quest, of the grand restorative. Stretching to the westward, he discovered land in March, the sabbath Tica at first was called West India. The English alone whimsically called the bird a turkey. j4 THE HISTORY OF before Easter, which the Spaniards call Pasqua de Flores; for which reason he called the country Florida. Ponce de Leon dipped himself in every stream or foun- tain that he saw. No brahman or mahom- edan could match him in ablutions; but he returned an older man. Failing in his attempts to recover youth, he resolved to increase his wealth, at the expense of the natives. For this purpose he ob- tained a commission, by which he was authorized to conquer and govern the country he had discovered. In the year 1513 he arrived on the coast of Florida with a considerable body of men; but in a short time he sustained a furious at- tack by the Indians, in which the greater part of his troops were cut off. With the survivors he arrived in Cuba. Those ad- ventures of Ponce de Leon were sup- posed to vest, in the crown of Spain, a sufficient claim to all the country that was then called Florida. age ep ~eae etapa Nae ‘eran ary RAND nc metngse ore nha NORTH CAROLINA. 15 John de Verezano, a Florentine in the service of Francis the first, sailed from Britanny, in January 1524, to make dis- coveries in America. He touched the continent near the thirtieth degree of north latitude, and called the country Mocosa; taking possession of it in the name of the king of France. He stretch- ed along the coast to the northward, touched at Sandy Hook and Rhodeisland, and left the coast near the fiftieth de- gree of latitude. He died on his return to France; and his discoveries were not prosecuted for many years: they served nevertheless as the foundation of the elaims of France to a considerable part of this continent. ‘ The misfortunes of Ponce de Leon, and of Lucas d’Aillon, a subsequent governor, whose men were cut off nearly in the same manner, did not prevent the Spaniards from making further at- 16. THE HISTORY OF tempts on the coast of Florida, Fer- dinand de Soto landed there in May 1539, with six hundred men, and two This adventurer had served with Pizarro in South America, -and shared in the spoils of Peru. He hundred horses. came in quest of gold, not with any de- sign to plant a colony. From the coast of Florida he travelled to the westward, and passed the second winter among the Chickesaw Indians, who had the ‘ad- dress to get some of his horses. From the Chickesaw country, he crossed the Mississippi,and continuing his researches to the westward, he died upon Red River. The remains of' his army escaped by the Mississippi, in small vessels of their own construction. Such was the issue of the first visits that were made on the coast of Florida, which included Georgia and Carolina. No attempt had been made to establish a colony, nor had any Spanish adventurer in that age a eee dinsiildiaipaineeinistbciiestiaginaeath 4 ine cn iomne may tn eR ne semen oe NORTH CAROLINA. 17 reconciled himself to the thoughts of: labour. Their object was gold, which was to be acquired by plundering the natives, or by the labour of those unfortu- nate people when reduced to slavery. When the controversy in France be- tween the Huguenots and Catholics had become serious, admiral Coligni, who was of the reformed church, turned his attention towards North America, as a future asylum, in case of necessity, for a persecuted sect. In pursuit of that ob- ject, he despatched captain Ribault with two ships, and every thing necessary for planting a colony. That officer, finding a good harbour, landed at Port Royal, that now belongs to South Carolina, where he built a place of defence and returned to France, leaving twenty or thirty men to keep possession of the country; but they also returned to France the next year, Coligni prevailed on‘ the king, in the VOL. I. © 18 _ THE HISTORY OF year 1564, to fit out three other ships under the command of Laudonnier, who had formerly sailed with Ribault. The Indians expressed gréat joy at his ar- rival. He built a new fort which he call- ed Charles, sent back the ships, and re- tained one hundred men, with whom he explored the country, and began to plant. But his people, impatient of labour like all the first adventurers, discovered a gold mine, as they alleged, by art ma- gical, and compelled him to dig for the precious metal. This officer, being unable to govern a seditious colony, and greatly distressed .by the want of provisions, pre- pared to leave the country about the first of August 1565; but he was prevented by the arrival of Ribault, who brought troops and planters, with their wives and children. Ribault had been appointed go- vernor of the colony; but his administra- tion was of short continuance: for the colo- _ BY was entirely composed of Huguenots; ' - i ; t : : t NORTH CAROLINA. 19 and Philip the second, of Spain, had resolv- ed, that a colony of heretics should not take root in America. Don Pedro Melan- des, a bigot not less cruel and intolerant than his master, was appointed governor of Florida. This officer arrived on the coast with three hundred soldiers and twenty-six hundred planters. They seem to have been the first Spanish adyen- turers in that region, who had any thoughts of agriculture. They landed at an inlet, a few miles to the southward of Fort Charles. Ribault, very impru- dently, embarked in the month of Sep- tembeF with his best troops to attack the Spaniards. He was overtaken the next day by a storm, that proved fa- tal to ships and men. A few days after that disaster, the Spaniards, coming by land to the fort, assailed it sword in hand. Laudonnier made a gallant de- fence, but was overpowered by num- hers; and the fort was taken. While the eck THE HISTORY OF Spaniards were diverted by plunder, that officer escaped with eighteen or twenty men, in a small vessel that lay in the harbour. The rest of the garrison, with all the women and children, were put to the sword,* except fifteen, who were hung on the nearest trees. Lest it should be unknown, that so many executions had been caused by a spirit that was falsely called religion, the following inscription was found near the bones of those un- fortunate victims: : “ They were hung as Lutherans, not as eo om Justice, though she often halts Gin her pace, was not long in overtaking these merciless bigots. Guerges of Gascony,} * In a petition to king Charles of France, by some of the widows and children of the men who fell on that occasion, the number massacred is said to have been nine hundred. t Guerges had formerly served with distinction in Italy against the Spaniards, by whom he was taken prisoner, and compelled to work as a slave on board a galley. The eS see eeiennait amen entneemiaeinetaeaenentntannee re ota eetiiemamsemnmenneinmeitebenta ut onen ocean NORTH CAROLINA. Qh a private gentleman, in the true spirit of chivalry, fitted out three ships at his own expense, and sailed in quest of Me- landes and his companions with one hun- dred and fifty soldiers and eighty sea- men. He entered a small harbour, fifteen leagues to the northward of Port Royal, about the middle of April 1568. The Spaniards, after repairing Fort Charles, had erected two other forts onthe same river, at two or three miles distance, The old fort was garrisoned by one hun- dred and sixty men, and each of the new forts by seventy men. Guerges was accompanied by a man who had served with Laudonnier, and proved to be a useful interpreter. The Indians were taught the object of the expedition; and vessel in which he served was taken by the Turks, and retaken by the knights of Malta, by whom he was set at liberty. From that time he followed the sea, and became an expert navigator. \ ‘22 THE HISTORY OF they tendered their services with the ut- _ most alacrity; for the cruelty of the Spaniards had excited universal indig- nation. Guerges surprised one of the small forts at the dawn of day, and put all the garrison, except fifteen, to death. Pursuing his suecess while the panic was strong, he attacked the other small fort, and took it by storm. This garrison was also put to the sword, except fifteen, who were reserved for the gibbet. The old fort was strong and well provided. To attack such a garrison as it contain- ed, with an inferior number of regular troops, was a hazardous enterprise. The Indians were not ignorant of the danger. One of their chiefs told Guerges, as they advanced towards the’ fort, that he ex- pected to fall in battle, but he confided that the captain would give his wife the presents intended for him. In that case she would be enabled to celebrate his death; and he would be welcome in the NORTH CAROLINA. 23 land of spirits. Fame and fear had mag- nified the number of French combatants. As they drew near the fort, the Spanish governor detached fifty men to recon- noitre. Their retreat was cut off by strat- agem; and they were put to death. The troops in the fort, panic-struck by that execution, fled to the woods; but the woods were filled with hostile Indians. Death was inevitable. They returned and surrendered. Fifteen of this garrison were also reserved for the gibbet; the rest were put to the sword. Near the graves of the men thus retaliated on, there was set up an inscription to in- form posterity that — cs They were hung ap Traitors, Robbers and Murderers, not as Spaniards or mariners.” Having destroyed the fort, Guerges brought off the plunder, and arrived at Rochelle in June. If the courage of that Gascon had been tempered with hu 24 THE HISTORY OF manity, his zeal and patriotism. would , have entitled him to lasting honours. The pretensions of France and Spain to the possession of Carolina, at this pe- riod, were nearly alike. The greater part of America was claimed by Spain, ‘because an officer in the service of that government had discovered three or four islands and a small part of the con- _ tinent. France claimed Carolina, because ‘two or three mariners in the service of that government had surveyed the coast, and given names to some rivers and bays. Both nations had attempted to form settlements in the country; and they had both been disappointed. In a few years we shall find another claimant. \e CHAPTER Il. SIR WALTER RALEIGH ATTEMPTS TO SETTLE A COLONY IN NORTH CAROLINA, WE have seen that Newfoundland and a considerable part of the continent were discoyered at an early period, by Cabot, in the service of Henry the Seventh; but _ that prince did not think fit to prosecute those discoveries. Not that Henry was less desirous than other monarchs to ex- tend his empire or increase his trea- sures; for he acquired wealth, on sundry oceasions, by fraudulent means. But Ca- bot had found no evidence of riches among the Indians. He had seen neither gold nor silver among the numerous tribes who lived near the coast; and Henry was not willing to expend his VOL. E. D 36 THE HISTORY OF own treasures with the distant hope of increasing commerce and enriching his ‘subjects. It happened that Portugal was extending her discoveries and commerce to the eastward, along the coast of Af rica, at the yery period in which Ame- rica was discovered by Columbus. In that case, it was not improbable, that the claims of those nations: might in- terfere; for Portugal had obtained an ex- tensive grant from the pope of Rome. To prevent any possible interference, his holiness, who doubtless had the same right to bestow earthly kingdoms as seats in paradise, was pleased to limit his grant to Portugal, by such lands as they should discover to the eastward of a cer- tain meridian, passing through the At- lantic. He gave the king of Spain all that he should discover to the westward of that line. Henry the Seventh may have desisted from American discoveries, lest he should interfere with the Spanish NORTH CAROLINA. QF monarch, whose friendship he cultivated, ‘and whose daughter he sought in mar- riage for his eldest son. It may be recol- lected, that his successor, Henry the Kighth, employed much of his time in the gratification of his passions; and his immediate successors, Edward and Mary, paid little attention to foreign, objects. The comprehensive mind of queen Elizabeth cherished every project, by which her navy might be strengthen- ed and her commerce extended; neither did she fear or flatter the king of Spain. In the year 1579 she was pleased to grant a patent to sir Humphrey Gil- ~ bert, by which he was authorized to search for and discover remote heathen- ish and barbarous lands; to settle, for- tify and govern the same. Having ob- tained that patent, sir Humphrey sailed directly for Newfoundland; but he re- turned without forming any settlement, He was accompanied on that expedi- 28 THE HISTORY OF tion by sir Walter Raleigh, who was his half-brother. He sailed a second time for Newfoundland in the year 1583; and Raleigh, in the ardent spirit of ad- - venture, sailed with him in another ship. But a malignant fever breaking out, in a few days, on board that ship, Raleigh was obliged to return. Gilbert arrived in Newfoundland; but he was lost on Sir Walter Raleigh, not discouraged by the misfortunes of his brother, re- solved to attempt a colony in the new world. But the inhospitable island that he had seen was not the object of his ambition: he proposed to plant in a warmer climate on the continent. Ra- leigh had served the queen of Navarre a considerable time, in France. On that — eceasion he became acquainted with all the discoveries that had been made by, NORTH CAROLINA. 29 Freneh or Spanish adventurers, on the southern coast; and the claims or pro- jects of Coligni, the only adventurer he could respect, were buried with himself in the dust. He obtained a patent, in March 1584, for such lands as he should discover, not in the possession of any christian prince or people.* It was pro- vided by the patent, that no settlement should be formed, by any o person, within two hundred leagues of the place or places, which he might cause to be settled within six years. The grant was very extensive; and he took care that it should not be forfeited by delay. In little more than four weeks he despatched two small vessels, under the command of expert mariners, to take possession of the coun- try: They touched at the Canary islands and the West Indies in their passage. * See Abstract C. 30 THE HISTORY OF. This was originally deemed to be the proper course to North America, for the benefit of the trade winds,* They got soundings the second of July; and stretch- ing to the northward, under an easy sail, they cast anchor the fourth of Julyt in the mouth of an inlet, which they took for a river. After returning thanks for a safe passage, they took possession of the country for queen Elizabeth. The land was sandy; but every tree and shrub was loaded with grapes; and the low ground was covered with tall cedars. ‘ * It has been observed that the northwest winds pre- vailed on the coast of North America, when the first co- lonies were planted, more than they do at present, nearly as three to one; therefore the passages from Europe, in. high latitudes, at that period, were usually very long. _ + They sailed 27th of April 1584. They touched at the Canaries 4th of May, at the West Indies 10th of June, and landed in North Carolina the 4th of July. This has become a memorable day in the United States, NORTH CAROLINA. 3Y They soon discovered that they were on an island about twenty miles long, which the Indians called Wokokon. On the third day after their arrival, three of the natives, for the first time, appeared on the beach and received some pre- sents, On the following day, forty or fifty Indians approached the ships. They left their canoes at a small distance in a cove, and presented themselyes on the beach. Granganimo the sachem was among those Indians: his rank appeared by his deportment. He took his seat upon a long mat; and four of his chief men seated themselves upon the other end of the mat. The rest of the Indians stood at a respectful distance. The mas- ters of the ships landed, with some of their people, in arms. The prince made them signs to seat themselves near him. He then touched his head and breast, and afterwards touched theirs, to signify his desire of mutual confidence and pon Wales ae ete pee) igi eal 32 THE HISTORY OF friendship; and he made a long speech, which they wished in vain to understand. They gave him sundry presents, which he received thankfully; and they gave presents to the officers who attended lim, but the prince took the whole to himself. On the next day, a profitable trade was opened with the natives. Twenty skins, to the value of twenty crowns, were purchased for a tin dish, and other articles in proportion. After some days, Granganimo introduced his wife and some of his children. She was ornamented with strings of pearls, and wore a cloak and apron of skins dressed in the fur. When the ships had been some time at their anchorage, one of the captains, with seven or eight of the adventurers, proceeded in a boat towards Roanoke island, where they arrived the ‘next day. On the north end of the island there was a small town, consisting of eight or ten houses, built of cedar and NORTH CAROLINA. 38 surrounded with palisades, for defence against an enemy. Granganimo lived in. that town. He was not at home; but the untaught civility of his wife left the eap- tain and his company nothing to desire. She ordered her people to carry them ashore on their backs. Their boat was drawn up, and their oars secured. She placed her guests by the fire to dry their clothes; for it was raining. Some of her - Women washed their stockings; and others washed their feet. Their clothes being dry, she conducted them into an- other apartment and gave them a plenti- ful dinner, consisting of roasted venison, hommony, fish, melons and sundry fruits. They used earthen pots and wooden dishes. While the strangers were at dinner, two Indians entered the house with their bows and arrows. The white men looked towards their arms. The princess did not wait for any further re. monstrance. The Indians were turned vou. I r ' ‘ 34 THE HISTORY OF out; and their bows were broken. She in-. treated her guests to stay all night in the palace; but they launched their boat and dropped a grapnel at some distance from the shore. She observed, with marks of grief; that she had not gained their confidence; but she pressed them no further. Their supper was sent to the boat; and they were supplied with mats as a defence from the rain. Thirty or forty men and an equal number of wo- _ men were directed to watch near them, all night, on the beach. The particulars of this visit have been detailed, because the conduct of that wo- man is a correct portrait of the female character, and a specimen of that atten- tion which the stranger and the afilicted may expect to receive from women in eyery part of the world, _ , with them.* | if NORTH CAROLINA. 35 Having finished their trade, and taken a short view of the country, those adven- turers returned to England about the middle of September, taking two Indians ety ties siya This visit, as we have seen, terminated in the most friendly manner. The parties had been equally disposed to acts of kindness; and. they seem to have thought — well of one another. There was nothing in the conduct of the English that could excite jealousy or suspicion. Their num- ber was small; and their conduct was inoffensive. They viewed the country, but were not suspected of a design to . seize it and destroy the inhabitants. In this case, nothing appeared in the con- duct of the natives, but a species of hos- * One of those Indians named Manteo continued to be faithfully attached to the colonists, and became a useful _ interpreter. fe - 36 THE HISTORY OF pitality, that is common to men seldom visited by strangers and little attached to property. In a short time, the Indians had occasion to change their opinion con- cerning the object of the strangers; and the white men had equal reason to change their opinion concerning the in- nocence and simplicity of the natives. — When we consider the manner. in which travellers usually speak of things they have seen in a distant country, we cannot wonder that the expectations of people in England were exceedingly | raised, by the report of those adven- turers. The fragrant and delicious smell of the country had arrested the pas- ‘sengers, before they were in sight — of land. The woods were filled with game. Every bush was loaded with grapes, a sight not common in England. A savage could fill his canoe with fish, in two or three hours, in the sound. The - NORTH CAROLINA. 37 . natives were hospitable and inoffensive. Pearls were found in abundance; and there was reason to expect much gold. Such was the report. The country was a paradise, in which every sense was gratified. Queen Elizabeth was greatly pleased with this valuable addition to her dominions. The new country was called Virginia, a name by which her majesty was flattered; and. every part of this continent, claimed by the En- - glish, was called by that name for many years. In a short time after the return of those ships, Raleigh was elected a member of parliament for Devonshire. He was also knighted by the queen; and his patent was confirmed by an act of pera 73 paki apap Seven. ships were immediately pre- pared for a second expedition* under *The Tiger of 140 tons, Roebuck 140, Lion 100, Elizabeth “Sent: aa eye aaa =e 38 THE HISTORY OF the orders of Ralph Lane and sir Richard Granville. This little squadron reached the coast in July,* and dropped their anchors, without the bar, at Wokokon. Governor Lane, sir Richard Granville, and fifty or sixty other officers and men, immediately crossed the sound to ex. plore the country. They discovered an Indian town near the mouth of Pamptico river, and another town near the mouth _ of Neus; from which they directed their course to Socotan,+ where they were ci- villy entertained by Wingina, the brother of Granganimo. From Socotan, some of the boats proceeded, by the shortest course, to Wokokon: but Granville: with the other boats returned to Aquascosack, «town on the waters of Neus, to demand a bo = ee nr ‘Blizabeth 50, Dorothea a cool bark, and 1 two small Pinnaces, * Twenty sixth July, 1585. + Socotan was near the present site of Beaufort. NORTH CAROLINA. 39 Silver cup that had been stolen from him, when he: yisited that town on his late circuit. The cup was not restored ac- cording to promise; and the Indians, apprehending danger, fled to the woods: upon which their town was burned and their corn destroyed. This was the first act of hostility; and it proved to be the plentiful source of calamity. We are not surprised at such instances of tyranny. It is common for the strong to. insult the: weak; but it is strange that men should not be instructed by the nume- rous cases of deadly revenge that have been taken by unarmed savages. One of the most accomplished mariners of the present age, while he was attempting to recover a boat of little value in an arbitrary manner, fell by the hands of naked men. He must be weak indeed, whose revenge “may not be dangerous, The passionate and rash conduct of sir Richard Granyille cost the nation many 40 THE HISTORY OF a life. The fair beginning of a hopeful colony was obscured, it was nearly de- feated, by resenting the loss of a silver cup. Towards the last of August sir Richard_sailed for England, having pro- mised to return in the spring. Most of the other ships had sailed before him. Their chief lading was red cedar, sas- safras and peltry. Thé new colony had Settled on Roanoke island; and, though they were one hundred and seven in number, there had not been, on the first of September, a single instance of sick- ness among them. Governor Lane was diligently employed, during the autumn and winter, in exploring the country. He visited the Chesopians, on Elizabeth river; formed a league with the Mora- tucks, on Roanoke river; and visited the Chowanokes, a powerful tribe. The dis- coveries of that officer cannot be under- stood by their original names; for every thing is changed, except the name of a NORTH CAROLINA. 41 small island. Rivers and sounds have lost their Indian names; inlets have changed their position; and the Indian tribes are exterminated. Hatorask was the name ofa small inlet, a little to the westward of Cape Hatteras. The land, adjoining the cape, was 7 called Paquewock. The second inlet, to the westward of the cape, was called Oceam; and there was a third inlet, a few miles to the eastward of the present Oca- coke, that was called Wokokon. The see. tion of the bank that lay between Oceam and Wokokon was called Croatoan; and the point of main land, now called Cro- atan, was called Dasamonquipo. Roanoke river was Moratock; Albemarle sound was Weapomiock; and Chowan was Cho- wanoke. This river gave its name to a numerous tribe. All the Indians, who lived on the eastern waters of Albemarle, were called Weapomiocks; but the sub- divisions of this tribe were called by the VOL, f. F A2 THE HISTORY OF several rivers on which they lived. Okis- | ko was their chief. The conduct of governor Lane cannot be deemed instructive, except by show- ing us what we should not do; for he attempted every thing among the. sava- ges by force, nothing by persuasion; hence it followed, that while he was pur- suing his researches in the interior, a powerful confederacy was formed against him near the coast. Granganimo, who had been a friendly chief, died in the spring; upon which, his brother Wingina succeeded to the’ government of his sub- jects, and removed from Socotan to the mouth of Albemarle sound. This chief had never expressed any attachment to the adventurers; but their late impru- dent and despotic measures had made him a determined enemy. While the go- vernor tarried among the Chowanokes, their king, Monatenon, was very desirous NORTH CAROLINA, 43 of being relieved from such a visiter, He described a powerful king to the northward who lived upon an island.* Many of his subjects lived near the sea; and pearls were plenty in his dominions. He referred to the waters of Chesapeak. The distance, as he alleged, was not more than three days’ journey; and he offered guides, if the governor should be disposed to make that king a visit. But pearls were not the object of this adven- turer. He was in search of gold. The river Roanoke was then described as the certain road to great discoveries. Moratock river was said to rise thirty or forty days’ journey above the town of that name, from a great rock; and that - yoek was so near the ocean that salt wa-— ter was dashed across it by every storm, so as to injure the fresh water in the * An island in James’s river. 44 THE HISTORY OF river. Skiko, the son of Monatenon, as- sured the governor, that there were valuable copper mines on the river, as he had been informed by other Indians, for he had not. travelled so far. The ore — yielded two fifths of pure copper, as they alleged, not so red or hard as the copper from Europe. The governor was confi- dent that he had now discovered the South sea. Of the copper there could not be any doubt; though he rather conceived that gold was the metal they described, from its being washed down by torrents. He resolved to go in quest of those trea- sures. By a strange abuse of power, the governor had seized Monatenon and held him prisoner in the midst of his own subjects. That sachem could bring three thousand bewmen into the field. When Lane determined to ascend the Roanoke, he liberated Monatenon, but made his son Skiko a prisoner, As the governor was not acquainted with the navigation some of the Mangoacks prisoners, who NORTH CAROLINA, 45 of the river, he sent to the coast for a pilot; and Wingina was enabled, by that incident, to expose him to danger. He privately informed the Moratock and Mangoack Indians that Lane intended to destroy them. They believed the story, and removed their families and corn - from the banks of the river. The gover- nor ascended the river with two boats and forty men; but he suffered in a short — time by the want of provisions; for he had expected to get a supply from the natives. He did not see an Indian for three days; but his people would not re- turn. The Moratock Indians had fled; but they confided that they should make must be ransomed by a good supply of provisions. The calls of hunger were stifled by the more powerful thirst of gold. On the evening of the third day, some Indians, from the river bank, called — Manteo, and began to sing. Manteo put AG THE HISTORY OF © on his armour; and a shower of: arrows. taught the governor that he was among his enemies. He landed and pursued the Indians, in vain, until it was dark. On the next morning he descended the river. In the course of that day, he reached Cheponock, the present site of Edenton. The Indians of that town had also fled; but he got a supply of fish in their wears, On the next day he arrived at Roanoke island. mee eel ee While Lane was engaged in his ro- mantic expedition, searching for gold and the Pacific ocean, it had been report- ed that he was killed by the Mangoack Indians. Wingina believed the story, and resolved to destroy the colony, by re- moving his people from the island and. neglecting to plant corn; but the return of the governor, with Skiko his prisoner, who was the son of a powerful prince, made a temporary change in his projects. NORTH CAROLINA. A? He suffered his people to set wears and plant corn. This favourable appearance was inereased by the conduct of Monate- non, who ordered Okisko, a subordinate prince, to do homage to queen Elizabeth. This homage, by twenty four captains in behalf of their chief, produced the sem- blance of respect in the conduct of those Indians before whom it was performed. But Wingina, a dark and dangerous ene- my, in the meantime was preparing for a tragical adventure. The claim of hom- ‘age, by a distant potentate, had no ten- dency to gain his esteem or quiet his fears. This prince, who trusted more to artifice than strength, made preparations, as he alleged, to celebrate his father’s death in a splendid manner. The Man- doacks from Currituck, the Chesopians and the Weapomiacks, were invited to attend the festival; and fifteen hundred warriors, of those tribes, assembled at Dasamonquipo, the tenth of June. Twen- instructed to set Lane’s house on fire by ’ night; it was covered with reeds. The governor would turn out, as they expect. ed without his arms, to escape the flames; and the bravoes were to put him to death. The flame of the houses was to be a signal to the Indians at the point, who were to cross in their canoes and destroy the colony. With all these pre- parations, Wingina had doubts concern. ing the issue of his project. He appre- hended that» the white. men, collected together, might prove too strong for his auxiliaries; therefore he caused all the fish wears to be destroyed; and his people -Were instructed not to sell any corn. In _ consequence of those measures, the co- lonists were seattered abroad in quest of food. Winginia remained at the point; but some of his associates had crossed to the island, to take the lead in the projected massacre. The cloud was ready we ve wa hae i 4 NORTH CAROLINA. 49 to burst on the heads of the devoted colony, when Skiko, the brave and gene. — rous son of Monatenon, disclosed the dangerous secret. Upon this discovery Lane began to plot in his turn. He sent a messenger to Wingina, informing him that he proposed going to Croatoan, on the following day, to look for ships that were expected on the coast; that he should eall upon him in the morning, to get some corn, and people to assist him in catching fish. He destroyed the canoes of the visiting Indians in the * night, and killed some of those people. — In the morning he called upon Wingina, who was attended by six or eight of his chiefs; for they had not heard of the ‘disaster. in their island. They were all put to death. The colony in that manner escaped destruction; but their fears did - not subside. Sir Richard Granville, who promised to return in the spring, had VOL, I. éie i ) THE HISTORY OF | not arrived; but a messenger from Croa- toan gave notice that sir Francis Drake was on the coast. He had been instructed "to visit the colony on his return from an expedition against the Spanish West Indies. The admiral cast anchor in the open road; for no large vessel had hitherto crossed the bar. He supplied the colony with a bark of seventy tons, and four months’ provisions for one hun- | dred men. He furnished them also with | two pinnaces and a sufficient number of able seamen; but— the bark, with the men and provisions on board, was driven to sea in a storm. She did not return. The admiral offered another yessel of double the size, with a good commander and a sufficient supply of provisions; but the ship could not be put into a place of safety; and the colonists, whose spirits were broken by disappointments and dangers, without fortitude and without so 3 WORTH CAROLINA. 51 resources, returned to England in the fleet.* © it A ship of one hundred tons, loaded, with stores, arrived on the coast a few days after the fleet had sailed; but the master returned to England, as he found no remains of the colony. About a fort- night after his departure sir Richard Granville arrived at Hattorask with three ships. Not finding the storeship, nor "any traces of the colony, except empty houses; and being unwilling to abandon the country, he landed fifteen men with provisions for two years, and left the coast. Sir Richard was a military man: his ships were armed; and he was more disposed, and much better. calculated, for prosecuting war than cultivating the arts of peace in a young colony. * They sailed 19th June, 1586. 52 THE HISTORY OF a ot discouraged by repeated disap- poitments, sir Walter adhered to his original plan. He fitted out three vessels, the next spring,* and took other. mea- sures for making a- permanent settle- ment. The chiefs of the new colony were incorporated, by the title of «The gover- nor and assistants, of the city of Raleigh, in Virginia; and they obtained all the prerogatives, jurisdictions, royalties, and privileges, that had been granted to six Walter by the queen: Women and. chil: dren came out. with. those adventurers; — and they were instructed to call at the West Indies for cattle and fruit trees, *, j 5 ‘ aod C45 C= 3 ‘ ‘¥ : 79 4 Pista a * 1587, ' wah _ + No city was built or founded by those unfortunate men; but the legislature of North Carolina, after a lapse of two hundred years, in grateful remembrance of the man who was the parent of the British colonies in America, and planted the first colony in North Carolina, called their seat of government by his name, > NORTH CAROLINA. 53 From his improved knowledge of the country, sir Walter had reason to con- fide, that a colony might now be planted in safety. Governor Lane had discovered the mouth of Chesapeak bay; and sir Walter gave particular instructions to the colony, not to settle at Roanoke island, but proceed to the waters «of Chesapeak, where they might build a city on the bank’ of some river, and detain one or two of their vessels to be em- ployed in collecting provisions and keep- ing the Indians in check. The officers | were instructed to call at Roanoke, and take off the men left there by sir Richard Granville. The largest ship, on this ex- pedition, was commanded by Simon Fer- nando, who had been twice on the coast of Carolina as a pilot. The projects of a great man, the hopes of a nation, and the lives of many innocent people, were blasted together by the perfidy of that contemptible mariner, His origin is not 54 - THE HISTORY OF stated; nor do we know that he was bribed by the Spaniards, though he was in habits of friendship with the governor of Hispaniola; but every step he took, on that expedition, was marked with a design to defeat the colony. The parties interested, by a fatal mistake, had not the power of controlling him. The vessels stopped on their passage at Santa Cruz; _ but Fernando would not stop at Hispa- niola, for salt or live stock, although he passed in sight of the island. This’ was a second disappointment; for he had put into a bay on the coast of Portugal, where he left one of the vessels in dis- _tress. The ship and. pinnace arrived at Hattorask the twenty-second of. July. ‘White, the governor, with fifty good men embarked in the pinnace to search for | the men that had been left on Roanoke __ island; but they were no sooner under ies " weigh, than the seamen were ordered by Fernando not to bring back the planters | , i i * a NORTH CAROLINA. 55 nor any person except the governor and two or three of his friends; for he imtend- ed to sail immediately for England. The governor remonstrated against those or- ders in vain; for the sailors were under the command of Fernando. The party landed that evening on Roanoke island, where the former adventurers had con- structed a fort. The houses left by those people were repaired; and the colonists were cheered, in a few days, by the ar- rival of the vessel that had been left in distress. Six days after their arrival, one of the assistants was killed by the In- dians, while he was fishing, at a small distance from his companions. An of- ficer was sent to Croatoan, in company 56 THE HISTORY OF to the Indians at Dasamonquipo, lately commanded by Wingina, to signify his desire of treating for peace; but they fied. from their town, instead of treating _ as they had promised. Every step, taken by those people, was marked by a — of deadly hostility. The ships being ready to sail, gover. nor White was entreated by the planters to return to England, that he might so- licit their affairs.* He was not inatten- tive to his friends in the colony. Ships * Governor White, on his return to England, touched at a port in Ireland, where he is believed to have left the potatoe that thrives so well in high latitudes, though it , cannot resist intense cold. It is said that the vee has been found near the coast in Carolina. Ce is that the yam has lately been found i in its uncultivat state in the woods near Edenton. Roots of this kind cannot be _ humerous where hogs are numerous, as they haye been for one hundred years i in Carolina. NORTH CAROLINA. 57 were prepared and ready to sail the next spring, with more planters and sufficient supplies; but that expedition was sus- pended, with many other private con- eerns, by the Spanish armada, that threat: ened to subvert the English government. Two armed vessels were nevertheless despatched from Biddeford, with provi- sions; — were driven back 3 the CONF. 8h Ae yy aes ene ore simaltiieds Monti» il et ‘Rep aa 13, «Sie Walter Raleigh had now expended. forty thousand pounds sterling, in his attempts to settle a colony; and he was not relieved by any returns from Ame- rica; for the profits of trade fell into the hands of other people. The privilege of trading to Virginia was nevertheless deemed, by mercantile men, to be a de- , sirable object. In that case, it was natu- ral to confide, that the spirit of com- merce would preserye an intercourse. VoL. ie 58 THE HISTORY OF with the new discoveries, until a colony should be established there. Under these impressions, sir Walter assigned to Tho- mas Smith of London and his associates, the privilege of trading to Virginia, and continuing the colony there; reserving only, to himself, one fifth part of the gold and silver they should discover.* He en- gaged also to confirm to them all the privileges he had granted to the colony, then settled on Roanoke island. In the mean time, he continued his’ endeavours ta relieve the colony; for he could not trust the philanthropy of a mercantile company, who would rather confine their speculations to Chesapeak bay, than trust ‘their ships in an open road, near Cape Hatteras. ; Pais chi * The assignment was made 7th March 1589. _ NORTH CAROLINA. 59 After the defeat of the great armada, many adventurers were prepared to cruise against the Spanish commerce in the West Indies. Three privateers, fitted at Bristol, by the same owner, were ready to sail: but they were prevented by a fur- ther embargo. Sir Walter obtained a spe- cial permit for the sailing of those privateers; it being provided, that the owner should bind himself, under the penalty of three thousand | ‘pounds, te earry governor White and a number of planters, with their furniture, to the new settlement in Virginia. The pass being obtained, before the bond was executed, the ships were despatched, without a single passenger, except governor White and his servant. After taking some prizes tin the West Indies, one of the privateers, stretching to the northward, east anchor in five fathoms water, off Roanoke inlet. Governor White, landing 60 THE HISTORY OF with a small party, did not find a single man on the island. The houses in the old town were destroyed; but the place was fortified with palisades of large trees, curtains, and flankers. Part of the works are seen at this day. The planters had talked of making a settle- ment near the head of Albemarle sound; but they promised to inscribe, on.a tree, the name of the place to which they should remove; cutting a cross, over the in- scription, in case of being pressed by any calamity. The word Croatoan was carved in capitals, upon a post, at the entrance of the fort, without a cross. Within the fort were bars of iron and pigs of lead, nearly overgrown by weeds; but the pinnace was not found, nor the small - piece of artillery, that had been left with the colonists. The commanding officer expressed his willingness to sail for Croatoan; but the wind being at north. east, he lost his best anchor in heaving J 4 b NORTH CAROLINA. 61 up. He dropped another anchor; but it did not hold, and he slipped the cable in order to clear the land. The wind shifting in a few hours to the northwest, he changed his plan and directed his course for England. Other vessels were sent, year after year, by sir Walter Raleigh, for the sole purpose of relieving the colony:* but the commanders do not appear, in a sin- gle instance, to have seen Roanoke island. They sought their private emolument in pursuit of other objects, and returned to England with trifling excuses. _ It may appear strange to some of us, who were born in America, that Raleigh * The colony that was left on Roanoke island consisted of ninety-one > men and seventeen women, beside two childern of Dare and Harvie, who were born in the island. 62 THE HISTORY OF should have found so much difficulty in forming a settlement. One colony after another returned to England, because they could not maintain themselves on the sea-coast in Carolina. One hundred men, after they had been ten months in the country, were in danger of starving, unless the Indians had supplied them with corn and fish. It will appear more remarkable, that seven eighths of a sub- sequent colony should have perished in six months, by the want of a constant supply of provisions, after part of them had lived three years in the country. Of nine thousand emigrants, who arrived in Virginia in the space of twenty years, not more than two thousand were aliye - at the end of that period. _ “ Tantz molis erat ——-—--condere gentem.’”” < We have seen the states of Kentucky 7 and Tennessee spring out of the wilder- NORTH. CAROLINA. * @ ness in a few years; and we know with how much ease our fellow-eitizens can plant a new country. They clear land and raise corn enough, in four or five months, to make themselves independent. In case of necessity, they cam support themselves by a gun, while the corn is growing. Great allowance is doubtless to be made for the description of men, who first came over. They were not accustomed to the use of a gun, nor were they trained to labour. But the misfortunes of those people may chiefly be traced from the spirit of the times,'The mind of man, like his body, is subject to epidemiecal complaints. There have been instances, not a few, in which great bodies of men haye been so much disordered in their minds, in reference to a particular sub- ject, that they seemed to be perfectly insane. Not to mention the cases of insanity, that frequently appear in small societies, it may be recollected that the Se SE SSS os ay I ? \ 64 THE HISTORY OF British nation, or a considerable part of them, enriched themselves for several months with the froth of the South sea, The French nation, in equal contempt | of reason, amused themselves for a con- siderable time in dancing after a Missis- sippi bubble; and the Hollander exchan-— ged industry, economy, and commerce, for the shadow of a spotted tulip. When we say that the minds of those people suffered a temporary derangement, we put the most favourable construction upon their conduct. Many People i in Eu- rope, after the discovery of America, seem to have laboured under a similar species of insanity. They dreamt of no- thing, they expected to find nothing, in the new world, but prodigies and won- ders. The rapacious Spaniard had ex- torted much gold and silver from the helpless natives; hence it was presum- ed that gold and silver abounded in America, as iron, marle, or fossile coals 1 NORTH CAROLINA. 65 abound in the other continent. They needed only the mattock or spade of a digger. The first adventurers, to a man, came out in quest of the precious metals; and they suffered many hardships before their golden dreams had vanished, or before they could reconcile themselves to the thoughts of labour. When they be- . gan to work, they did it without skill; and many years elapsed before they ac- quired the simple art of cultivating Indian corn. We have lately seen a small French colony, on the Ohio, distressed for several years, before they could sup- port themselves, though they had the advice and example of American farmers, — After all allowance has been made for the description. of men who first came over, and the circumstances under which they settled, I think it probable, that the native white American is more am- bidextrous; that he has a greater ver- VOL. I. q 66 THE HISTORY, Ke. - satility of genius, and can more readily turn himself to all the necessary de- mands of life, than the native of the other continent. IO Gas. ey aaah, 4 > 16 GROG TROY Mi ATS Pe i a wa CHAPTER III. 4 PLANTATION IS FORMED NEAR THE MOUTH OF JAMES’S RIVER. SOME OF THE COLO- NISTS MIGRATE TO THE SOUTHWARD, _ AFTER the death of queen Elizabeth, sir Walter Raleigh could neither obtain fayour nor justice at court. He was not fitted to the times. His enterprising and military spirit excited the fears of James the First, who was a vain pusillanimous prince. In the short space of. eight months Raleigh was disgraced, arrested, tried,* and condemned, at the instance of his sovereign. ‘ *He was accused of having confederated with the lords Gray, Cobham, and others in a plot for placing Arabella Stuart on the throne. That lady was related te 7 west of England, to form a settlement in 68 THE HISTORY OF As the lands that dately were disco- vered in Virginia had become the object of great -expectation, sundry lords and gentlemen, in London, prayed the king that he would give them a title to the new country. In consequence of that petition sir Thomas Gates, sir. George Sommers, and others, were incorporated with liberty to form a plantation in any part of Virginia, between the thirty-fourth and forty-first degrees of north latitude, Another patent was granted, at the same time, to a company in Bristol and the — a higher latitude. A A second charter, en- larging © and. explaining the— first, was granted. to the London company, twenty- fourth of May, 1606, who were very numerous. This company sent out a ge Ae eats... ’ King James, by the Leriok? family, and was equally “ Spended from Henry the Seventh, NORTH CAROLINA. 69 small colony the next spring, who arriy- ed in Chesapeak about the first of May. They were to be governed by a presi- dent and council, who were vested with legislative power. This little colony was distracted with the baneful spirit of dis- cord, from the day in which they sailed. — They arrested captain Smith on the pas- sage, upon a charge of intending to murder the council and make himself king. The personal merits of that officer had excited the jealousy of those worth- less adventurers. He was the only intel- ligent, brave, and deserving officer who had embarked in that enterprise. He had formerly served against the Turks and acquired reputation by his valor. ‘The names of seven men, chosen by the eom- pany to form acouncil, had been inclosed. in a sealed cover, that was not to be opened before they arrived in Virginia. When the seals were broken, it appeared that Smith was a member of the coun- 70 THE HISTORY OF — cil; but he was not suffered to act in that capacity. He was ordered up the bay to explore the country. Upon his return, he demanded a trial; and being fully ac- quitted, he took his seat in council. The witnesses, adduced against him, accused the persons who suborned them; and Wingfield the president, being the most guilty, was ordered to pay him two hun- dred pounds. The shipping departed for England in June, taking as usual a cargo of cedar, sassafras and other wood. One hundred and eight persons were left in the country; and fifty of that number died before winter. The survivors were preserved by the prudence and diligence of captain Smith, who, by a strange re- verse of fortune, had obtained the go- vernment of the colony. Wingfield and Kendal, two of the council, had been con- victed of embezzling the stores, and de- graded; others had sailed for England, and.some were dead. The government of % NORTH CAROLINA. 7 the colony rested upon Smith and Mar- tin; but Smith was the only man of bu- siness. In one of his excursions, during the winter, in quest of corn, Smith was surrounded by the Indians and taken prisoner. They knew his rank, and con- ducted him to Powhatan the emperor. That man had thirty subordinate and tributary kings. He had a body guard of two hundred men, and lived in great barbaric splendor. He was some days consulting what should be done with Smith. He resolved at length to put him to death. A great stone, for this purpose, was placed on the floor; and the execu- tioners were to beat out his brains with clubs. At the instant in which his head was laid on the stone, Pocahontas, the favourite child of the emperor, who was in her thirteenth year, flew to the pris- oner, clasped his neck and covered his ~ head by her own. Persuasions were in- effeetual; for nothing but force could #, 72 THE HISTORY OF remove her. The emperor was greatly affected by an incident so little expected in the presence of all his nobles. He paused and yielded to the intreaties of his daughter. Smith was detained some weeks, as an ingenious artist, to work in the palace; but the emperor, being in- formed of the wonderful effects of a grindstone, and the more astonishing effects of a cannon, Smith was liberated under the promise of sending from James- town, the seat of the colony, a grindstone and two pieces of ordnance. When he | arrived at the fort, he delivered the can- non, according to his promise; but the Indians were greatly disappointed) in not being able to carry them. The erind- stone was portable; and the messengers were dismissed, well pleased with pre- sents that Smith sent to the emperor — and his women. The detention of the ~ president, a few weeks longer, must have proved fatal to the colony; for he — 3 ” dead. NORTH CAROLINA. 73 found them on his return, in a state of anarchy and confusion; the strongest. party being ready to escape in their bark. By the arrival of a storeship, in the spring, those mutinous and discon- tented people were governed, for a few months, with less trouble. {n the begin- ning of winter, when the leayes had fallen, the president despatched a hardy woodman to the Chowanoke Indians, un- der the pretence of sending presents to their king; but his object was to inquire for the Roanoke colony. He sent two other men to the Mangoacks, on the river Nottoway; but they returned, as the other had done, without any information except that the white people were all % * The London Company, not satisfied with the returns they had received from Virginia, applied for another charter, which they obtained, with more ample VOL. I. K 1h THE HISTORY OF powers.* In consequence of the new char- ter, in which many lords and gentlemen of great influence were named, such a spring was given to the affairs of the company, that five hundred adventurers came out the same year. Lord Delaware was appointed, governor of the colony; sir Thomas Gates and sir George Sum- mers being lieutenant governor and ad- miral. These gentlemen were authorized | to discharge the duties of governor until lord Delaware should arrive; but coming out together, they had the misfortune to suffer shipwreck on the islands of Bermudas. The new adventurers, in con- sequence of that disaster, being a profli- gate set, without prudence, industry or any knowledge of business, in a short time had fallen into’ a state of general eonfusion. Captain Smith, in that case, TEE none th, peek ene ne res * It was dated May, 1609. NORTH CAROLINA. 75 with the hope of saving the colony, re- sumed the command, alleging that his power had not been legally suspended. His task was difficult; but he adopted the best expedient for ruling such dis- ‘orderly people: he divided them. One hundred and twenty were detached to form a settlement on Nansamond river, and the same number to the falls of | James river. tte: . _ As the president, after some time, was returning from the falls, fire by some accident was conveyed to his powder- horn, while he was asleep in the boat; and he suffered greatly by the explosion. In consequence of his wounds he was obliged to sail for England; and the colony was again reduced to the verge of de- struction by ignorance, indolence, and intemperance. A succession of twenty presidents, who attempted to lathes in the space of a few months, is a sufficient ) 16 THE HISTORY OF indication of the character of those peo- ple. They consumed their provisions by riot and dissipation; but they had not sufficient address to get a supply from the natives. Of five hundred persons, who were left in the province by captain Smith, not more than sixty were alive at the end of six months, including wo- men and children. Sir Thomas Gates and sir George Summers, having built two small barks in Bermuda, arrived at James- town about the middle of May: and the wretched remains of the colony embark- ed with them to depart for England. As they were dropping down the river, they met lord Delaware with three ships and a plentiful supply of provisions. By the prudence and fortitude of the new go- yernor, order was restored and indus- try promoted. Lord Delaware, depart- ing for England the next year, in bad health, was succeeded in his command by sir Thomas Dale, who brought with. ws * te NORTH CAROLINA. 77 him a good supply of men and cattle; but he was not thankfully received, for he compelled the planters to work. Poca-— hontas,* the emperor’s daughter, had | saved the colony once and again, by in- forming them of the time and manner in which her father proposed to cut them 2 off. She was afterwards, at a considerable distance from Jamestown, induced to come on board a small vessel, with some female attendants, to examine the con- struction of a floating house. The captain i thought fit to carry her to the fort, where she was treated with the utmost respect; , but the governor detained her as a yalua- ble hostage. During her residence at Jamestown she formed an acquaintance with John Ralfe, a worthy young man, who loved her as she deserved; and their affections being mutual they were mar- eC LL * April, 1613: SS tee atonement a se ienncahl een 78 THE HISTORY OF 3 NORTH CAROLINA. 79 ried by the empéror’s consent. From was detached* to the post that had for- 7 that time the colony enjoyed peace dur- | merly been taken on Nansamond river ing her life. As the destruction of the by order of captain Smith. From that colony was certainly prevented by the settlement emigrations commenced, in exertions of captain Smith, and his life 4 ' a short time, to the waters of Albemarle was saved by the signal humanity fia 4 sound, by the way of Blackwater and young savage; we learn with pleasure — Bennet’s creek. Currituck was planted, that the posterity of Pocahontas, now i at the same ener by the way of Mize called by different names, are numerous beth river. and respectable in Virginia, though every ¥ other branch of the imperial family, King Charles, coming to the throne, without fruit or leaf, has long since dissolved the London Company and took mouldered in the dust. e the government into his own hands.t+ From that time patents were issued in his name, with a reserved quit-rent of two shillings for every hundred acres. The lands were holden in free and com- mon soccage;} and every man who set- From this aiiell the shiadel ions able to support themselves, increased in» <8 and acquired property, though - they suffered occasionally by the weak- ness or rapacity of a governor. The num- | ber of settlers about Jamestown, being greatly increased by the arrival of men and women from England, a small party * 1621. + Anno 1626, } The settlers before that time had been tenants at will. ‘ 80 THE HISTORY OF tled in the province was allowed fifty , acres of land for himself, and the same quantity for every person in his family, provided he should clear and plant three acres for every such person within the space of three. years. Upon this change, the province increased rapidly; but its growth was again checked by the avarice of sir John Harvey their governor, who, under the cloak of power, imprudently put into his hands, insulted the best sub- jects, and inflicted such intolerable fines that the council apprehended him and . sent him to London a prisoner. - Harvey was succeeded in the govern- ment by sir William Barclay. This gen- tleman was removed from the government by Oliver Cromwell; but he resumed the administration upon the death of the Protector, and proclaimed Charles the Second. Barclay was a man of strong passions with considerable address. Dur- | | NORTH CAROLINA. 8k ing his administration the government was nearly overturned by a riot, that is usually called Bacon’s rebellion. The particulars of that rebellion, which cast a dark shade upon the character of sir ‘William Barclay, have never, that I have seen, been fully explained. The reader may find the story among the proofs and explanations marked D, as I have extraet- ed it from an original manuscript. _ Among the vices of a profligate king, the religious intolerance of Charles the Second was not the least hurtful to a young colony. Severe laws were enacted in Virginia against the quakers, who were equally vexed on both sides of the Atlantie.* By an act of the Virginia le- '* By an act of the 13th of Charles the Second (1662) entitled “ An act for preventing the mischiefs and dama- ges that may arise by certain persons called quakers, and ethers, refusing to take lawful oaths,” it was provided. VOL. I. we 82 THE HISTORY OF a _ NORTH CAROLINA. 83 gislature every master of a vessel, who - 4 followed, that the first settlers, near Pas- should import a quaker, unless such a5 Re quetank and Perquimons, were chiefly had been shipped from England under — | | emigrants from Virginia and dissenters an act of the thirteenth of Charles the 3 from the established church of England; Second, was subjected to a fine of five F . many of them were quakers. Such was thousand weight of tobacco, for the first i the effect of a persecuting spirit in Vir- offence. Intolerant laws were made at |, ginia, and such is the connexion between the same time against sectarians of the first settlements in Virginia and every denomination in - Virginia; and 7 ‘ those in North Carolina. Such also is the many of the most industrious: subjects — | -* gonnexion between the original attempts were. constrained to leave the colony. of sir Walter Raleigh and the final set- They fled to the wilderness, at the dis- tlement of a colony on the waters of tance of eighty or ninety miles from == Albemarle. the operation of those laws. Hence it _ No prinee could be more liberal than bondreg a) ok oe Charles the Second, in rewarding his that fi £ h ‘ every five of them, meeting for teitzdaus worship, s friends with that which cost him no- should be fined for the first offence five pounds; for ithe + tae with ; pre second offence, ten pounds; and for the third ffende, y i ings ne was he - icon ” abjure the realm or be transported by order of his majesty 4 his own family, in granting the same to any of his plantations. Many quakers refused to take | ve , thing a second time. James the First the oath; and they were transported accordingly. Sixty of rar : te : een them were exported from England in one ship, the Black divided . the ich that hd Eagle, in March 1664, and the governors of the’ planta, ; granted to sir Walter Raleigh, between tions were ordered to receive them. y two companies; and Charles the First * oar THE HISTORY OF granted a considerable part of the same territory to one of his favourites. In the - fifth year of his reign, he granted to sir Robert Heath, the attorney general, all that part of America from the river Saint ‘Matthew in thirty degrees of north lati- tude, to the river Passo Mago* in thirty- six degrees, and extending in longitude from the Atlantic to the South sea; also all the islands of Veanis and Bahama, not being in the actual possession of any christian prince; creating the said sir Robert Heath, his heirs and assigns, true and absolute lords and proprietors of the | said region and territory; saving the faith and allegiance due the king and his successors. The territory thus grant- ed was erected into a province by the name of Carolina, The laudable zeal of ' t * The great entrance, viz. Albemarle sound. . i NORTH CAROLINA. 85 sir Robert Heath for promoting the christian faith, enlarging the empire, and increasing the commerce of the king- dom, at his own charge, are stated as motives to this grant. Sir Robert, upon the twenty-third of Charles the First, conveyed the province to lord Matrovers, who, on the death of his father, became earl of Arundel and Surrey, He intended - to have planted a colony, and sent a ves- sel to examine the coast; but he was interrupted by the civil war; in which he was one of the king’s generals. Charles the Second granted to eight of his favourites the territory that had been twice or three times granted to other persons; the patent issued to sir Robert ‘Heath being declared void, “ because the conditions, on which it was granted, had not been fulfilled.’ His majesty was pleased to grant to Edward earl of Cla- rendon, George duke of Albemarle, Wil- 86 THE HISTORY OF 4 NORTH CAROLINA. 87 liam earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, six degrees and thirty. minutes, being ~ Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Car- eight degrees and thirty minutes, and ex- 2 teret, sir John Calleton, and sir William _ tending from the Atlantic to the South . Berkeley, all that province or tract of : sea.* land that lieth between thirty-six de- ii pti ileyeniialptth goaia ie, cia grees and thirty-one degrees of north ~sivt ghee * See Proofs &c. D. ~ latitude, extending from the Virginia seas westward to the South seas, to- gether with all the royalties, properties, jurisdiction, and privileges of the county é of Durham or any other county palatine, © x This charter was dated the 24th of March re 1668. A seéond charter was granted A them* after they had obtained more correct information concerning the coun. » : try. The second charter included all the lands that lie between the latitude of — va 2 A al twenty-nine degrees, the beginning of [| ($9) 94> P ; that degree, and the latitude of thirty- ) pea Tae asthe . Bal —_—_ * The 30th of June 1665, NORTH CAROLINA. 89 and intolerance; but it was the first eo- lony that adhered to the soil, took root, - and continued to grow. In reviewing the progress of this colony, the reader is not CHAPTER IV, “seis i to look for those incidents, which are CARES, TH BE eonfessedly the most admired in civil COND GRANTS THE 8 ergs : A _ AND SEIGNIORY oF CAROLINA TO me : rea see pwr) pee rss LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, UNDER WwHomM \ Wprleng: stetadle ofehathlee «ens iiegen THREE GOVERNMENTS ARE FOUNDED. of countries laid waste, cities reduced 7 to ashes, and men extirpated by thou- WE have now arrived at a period, sands. He will not be amused by the from which we are to trace the pro- 4 achievements of great men, ‘such as Sree of a small colony, seated in Caro- Alexander and Gengis Kan: men who are lina.” A colony, as the reader observes, called great,. not because they enacted m i was not seated by any design of good laws, or made their subjects happy; e every man should enjoy the most perfect _ freedom in the exercise of his. religion. By their subsequent conduct we shall see with how much sincerity or truth they made that promise. Adventurers were promised gratuities in land, accord- ing to the number of their respective families. They were also to enjoy free- dom. from customs, according to the charter. The settlers were to present — thirteen persons to the proprietors, who were to choose a governor and council of six out of that number. The governor, council, and delegates, to be chosen by | the people, as soon as the circumstances of the colony would permit, were to make laws, not repugnant to the laws of England, nor to be in force if disan- nulled by the proprietors. Before those measures had produced any effect, the New England colony, who had settled on Oldtown creek, were driven away by the in| Mee . ~ ie ‘ yery suspicion of this outrage upon ~ NORTH CAROLINA. - 95 Indians.* ‘Those people had shipped off some Indian children, for the purpose, as they alleged, of having them educated to the northward. The Indians, in a short time, were induced to believe that their children had been sold into slavery. The humanity excited general indignation and hostility. The Indians, without other weapons than bows and arrows, by kill- ing or stealing” cattle, and by other acts of constant aggression, caused those peo- ple to leave the settlement. We are not willing to believe, that any class of men were guilty of deliberate cruelty, under the semblance of friendship; although ‘the Jax state of morals among the erigi- nal settlers, and the prevailing custom _* They had settled on that river in the year 1660, and deserted their habitations before the autumn 1668, leav- ing many hogs and neat cattle in the hands of the Indians. Cis s aiivase af. 96 ‘THE HISTORY OF at that period, of selling the miserable tenance to the charge. The Massachu- setts emigrants alleged the sterility of serting the settlement. Whether this or removing, this alone was a sufficient cause. 4 oe , Some planters in Barbadoes, who wish- ed to remove to the continent, employed captain Hilton, about this time, with fifteen or twenty men, to explore the drawn their attention; and the captain was instructed to be particular in ex. amining the lands from which they had - removed. He anchored within Cape ’ * September 1663, natives into slavery, gave too much coun- the soil, as the chief cause of their de- the other was the true cause of their coast. The site of the late colony had : Fear,* and proceeded up Clarendon’ Bohs as, ts th NORTH CAROLINA. j 97 viver in his boat, until his progress. was stopped by logs. While he was on, the river, he purchased from the Indians. a considerable tract of land; for which he paid them in kettles, beads and other articles in demand among the savages, for use or ornament. ‘Those people, having made their pur-_ chase from the Indians, solicited a grant of thirty-two miles square from the pro- prietors, with the powers of a corpora- tion. 'Those powers were refused; but they obtained liberal, grants of land and every other reasonable indulgence. In consequence of those arrangements, a small colony from . Barbadoes_ seated creck,* on the south side of Clarendon river; and a county was established in * Anno 1665. VOL. I. N s near the mouth of Oldtown 98 THE HISTORY OF that part of the province, named Claren: don, with the same constitution and . powers that had been granted to Albe- marle. Sir John Yeamans was chosen governor of the county. This gentleman’s- father, an alderman of Bristol, during the civil war had been executed by Fiennes, the governor of that city under the parliament, for attempting to betray it to the forces of king Charles. The son was created a baronet to reward his father’s loyalty; but the title only served to make his poverty the more conspicuous; wherefore he removed to Barbadoes to mend his fortune. As the safety of a young colony is proportioned to the number of fencible inhabitants, the Barbadoes emigrants en- : deavoured.to strengthen themselves by making the most flattering offers of land — to all adventurers. They promised, through ‘the indulgence of the proprietors, to 5 ¢ v7) * NORTH CAROLINA. 99 every man who should join them before the last of March 1667, one hundred acres of land in fee, and the same qian tity for his men servants, and each of his children. He was also to have fifty aeres for each of his women servants and slaves, upon the condition, that he should bring with him a good musket, ten pounds of powder, twenty pounds of lead, and provisions for six months.* Every man servant, when free, was to have one jundred acres of land, two suits of apparel, and the necessary tools for his wade, They were, as in the other colonies, to be governed by laws made by the lords proprietors, until they should become sufficiently numerous to haye representa- tives chosen annually by themselves; by whom, with the governor and his council, their laws were to be made. They chose ee eT SEPT ee *See A Brief Description of Carolina, Pied by Re- bert Herne, Gresham College; London, 1666. \ 100 THE HISTORY OF their own governor, who was to continue in Office for three years. This was'a privi- bas peculiar to the Orme Fear naires There are soils upon which. neither animals nor vegetables increase. This was unfortunately the case with the tract upon which the West India planters had settled. In May 1666 there were not more than eight hundred persons in the colony. ‘They supported themselves ne« vertheless, a few years, by exporting boards, shingles, ton timber, and staves, to Barbadoes; from which they received dry goods and West India produce. They had the good fortune to preserve _ peace with the Indians; and the governor of their choice ruled them rath prudence — and affection. The first legislative assembly, of ahidl we have any notice, was convened in Albemarle county in the your 1667. ook Ye - a = - nt \ ‘NORTH CAROLINA. 101 Hitherto the inhabitants had lived with- eut anxiety or care. They had no law- suits; for they were not in debt. They had little need of money; for they had no taxes to pay. But the time was at hand, in which they were to pay quit-rents for their lands. By that cireumstance they were induced to examine their titles, and consider the terms and conditions on which they held those lands. The terms were not satisfactory. The several tracts, offered by the proprietors as a gratuity to promote the settlement of Albemarle, had not been so large as were promised in Clarendon county. This however was not the subject of complaint, for the quality of the land was better; but the terms, upon which titles could be obtain- ed for those gratuitous tracts, had been made more difficult than the terms an- nexed to similar grants in Virginia.* *The bounty lands were fifty acres for every person in a oe + “3 , bi sn sa iA eee ales crac a ata Si piieiliini et 102 THE HISTORY OF The assembly petitioned the proprietors on this subject, and were gratified by an— instrument of Pony that is called the great charter,* 2 vy Pipbiy . ee are The pianos fitted out a vessel the next year for making discoveries in the southern part of their territory. Seal, who commanded that vessel, was driven by a storm among the Bahama Islands, of which ‘he made a favourable report. He also described the mouths of several rivers or inlets that he had seen in Carolina. end TE bay pi . ! ee the family, for which a seantant, was issued; but those lands, by the conditions of the grant, returned to the pro- __~ prieters, unless three acres should be cleared and planted within three years for every fifty acres taken up. This did not require great exertions; but, easy as the task may appear, it was more, in many cases, than the settlers were ready to perform. Applications were made every year to the governor and council for more time to mare land that had pachpateds * See Proofs and Explanations I’. NORTH CAROLINA. 68 Upon his report, the proprietors obtained a charter for the Bahama Islands; and they fitted out two ships with adventurers, arms, provisions, and instruments of hus- bandry, for planting a southern colony. Seal was appointed their governor.* He fixed the colony at Port Royal, where he found deep water and a good harbour. A new county was erected for that colony: it was called Carteret, and extended from Cape Roman southerly. The settlers, after some time, were relieved by a ship from England, in which the proprietors sent - deputies to assist the governor. ‘Three ' distinet governments were then establish- ed in Carolina; the several governments being called counties; for a precinct, in the _ original form, conveyed the same when that ea aa at “eg teks ‘as it was to be expected, that a great “* Twenty-sixth July 1669." “as sp the monarchy of which ie « ‘was apart, and | John Locke, the jolohrenetine and metaphysician, who drew up a plan, consisting of one hundred and twenty — % articles or fundamental constitutions, of. which, the falloningnesidinintlines- ae i$ figs Citghina shall be divided into abies Fach county shall consist of eight signio- NORTH CAROLINA. 105 ries, eight baronies and four precincts. Each precinct shall consist of six colonies. Each signiory, barony, or colony shall consist of twelve thousand acres. ‘The signiories shall be annexed unalienably — to the proprietors; the baronies, to the nobility; and the precincts, being three fifths of the whole, shall remain to the people. ai cviecieaerdiamedeubnt Any proprietor, before the year 1701, may sell his proprietorship and signio- ries, but not afterwards. There shall be two orders of nobility chosen by the proprietors, viz. Land- graves and Casiques. There shall be as many landgraves as counties, and twice as many casiques. Fach landgrave shall hold four baro- nies, and each easique two baronies. Any landgrave or casique, before the year 1701, may alienate his dignity with ' all the baronies annexed, not afterwards. VOL. I. a Bes 106 THE HISTORY OF They shall necessarily descend from that period to his heir; but he may sell or let , 4 two thirds of the land for a term not ex- ceeding three lives, or thirty-one years. There may be manors, to consist of not less than three thousand acres, or more. i ses thousand in one tract or colony. syle Darrah go zg The lord of every signiory, barby or manor, shall have the power of holding court leet, for trying causes civil or crimi- nal, with appeal to the ecient or county court. ; S pits: No leet man shall roihiibibien, the land of his lord, without permission. There shall be eight supreme, courts. | The oldest proprietor shall be palatine; and: each of the other proprietors shall hold a great office: viz. the several offices of chancellor, chief justice, constable, ad- miral, treasurer, high steward, and cham- _ berlain. The palatine’s court shall stot of ne " NORTH CAROLINA. 107 the palatine. jand the other seven nagneyitic: tors. ai _. Each of the other proprietors, hades at the head of a court, shall have six coun-- sellors and a college of twelve assistants. — ‘The chancellor’s assistants shall be called vice-chancellors. The chief justice’s assistants shall be called justices of the bench. wi} The meanaaniges assistants canil be called marshals. - Ae ge! 5 : The admiral’s ielatedshs shall be called aa: The treasurer’s asides shall be called under treasurers. The high steward’s assistants shall be called comptrollers; and pina The chamberlain’s readhisaatne ‘nhalls be called vice-chamberlains. . Of the forty-two counsellors, in the several courts, the greater number shall be chosen out of the nobles or the sons of proprietors or nobles. 108 THE HISTORY OF There shall be a grand. council, which is to consist of the palatine, the other seven proprietors, and the forty-two coun- sellors, from the courts of the several proprietors. ‘They shall have the peter of making war and peace, Cc. Ce are Every proprietor. may have a deputy, — who shall have all the powers of his de- putator, except that of confirming acts of parliament and nominating nobility. — In every precinct there shall be a court consisting of a steward and four justices. In every county there shall be a court consisting of a sheriff and four justices, one from each precinct; all of them > chosen and commissioned am fhe eg] tine’s court. No cause of any Pari civil or criminal, shall be tried in any court, ex-_ | ; cept by a jury of his peers. peapists Juries are to consist of. twelve men, of whom it shall be sufficient that a majority are agreed. eT a: NORTH CAROLINA. ~—‘109 It shall be a base and infamous thing, in any — to plead for money or re- ward. + - The parliament shall dickaieaen every two years. It shall consist of all the pro- prietors or their deputies, the land- graves, the casiques, and one commoner from each precinct chosen by the free- holders in their respective precincts. These four estates shall sit in one room, Sse man haying one vote. — The parliament may be aeuieanee to meet at other times by the ent court. it: Stay BRB “No matter stall me Ra AR in parlia- ment that had not previously been pre- pared and passed by the grand council. No act shall continue in force longer than to the next biennial meeting of par- liament, unless in the mean time it shall have been ratified by the palatine and a quorum of the proprietors. While a bill is on its passage before eT Se 110 THEHISTORYOF "NORTH CAROLINA. il the parliament, any proprietor or his = ——S——sbe._ struck off by himself or by order deputy may enter his protest against it,as) of the society of which he had been a being contrary to any of the fundamental | = member, 9 constitutions of government. In which ~~ No man, above the age of seventeen ease, after debate, the four orders shall = : years, shall shave any benefit of the laws, retire to four separate chambers; and if a_ y whose name is not recorded as a mem- ‘majority of either the four estates deter- | _ ber of some church or religious profes- mines against the bill, it shall not pass. | sion, bees All towns incorporated shall be govern- sf ai Jane webhatodvet wee ed by a mayor, twelve aldermen, and _ Those fandamental and ,unalterable twenty-four others, who shall form a com- constitutions were signed by the lords monecouneil, . 4 proprietors the first of March 1669. It would be dificult to account for some of the articles that are contained in this plan of government, except by recurring to the old adage, that et aa ag and Charybdis.. ~~ at: Serenity n4e uke There shall be a register in every pre- cinct, in which all titles to land, all births, ppm ACS deaths, &c. shall be registered. The church of England being deemed che only true orthodox church, no -provi- sion shall be made by eae for any other church. 5 . _ Every man shall declare himself to be of some church or religious profession, and as such he shall enter his name with the precinct register; from which it may The proprietors, or some » of sind lately smarted under a government that was called republican. They were zeal- ous royalists; and they expected, by the help of a powerful aristocracy, to obviate 4 4 * ik THE HISTORY ‘OF the return of republican measures; but we are sorry to find, among the works of John Locke, who was an advocate for civil and religious liberty, a plan of govern- ment, that in some articles does not con- _ sist with either. _ It will readily be perceived that a go- vernment, to be administered by nobles, was not well adapted to a country in which there was not one nobleman; but | this was the ease in the counties of Albe- marle and Carteret.* The lords proprie- tors, in the mean time, resolved to come as near to the great model as possible. For this purpose, governor Stevens of _ Albemarle, and Sayle of Carteret, were instructed to issue writs, requiring the — freeholders to elect five persons, who. clongts eh xe mt i \ ; eee 4 * John Locke and Sir John Yeamana had been created landgraves; but Yeamans alone was resident in the pro- vince. , NORTH CAROLINA. 113 with five others to be chosen by the pro- prietors, were to form a grand council for the governor.* The parliament was to be composed of this great council and twenty delegates, who were also to be chosen by the free- men. In the mean time, the proprietors made temporary laws for the preserya- tion of good order in the several colonies; laws that were little respected by men — who had not been consulted in forming them. Upon the death of governor Sayle, who sunk under the diseases of a sickly cli-- mate, sir John Yeamans claimed the office of governor, as vice-palatine; for he was the only landgrave, or nobleman, then residing in Carolina. But the coun- Fe Seen a ATO er - #Jnashort time the governor’s council was formed in ' _a different manner. VOL. I. P atom eolee 114 °° ~—s THE HISTORY oF , cil appointed Joseph West their gover- nor, until they should learn the will of. 2 _ the proprietors. In a few months, Sir John Yeamans received a ‘commission, by which he was appointed governor of | the southern county.* From that period there haye not been more than two we vernments in Carolina, Eyer since their first establishment in this province, the lords proprietors had supported a commercial agent, for the benefit of the planters. He supplied them. with cattle, provisions, and implements of husbandry; and he received payment in peltry, beeswax, or the produce of oor farms. It was not understood, for many years, what would be the staple of the southern otal Se ae OY eo ae Cate "ie lee * August 1671. Ld colonies. Men are apt to believe that NORTH CAROLINA. 115 similar climates and fruits are found upon a continent in every part of the world, between the same parallels of lati- tude. But it was known that olives, © grapes, oranges, almonds, and figs, have flourished upon the old continent between the parallels of twenty-eight and thirty- six degrees; therefore it was taken for granted that Carolina would produce the same fruits in abundance. Lest the plan- ters should be discouraged from export- ing their produce, by the weight of the revenue laws, while the colony was young, it was provided by the charter, that from the year 1667, silks, raisins, eapers, wax, almonds, oil and olives, might be carried to England, duty free, for the space of seven years. The planters in Carolina, in the mean time, had not availed themselves of that indulgence; nor had they made any progress in cultivating the vine or raising silk. From this cireumstance it was in- 116 THE HISTORY OF ferred, that skilful persons were needed, by whom the planters might be instruct- ed in the necessary arts. About that time a multitude of Huguenots had escaped from France. They were fully instructed in the several arts of preparing wine and silk. Fifty families of those people, men women, and children, were sent to Caro- lina, by the king, passage free, in the year 1680. Some experiments were made in both Carolinas with the silk-worm and the grape; but the planters were soon convinced that a crowded population, and the consequent poverty of the inhabitants, are necessary to the profitable culture of silk. They also discovered that their time _ , might be more profitably employed than in cultivating the vine, the almond, the fig, or the olive tree. The culture of those | plants has therefore been neglected, be- cause they are unprofitable, not because the soil or climate are unfit to produce NORTH CAROLINA. 117 them. The mulberry tree is an indige- nous plant, and so is the grape vine. Olive and almond trees are observed to thrive; and the fig tree grows in many ‘places spontaneously on the coast. The object of government was to make the — colonies profitable to the mother country; but the chief object of the planter was to raise a useful ones and ogni his: ‘fa -_ with ease. . Levies “While Sir Jolin Yeamans was governor, some of the planters from Port Royal, and others from Charles river, in Clarendon county, removed to Wando and Keawah, now called Cooper and Ashley rivers, for the benefit of range. The raising of cattle was thought to be more profitable and easy than felling of timber. This new settlement was more desirable on many accounts than éither of the original seats of government. A station, at the junction ayy ‘iy ¢ 4 i] 5 ih fa 118 THE HISTORY OF of those rivers, was healthy, pleasant and easily defended in case of an Indian war; wherefore a town sprung up in that place; and in a short time it became the centre of commerce. . nonce _ The second colony, that settled near Cape Fear, had never been very nume- rous. The barrenness of the soil, in that Vicinity was not to be overcome, by flat- tering promises to adventurers. By nu- merous migrations to the southward, the colony was greatly reduced; and the whole country was again surrendered to the original savage, before the year 1690. i ; Ct atte er Sir John Yeamans, who had ruled q small colony with prudence and modera- tion, became insolent, unjust, and tyranni- cal, when he governed people by whom he had not been chosen. He was yitiated by prosperity; wherefore the proprietors, ae eee NORTH CAROLINA. 119 in consequence of numerous complaints, removed him from the goyernment.* ‘Samuel Stevens had been governor of Albemarle from the death of Drum- mond.t The inhabitants were satisfied with the conditions on which they held their bounty lands. Every man’s property was secure; and no taxes could be levied except by consent of the assembly. All denominations of people enjoyed religi-— ous liberty upon taking the oath of alle- _giance to the king and fidelity to the lords proprietors; but we have not seen any laws made by the assembly before the year 1669. The means of increasing the colony seem to have claimed the chief attention of the legislature at that period. For this purpose it was enacted, * He died in the colony possessed of a handsome estate. t In the year 1667. een ense~ snail ctlrnetor ert tir wonton ace ate 120 THE HISTORY OF 1. That no subject shall be sued, with- in five years, for any cause of action that may have arisen out of the county. 2. That no person’shall receive a power of attorney to collect any debt contracted out of the county. ‘ 3. That all settlers be a from taxes for one year. ri sed 4, That transient persons, who do not belong to the colony, be prohibited from trading with the Indians. * — 5. That all persons be restrained fine tng any transfer of lands within two bee ig ~ Another and a more honourable mode of increasing the colony was protected by law. There was not any clergyman in Albemarle county; nor was there any regular mode of celebrating marriage. Wherefore it was enacted, * * NORTH CAROLINA. 121 - 6..'That any two persons desirous of - being married, and presenting themselves before the governor and council, in the presence of some of their acquaintance, and declaring their mutual consent, should be deemed husband and wife. Ci A duty of thirty rina of saa was imposed upon. every law-suit for paying the expenses of the governor and council during the sitting of the assembly. These bora ratified by the er Salil 2; 3 “The connie of daemadnis was” sy sent divided into four precints, viz. Currituck, Pasquetank, Perquimons and Chowan; in which case, five representatives. were chosen for each precinct. When Tyrrel precinct was afterwards laid off, it was permitted to have two representatives only; but the same law provided that it should have five representatives when- VOL. I. Q 4 i i 192 THE HISTORY OF¢ ever it should onnititiny anaes tax- able* inhabitants. itis ison We The fundamental constitutions, ntely adopted and signed by the lords proprie- tors, proved to be a source of perpetual discord, instead of promoting the public good. A plan of government that was not favourable to civil liberty, and had little dependence on the will of the people, was regarded by them with an eye of jealousy and a spirit of discontent. During _ the continuance of the original goyern- ment, that was professedly temporary, people looked forward to'a form that was less desirable, and symptoms of revolt were frequent. While the public mind was agitated in this manner, by contend- | ' * Taxables were every white male aged sixteen years, and every slave, negro, mulatto, or Indian, male or female, aged twelve years. ~ NORTH CAROLINA. 123 ing passions, one Miller, a man of some talents but of a violent temper, was char- ged-with seditious practices and sent to Virginia to be tried by sir William Berk- ley; because he was a proprietor. It may appear strange that men, who were com- plaining of a constitution that would abridge their liberties, should have dis- — Covered so little respect for the chartered liberty of a fellow subject. But they were angry; and anger. is a bad counsellor. It is the enemy of correct reason or con- sistent conduct. Miller was tried and ac- quited: the proprietors nevertheless con- demned the whole of those proceedings, equally subversive of their what? and the or of the subject. — se9% a + ee ik fA ey xd “Tpon’ the deal of governor Steptegn, the assembly, according to the proprie- tory instructions, chose Cartwright their — governor; but he returned to England a 3 sue re short time after his promotion. In that — 124 «=. THEHISTORY. oF > f= "NORTH CAROLINA. 125 ease Eastchureb,:who had been speaker | —_ and-buying-dear, he lost half the produce : of the assembly and chanced to be in | of his farm. The proprietors had been _ England, was eae to the govern- x striving to alter the course of that ruin- mene, tris. ot: viene’ diet niaieind ous commerce; but the people refused to. et eee Se EBeRdh cH | | ‘be instructed. Their enemies were more it “The county of eA this period successful than their friends. The pro- ‘hich iiiieaiaiaaa hundvod:tasahle a prietors had other measures at heart, inhabitants; of whom one t a which they attempted, in vain, for several groes or Indians, men or women slaves. _ years. They wished to have settlements The land was fertile; and the planters | formed to the southward of Albemarle thited: near eight hundred hogsheads of S sound, and a communication by — land . with the southern colony. The governor of Albemarle and his council, regardless of their instruetions, had prevented any ~ settlements. to the southward of the sound, because the Indian trade was chiefly in their own hands. That trade was_ mony profitable; gpd: they perceived, that it would be diverted into the hands of other people, whenever the settle- ments should be extended. Such was the -motive by which they were induced’ to \ chiefly managed by little. adventurers from New England. Those people bring- ing their goods to every man’s door, by a few necessaries, many trifles, and a plenti- ful supply of ardent spirits, had secured a perfect monopoly of the valuable staple of North Carolina, The planter had not much trouble in selling his crop; and he did not perceive that, by selling cheap ots Ream aeits ra ey a i 126 | #THEHISTORYOF betray their trust, to sacrifice the in- _ terest of their constituents, and check the growth of. the province. It is not al- leged, that any thing uncommon has been observed in the conduct of those | men. They worshipped the corhmon. idol, private interest. An idol that, in most cases, is the nn esi wrong. nirvly: ft Pititeon Eastehurch, who was a man of firm- ness and activity, had gone to England, ~ to solicit the affairs of the colony. In pro- moting him to the government, the pro- prietors seem to have made a prudent choice. But Miller was in London at the same time: he had gone to solicit re- dress for. the wrong he had sustained, in being sent out of the colony for trial. Miller was appointed secretary of the _ government, and was made a member of the council, in the character of deputy — ag oer otal ys a NORTH CAROLINA. 127 to one of the proprietors.* He was also made collector of the revenue by the commissioners of the customs. Nothing could be more imprudent than the sud- den promotion of Miller, among people whom he regarded as his enemies. ‘To send a man of strong passions, vested with considerable power, to collect mo- ney that was very scarce, among people who had injured him, was delivering ~ the debtor into the hands of a merciless creditor. It was sending a wolf to guard the sheep. The governor and his secre- tary left England in the same vessel. ' They came by the West Indies, where Eastchurch was detained by private bu- siness; but Miller proceeded to Albe- marle to rule — as eset me of #3 ggy? eS Bhd BERER oT Wi rity + '* Each of the proprietors had a deputy in the colony; and the governor’s council was composed of those eight. deputies. THE HISTORY OF the council, or deputy governor, until Eastchurch should arrive. Miller was not inattentive to his duty as collector of the revenue. Having no disposition | to indulge the: people, he exacted the utmost farthing. Before his arrival, the a assembly had appointed a collector of the tobacco duty. ‘That officer paid over — a considerable amount that he had re- ceived; and. Miller collected, from July to December, three hundred and twenty- seven ane tabaceoysaand ding: in veh for ‘duties were” payable in cash or tobacco. He rows against — wind and. tide who ‘attempts. the refor- mation of bad. habits: | Miller attempted, to destroy the Neg England “monopoly and to establish a direct trade to the mother country. In the. discharge of his duty, as president, he did some excep- tionable things, at a time when the correct discharge of his duty would not ; NORTH CAROLINA. 129 have escaped censure. Great prudence was required among people chafed in their tempers, who watched for his faults ‘or his mistakes; but Miller was not a prudent man: he scattered the sparks of discontent; and the New England traders were prepared to blow them into a flame. Currency was given to the most provok- ing falsehoods. It was said, and the story was believed, that the proprietors in- tended to raise the quit-rents from one halfpenny to two-pence, and then to six- pence ‘the dere. This was a pestilent fiction; for it reached: the feelings of every man who expected to have more land, and every man who had not ob- tained a patent for the land he occupied. At this period of general discontent, one Culpepper* arrived from South Carolina, * This man had been surveyor general in South Caro- lina. 3 yor. I. R \ 130 THE HISTORY OF who fled from that colony, to eseape the gibbet, for his attempts to cause the poor to plunder the rich. No man’ could be © | _more noisy than Culpepper in profes-— sions of attachment to the constitution and rights of the people, though his true — object was anarchy and civil commo-. tions, that he might seize the opportu- nity of floating upon the wrecks of other men’s property. While the public mind _was chafed by such measures and men, a trader named Gillam arrived from New England, as usual, in the beginning of winter,* with an assortment of dry goods and groceries. He was immedi-— ately arrested, by order of the president, and required to give security, one thou- sand pounds sterling, that he would abide his trial on a charge of a breach of the revenue laws. Gillam, who had 4 * __* This was the beginning of the winter 1677. NORTH CAROLINA. asl reason to be alarmed, pretended that he would leave the country; and the people took arms in support of a smuggler. The president and six members of the coun- — eil were seized and put into prison; for it was clear that a notorious offender could not. be safe while there was any appearance of regular government. But there was another argument, not less conclusive, in favour of a ~ revolution: there were three thousand pounds ster- ling in the treasury.* The insurgents, _ when they assumed the government, laid their hands upon the money in the royal treasury, appointed courts of justice, call- eda parliament, and exercised the powers of a regular administration, for the space of two years. In ‘thegnean: time Culpep- per, who had been the very life of the i in- surrection, discharged the profitable ‘duty - * See Proofs and Explanations G. and G. g. 132 | | THEHISTORY OF of collector of the customs. A manifesto published by the rioters, on that occa- sion, is a humiliating specimen of the weak and flimsy arguments.that may be sufficient to induce the multitude to sup- port a dangerous insurrection.* We la- ment the credulity of our fellow citizens, f | when we observe ‘instances of this kind, in which harmless undesigning men are made the ‘tools of faction, and are per- -suaded to risk their lives in supporting the private and personal views of some idle, worthless adventurer, When East- church arrived, the next year after the riot, though he had not offended the people, he was not received as governor. The empty gratification of power, and the solid fruits of plunder, were not easi- ly surrendered by the factious leaders of the people. Eastchurch applied to the * See Proofs and Explanations H. ain ki NORTH CAROLINA. 133 governor of Virginia for assistance to re- store the government; but he died of a fever before the troops could be raised. The insurgents, who now discovered that serious correction might be expected, sent Culpepper and another of their lead- ers to England with a promise of sub- mission to the proper authority; but they required, as an excuse for the late revolt, that Miller should be punished. But Mil- ler himself demanded justice against the insurgents; for he had lately arrived in London, having escaped, with the other deputies, from confinement. Culpepper was arrested and tried for high treason; but he was acquitted upon his plea that the late disturbance among the planters could only be considered as a riot. Per- haps the circumstance of his being im- properly brought to trial, out of his country, had more weight with the jury. ini ah el nen catenins Sie ee eine ba 134. THE HISTORY, &e. ‘ It may appear somewhat strange that _ the subjects in Carolina should have re- volted on the very next year after the general revolt, called Bacon’s rebellion, had been suppressed in Virginia. It would not be alleged that the Carolinians had been tempted to rebel, by the impu- _ nity of the Virginia insurgents; for we _ have seen that sir William Berkley, in cutting off the delinquents, was not much restrained by the milk of humanity.* But the object of revolt i _ very different from what it had been in Virginia, and it was ee with | less — violence. linet xn Sede pened: 2 Dak ea oe Oe * See Proofs and Explanations E. hy 4 7 : ay ting th Se ee Saing ets ove 5a in Carolina was 8 AY PEE Spacek rE rw 7 co Toney $f uu sf heen ates ‘i CHAPTER V. Ree ata wepitie wnt 4 ‘s OF Shase ey she ? PV eh sine: THR INCREASE OF THE COLONY, UNDER A 3 SUCCESSION OF COVERNORS, Is RETARD- “ED BY MALADMINISTRATION Aap. CIVIL fake tales dition tae spe raeb 1% sade 1 be THE. pie aalialititinh duit to determine whether they should employ force, and teach the insurgents to res- pect the laws, or accept a nominal sub- mission upon their own. terms. They adopted the latter plan; for they believed, or affected to believe, the promises of rioters and robbers. Hence it was that the colony lingered for many years under a painful and wasting hectic, that was cherished by their weak, inergetic meas, sures. This palpable instance of indo- lence or imbecillity gave countenance el 136 THE HISTORY OF and spring to future insults and disor- ders, whereby the colony was wre de- tained in a state of minority. A governor was then required whose address should make him popular, whose — wisdom — should discover the best. mea- sures, whose justice should reward. the deserving, and whose example — ‘should — induce men to observe the laws. We shall presently discover how well the proprietors succeeded in their choice. Lord Clarendon had lately sold his — eighth of the colony to Seth Sothel, a man who was perfectly disengaged from _ business; and it was ‘conceived that one of the proprietors, in the character of governor, would be greatly superior to any of his predecessors, because he had a personal interest in the growth of the colony. Sothel was appointed governor; and the administration was committed to John Harvey, as president of the council, / nt fn ah 3 akg tae Shel os copies *"s This was in May 1709. The deputies present were Glover, Cary, Porter, Forster, Gale, Lawson, and Mosely. The eighth deputy, Pollock, alone was absent. — + He arrived 10th August 1710. — . pee ES EO rt ahem eft 9 tae yas i 4 172 THE HISTORY OF | wood, the governor of Virginia, sent a confidential messenger to confer with: me Cary, and offer his mediation to accom- modate differences, or at least to sus- pend all acts of violence, until the pro- | a _prietors should signify their pleasure respecting the laws by which he pre- tended to be aggrieved.* But Cary was deaf to such advice; for he expected to © get possession of the government. He was deluded by the successful robbery of Culpepper. He had. a brigantine and a smaller vessel, in’ military array, in the bay of Edenton: the governor. was. in town; and Cary expected: to.carry him off; But he deceived himself, greatly, in expecting the success of Culpepper, with. out presenting his faction with similar temptations. ‘There seldom has been a want of idle, indigent and dissolute men, * See Proofs and Explanations La. _NORTH CAROLINA. 173 or revolt; but the activity of those men is usually proportioned to their hopes of pay or plunder. Culpepper could pre- sent a full treasury and a considerable reyenue to the avarice of his copatriots: they expected to share in the spoil; but ‘Cary’s chief object was to retain the trea- _ sure that was already in his hands. ‘The object of his revolt did not reach the gene- ral passion of the multitude: they would not risk their lives to gratify his ambition, or mend his fortune. He made an at- tempt upon Edenton; but he was repuls- ed without the loss of much blood. Finding himself too weak for offensive ‘operations, he retired to Pamlico, near Bath, and began to fortify the house of one Roach, an English factor. ‘That man had lately arrived in the province, and was courting © ‘popularity, in the usual mode, by opposing the government. He had a good supply of arms and ammuni- i} : f it . i” 174 THE HISTORY OF tion in his store, which he had imported for the Indian trade; and a competent: supply of rum. By his assistance Cary was enabled to arm his associates; and, while they were protected by a stockade, they defied the officers of government, wa bee ane iS Sa of justice.* tS FESS Pe CAPER. CARS icra iha Stet a tae “Though the citizens, in general, dia not choose to commit themselves, by sup- porting Cary in his rebellion; few of them were disposed to lend their assist- ance in bringing him to justice. They looked on with a criminal indifference. © A strange distinction is frequently made between crimes; the order of nature be- ing reversed, and the smaller crime held in greatest contempt. Such are the effects of fashion, by which all laws, human and divine, have been suspended. A rioter * See Proofs and Explanations M. ! i ond . NORTH CAROLINA. 175 may insult the government and violate the laws; a smuggler may perjure him- self and defraud the treasury; but in many cases they proceed with impunity, because it has not been the fashion to restrain villains of this or the other class. But small thieves discover that every man is their enemy. When citizens re- fase ve acne ae rpc este army is employed. When their liberties are invaded, by such an pean they must — blame Aeoanaglenat ie $2 tsler 3 ne ee She eae, ay ye ‘ It was fortunate for North odamaan that there chanced to be some regular troops in Virginia. The governor of that province, upon the application of gover- nor Hyde, sent a party of marines from the guard-ships that Jay in Hampton road. Cary’s partisans dispersed them- selves as the marines approached. Many { 496. THE HISTORY OF Se of them were taken. up by the civil offi- _ ers and prosecuted. Cary attempted to elude justice, by affecting to brave it. i went toe hy cepts ts one of 7 them both to be apprehended and sent over in the Reserve and wilt ae of war.* — dosti atid 2h Deg Speeders ees “ant aes except Thomas — Cary,4 Sohn ¥" Porter, | pee: sagies gis: Poss “See Proofs and | Explanations N._ 16 6 SA PRS iG 2 F Although Cary was not tried i in “England for his re- bellion, he was not relieved ‘from t the apprehension of ‘trial and punishment, in Carolina, for many years. He feared that in case of conviction his estate would be for- je : NORTH CAROLINA. 177 iil three other anal whom he oe Pitigtah, x3 sil therefore he adele lands t9 De patented in the name of his infant son. “(Anno 1703, Albemarle sound was frozen over. Before the year 1708 only two persons had been executed for - capital offepoey 3 viz. A Turk for murder and an pst we: an on th itchcraft. a° SIT 7 2 darts sb Sate “opal e. ‘bn merit: ix SER ~ 8am io pa ates firey 4 dg P ters aie, & ee see ae $e p04 ey torayl i ; egies (ere? » \ ‘ d v ‘ ‘YOu. I. Z et RE Se AD. GS we tert . es * * aNieeneea tere t+ = fr #6 Loe EOE wast Pee | * a a = be * ' ‘ * a Ba" j \ : Be! Rete ines, Wee eaten ct Om oe ‘CHAPTER VI “a s0010K: OF PALATINGS ARRIVE—A GENE- oad was \inereased, near the beginning of the eighteenth century, by two small co- | _lonies of foreign protestants, French and Germans. A colony of French hugue- a is nots, encouraged by king William, in the _ aa year 1690, had come to America and} seated themselyes at the Manakin town, in Virginia, above the falls of James's river. Not well pleased with the lands they first occupied, and the greater part of Carolina being unappropriated, they removed to the southward, and seated __ themselves upon Trent river, with Ry- bourg their pastor.* They were sober, os - caallacaap ull } -_ » ‘ t+ In the year 1707, ‘ a g isin. + encanta nis natn Sica i ic aD iin hte che ntl ai ih tb gigi asia +} «/ THE HISTORY, &c frugal, industrious planters, and in a short time mvonmne es, ca citizens. irbe ‘Guna ‘ins wf Hee i berg, and its vicinity, on the ri unfortunate people ‘had suffered ave th tion, because they could not change their Hf religious opinions, from time to time, so By as to be in constant agreement with the if ruling prince. ie alone a palatine, Fred- mu eric the. embraced the Lutheran a! faith. Frederic the Third became a Cal- a | vinist. Lodovic the’ Fifth restored the Lutheran church; his son and successor became a Calvinist. That prince was suc- ceeded in the government by a Catholic ‘ family, mesenonent: thee peotentantne:s ev Pe i edad raat np Sl STE biel to live between powerful rivals, who were | often at war. In the year 1622, count i Tilly, the imperial general, took the city of Heidelberg and put five hundred of ( Pay a Sa hte Cala 180 1634, the city was taken by Lewis the _ Fourteenth, and many of the inhabitants destroyed. In the year 1688, it was taken a second time by the French, who laid the inhabitants under a heavy contribu tion; after which, at the approach of the imperial army, they blew up the citadel and reduced the city to ashes. The,city, being rebuilt, was taken again bya | French army, who committed. it to the flames in the year 1693. The inhabitants, men, women, and children, about fifteen thousand, stripped of their property, were turned into the fields by night. Upon the © ‘retreat of the French. army, the inhabi- tants were again prevailed upon to re. build the city, being promised liberty of conscience, and exemption from taxes _ for thirty years. After some time the elector, who seems to have believed that promises made to heretics should not be ‘THE HISTORY OF we the inhabitants to the sword. In the year - NORTH CAROLINA. 181 observed, began to persecute his pro- testant subjects, The French army havy- ing again crossed the Rhine, the distress- ed Palatines, persecuted by their prince and plundered by a foreign enemy, fled to England, about six thousand of them, for protection, in consequence of en- couragement they had received from pen (Amie sR phe: ¥ Big pte dai « oe Begg fee ‘ tek ~ ee Sige shares 6 fae eS ae cunnid pitched their tents at a small distance” from London, they were sup- ‘ported at the public expense until they could be shipped off for Ireland or the colonies. Christopher de Graffenried and Lewis Michell were attempting, about this time, to mend their fortunes by pur- chasing lands in some of the British colonies. Michell had been several years in America and had obtained some know- abe hy Tot Se tt hires’ * By her proclamation 1708, i! x sega ht Sek carr cea ele eee a ~ - ~ a _— ee eee - one . = saute ledge of the country.* The lords pro- prietors of Carolina had agreed with those gentlement that ten thousand acres of land should be laid off for them in one body between Neus and ‘Cape Fear, they paying: thong — nad every hun- structed to lay off an n idioms tract of one hundred thousand acres, which was to be reserved for them twelve years. Qne-oftthem: was: to be ‘gratified by"a title when he should pay the usual price for five thousand acres of land. De Graf. fenried made the purchase and was ese wh didathas RS y cena! : cama! i “+ ed : * This ‘Michell was originally employed, by the = ton of Bern in Switzerland, to search for a | large tract of vacant land on the frontiers of Pennsylvania, Virginia, or Carolina, to which they might pend a colony. He spent some years in exploring | the country. There was no scarcity of mountainous land, such as those people ac- customed to; but a, desisted from the ne , + April 1709. ee 4 182 THE HISTORY OF » ¥ NORTH CAROLINA. 183 - ted a baron. This company, haying se- cured the lands, wished to make them productive by settling them with tenants; and the poor Palatines’ presented them- selves as an object of speculation. Com- missioners had been appointed by the queen to collect and receive money for the use of the Palatines, and to provide them with settlements. Graffenried and Michell covenanted with those commis- sioners, | thatythey would transport, to North Carolina, six hundred and fifty of the Palatines; eben, one hundred families; that. they would lay off for each family two hundred and fifty acres of land, to be held five years with- out cost, and from that period: at the annual ‘rent: of two-pence ‘eurrency. per acre. The Palatines were. to be supplied twelve months, with necessary provi- sions, to be paid for at the end of the following year; and they were to be fur- nished, gratis, with tools sufficient for He Wag °° is4 THE HISTORY OF ia” building houses: It was also stipulated . that, within four months from their arri- yal, they should. -be provided with a cer- tain number of cows, hogs, and sheep, which were to be paid for, at the end of seven “Years; and half the remaining issue was to be returned in lieu of in- a terest. ea oor oe sii wie Meer 3k axe cay The commissioners allowed five nei sterling per head, for transporting the ‘ Palatines; and those people, who had each of them, young and old, received — twenty shillings of the charitable. collec- _ tions, made through the kingdom, ideeai that money in the hands of Graffenried — and Michell, to be returned them in Ca-— rolina.* The Palatines arrived, in Decem- — ber 1709, at the confluence of the rivers Neus and Trent, where they erected _ temporary shelters until they could be oe eo "See Proofs and Explanations OQ. a bb i ke Pe aa NORTH CAROLINA. — put in possession of their lands, The place on which they encamped was called New Bern, from Bern in Switzerland, where Graffenried was born. The Pala- tines had too.much reason to complain of their trustees; for Graffenried, in whose name the lands were taken up, returned to Switzerland without giving them a title for their settlements. He mortgaged the Jands to Thomas Pollock for eight hundred pounds sterling; and they pass- ed to the heirs of that gentleman.* The Palatines, in the mean time, being in- dustrious and living in a country where land was plenty and cheap, increased in number and acquired property. After many years, upon their petition to the king, they were in some measure indem- » * Pollock, by a letter to Graffenried, sixteenth Feb- ruary, 1716, offered to return him the land, fifteen thou- sand acres, if he would repay the money. See letter book. VOL. I, ; 2A i. ‘ tS ti ln 186 THE HISTORY OF nified, by a grant of land, ten thousand acres, free from quit-rents for ten years, The Indians, who lived upon the coast in Carolina, were divided into small tribes without any powerful confederacy. _ Upon every section of the bank, there was a tribe; and there were other small tribes within the sound. Those Indians, haying a plentiful supply of fish, depend- ed less upon venison, bears’ flesh and a _ other wild game, than their brethren who | lived further from the coast. This seems to have been one of the reasons why so much land was taken up and settlements formed, more than sixty years, before the first Indian war. Another reason, for the long continuance of peace, may be traced from the situation and temper of the first settlers: they were not under the protection of government; they came among the Indians as suppliants who asked favours, not as masters who claim- ~~ iahstnastacis z nist nse amen thn. ily “ey Se tend etic NORTH CAROLINA. «487 ed rights. Their conduct was inoffensive as their language. They purchased the soil, paid the stipulated price, and shun- ned every cause of hostility. The conduct of their successors, for many years, was equally inoffensive. The Indians had once and again, by particular treaties, reserved for themselves a square of three or four miles, including their towns. The white people, by encroaching upon those reservations, had caused disputes; and, other disputes, not less serious, had been excited by strong drink. Governor Daniel, in the year 1703, apprehending bad con- sequences from drunken affrays, stipu- ‘ated with the Indian chiefs, in a solemn treaty, that “no rum should be sold to an Indian by any trader.” By this regu- lation he expected to prevent frauds, disputes, and war. But the young Indians complained of the treaty as a restraint on their natural liberty. They claimed | the privilege of destroying themselves; 188 THE HISTORY OF they demanded and obtained the eek supply of rum. At the period to which I refer, we search in vain for the numerous ~ Indian tribes, who lived near the coast in Carolina, when sir Walter Raleigh ob- tained his patent for that country. In the progress of one. hundred and’ twenty years, they had vanished, from the con- suming touch of ardent spirits, like snow beneath a vertical sun. The Chowanokes, who could bring three ‘thousand bowmen into the field, were now reduced to fif- teen men, who lived. in a small town near the mouth of Bennet’s creek. The Moratock Indians, a numerous tribe, had - disappeared; and the Mangoacks, who numbered three thousand bowmen, were now reduced within the compass of a small village. Fifteen hundred volunteers, from the Indians who lived on the waters of Currituck, on the north side of Albe- marle sound, had assembled at Dasamon- quipoto assist at the projected massacre of NORTH CAROLINA. ~ 189 the little colony, upon Roanoke island; but all the tribes, to which those Indians belonged, were now reduced to forty-six fencible men. The Tuskarora Indians, who lived on the waters of Neus, Con- tentny and Taw rivers, were the only powerful nation with whom the white in- habitants of North Carolina, had any in- ‘tercourse. They could muster twelve hundred fighting men.* They lived at a great distance from the old settlements, and had not suffered much by the use of strong drink; but they had not observed with indifference the adyances lately made towards their country; nor had they observed, without jealousy and fear, the encroachments that were made upon the reseryed lands of small insulated tribes, during the late period of anarchy and confusion. John Lawson, who had lived : * See Proofs and Explanations, P. t. * A Ne No TES * Graffenried calls it “ the New tiver,” certainly by a mistake. 7 192 THE HISTORY. Or alleged that he was not of the English nation, like the other inhabitants of Ca. rolina, but the king or chief of a small inoffensive tribe, who had lately settled at the mouth of Trent. Lawson was put to death; but Graffenried, from a regard to his rank, his nation, or his innocence, was suffered to escape.* There. is no reason to believe that the Indiana had contemplated a general war before Law- son fell into their hands; but having killed a public officer, and a respectable ’ tee gem had not: ‘the desired ‘effect; for it subject, they resolved to proceed; for as |. was not possible to ‘strike every family retreat was hardly practicable, - iad m3 at the same hour; and many of the set- | ; m: tlers being in the woods or fields, the F ' “ They were in bload, x | ii Stept in so far.” Ps aliases mo — ina short. time became genenl, 4 In that case, they formed the barba- 7 rous resolution of murdering, in one day, a all the settlers to the southward of AL | bemarle sound. Graffenried was detained wr a Rare Reem & Bros ‘* The anniversary of the Indian massacre in 1711 was . ed for man according to anact of assem- * See Proofs and Explanations Q, f wea. tae y years, " ’ ste and prayer. VOL. I. Se 2B \ { tm i ie saa hi ntti Se ee eee 194 THE HISTORY OF ! prisoner;* but the other inhabitants of Bath county, from that day, were in con- stant danger of being scalped by the In- dians, or starved to death by hunger. North Carolina did not contain two thou- sand fencible men at the time of that massacre. The inhabitants in general had been disturbed, and many of them had fled to Virginia, during Cary’s rebellion. In this weak and divided state of the colony, it became necessary to claim as- sistance from South Carolina. The legis- | lature of that colony immediately granted an aid of four thousand pounds; and they detached colonel Barnwell with a small party of, white men, and a considerable body of Indians, who were of the Che- rokee, Creek, and Catawba, nations. The colonel, in different actions, killed fifty of the Cores, Bear River, Neus or Matta- ; muskeet Indians, and took two hundred * See Proofs and Explanations Q. NORTH CAROLINA. 195 women and children prisoners. He also killed about thirty of the ‘Tuskarora In- dians. A considerable body of those In- dians, near six hundred, had. inclosed themselves in a fort, at a small distance from Neus. The colonel, who was pro- yided with two field pieces, made regular approaches to the fort. Michell, his engi- neer, one of the Swiss adventurers, had run a parallel within thirty-three feet of the palisades, and had prepared fagots to. fill the intermediate space: the Indians, who had been principals in the late mas- sacre, were chiefly in that fort, and must have surrendered at discretion in a few hours; but colonel Barnwell made peace with them while their affairs were in this eritical situation; and suffered them to es- cape. Ina few days, those very Indians re- newed hostilities. A bad understanding had. lately subsisted between governor Hyde and colonel Barnwell. The colonel wished to throw the odium of the Indian war 196 THE HISTORY OF: upon Hyde; for he was making interest to supplant him in the government. How many of our species are sacrificed to the ambition, the avarice, or malice, of con- temptible individuals! Upon the death of governor Hyde, the next year, Thomas. Pollock was chosen president.* That gentleman’ had been twenty years the deputy of lord Carteret or his father, and was much esteemed for his integrity. During his administration, in a letter to the lords proprietors, he drew a full length portrait of the colony with dark colorings. “The subject laboring under every calamity by which a vitious, ignorant and obstinate people can be punished; civil contentions, which have risen to the shed- ‘ding of blood; general poverty; short * Twelfth of September 1712. NORTH CAROLINA. 197 crops; a sickly season; and a dangerous Indian war. ‘The people on Neus and Pamlico rivers are generally ruined, their houses and furniture burned, their whole stock of cattle, horses, and hogs, killed or carried off by the Indians, while the families were pent up in the forts. All the inhabitants, on the south and southwest of Chowan river, are. secured in forts. Provisions for the. army and the inhabitants, on Neus and Pamlico, are sent from Albemarle. The forces on those rivers under colonel Mitchell and colonel M'‘Kee, not above one hundred. and forty. The Tuskarora Indians, numerous and well provided with arms and ammunition, expectassistance from the Five Nations or Senekas. Hence they are confident of sue- cess;-while the subjects of North Caro- lina are dispirited, undisciplined, timo- rous, disobedient, and divided; they, who are in the service, ill provided with clo- thing and not able to buy.” \ are 198 THE HISTORY OF . NORTH CAROLINA, ——_s199 Colonel Barnwell had returned to South or made prisoners during the winter, Carolina, immediately after his’ impru- forty-three of the inhabitants of Roanoke dent or deceitful treaty; and the Indians ’ island, Croatan or Alligator; for the Tus- having renewed the war, a second appli- karora Indians, the original aggressors, cation was made to the government of had persuaded four of the smaller tribes South Carolina for assistance. Applica- to join them. The governor of South Ca- tion was also made to the government of rolina was not tardy in sending the suc- | Virginia; and the legislatare of that pro- cors, that had been requested. Colonel | vince, with some difficulty, were prevail- Moore, an active young officer, whose | ed upon to grant one hundred and eighty father had lately been governor of that . pounds for purchasing duffils to clothe colony, arrived on the first of December, [ the North Carolina troops, and one thou- with forty white men and eight hundred sand pounds to be employed in raising ‘Ashley Indians. forces if necessary. They were not raised. | The defence of Bath county, in the mean They marched to Albemarle sound, and while, rested on the troops who are men- continued there some weeks; for the ne- tioned in the president's letter, and on : cessary provisions had not been ready at twenty Yammassee Indians, commanded | Bath. About the twentieth of January, by colonel M‘Kee, who, by their zeal and they took up their march for Taw river, activity, were a terror to the hostile tribes. where they were detained to the fourth of As it was not possible for those mento February by a deep snow. The Tuskarora guard the settlement at all points, the Indians had forted themselves to shun Mattamuskeet and Core Indians killed, the Ashley Indians, who pressed them 200 ' THE HISTORY OF hard in the woods. They took their po- sition upon a plain, on the side of a creek, about‘one mile from Cotechney, and fifty miles from the mouth of that river. In order to secure themselves against artil- lery, they sunk square pits in the ground, about six feet deep. Those pits were co- vered with poles and separated from one another by a natural wall of earth. The whole was surrounded by palisades. There was also a proper supply of corn in the fort; but those pesple, who in other respects secured themselves with some degree of prudence, had not any water within the palisades. They trusted to a trench of communication with the adja- cent brook. This oversight proved fatal to many of them, for colonel Moore sta- tioned some of his troops on the other side of the brook, soas to rake the trench when the enemy came for water. There was but one passage by which the Indians might attempt to escape with any pros- ci a kh el ite cet NORTH CAROLINA. 201 pect of success. In that direction the co- lonel built a. small redoubt. As the In- dians were well supplied. with small arms, colonel Moore broke ground. at .a res- pectable distance from the fort, and ad- vanced by regular approaches until he entered their works.* Eight hundred. In- dians of the Tuskarora tribe were taken prisoners. The Ashley, Indians claimed them as the reward of their services; and six hundred of those people immediately returned to South Carolina, with the pri- soners, to sell them for slaves. There were twenty-two white men killed during the siege and twenty-nine wounded. Thir- ty-six of the auxiliary Indians were killed. and fifty wounded. * This fort, called Naharuke, was taken the twenty-sixth of March 1713, The Indians immediately deserted an- other fort that they had finished. They were taught the folly of standing a siege. Vol. I. 26 reluctance, into the war; for they were 202 THE HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 203 : After that decisive stroke, the Tuska- better acquainted with the white people, puny rora Indians, of the eastern division, sued than their brethren, who lived. to the ai for peace, which was granted on terms westward. During the following summer, a that were very humiliating, viz. ‘ king Blount brought in thirty scalps of _— I me : rity the enemy Indians; but the greater part ey 1. The 'Tusks shall deliver twenty In- of the Tuskarora nation, unable to con- Lae dians who shall be named, who were the | tendvand unwilling to submit, removed. aah chief contrivers of the massacre, and whe | to the northward, and joined the Seneka ant took Lawson and Graffenried. and other confederate tribes, on the fron- ij i ; 2. ‘they shall restore all their prisoners, tiers of New York.* They constitute one 4 i aiso the horses, cattle, arms, and goods, a of the tribes who are now called the Six Ft ww they have taken from the inhabitants. © Nations. From that time, hostilities were 4 Bi 3. They shall pursue the Cotechnee continued with little success, by the Hi i, | and Mattamuskeet Indians as enemies. Cores and Mattamuskeet Indians. King , i i 4."They shall deliver two ipaningne for Blount and his people vexed them ex-— i ai enh Sgn Bs tel ae ies ; ceedingly, by taking many of them pri- | a a | soners. The fate of those people was the ee King Blount’s chief town was on the | shane cryiei Yendi ee Missi 2 ‘ a east side af | Taw river, about twenty miles 4 v4 This cleriiee ae the Tuskarora Indians and other i 1) oe or bi ar es vonpiyen, from migrations of Indian tribes, that are well attested, do not HEM that period, faithfully attached to the co- accord with lord Kames’s observation, that “ Savages are 4 ql NY lony. His people had entered, with some vemarkably attached to their native soil.” i | Bu 204 “DHE HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 205 more degrading; for they were uniformly _ ' wherefore they obtained permission to Z sold as, slaves. ; ’ its settle on the north side of Roanoke river above Windsor; where the remains of Peace was made, in February 1715, with | that nation continued to live to the year _ the Cores and other enemy Indians, who 1803 on lands reserved for them. were permitted to live at Mattamuskeet, / 5 fae ye on the condition, that a commissioner ~The assembly found it necessary, dur- should reside among them, to inspect ing the Indian war, to issue eight thou- their conduct. . 4 sand pounds in bills of eredit;* and those bills were made payable in discharge of North Carolina had not been three all debts that had been contracted for months at peace, before an Indian war | ; rated commodities. That law, which al- broke out ‘in the southern colony. Assist- , tered the nature of contracts, was sool ance was immediately requested; and co: - | observed to have injurious effects. The lonel Moore was despatched by land, | money depreciated; and the assembly in with fifty men to their relief. The Tuska- _ yain attempted to raise its value, by.a rora Indians were to have settled between | petition to the proprietors, intreating Neus and Taw rivers; but they conceiy- them to receive that paper in payment ed themselves in danger, after the south- for their lands.t The receivers of quit- ern Indians had commenced hostilities; * June 1713. + During the infant state of the colony, the proprietors, See Proofs and Explanati : 1 hg ; en te s6ld their land at twenty shillings the hundred acres, and rae | Se ee ae Te ST Ne er REE Re ne eae ED LS SO ane ST ee ae 206. THE HISTORY OF rents and other proprietary dues, did not refuse country produce at the price fixed by law; but they would not receive paper currency, for it could not be remitted to England; nor would a single member of the assembly receive it, at the nominal value, for any article that could be re- mitted. rete tape Rercmetne bane We have seen the inhabitants of North Carolina agitated by civil commotions, oppressed by their governors and assailed by a barbarous enemy; but the weight of those several calamities will be ‘more correctly estimated by attending to the progress of population. The number of — taxable inhabitants in the year 1676, little more than twelve years after the charter — wy six-pence quit-rent, They raised the price in the year 1694 to thirty shillings the hundred. And in the year 1711 - they advanced the price to forty shillings the hundred, and one shilling quit-rent. NORTH CAROLINA. 207 was granted, has been stated at fourteen hundred. Fifty-three years had now elaps- ed since the proprietary government was in operation; great additions should have — been made in that time, by natural in- - crease, beside the German and French colonies that have been mentioned, and the numerous advénturers, who arrived from the northern colonies, and from the mother country; but the whole number of taxable inhabitants in the year 1717 did not exceed two thousand.* This fact alone is a sufficient proof that the admin- istration of government had been ex- tremely bad. We formerly observed that Culpepper’s insurrection, and the tyran- * This could hardly imply thirteen hundred fencible in- habitants. For it is believed that one third of the taxables- were slaves. And though free men, of sixteen years, were taxable, it does not, follow that lads of sixteen years-can endure the hardships of a campaign. It consists with the writer’s observation, that a great proportion of those, in 208 THE HISTORY OF ny of Sothel, had banished from the: co- Jory almost half of the inhabitants. The anarchy that was effected by Cary, and the subsequent Indian war, do not ap- pear to have been less fatal to the state of population. People had fled from Ca- rolina, in juch:twmbers, during the war, that the governor ‘issued. a proclamation, for the purpose of preventing the general desertion of the colony. And the gover- nor of Virginia, by his proclamation, or- dered that all fugitives from Carolina, without a pass, should be apprehended and sent back. The temperature of the climate in Carolina: was so inviting, the soil was so fertile, and the means of living so easy, that the inhabitants must have been very numerous, at the period to which we refer, if the government had the southern states, who sunk under the fatigue of mili- tary €ervice, during the revolution war, were young men under nineteen years of age. NORTH CAROLINA. 209 been administered, with any degree of wisdom. The farmer was not constrained to make any provision for his cattle in the winter, for they found a sufficient supply in the woods; and flocks of wild cattle became the subjects of profitable game to the hunter. After settlements had been formed to the southward of Al- bemarle sound, the inhabitants of Bath county claimed, and were allowed by go- vernment, the exclusive privilege of kill- ing wild cattle in that part of the country. We have seen the pestilential effects’ of bad officers; and it will be granted that in some cases, the lords proprietors were not to blame; for they had been deceived; but in other cases they showed a crimi- nal indiscretion. They commissioned men of suspected or bad characters. It ap- pears upon record, that in the year 1701, John Porter prosecuted Christopher But- ler for calling him “a cheating rogue.” Butler admitted the words charged in VOL, I. 2D 210 THE HISTORY OF the indictment, and justified, He was ac- quitted by the jury; and Porter was order- ed to pay costs. After afew years, this very Porter was made deputy to one of the proprietors, and consequently a member of the council. His virtues were not im- preved by his rank; for he associated with Cary in his rebellion, The proprietors were not less unfortunate in their choice . of measures than of men. The governors had a standing instruction, not to assent to any law, that was to continue in force more than two years. The object of this instruction was to prevent the possible continuance of a bad law; but the mea- sure, in many cases, prevented the. benefit of good laws. The governor, who knew in what manner the laws were estimated, — frequently refused his assent to the re- newal of a good law, unless he should re- ceive a particular douceur for that ser-. vice. The assembly, in some cases, ob- jected to his terms; and the inhabitants set : | NORTH CAROLINA. ye suffered by the indisereet regulation. In a government that was long agitated by civil commotions, it is not to be sup- posed, that the morals of the inhabi- tants, in private life, were very cor- rect.* CC a “* March 1720. The grand jury presented thirty-six per- sons, viz. seven for drunkenness, eight for profane swear- ing, seven for breaking the sabbath, four for adultery, five for stealing or mismarking hogs, three for breaking the peace, and two for selling liquor without license. a. : —. if ‘PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. i Lie PAGE 7. WHEN Harold Harfagus, in the ninth century, made himself master of all Norway, which had formerly been divided into many kingdoms, the Norwegian nobility, many of them, impatient of a superior fled to Iceland, . Shetland and the Orkneys. Ingulf a nobleman, of some consideration, removed to Iceland in the year 879, with asmall colony. That island was sufficiently known; for it had been visited by fishermen or sea rovers, who, for two or three hundred years, had covered the northern — ocean. He found a wooden cross on the south shore, and a thick forest of birch trees, but no inhabitants. sak * In the year 982, Eric, the son of Torwald, whose father had fled from Norway, being himself obliged to fice from Iceland, settled a small colony in Greenland, _ which had lately been discovered. The name given to this cold region was seductive; and the colony increased con- siderably | until the year 1348, when a great proportion of the inhabitants were cut off by a pestilential disease. 214 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. The present savage inhabitants of Greenland have a tradition concerning that colony, and retain part of their language. In the year 1001, Biarm, the son of Herial a Nor- wegian Icelander, sailing for Greenland without a pilot, the wind blowing at north for some days, fell in with land to the westward that was flat and covered with trees; on which he did not land; for it did not answer the description of Greenland. - After his return to Ice- Tand, having described the flat country he had seen, Lief the son of Eric, who had discovered Greenland, sailed in quest of the land Biarm had discovered. He soon reached the coast, and running along it some days, he found a river which he entered. The river abounded in salmon, the air temperate, and the soil good. Here he discovered native grapes; whence he named the country Vinland. The adventurers erected houses and spent the winter among the natives, who were small inoffensive men. They had canoes fit for a single person, . when he went a fishing. Some years after this discovery, Torsin’a rich Icelander with his wife, five other women, and sixty sailors, much cattle, provisions, and implements of husbandry, formed a settlement in Vinland. The natives traded with them, bringing furs, sables and small white skins. Torsin returned home after three years, with a valuable cargo of furs and raisins. The fame of his riches induced other adventurers to visit the colony; Ra ete tS i ee hae ‘ PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 215 and the intercourse between that country and Greenland, Iceland or Norway seems to haye continued for many years. In the year 1121, Eric, a bishop of Greenland, visited the colony, probably with little success; and ninco that time, the civilized inhabitants of Greenland being lost, those of Iceland greatly reduced, and the northern na- tions greatly weakened by pestilence and internal feuds, all remembrance of Vinland is obliterated. It seems to have been the Labrador coast. Mallet’s Northern Antiq. Tarfei. Greenl. Ant. N. B. The small illiterate inhabitants of Vinland, Greenland, and Iceland, who were discovered there, in the ninth and tenth centuries, had doubtless passed over from the old continent, in the same manner that we have seen the Norwegians pass; but the memory of those events is lost by the want of letters. PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. B. PAGE 8. It can hardly be questioned thatthe Indians of South America are descended from a class of the Hindoos, in the southern parts of Asia. The remarkable difference between the Indians of Mexico and those of Peru, when first discovered by the. Spaniards, naturally induced an opinion that they were descended from n&tions who differed very much from one another in their manners. The Mexicans were ferocious and cruel. The Peruvians - were’ mild in their disposition, and better versed in useful arts. Upon a further acquaintance with those people, it appears that the northern Indians in general alleged that their ancestors came from the northwest- ward. From this and from other circumstances we pre- sume that they crossed over the narrow seas, in small craft, in high latitudes, from Asia to America. But the | Peruvian Indians had no such means of coming from the other continent. Unless they og ase from the northern Indians, they must have come by a long passage; and every thing we know concerning those Indians strengthens the opinion that they came from India. The passage as we observe must have been very long; but it is fully ascertained by modern dis- coveries, that the Hindoos two or three thousand years _ PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS, 217 ago were gia astronomers and were | interested in foreign commerce by sea. In the Vedas, a book of the Hiridoos that, as they say, contains all kinds of know- ledge, thete is a law for regulating the intetrest of | money in all cases, except in the case of bottomry, @r money advanced on the security of ships bound on distant voyages. No such exception could have been made, except by a nation that was concerned in mari- time commerce. That nation, as we presume, planted a colony in South America. ini It is known that the Incas of Peru, the royal family, traced their descent from the sun, which they wor- shipped, wherefore they refused to mix their blood with other families. But it is also known. that a royal family in India, for many ages, alleged that they were chil- dren of the sun. From that family, as we presume, the Incas of Peru borrowed the pretence of solar ancestry. We shall state another fact, from the authority of sir William Jones, that renders the descent of the Peruvian Indians from Indostan nearly certain. The Hindoos cele- brate a chieftain, of the highest respectability, who reign- ed in Ayodha. He was the last king in the silver age, who was descended from the sun. His name was Rama. His wife, Sita, was forcibly carried off by a giant; but after she escaped from her captivity she established her chas- tity by the fire ordeal. She became a favourite among Vou. I. 2E we ‘918 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. Same PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 219 ie the women; and the fire ordeal of Sita is celebrated to ; : gah cone -% this day among the Hindoos. But the chief festival = re among the Peruvians was called Ramasitva. This in- | : cludes the name of the Hindeo onesie king and his : Pere wife. 3 cbt et 6 PAGE 29 Cc. 1 Abstract of Sir Walter easeagis Letters Patent: Z ‘ : At The usual tautology and repetitions being omitted. Sak ee ; be "Elizabeth by the grace of God, queen, ke. To all a lr i RL ae persons to whom these presents shall come. Know ye, ee ee ee that of our especial favour, we give to our trusty and well beloved servant Walter Raleigh, Esq. and to his- F heirs and assigns, free liberty to search for and find such remote and barbarous Jands, not possessed by any chris- ‘ an people, as to him may seem good, and the same to ; me a). occupy and enjoy for ever, with all prerogatives, fran- pail USCA SM PVE “A chises, jurisdictions, royalties and _preeminences there- sei a ae unto which we, by our letters patent, may grant. “s teed te And we give liberty and authority to him and them, FO OE Ope ee eS a to take, and leave to inhabit such countries, so many of ’ se our subjects, a as shall willingly accompany him or them. ee ig ceulliedans siaréckaedgan unleash countries, thus to be discovered, with full power to dis- pose of the same, or any part of it, in fee-simple or " otherwise, to any persons, they remaining in our alle- giance; reserving to ourselves one ‘fifth of all the gold a or silver there to be discovered. Which countries shall q § ee fda al siete igitiet gees rE ts Ben i: Lease . 220 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. be held of us, aaa ee fifth part for all services. is ¥) ‘ * We give him and them authority to encounter and repel any persons who, without his or their license, shall attempt to settle within said countries; or within -— the space of two hundred leagues of the place where he or any of his associates shall make their abode within _ six years next ensuing; giving him authority to surprise and take all such persons with their ships and furniture. © And we grant that the heirs of all our liege subjects, _ natives of England or Ireland, who may reside in such countriesy shall enjoy all the privileges of persons born in England, And we grant, for the preservation of peace and good order, that he or they shall have power and authority to correct, punish, govern and rule, by their discretion, as well in capital as civil cases, all such persnns as May inhabit such countries, according to such statutes and laws as they may devise, so always that such statutes and laws agree, as nearly as may be, to the laws of En- gland, and not against the christian faith. Sal We give authority to our lord high treasurer, or to. any four of our privy council, to permit the said Walter Raleigh or his associates, from time to time, to export — PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 221 from this realm all such goods and commodities as may be thought necessary or conducive to their relief and support. Provided always that if He or they, or any of them, shall at any time rob or spoil, by sea or land, or commit. any unlawful hostility against the subjects of any poten- tate with whom we are at peace, and when thereunto required by us, shall neglect to make full satisfaction, within the limited time, to the party injured, he or they may be put out of our protection, in which case it may be permitted to such potentate, to pursue them with hostility, as not sated our subjects. ' tind Witness ourselves at Westminster the five and twen- tieth day of March,’in the six and twentieth year of our reign, Anno 1518. wii PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. Pee ena ra ey ool Bie, D. ; » PAGE 81. A short account of Bacon’s rebellion in the years 1675, 1676, extracted from an origiial manuscript addressed to the right honourable Robert Harley, principal secre- tary of state to queen Ann, dated 13th July, 1705, and written at the request of Mr. Harley by T. M) The manuscript was lately found among Mr. Harley’s papers. The writer, who signed the initials of his name, re- sided in London. He was a merchant at the date of his letter, but he had been a planter in Virginia at the time of the rebellion. He lived in Northumberland county and had a farm, slaves and cattle in Stafford county on the Potowmac, which county:he represented, in the house of burgesses in the pers. at Bs i eae Siu gih a A poor man, Robert Henn, was killed by the Tidives in his own house, at break of day, early in the spring, in the year 1675. He only lived to tell some people, who came to the house, that he had been struck by In- dians called the Doegs. They were a small tribe who lived on the Maryland side of the Potowmac, about four miles from the river. Colonel Mason of the militia and captain Brent with thirty or forty privates, imme- pROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 223 diately pursued those Indians. They went up the river twenty miles, crossed it and came to the cabins of the Doegs the next night before day. They killed the king and ten of his people; the rest fled. After that action, sundry murders were committed in Stafford and some in Maryland by Indians unknown. Armed boats were employed on the river to prevent Indians from crossing. A tribe of Indians called Pascat- aways who lived on the Maryland side were. strongly suspected. Those Indians lived in a fort made of large stakes wattled. One thousand men, who were raised in Virginia and Maryland, in the opposite counties, near those I came out of the fort to inquire their business; but those Indians were put to death. The fort was besieged to little purpose; for it was musket proof, and the militia had no artillery. After a siege of six weeks, the Indians, seventy-five in number, with their wives and children, escaped in the night. Those Indians passed to the south- ward and killed several people, on the western frontier, before they came to the falls of James’s river, where they killed the overseer of Mr. Bacon and one of his servants. Massacres by the Indians became frequent; and small families fled from the outer settlements. Houses in general near the frontier were fortified by palisades; and no man stirred abroad unarmed; for smal! parties of Indians were seen, lurking about every day. People ndians, marched to the fort. Four of the Indians - nse HSS PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 925 224 ‘ who lived far up James’ and York rivers suffered most Ms and three of the white men. The party returned to their __ by the Indians who fled from Potowmac. ‘Frequentapplie respective homes. Bacon halted at his farm near the cations were made to the governor sir William Berkley | falls of James’s river. ~ re ‘ for assistance, who promised but sent none. The set+ sid if . tlers on those rivers rose in a body, chose Bacon their This Bacon was a man of fine talents, not above thirty gg ; commander, and sent to the governor for a commission, years of age. He had been bred to the law in London ! offering to go against the Indians at their own expense. - a3 and came out with the prospect of apne the estate A commission was promised once and again; but none PF of colonel Bacon, a rich uncle, who was childless, and a was sent, nor was the cause of : such neglect ever stated. a ‘. The governor was deemed to be avaricious and irascible. oe rich widow in Jamestown, the seat of government; - He may have been on that occasion somewhat jealous. = | had already become a member of the council, and being The people wearied by evasions resolved to march, a man of pleasing address, had become very popular. about three hundred of them militia officers and others - % by a certain day without a commission unle$s one could . be obtained; for which they made another application. No commission was sent; but the people marched to- | member of the governor’s council. Bacon had married a a Writs were issued by the governor, soon after the expedition last mentioned, for choosing members of assembly; and Bacon was chosen one of the members for wards the frontier in search of the Indians. The go- ; the county, near the falls, where his farm. was; for the vernor issued a proclamation declaring them all rebels governor by precept had declared him to be expel-— who should not return by a certain day. Men who had | qi led rom the council. the best estates chiefly returned; but Bacon with fifty. =| seven men advanced while their provisions lasted. They , Coming down the river to attend the assembly, Bacon was arrested by the sheriff of Jamestown, and carried before the governor, who immediately paroled him, On ) the next day, Bacon read a paper in the presence of the ‘ governor, the council and assembly, expressing. his ! found no ‘enemy Indians. Their provisions being ex- i pended, they came to a fort of Indians who were called i | friendly and offered to buy provisions. The Indians pros | mised them a supply; but no supply was brought for | : three ‘days. The men nearly starving suspected the In- penitence for his late illegal Diocostinats and the go- dians of treachery and took provisions by force out of : vernor declared that he was pleased with that mark of ‘the fort. In that action many of the Indians were killed, be | repentance, and said that he pardoned Bacon and all his : “ Vou. I. 2F ; 226 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. date adherents. He added, that in the case of good beha- we, viour, Mr. Baconin a fewmonths might expect toresume his seat at the council board.On the verynext day, Bacon was seen in his former seat at the council board. This sudden mark of kindness in the governor had not been expected; but it was afterwards explained in a manner not much to the governor’s-honor. The late expendi- ture of public money had not been well accounted for; people had become clamorous; and it was not improba- ble that Bacon, a popular man, and good speaker in the house of burgesses, might carry a vote of inquiry in opposition to the governor’s partisans; therefore he was Temoved from that house. ' The assembly proceeded to business; and on the next day a motion was made to inspect the public revenue and the collector’s accounts, for taxes were heavy; but a message was received from the governor ordering them not to do any thing before the Indian business should be finished. A committee being then appointed to consider of Indian affairs, a motion was made to request two of the council to sit with the committee. This motion was objected to by T. M. who was a‘new member, and presumed that their assistance was unnecessary; but the motion was carried. Those men, in fact, sat as spies. The assembly were employed some ‘days in fixing the quota to be furnished by the several counties toward the “Indian war. While they were thus engaged it was, one \ PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. =—— 227 morning, reported, to their astonishment, that Bacon had fled. Mr. T. M. immediately called upon Mr. Lawrence a particular friend of Mr. Bacon, to inquire the truth of the story. This Lawrence formerly of Oxford, a mari of learning and fair character; had been hardly treated by" - the governor in behalf of @ corrupt favorite in a suit at law for a considerable estate. Such at least was the in- formation T. M. received from colonel Lee a member of the council. It followed that the governor and Mr. Lawrence did not love one another. It has been observ- ed that Mr. Bacon made his submission to the governor by reading # paper that he is supposed to have read at the request of his uncle Nathaniel Bacon, by whom it was written. But the governor had not been candid in declaring that he accepted his submission. He knew that the town, at that juncture, was full of Bacon’s friends. By pretending that he pardoned Bacon, he caused them to go home. After those people had gone home, the governor privately issued warrants for appre- hending Bacon and his adherents. Bacon being inform- ed of those warrants, perhaps by his uncle, fled. The house of Mr. Lawrence had been searched for him that morning by break of day. “Three or four days after Bacon’s escape, it was re- ported that he was at the head of four hundred men about twenty miles up the river. The governor ordered the militia on both sides of the river to turn out and_ 298 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. protect the town. They did not come; but in less than four days Bacon and his men, horse and foot, entered the town at two o’clock, Pp. m, without opposition and dis- armed the inhabitants. The assembly being convened before three o’clock, and ‘the governor with his council sitting in the court-house, Bacon with a few men advan- ced towards the house. The governor met him on the green and opening his bosom told him to fire. Bacon re- plied, “ I will not hurt a hair of your head; we only want a commission to go against the Indians which you have often promised; but now we will have it.” The go- vernor and council returned to their chamber; and Bacon went to the house of burgesses requiring a commission of them, but was told by Mr. Blayton, a member from the same county, that commissions could only be gran- ted by the governor. os fea Next day Bacon received a commission from the governor, as general, to command the forces to be raised against the Indians. He began immediately to commis-. sion officers to serve under him. He generally commis- sioned gentlemen who held the same rank in the militia. The assembly, having finished the war bill, broke up; and Bacon, with a considerable body of men, marched in quest of the Indian enemy; but the governor imme- diately called out the militia of Gloucester’ and Middle- sex, 1200 men, whom he ordered to pursue Bacon as a rebel. They refused to march. Bacon hearing of the | pRroors AND EXPLANATIONS. 229 steps taken by the governor returned. A few people under the governor attempted the defence of Jamestown by slight field works. Bacon entered the town and burnt it; but the governor escaped to the Eastern Shore where he was not supported with much zeal; but he commen- ced a sort of privateering war against the militia on the other side of the bay. Bacon marched again in search of hostile Indians; but the weather being warm and the season happening to be exceedingly rainy, he was taken ill of a dysentery of which he died in Gloucester county a few days after his return. The officers who served under Bacon having made their peace with the govern- or, he returned to his ‘former residence; but he made such havoc by courts martial, hanging people who were supposed to have been friendly to Bacon, that the assem- bly interfered by a petition praying him to stop the work of death. enh ee ae The body of Bacon, lnsidioaled by his friends, eluded the governor’s search. Lawrence and some other gen- tlemen fled from the province, or killed themselves, to deprive the governor of that pleasure. Troops were sent out the next year to restore peace; and sir William Berkeley sailed for London; but he died without seeing the king. It was reported that king Charles, speaking of the executions in Virginia, said that the old fool had taken away more lives in that naked country than him- self had taken for the murder of his father, a ee =: ti eee mee a en PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. ‘ ’ fe age os PAGE 87. ae THE SECOND CHARTER, Granted by King Charles II. to the Proprietors of : Carolina. Sed hs ; . CHARLES the Second, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c. Whereas, by our letters patent, bearing date the twenty-fourth day of March, in the fifteenth year of our reign, we were graciously pleased to grant unto our right trusty and right well beloved cousin and counsellor Edward earl of Clarendon, our high chan- cellor of England; our right trusty and entirely beloved cousin and counsellor George duke of Albemarle, mas- ter of our horse; our right trusty and well beloved Wil- liam now earl of Craven; our right trusty and well be- - loved counsellor John lord Berkeley; our right trusty and well beloved counsellor Anthony lord Ashley, chan- cellor of our exchequer; our right trusty and well beloved counsellor sir George Carteret, knight and baronet, vice-chancellor of our household; our right trusty and well beloved sir John Colleton, knight and baronet; and sir William Berkeley, knight; all that pro- vince, territory, or tract of ground, called Carolina, situ- ate, lying and being within our dominions of America; w pROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 231 ‘extending from the north end of the island called Luke Island, which lieth in the southern Virginia seas, and within thirty-six degrees of north latitude; and to the west, as far as the south seas, and so respectively as far as the river of Matthias, which bordereth upon the coast of Florida, and within thirty-one degrees of northern latitude; and so west; in a direct line, as far as the south Now know ye, that we, at the humble request of the said grantees, in the aforesaid letters patent named, and as a further mark of our especial favour to them, we are graciously pleased to enlarge our said grant unto them, according to the bounds and limits hereafter spe- ' cified,and’in favour to the pious and noble purpose of the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of . Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John - Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and as- signs, all that province, territory, or tract of land, situate, lying and being within our dominions of America afore-. said; extending north and eastward, as far as the north end of Currituck river or inlet, upon a straight westerly line to Wyonoak creek, which lies within or about the degrees of thirty-six, and thirty minutes, northern lati- tude; and so west, in a direct line, as far as the south seas; and south and westward, as far as the degrees of twenty-nine, inclusive, of northern latitude; and so west, 232° PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. in a direct line, as far as the south seas; together with all and singular the ports, harbors, bays, rivers, and inlets, belonging unto the province or territory afore- | said: and also, all the soils, lands, fields, woods, moun- tains, ferms, lakes, rivers, bays, and islets, situate or being within the bounds or limits last before mentioned; with the fishings of all sorts of fish, whales, sturgeons, : and all other royal fish, in the sea, bays, islets, and rivers, within the premises, and the fish therein taken, together with the royalty of the sea upon thex coast within the limits aforesaid; and moreover all veins, mines, and quarries, as well discovered as not discover- ed, of gold, silver, gems, and precious stones, metal, or any other thing, found, or to be found, within the pro- _ vince, territory, islets, and limits aforesaid: and further- more, the patronage and advowsons of all the churches and chapels, which, as christian religion shall increase within the province, territory, isles, and limits aforesaid, shall happen hereafter to be erected; together with li- cense and power to build and found churche§, chapels, and oratories, in convenient and fit places, within the said bounds and limits; and to cause them to be dedicated and consecrated, according to the ecclesiastical laws of our kingdom of England; together with all and singular the like and as ample rights, jurisdictions, privileges, prerogatives, royalties, liberties, immunities, and fran- chises, of what kind soever, within the territory, isles, islets, and limits aforesaid: to have, hold, use, exercise, PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 233 and enjoy the same, as amply, fully, and in as ample manner, as any bishop of Durham, in our kingdom of England, ever heretofore, had, held, used, or enjoyed, or of right ought or could have, use, or enjoy: and them the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Al- bemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and as- signs, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, make, create, and constitute, the true and absolute lords and proprietors of the said province or territory, and of all other the premises; saving always ved faith, allegiance, and sovereign dominion, due to us, our heirs and successors, for the same: to hold, possess, . and ‘enjoy the said province, territory, islets, and all and singular other the premises, to them the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ash- ley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir Wil- liam Berkeley, their heirs and assigns for ever; to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, as of our manor of East Greenwich, in Kent, in free and common soccage, and not in capite, or by knight’s service: yielding and pay- ing, yearly, to us, our heirs and successors, for the same, the fourth part of all gold and silver ore, which, within the limits hereby granted, shall, from time to time, happen to be found, over and besides the yearly rent of twenty marks, and the fourth part of the gold and silver Ver. i.’ 2G / sae papain ist ws \ ta We ent on ol ce nee Se oth ili eR tas 0 erent tenance 234 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS, — ore, in and by. the. said written letters patent reserved and payable. _ Races shove dale = * : Aaashis the province or territory hereby granted and described, may be dignified with as large’tithes and pri- * vileges, as any other parts of our dominions and terri- tories in that region; know ye, that we, of our further grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, have thought fit to annex the same tract of ground or terri- tory unto the same province of Carolina; and out of the fulness of our royal power and prerogative, we do, for us, our heirs and successors, annex and unite the same to the said province of Carolina. _ asharet ) Se ee os ee ‘ And forasmuch as we have made and ordained the aforesaid Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berke- ley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and as- signs, the true lords and proprietors of all the province or territory aforesaid; know ye therefore moreover, that we, reposing especial trust and confidence, in their fidelity, wisdom, justice, and provident circumspection, _ for us, our heirs and successors, do grant full and abso- _ lute) power, by virtue of ‘these presents, to them the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albe- ’ marie, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John ve PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 235 ~ Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and as- signs, for the good and happy government of the said — whole province or territory, full power and authority, to erect, constitute, and make several counties, baronies, and colonies, of and within the said provinces, territories, lands, and hereditaments, in and by the said letters patents, granted, or mentioned to be granted, as afore- said, with several and distinct jurisdictions, powers, liberties, and privileges: and also, to ordain, make, and enact, and, under their seals, to publish any laws and constitutions whatsoever, either appertaining to the public state of the whole province or territory, or of any distinct or particular county, barony, or colony, or of or within the same, or to the private utility of particu- let persons, according to their best directions, by and with the advice, assent, and approbation, of the freemen of the said ewtios or territory, or of the freemen of eielteaniiitnals be pat or e the greater part of them, or of their delegates or deputies, whom, for enact- ing of the said laws, when, and as often as need shall require, we will, that the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, and their heirs or assigns, shall, from time to time, as- semble, in such manner and form as to them shall seem best; and the same laws duly to execute, upon all peo. mA . apy Se alo RSME ee DB a sic A - 7 236 ‘PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. ple within the said province or territory, county, baro- ny; or colony, or the limits thereof, for the time being, which shall be constituted, under the power, and go- vernment of them or any of them, either sailing towards the said province, or territory of Carolina, or returning - from thence towards England, or any other of our, or foreign dominions, by imposition of penalties, imprison- ment, or any other punishment; yea, if it shall be need- fal, and the quality of the offence require it, by taking away member and life, either by them the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ash- ley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir — ‘William Berkeley, and their heirs, or by them, or their | deputies, lieutenants, judges, justices, magistrates, or officers, whatsoever, as well within the said province, as at sea, in such manner and form as unto the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, and their heirs, shall seem most convenient: and also, to remit, release, pardon, and abolish; whether before judgment or. after, all crimes ‘and offences whatsoever, against the said laws; and to "do all and every thing and things, which, unto the com- plete establishment of justice, unto courts, sessions, and forms of judicature, and manners of proceeding therein, do belong, although in these presents, express mention P| PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS, 237 is not made thereof; and by judges to him or them dele- gated, to award process, hold pleas, and determine, in all the said courts and places of judicature, all actions, suits, and causes, whatsoever, as well criminal as civil, real, mixt, personal, or of any other kind or nature whatsoever: which laws so as aforesaid to be published, our pleasure: is, and ‘we do enjoin, require, and com- mand, shall’be absolutely firm and available in law; and that all the liege people of us, our heirs and successors, if within the said province or territory, do observe and keep the same inviolably in those parts, so far as they concern them, understhe pains and penalties ‘therein - expressed, or to be expressed: Provided nevertheless, eae a ‘a ‘That the said laws be consonant to reason, and as near, as may be conveniently, ae i Pa to the laws and cus- ‘toms of this our realm of — ‘ananeaeetiaiananniccasiaias ‘cannot | ' e'so suddenly called as there may be occasion to re- quire the same, we do therefore, by these presents, give and grant unto the - -said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley; Anthony lord Ashley, sir George . f Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and assigns, by themselves, or their magis- | trates, in that behalf lawfully authorized, full power and authority, from time to time, to make and ordain fit and : | wholesome orders and ordinances within the province 4 | or territory aforesaid, or any county, barony, or pro- 238 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. vince, within the same, to be kept and observed, as well for the keeping of the peace, as for the better govern-_ ment of the people there abiding, and to publish the same to all to whom it may concern: which ordinances we do, by these presents, straitly charge and command to be inviolably observed within the same province, counties, territories, baronies, and provinces, under the penalties therein expressed; so as such ordinances be. reasonable, and not repugnant or contrary, but, as near as may be, agreeable to. the laws and statutes of this our kingdom of England; and so.as the same ordinances do not extend to the binding, chargipg, or taking away the right or interest of any person or persons, in their free- hold, goods, or chattels, whatsoever. _. armas the 1 spousid ee eshaaieaiautin be the more happily increased, by the multitude of people resorting thither, and may likewise be the more strongly defended from, the incursions of savages, and other ene- mies, pirates, and robbers;. therefore, we, for us, | our heirs and successors, do give and grant, by these pre- sents, full power, license, and liberty, unto all the liege people of us, our heirs and successors, in our kingdom of England, and elsewhere, within any other our domin- ions, islands, colonies, or plantations, (excepting those who shall be especially forbidden) to transport them- selves and families into the said province or territory, ‘with oppyppient shipping wea fitting provision; and there PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 239 to settle themselves, dwell, and inhabit: any law, act, statute, ordinance, or other thing, to the contrary, not- mea arb ths 9 8 Sheath ton ; , > And we will also, and of our especial grace, for us, our heirs and successors; do straitly enjoin, ordain, con- stitute, and command, that the said province and terri- tory shall be of our allegiance; and that all and singular the subjects and liege people of us, our heirs and suc- cessors, transported, or to be transported into the said province, and the children of them, and such as shall descend from them there born, or hereafter to be born, be, and shall be denizens and lieges of us, our heirs and successors, of this our kingdom of England, and be, in all things, held, treated, and reputed, as the liege . faithful people of us, our heirs and successors, born within this our said kingdom, or any our do- minions; ‘and may inherit or otherwise > and recive; take, hold, buy and possess, any lands, tene; ments, or hereditaments, within the said places, and them may occupy and enjoy, sell, alien, and bequeath; as likewise, all liberties, franchises, and privileges, of this our kingdom, and of other our dominions aforesaid, may freely and quietly have, possess, and enjoy, as our liege people, born within the same, without the moles- tation, vexation, trouble, or grievance, of us, our heirs and successors: any act, statute, ordinance, or provision, to the contrary, notwithstanding. — oni g I ‘. : 1} i} ens i isn 240 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. And furthermore, that our subjects of this our said kingdom of England, and other our dominions, may be the rather encouraged to undertake this expedition, with ready and cheerful means; know ye, that we, of our especial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, do give and grant, by virtue of these presents, as well to the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Al- ' bemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, g: Anthony Jord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John ‘ Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, and their heirs, as unto all others as shall, from time to time, repair ‘unto the said province or territory, with a purpose to inhabit there, or to trade with the natives thereof; full liberty and license, to lade and freight, in every port whatso- ever, of us, our heirs and successors, and into the said’ province of Carolina, by them, their servants and assigns, to transport all and singular their goods, wares, and merchandises; as seenten: all sorts of grain whatsoever, and any « necessary for their food and clothing, not prohibited b by the laws and statutes of our kingdom and dominions, to be carried out of the same, without any let or molestation of us, our heirs and successors, or of any other our officers or ministers whatsoever; saving also unto us, our heirs and succes- sors, the customs, and other duties and payments, due for the said wares and merchandises, according to the several rates of the places from whence the same sal be transported. ee ei PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 241 ‘We will also, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do give and grant license, by this our charter, unto the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, and their to xouap, full power and absolute authority, to import or unlade, by themselves or their servants, factors, or as- signs, all merchandises and goods whatsoever that shall arise of the fruits and commodities of the said province or territory, either by land or sea, into any the ports of us, our heirs and successors, in our kingdom of Eng- — Tand, Scotland, or Ireland, or otherwise to dispose of the said goods in the said ports; and, if need be, within one. year next after the unlading, to lade the said merchan~ ,dises and goods.agaity into the ‘same or other ships; and to export the same into any other countries, either of our dominions or foreign, being in amity with us, our heirs and successors, so as they pay such s; sub- sidies, and other duties, for the same, © andere and successors, as the rest of our subjects of this our kingdom, for the time being, shall be bound to pay; be- yond which, we will not, that the inhabitants of the said province or territory, shall be any ways charged: Pro- vided nevertheléss, and our will and pleasure is, and we have further, for the considerations aforesaid, of our Vor. I. 2H ty PI La ’ r '' ¢ i 7 ‘ 2n2 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. ' special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, given and granted, and by these presents, for us, out heirs and successors, do give and grant unto the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs cand assigns, full and free license, power, and authority, at any time or times, from and after the feast of St. the: archangel, which shall be in the year of our Lord Christ ‘one thou- sand six hundred and sixty-seven, as well to import and bring into any of our dominions, from the said province of Carolina, or any part thereof, the several goods here- in after mentioned; that is to say, silks, wines, raisins, capers, wax, almonds, oil, and olives, without paying or answering to us, our heirs and successors, any custom, impost, or other duty, for or in respect thereof, for and during the term and space of seven years, to commence and be accounted:from and after the importation of four tons of any of the suid goods) in any one bottom, ship, or vessel, from the said province or territory, into any of eur dominions; as also, to export, and carry out of any of ur dominions, into the said province or territory, cus- _ tom free, all sorts of tools which shall be useful or ne- cessary for the planters there, in the accommodation and improvement of the premises: any thing before in these presents contained, or any law, act, sta hibition, or other matter or thing, heretofore hady made, enacted, or provided, in any wise, ‘notwithstanding. - PROOFS ANDEXPLANATIONS. 243 And further more, of our more ample and especial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, we do, for us, our heirs and successors, grant unto the said Ed- ward earl of Clarendon; George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Crayen, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley; their heirs and assigns, full and absolute power and -authority, to make, erect, and con- stitute, within the said province or territory, and the gsles and islets aforesaid, such and so many sea ports, harbors, creeks, and other places, for discharge and unlading of goods | and merchandises, out of ships, boats, and other vessels, and for lading of them, in such and so many places, with such jurisdictions, privileges, and franchises, unto the said ports belonging, as to them shall seem most expedient; and that all and singular the + ships, boats, and other vessels, whieh eball: come for merchandises and trade into the said province or terri- tory, or shall depart out of the same, shall be laden and unladen at such ports only as shall be erected and con- stituted by the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and assigns, and not elsewhere: any use, custom, or thing, to the contrary, notwithstanding. ¥ ise And we do further will, appoint, and ordain, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do grant ; pet a 244 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. unto the said Edward earl of Clarenden, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berke- ley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John i Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, and their heirs and assigns, that they the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl’ of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George | Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and assigns, may, from time to time, for ever, have and enjoy the customs and subsidies, in” the ports, harbors, creeks, and other places within the province 24 aforesaid, payable for the goods, wares, and merchan- dises there laded, or to be laded or unladed; the» said customs to be reasonably assessed, upon any occasion, by themselves, and by and: with the consent of the free people, or the greater part of them, as aforesaid; to> 4 whom we give power, by these presents, for us)our heirs and successors, upon just cause, and in due pro- penn assess. Sama y8 same. — tie ; oe SR ae Tries beep: heii epi te And further, of our especial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, we have given, granted, and confirm- ed, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and succes- sors, do give, grant, and confirm, unto the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ash- ley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir Wil- liam Berkeley, their heirs and assigns, full and absolute ci F i] \ PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 245 power, license, and authority, that they the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their: heirs and assigns, from time to time hereafter, for ever, at his and their will and pleasure, may assign; alien, grant, demise, or enfeoff, the pre- mises, or any part or parcel thereof, to him or them that shall be willing to purchase the same, and to such person and persons a they shall think fit; to have and” to hold to them, the said person or persons, their heirs and assigns, in fee-simple, or in fee-tail, or for term of life or lives, or years; to be held of them the said Ed- ward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony jord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and assigns, by such rents, services, and customs, as shall seem fit to them the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William-earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton; and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and as- signs, and not of us, our heirs and successors: and to the same person and persons, and to-all and every of them, we do give and grant, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, license, authority, and power, that stich person or persons may have and take the premises, or any part thereof, of the said Edward earl of Claren- ! - 246 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. don, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and assigns; and the same to hold to them- selves, their heirs and assigns, in what estate of inherit- ance soever, in fee-simple, or fee-tail, or otherwise, as to . them the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berke- ley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William. Berkeley, their heirs or as signs, shall seem expedient; the statute in the parlias ment of Edward, son of king Henry, heretofore king of England, our predecessor, commonly called the statute _ of guia empfttores terrar, or any other statute, act, ordi-. "nance, use, law, custom, or any other matter, cause, or thing, heretofore published or pronidan: to the contrary, in anywise, notwithstanding. : th genome pac de» ‘sada because | phlei born and fart eRepen the said province, for their deserts and ‘services, may expect and be capable of marks of honor and favor, which, in respect of the great distance, cannot be con- veniently conferred by us; our will and pleasure there- fore.is, and we do by these presents, give and grant unto the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William ear] of Craven, John lord Berke- ley, Anthony lord Asbley, sir George Carteret, sir John. Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, and their heirs and PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 247 aasigns, full power and ‘authority, to give and confer unto and upon such of the inhabitants of the said pro- vince or territory, as they shall, think do or shall merit the same, such marks of favor and tithes of honor, as they shall think fit; so_ as their titles or honors be not the same as are enjoyed by or conferred upon any of the subjects of this our kingdom of England. sere Haris th Page se —_—— also, we do, by these presents, for us; our heirs and successors, give and grant license, to the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albe- marie, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley; Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, and their heirs and assigns, full power, liberty, and license, to erect, raise, ~ and build, within the said province and places aforesaid, ‘or any part or parts thereof, such and so many forts, fortresses, castles, cities, boroughs, towns, villages, and other fortifications whatsoever; and the same, or any of them, to fortify and furnish with ordnance, powder, shot, armor, and all other weapons, ammunition, and habiliments of war, both defensive and offensive, as shall be thought fit and convenient, for the safety and welfare of the said province and places, or any part thereof; and the same, or any of them, from time to time, as occa- sion shall require, to, dismantle, disfurnish, demolish, and pull down: and also to place, constitute, and appoint, in or over all or any of the said castles, forts fortifica~ | ! i \ an em ee en A til catia et nn ae tamil le — 248 _ PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. tions, cities, towns, and places aforesaid, governors, de- puty governors, magistrates, sheriffs, and other officers, civil and military, as to them shall seem meet: and to the said cities, beroughs, towns, villages, or any other place or places, within the said province, or territory, to grant letters or charters of incorporation, with all liberties, franchises, and privileges, requisite or usual, - or to or within this our kingdom of England granted or belonging; and in the same cities, boroughs, towns, and other places, to constitute, erect and appoint guch and so many markets, marts, and fairs, as shall, in that be- half, be thought fit and necessary; and further also, to erect and make in the province or tertitory aforesaid, or any part thereof, so many manors, with such signio- ries as to them shall seem meet and convenient; and in every of the same manors to have and to hold a court baron, with all things whatsoever which to a court baron do belong; and to have and to hold views of frank pledge and court leets, for the conservation of the peace and better government of those. parts, with such limits, jurisdictions and precincts, as by the said Edward ear} of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, or their heirs, shall be appointed for that pur- pose, with all things whatsoever which to a court leet, or view of frank pledge, do belong; the same courts to be holden by stewards, to be deputed and authorized by PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 249 the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Al- bemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Col- leton, and sir William Berkeley, or their heirs, by the lords of the manors and leets, for the time being, when the same shall be erected. And because that in so remote a country, and situate “among so many barbarous nations, the invasions of savages and other enemies, pirates, and robbers, may probably be feared; therefore, we have given, and for us, our heirs and successors, do give power, by these pre- sents, unto the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, cit John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs or assigns, by themselves, or their captains, or other officers, to levy, muster, and train up all sorts of men, of what condition soever, or wheresoever born, whether in the said province, or elsewhere, for the time being; and to make war, and pursue the enemies aforesaid, as well by sea, as by land; yea, even without the limits of the said province, and, by God’s assistance, to vanquish, and take them; and being taken, to put them to death, by the law of war, and to save them at their pleasure, and to do-all and every other thing, which to the charge” Von. I. 21 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS, 251 250 1 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 5g. f ve is, and by these presents 4nd office of a captain eta of an sesinnts hath had i " And our PISA play yeg its : - “al Siismentaiie . aa for us, our heirs and successors, we do grant unto t s 4 1 ‘ said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albe- . P rt Li Also, our will and pleasure is, and by this our charter, : marie, William earl of aie ors oti oa , we do give and grant unto the said Edward earl of Cla- 7 Anthony lord Aabler cage i pen ae : | ir Wi erke ° rendon, George duke of Albemarle, William earl of Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, i and inhabitants of the said pro- Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir signs, and to the tenants t _ yince or territory, both present and to come, to George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William ; a k oe Be gence gee Berkeley, their heirs and assigns, full power, liberty, ql every of them, P , and authority, in case of rebellion, tumult, or sedition, | the tenants and inhabitants thereof, shall not, from henceforth, be held or reputed. any member or part of any colony whatsoever in America, or elsewhere, now fter t transported main sea, in making a voyage thither, or returning from h transported or made, or hereafter to be po on, | nm, or subject to: their thence, by him and themselves, their captains, deputies, oH: made; nor shall.be depending on, ij | government in any thing, but be absolutely separated and divided from the same; and our pleasure is, by these presents, that they be separated, and that they be sub- ject immediately to our crown of England, as depend- ing thereof, for ever: and that the inhabitants of the said province or territory, nor any of them, shall, at any time hereafter, be compelled, or compellable, or be any. way subject or liable to appear or answer to any matter, suit, cause or plaint whatsoever, out of the province or terri- tory aforesaid, in any other of our islands, colonies, or . dominions in America, or elsewhere, other than in our | bealen of England, and dominion of Wales. (if any should happen, which God forbid) either upon the land within the province aforesaid, or upon the or officers, to be authorized under his or their seals, for that purpose; to whom also, for us, our heirs and suc- | cessors, we do give and grant, by these presents, full 4 ‘power and authority, to exercise martial law against any mutinous and seditious persons of these parts; such as shall refuse to submit themselves to their government, or shall refuse to serve in the war, or shall fly to the enemy, or forsake their colors or ensigns, or be loi. . i terers, or stragglers, or otherwise offending against law, | custom, or military discipline; as freely and in as ample : manner and form, as any captain general of an army, by virtue of his office, might or hath accustomed to use the same. 252 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. ‘ \ ,And because it may happen that some of the people and inhabitants of the said province, cannot, in their private opinions, conform to the public exercise of re- ligion, according to the liturgy, forms, and ceremonies of the church of England, or take and subscribe the oaths and articles made and established in that behalf; and for that the same, by reason of the remote dis- tances of those places, will, as we hope, be no breach of the unity and conformity established in this Nation; our will and pleasure therefore is, and we do, by these pre- sents, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant unto the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke yof Albemarle, William earl of Craven, John lord Berke- ley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs and as- signs, full and free license, liberty, and authority, by such ways and means as they shall think fit, to give and grant unto ‘such person and persons, inhabiting and be- ing within the said province or territory, hereby, or by the said recited letters patents mentioned to be granted "as aforesaid, or any part thereof, such indulgences and dispensations, in that behalf, for and during such time and times, and with such limitations and restrictions, as they the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, William ‘earl of Craven, John lord Berk ley, Anthony lord Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William Berkeley, their heirs or as- ‘signs, shall, in their discretion, think fit and reasonable: . PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS, 953 And that no person or persons unto whom such liberty shall be given, shall be any way molested, punished, disquieted, or called in question, for any differences in opinion, or practice in matters of religious concernments, who do not actually disturb the eivil peace of the pro- vince, county or colony, that they” shall make their abode in: But all and every such person and persons may, from time to aint, and at all times, freely and quietly have and enjoy his and their judgments and consciences, in matters of religion, throughout all the said province or ~ colony, they behaving themselves peaceably, and not using this liberty to licentiousness, nor to the civil in- jury, or outward disturbance of others: Any law, statute, or clause; contained or to be contained, usage or custom of our realm of England, to the contrary hereof, i in any- wise, notwithstanding. And in case it : shall happen, that any doubts or ques- ‘tions shall arise, concerning the true sense and under- standing of any word, clause, or sentence contained in this our present charter; we will, ordain, and command, that in all times, and in all things, such interpretations be made thereof, and allowed in all and every of our ~ courts whatsoever, as lawfully may be adjudged most advantageous and favorable to the said Edward earl of Clarendon, George duke of Albemarle, | William ear} ot Craven, John lord Berkeley, Anthony jord Ashley; sit \ 254 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. pROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS 255 George Carteret, sir John Colleton, and sir William | Berkeley, their heirs and assigns, although express | . : mention, &c. | a Ry : . ; PAGE 92. Wirvess ourself, at Westminster, the thirtieth day of , ne June, in the seventeenth year of our reign. 5 From the proprietors of Carolina to Sir William Berkeley, Per ifsum regem. SIR, ®.. ty Cockpit, 8th September, 1663. : : se oe e , Since you left us, we have endeavored to procure, Se ee Eee eee x uk and have at length obtained his majesty’s charter for the cn province of Carolina. A copy of which we herewith send you. Since the sealing whereof, there hath started ; a title under a patent granted, the fifth year of king Chatles the first, to sir Robert Heath, under which there hath been a claim by the duke of Norfolk’s agent, and another by sir Richard Greenfieltl’s heirs; but all those that shall plant, notwithstanding that patent, are, by an ‘ 4 act of the king and council secured, and that patent by. o AY king and council made null and ordered to be made so by the king’s attorney in the courts of law; a copy of which order we herewith send you, so that no person need scruple planting under our patent. Besides we | have many more advantages than is in the other to en- * | courage the undertakers. We are informed that there are some people settled on the northeast part of the river Chowan, and that others have inclinations to plant there, as also on the larboard side entering of the same : 4 ‘fs : river; 80 that we hold it convenient that a government be forthwith appointed for the colony; and for that end . i ? dedi: ’ ‘ " AS b “?) j | ¥ eA ‘ H 3 rr , : J s ; ui . . < ; Pag eee Y. a a 4 - 256 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. we have by captain Whittey, sent you a power to con- stitute one or two governors and councils and other officers, unto which power we refer ourselves, we having only reserved the nomination of a surveyor and a secre- tary as officers that will be fit to take care of your and our interests; the one by faithfully laying out the lands, the other by justly recording the same. We do likewise send you proposals to all that will plant, which we pre- pared upon receipt of a paper from persons that desired to settle near Cape Fear, in which our considerations are as low as it is possible for us to descend. This was not intended for your meridian, where we hope to find more facile people who by your interest may settle upon bet- ter terms for us, which we leave to your management, with our opinion that you grant as much as is possible rather than deter any from planting there. By our in- structions and proposals you will see what proportions of land we intend for each master and servant, and in what manner to be allowed; but we understand that the people ‘that ave there have bought great tracts of sland from the Indians, which if they shall enjoy will weaken the plantation: first, because those persons will probably _ keep all those lands to themselves, and so make the neighborhood of others remote from their assistance in — case of danger; secondly, if any new-comers would settle - near their habitations they will not peradventure admit» if without purchasing, and possibly upon hard terms, which will discourage people from planting: Wherefore PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 257 it is our resolution and desire that you persuade or com- pel those persons to be satisfied with such portions as we. allot to others, which will be more than any such number of men, to and for whom these proportions are to be given, can manage, and therefore enough. More will but scatter the people and render them liable to be easily destroyed by an enemy; sothat the fixing the way that our instructions mention will be the best course of settling as we conceive. However we do leave it to you that are on the place and can best judge. The reason of giving you power to settle two gover- nors, that is, of either side of the river; one is, because some persons that are for liberty of conscience may de- sire a governor of their own proposing, which those on the other side of the river may not so well like. Our de- sire being to encourage those people to plant abroad, and to stock well those parts with planters, incite us to comply always with all sorts of persons as far as possibly we can, You will be the best able to judge when you hear all parties, and therefore refer the thing wholly to you. The entrance into Chowan river is difficult and water but for small vessels: But we understand that there is an en- “trance bold and deep water in the latitude thirty-four, which is near the rivers called N eus and Pamlico, which we conceive may be best discovered from your parts. In - order to which we desire you to procure at freight or otherwise some small vessel that draws little water, to Vor. I. 2K 258 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. make that discovery and some others into the sound through which great ships may peradventure come to Chowan, and give us admittance into other brave rivers that lie in the sound. And whilst they are abroad they may look into Charles river a very little to the south- ward of Cape Fear, and give us an account of what is there. This work we hold necessary to be done that the king may see we sleep not with his grant, but are pro-- moting his service and his subjects’ profit. By captain Whittey’s relation you may easily pass by land and river from your government to Chowan river, and ride but twenty-five miles by land, which makes us presume earnestly to entreat you to make a journey thither, whereby you may upon your own knowledge give us your opinion of it, and direct such discoveries to be made by that river as you shall see fit. We remain, &c. ieee, neo 2 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. Ts PAGE 102. GREAT DEED OF GRANT. Georcz take of Albemarle, master of hie majesty’s horse; _Epwarp earl of Clarendon; Witi1aM earl of Craven; Joum lord Berxecer; Anthony lord AsHLEr, chancel- lor of the exchequer; sir GEORGE CARTERET, vice-cham- _berlain of his majesty’s household; sir Witt1am BERKE- ter, knight; and sir Joun CoLLETon, baronet; the . true and absolute lords hropirietors of all the province of Carolina; To our trusty and well beloved Samuel Stevens, esq. governor of our county of Albemarle, and the isles and islets within ten | Jeagues thereof; and to our trusty and well beloved counsel- lors and assistants to our said governor, Greeting: WHEREAS we have received a petition from the grand assembly of our county of Albemarle, ‘praying, that the inhabitants of the said county may hold their lands upon the same, terms and conditions that the in- habitants of Virginia hold theirs; and forasmuch a the said county doth border upon Virginia, and is much of the same nature, we are content, and do grant, that the in- habitants of the said county do hold their lands of us, the lords proprietors, upon the same terms and conditions ‘ e hy a x Bs ed \ 260 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. that the inhabitants of Virginia hold theirs. w herefore, be it known unto all men, by these presents, that we, the said lords and absolute proprietors of the county within the province aforesaid, have given, granted, and by'these presents, do give and grant, full power and authority unto you, the said governor, by and with the consent of - our council, or the major part thereof, or to any gover- nor for the time being, or that shall hereafter be by us appointed, full power and authority, by and with the con- “sent of our council then being, or the major part thereof, to Convey and grant such proportions of land, as, by our idistructions and concessions, annexed to our commission, beliinis date in October, Anno Dom. 1667, we have appointed, to such persons as shall come into our said county to plant or inhabit; to be held of us, our heirs and assigns, “upon the same terms and conditions, that land is at present usually granted in Virginia; any thing in our instructions and concessions aforesaid to the con- trary, notwithstanding. And we do hereby declare and consent, that the warrant to the surveyor for the laying out of said land, and the return thereon, being registered, and also the grant of you our said governor and council, that shall be where such land is due having the seal of the eBuntry affixed to it, and signed by yourself, and major part of our council, for the time being, being registered, shall be good and effectual in law, for the enjoyment of the said land’ or plantation, and all the benefits and profits of, and in the same, (except one half : PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 261 of all gold and silver mines) to the party to whom it is granted, his heirs and assigns, for ever, he or they per- forming the conditions aforesaid. Given under our hands, and great seal of our province, the ion of May, Anno Dom. 1668. ALBEMARLE, BERKELEY, CARTERET, CRAVEN, ASHLEY, COLLETON. PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. ‘ , Gi, PAGE 131. Extract of the case of the commotions of Albemarte, pre- . sented by the frropirietors to the. committee of Soreign HMantations. Carolina paper. “ Mr. Cartwright the governor returning to England left the government in ill order and worse hands. The proprietors resolved to send another governor, and such a one as would put in execution their instructions orders and designs; the former governors having very much failed them, especially in two points. The first was the encouraging the New England trade there; the second their discouraging the planting on the south side of the river Albemarle. The latter was extremely the interest _ of the proprietors; but crossed always by the governors and some of the chief of the country, who had engrossed the Indian trade and feared that it would be interrupted by those that should plant further amongst them. The illness of the harbor was the cause that the northern _ part of Carolina had no other vent for their commodities but either by Virginia, where they paid a duty to the governor, or to New England, who were the only imme- - diate traders and ventured in small vessels and had so~ ‘managed their affairs that they bought their goods at PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 268 ceili low rates, eat out and ruined the place, defrauding the kipg of his customs and yet governed the people against their own interest. To cure those evils the pro- prietors made choice of one Mr. Eastchurch to be their governor, whom we despatched in summer 1677 to- gether with Mr. Miller, who. was the king’s —_ and ) ile by us one of our deputies. They took their pas- sage to Nevis, where Mr. Eastchurch meeting with a i ; : woman of considerable fortune, married her, and sent 'e away Mr. Miller to Carolina to settle affairs against his ; 3 coming, who carried with him a commission as president , | of the council till his arrival, with very full powers. He was quietly received and submitted to as governor and collector. In discharge of the last he made considerable pte. gress. But as governor he did many very extravagant things, whereby he lost the affections of the people. In the mean time there arrived captain Gillam in a small anne’ vessel with G. Durant, and about the same time Culpepper, who finding that Miller had lost his puta stirred up a commotion, seized him and all the wndng* belonging to the proprietaries and the tobacco belonging to the king’s customs, which they employed in acucchl ing their unlawful actions. Culpepper was a very ill man, having some time before fled from South Carolina, where he was in danger of hanging for endeayoring to set the poor people to plunder the rich. Gillam, he, ie 264 Crawford, and some other New England men had a de- sign as we conceive to get the trade of this part of the PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. ' country into their own hands, for some years at least; and not only defraud the king of all his customs but buy goods of the inhabitants at their own rates. When these men had formed themselves into. what Culpepper calls @ government of the county, Mr. Eastchurch arrives in Virginia, whose commission and authority they had not the least reason to dispute, yet they kept him out by force of arms, so that he was constrained to apply to the gover- nor of Virginia for assistance to reduce them, but he un- fortunately died. Presently after the i Insurgents sent two commissioners to promise all obedience to the proprie- taries, but insisted very highly for right against Miller.” PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. G. g. Extract of a Representation presented to the Proprieta- ries. (Carolina pafiers.) The rebellion of the inhabitants of Albemarle was not accidental, or arose from any sudden provocation, but rather was the effect of deliberate contrivance, which appears from these particulars that can be proved by undoubted witnesses. The heads of the rebellion, at several times, disturbed the courts of justice; subverting the government, dissolving parliament, their industrious labour to be popular, by continually making factions and parties; their poisoning the people’s ears and disquieting their minds, by diffusing abroad dangerous and false re- ports, namely, that the proprietaries intended to raise the quit-rents to two-pence and from that to six-pence an acre; their generally arming upon the first appear- ance of Gillam’s ship in Pasquetank river, and imprison- ing the proprietaries’ deputies, and putting the president in irons; their arrogating to themselves the supreme _ power, by first dissolving, then erecting courts of justice; _ _ by convening parliaments ee writs, and by appoint- ing all @fficers. Vou. I. 2 L os sae it ire we Dna, oe ea a Rp neo ; 266. PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. Report of the Lords of the Committee of Plantations. May it please your Majesty, In obedience to your majesty’s order of council of the fourth instant, we have heard the complaint of the com- missioners of the customs against John Culpepper; and being attended by the lords proprietaries of Carolina, we are fully satisfied, that the said John Culpepper hath by divers seditious practices abetted and encouraged a re- bellion in that province, whereby seven of the lawful magistrates, deputies of the lords proprietaries, were all imprisoned, (the eighth of them only being drawn into that confederacy); and that the said John Culpepper, by color and force of that: rebellious authority, imprisoned the collector of your majesty’s customs; and haying seized into his own hands the customs belonging to your majesty, did, by a proclamation in his own name, declare himself the lawful collector, endamaging your majesty’s customs to a considerable value. All which being proved upon oath before us, the said Culpepper acknowledged the facts, and lays himself at your majesty’s feet for your gracious pardon. And in case your majesty shall not think fit to extend your mercy towards him, he desires he may be tried in Carolina, where the fact was com- mitted. But withal, the commissioners of your majesty’s customs humbly beseech: your majesty that no favor eels Pees ~ November twenty-eighth, 1694, at a general court: Present Thomas Harvey, deputy governor, &e: « A list of tithables being brought in, and being 789, the court assessed five shillings per-poll on all the tith- ~ ables, according to act of assembly, to raise 195/.118.10d.” inten llamas PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. K. PAGE 145. February 26th, 1694. “John Porter, jun. made oath, that at his father’s house last November, governor Sothel promised Francis Tomes, the attorney of Elizabeth Banks, that he would account to her, or her brother, for some narrow lace and two guineas that he took out ofa box entrusted to his care by her brother in London, to be delivered to her in | Carolina.” K.k. PAGE 153. The humble address and recognition of thanks by the com- mons, assembled in Charlestown, to the right honora- ee oe ble the true and absolute lords proprietors, and to tha right honorable John Archdale, esq. governor of Caro- i A lina. bt i Right honorable, ' 4 We, the representatives of the freemen of South Ca- ; i -rolina, being profoundly sensible of your most gracious } inclinations, condescentions and honors, in commis- i ii id PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 271 sionating and investing the right honorable John Arch- dale esq. governor, with such large and ample powers, for the encouragement of us the inhabitants of this your colony, which was so highly conducing to the peopling, settling and safety thereof, do most humbly recognise and most sincerely and cordially thank your lordship for the same, and for the remission of some arrears of rents, the undeniable manifestation of your honor’s paternal care of us, living in this your colony; and we the com- mons now assembled, no less sensible of the prudent, industrious and indefatigable care and management of the said powers by John Archdale esquire, do in most humble manner acknowledge the same, and that we doubt not but the fruits thereof will be the peace, wel- fare and tranquillity, plenty, prosperity and safety, of this colony and the people therein. For the acts of grace you go seasonably condescended unto; have removed all for- mer doubts, jealousies and discouragements of us the people; and have laid a firm and sure foundation on which may be erected a most glorious superstructure, lie’ to the honor of the lords proprietors, and you our go- \ i yvernor; which we do and shall for ever be most heartily i obliged to own as a production of the wisdom and dis- A cretion, patience ,and labor, of the honorable John hi s Archdale esq. our governor, of whom we the commons i} request to return this our recognition of thanks to your i} ; Jordships, and we shall humbly pray. é i JONATHAN AMORY, Speaker. | PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. K. k. 2. ‘PAGE 154. : ’ A clause in the Militia Act. “ And whereas there be several inhabitants called Quakers, who upona conscientious principle of religion, cannot bear arms, and because in all other civil matters they have been persons obedient to government, and ever ready to disburse their moneys in other necessary and public duties: Be it therefore enacted, that all such whom the present governor John Archdale esq. shall judge that they refuse to bear arms on a conscientious principle of religion only, shall by a certificate from him be excused.” ahi: PAGE 172. Extract from governor Sfotswood’s lettersy 28th July 1711. “JI must do justice ‘to “Mr. Hyde and the gentlemen who act as his council, to represent to your lordships, their readiness to submit all matters in dispute’ to an. impartial examination, and to yield to any terms that ‘were PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 273 just and honorable; but I found a quite different - spirit in Mr. Cary and his associates, who would not so much as agree to a place where Mr. Hyde might safely confer personally; and at last’ rejected all offers of mediation.” pica Mr. Hyde was willing to yield to as many of ‘his demands as he had thought fit to communicate. anil M. PAGE 174. Extract from governor Spotswood’s letters. « No man has appeared more active in. these commo- tions than this Roach, a wretched fellow, who being sent in lately with a cargo of goods, belonging to some mer- chants in London, no sooner came into the country but he declared himself against the government, without g which side was in the wrong, and has been been for ing guns and ammuni- examinin all along a principal incendiary; and had it not his furnishing the mob with trad tion, belonging to his employers, never have got to the head they now are arrived at.” Vou. I. 2M the commotions would 276 BROOFS ; ; ; <— EXPLANATIONS. \ PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 275 id N. a , ' ° O. Bigot hs PAGE 184 Extract JSrom governo Shot. ? : . aint thar rie Articles of agreement, indented and made, published «The marine “Requolan, 31 July, 1711 ) and agreed upon, this tenth day of October Anno Domini sa ine fri ; j ; rebéllious. party erreEe — having frighted the one thousand seven hundred and nine, and in the eighth perse.” es lay este their arms and dis- , year of the reign of our sovereign lady Anne, by the i Wize gis grace of God queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland, ‘Vl 4 \ Py rh a. pas ee re hath and pretending to have taken place esquire of the one part, and sir John Philips bart. sage 1 : * ? order z pal coe hn Pe bt Reet sir ‘Alexander Cairnes bart. sir Theodore Janson knt. brought before me, but as pallial hae nem White Kennet D. D. and dean of Peterborough, John tended nothing less than a fair Gia ie mite ee Chamberlain esquire, Frederick Slore doctor of physic, ; 0 ps’ a? a board. W i eg ’ and Mr. Micajah Perry merchant, seven of the commis- : ies for Dae Satie OG? Birt RSE i sioners and et eaten ‘8 appointed by Ho such appearance, I have sent th i Reserve and Tyger sia ot wah Keats Sie ge: i majesty’s late gracious letters patent, under the great ra 3 believing the greatest. ee ; pth a I can do them is to leave them to your lordships’ i. seal of Great Britain, for the collecting, receiving, and examination.” disposing of the money to be collected for the subsist- ence and settlement of the poor Palatines lately arrived in Great Britain, on the other part. Whereas, the above named Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell have purchased to themselves and f | . their heirs in fee, and are entitled toa large tract of land in that part of her majesty’s dominions in America cal- - hag aa - SS ES 4 : a — e NNS e a 276 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. ~ fed North Carolina, which now lies waste and uncultiva- ted for want of inhabitants; and they the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell have applied them- selves to the commissioners appoitted by the letters patent above mentioned for the subsistence. and settle- ment of the poor distressed Palatines, that some number of the said poor Palatines may be disposed of and settled in the said tract of land in North CaroJina aforesaid, -as well for the benefit of the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell as for the relief and support of the . Said poor Palatines. ae 4 And whereas, the said commissioners have thought fit to dispose of for this purpose six hundred persons of the said Palatines, which may be ninety-two families more or less, and have laid out and disposed of to each of the said six hundred poor Palatines the sum of twenty shillings in - clothes, and have likewise paid and secured to be paid to the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell the sum of five pounds ten shillings lawful money of Great Britain for each of the said six hundred persons, in consideration of and for their transportation into North Carolina aforesaid, and for their comfortable settlement there. It is constituted, concluded and agreed, by and with the said parties to those presents in manner following: 2 a . PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. é 277 In primis, that the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell, for the consideration aforesaid, at their own proper costs and charges shall, within the year next. after the date hereof, embark or cause to be em- barked on ships board, in and upon two several ships, six hundred of such of the ‘said poor Palatines as shall be directed by the said commissioners, which together may in all make up ninety-two families more or less, and cause the said persons to be directly transported to North , €arolina aforesaid, providing them with food and other necessaries during their voyage thither. ninihs: - Item, that upon the arrival of the said six hundred poor Palatines ‘in North Carolina.aforesaid, the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell shall, within three months next after their said arrival there, survey and set out or cause to be surveyed and set out, by metes and bounds, so much of the said tract of land above mentioned as shall amount to two hundred and fifty acres for each family of the said six hundred poor Palatines, be they ninety-two families more or less; and that the said several two hundred and fifty acres for each family be as contiguous as may be for the more mutual love and assistance of the said poor Palatines one to an- other, as well with respect to the exercise of their reli- gion as the management of their temporal affairs. . And for avoiding disputes and contentions among the said Palatines in the division of the said several two 278 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. kas hundred and fifty acres of land, It is agreed, that the said land, when so set out by two hundred and fifty acres to a family, be divided to each family by lot. Item, that the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell, their heirs executors or administrators, within three months next after the arrival of the said poor Palatines in North Carolina aforesaid, shall give and dispose of unto the said poor Palatines and to each family, by lot, two hundred and fifty acres of the tract of land above mentioned, and by good assurances in law grant and convey the said several two hundred and fifty acres to the first and chief person or persons of each family their heirs and assigns for ever: to be held the first five years thereafter without any acknowledgment for the same, and rendering and paying unto the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell, their heirs executors and administrators, for every acre the sum of two-pence lawful money of that country yearly and every year aftet © the said term of five years.’ 2 Item, that for and during one whole year after the ar- rival of the said poor Palatines in North Carolina afore- said, the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell shall provide, or cause to be provided for, and deliver to the said poor, Palatines sufficient quantities of grain and provision and other things for the comfortable support of life; but it is agreed, that the said poor Pala: PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 279 tines respectively shall repay and satisfy the said Chris- topher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell, their heirs executors and administrators, for the full value of what they shall respectively receive on the amount at the end of the first year then next after. Item, that the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell, at their own proper costs and charges, within four months after their arrival there, shall pro- vide, for the said Palatines and give and deliver or cause to be given or delivered to them, for their use and im- provement, two cows and two calves, five sows with their several young, two ewe sheep and two lambs, with a male of each kind, who may be able to propagate; that at the expiration of seven years thereafter each family shall return to the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis » Mitchell, their heirs or executors, the value of the said cattle so. delivered to them, with a moiety of the stock then remaining in their hands at the expiration of the said seven years. Item, that immediately after the division of the said two hundred ani fifty acres among the families of the said Palatines, the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell shall give and dispose of gratis to each of the said Palatines a sufficient number of tools and imple- ments for felling of wood and building of houses, &c. 280 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. — And lastly, it is covenanted, constituted and-agreed, by and between all parties to these presents, that these arti- cles shall be taken and construed in the most favorable sense for the ease comfort and advantage of the said poor Palatines intending to settle in the country or province of North Carolina; that the said poor Palatines, doing and performing what is intended by these presents to be done on their parts, shall have and enjoy the benefits and ‘advantages hereof without any further or other demand of and from the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis < iat tat Mitchell, their heirs executors or administrators or any of them; and that in case of difficulty it shall be referred to the governor of the county or province of North Caro- lina, for the time being, whose order and directions, not contrary to the intentions of these presents, shall be binding upon the said Christopher de Graffenrid and Lewis Mitchell, his heirs executors and administrators, as to the said poor Palatines. Witness whereof the said parties to these presents — have interchangeably set their hands and seals the day above written. Joun Purries, ( L. s.) Arexr. CarrnEs, (1. 5. ) Waurre Kennet, (1. 8. ) Joun CHAMBERLAIN, (LS. ) Freperick Store, ( &. s. ) Mrcasan Perry. (1. 8.) PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS, 281 - Sealed and delivered by the within named sir John Philips, Alexander Cairnes, White Kennet, John Cham- berlain, Frederick Slore, Micajah Perry, having two six penny stamps. In presence of us Wiutxiram Taylor; JameEs DE PraTT- We the within named Christopher de Graffenried and Lewis Michell, for ourselves, our heirs, executors and administrators, do hereby covenant and agree to and with the commissioners and trustees within written, for and upon the like consideration mentioned, to take and receive fifty other:persons in families of the peor Palatines, to be disposed of in like manner as the six hundred poor Pala- tines within specified, and to have and receive the like grants, privileges, benefits and advantages as the said six hundred Palatines have, may or ought to have, in every article and clause within written, and as if the said fifty Palatines had been comprised therein, or the said arti- cles, clauses and agreements had been here again parti- cularly repeated and recited on to them. Wrrness our hands and seals, this 21st day of Octo- ber, A. D. 1709. CHRISTOPHER DE GRAFFENRIED, Lewis MicuELL. Sealed and delivered this agreement, in the presence of Wit1iiaM Taylor, James DE PRATT. Vou. fb. 2N PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. ! PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. P. | re. PAGE 189. PAGE 192. The Indians in North Carolina in the year 1708, who Extract of a letter from Baron de Graffenried to Edward lived mear the settlements, or had any intercourse with Hyde, Esq. Governor of North Carolina. a = oar = ee as follows, viz: “ I have many things to relate to you, but for want of (They lived in — ting Peat nt, 12. time must delay them to a future day. At present I _ Waccon, (in two towns) - + - - = ! = + 120 shall only, inform yaw of she fate of is: Tawapn ck fe eA tar Pee veyor general. We had both taken to my boat on the aie ee ; Pe - New* River in order to discover what kind of land there Rg PES oe Ba aE Es Ba 3h sit was further on, and what distance any one might go Sia! Mee eek ee : * ; on the same. To this I had the more readily consented, 1s A Se RR lS é i as Mr. Lawson had assured me that the country on this He ‘ Meherring, ~ + - - ee eee fa ; side was not inhabited. But when we arrived at Corutra, i i, Pian se ie a a village ahost pene miles by water from the town of ie TRE a pred oe a SE Coram, with an aceanie to tarry there all nights we i 8 Poteskeet, (Currituck) - - + « o?+, « PR met with two Indians, whom presently after a great Hs NOW 5 wb hue! aca inck me number joined, and whe were armed. I told Mr. Law- het Connamox; (in‘two.towna). «= «.s «.- 95 son that I did not like the appearances, and that we Seibling sete ie ee eae ought immediately to proceed on, which we accordingly did; but no sooner had we arrived at our boat, such a 1608 number of Indians pressed upon us, that it was impos- i ae sible for us to keep them off. They took our arms, pro- ( vision and all we had. There were upwards of sixty In- hid ae * He must have intended Neus River. 284 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. dians all well armed, who compelled us to travel with them all night, and until we arrived at an Indian village, a considerable distance from the river, where we were delivered up to the king (or chief) of the village or town. He called a council, at which one of the Indians delivered a long speech with great vehemence, where- upon a question was put whether we should be bound, which was passed in the negative, and the reason given was, because we had not yet been permitted to make our defence. The next morning we desired to know what they intended to do with us; their answer was that _ the king (or chief) would that evening have a number of other kings at an entertainment, who must also be present at our examination, after which they would come to a decision. In the evening upwards of two hundred were collected, from which number about forty got to- gether who were considered as chiefs of the people. Before these we were examined very strictly concern- ing our intention and why we had come hither. Our answer was, that we were endeavouring to find out a shorter and better road to Virginia, because the other road from our settlement was a very bad and difficult one, and that for that reason the Indians from thence could not as conveniently trade with us. Wherevpon the Indians complained very much of the conduct of the English colonies in Carolina, and particularly named Mr. Lawson, charging him with being too severe, and that he was the man who sold their land. They alse - PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 885 said that Mr. Hancock had taken a gun from an Indian, and that Mr. Price also dealt too hard with the Indians. Nevertheless, they would consent to our being set at liberty and that we should return home on the day fol- lowing. The next morning we were again examined, and we returned the same answer; but one Cor Thom being present, whom Mr. Lawson reprimanded for sun- dry things which had happened, gave a very unfavour- able turn to our affairs. After the council had broke up and the major part of the Indians had gone off, Mr. Lawson and myself were talking together on indifferent subjects, an Indian who understood a little English in- formed the remaining Indians that we had spoken very disrespectfully of them, which however was totally groundless. Whereupon three or four of them fell on usin a furious manner, took us by the arms and forced us to set down on the ground before the whole of them that were then collected. They instantly took off our wigs and threw them into the fire and we were at once condemned to death. Mr. Lawson indeed was sentenced to have his throat cut with his own razor, and I was to be put to death in another manner. On the day follow- ing we were taken to the great place of execution, where we were again tied and compelled to sit on the ground, being stripped of our surtouts. Before us a large fire | was kindled, whilst some of them acted the part of con- jurers, and others made a ring around us which they strewed with flowers. Behind us lay my innocent negro, 286. PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. as who was also bound, and in this miserable situation we remained that day and the subsequent night. On the morning of the next day at which we were to die, a e large multitude was collected to see the execution. Behind us there was an armed party who acted as a guard, and around us sat the chiefs in two rows; behind them were the common people amounting to upwards of three hundred in number, who were jumping and dancing like so many devils, and cutting a variety of in- fernal and obscene capers. There were also present two executioners of wild and terrible aspect and two drum- mers. The council again deliberated in order to put an end to this dismal tragedy. I recommended my soul to my saviour Christ Jesus, and my thoughts were wholly em- ployed with death. At length however I recollected my- self, and turning to the council or chiefs, asked them, whether no mercy could be shown to the innocent, and with what propriety they could put to death a king (for the Indians call a governor a king) and I was king of the Palatines. Thus God in his mercy heard my prayers and softened the hard hearts of the savages that they after much talk from an honest Indian altered my sen< tence of death as will appear from the treaty of peace. I was a short time before Mr. Lawson’s execution set at liberty and afterwards conducted to the house of the In- dian who had interested himself and spoken so much in my behalf, but my negro also suffered. I remained in captivity until the Sunday following when I was brought satiate tits aii eaten PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 287 on horseback to Cor. From thence I had to foot it as above related. I should be very glad to have some con- versation with you on this subject and to consider what measures ought to be taken against those people; but that must ‘be deferred. for the present. I shall however write more fully to you on the subject. Treaty of peace, October 1711, between baron de Graffenried governor of the Palatines and the Tuscarora Indians, together with their neighbors in the town of Cor. 1. To show friendship towards each other. 2. In case of war between the English and the In- dians, the Palatines to remain neutral. 3. No land to be taken up from (or by) the baron with- out the consent of the Indians. 4. A cessation of arms between the English and the Indians agreed upon for the term of fourteen days. 5. Assurance of full freedom to hunt in the open country, 6. A commercial treaty, so that justice may be done the Indians in the trade carried on with them. 7. As the two following signals are now found no in- jury shall be done by the Indians. Graffenried governor of the Pa- Neus’s mark (X) latines T ora mark (S) ; pean ee mene and neigh- Y a sea. aS Se & 288 PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. N. B. The seventh article of this treaty is not intelligi- » ‘ble as the baron wrote it. ‘ In a subsequent letter to a friend in Germany dated fourth January 1712, in which baron Graffenried speaks of Indian customs, he says that he remained five weeks among the Indians. And the Palatines in a subsequent petition to the king allege that they were called out to defend the country by orders from Edenton while their trustee, Graffenried, was prisoner among the Indians. The remains of the Palatine emigrants who signed that petition were; Pheneyner, Rimer, Pillman, Eslar, Market, Shelfer, Grum, Kinsey, Gesibel, Ender, Kehler, Granade, Pugar, Wallis, Reasonover, Sneidar, : Genest, Hubbach, Renege, Miller, Baver, Garter, Risheed, Omend, Buset, Walker, Lots, % Moor, Tetchey, Simons, Eiback, Huber, Riser, Morris, Wolf, Reyert. PROOFS AND EXPLANATIONS. 289 Q- 4: PAGE 204. Extract from the Journals of the Council, 25th June, 1713. “ The president reported to the board, that king Blount had brought in eight men of the enemy Indians, - whom he was willing to ship in his vessel that was bound for the West Indies, and account for the price at.which they might be sold.” “ On which it was resolved, that he might have the eight Indians at ten pounds per head, at which price he took thera.” Vobs ke 20 END OF VOL. L. ~ ee ’ . 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