A History of Atlantic Christian College Mente eae eee Gals Lt aasu shes Bead DOANE REDRESS Been Kvsomtt W. Act nol — YU Z a i> Z o ie Z 2 4 sown, ELara A History of Atlantic Christian College Culture in Coastal Carolina by Charles Crossfield Ware Atlantic Christian College Wilson, North Carolina CopyrigHt, 1956 BY DEDICATED ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE ~ THE ALUMNI OF ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-18181 Set up, printed, and bound by The Bethany Press at St. Louis, Missouri Printed in the United States of America OLIVIA RANEY LIBRARY Raleigh, N.C. FOREWORD President White advised me on February 15, 1955, that he and the administration at Atlantic Christian College wanted me to write a factual history of the institution— to give an authentic story of its background and its fifty- four years of activity. Perhaps the lot fell to me be- cause of my forty-five years of close touch with the college and my lifelong interest in Disciple lore. Col- lating necessary sources, I proceeded with the manu- script and completed it within a year. Assisting me was an advisory history committee composed of cur- rently employed college personnel, including: Perry Case, C. H. Hamlin, Sarah Bain Ward, and Mrs. Mary Wilson. Each had long been a part of the school. Presi- dent White, Dean Moudy, and this committee were most helpful, for which I am deeply thankful. Nevertheless, the shortcomings of this narrative, howsoever many, are chargeable solely to me. I have no alibi. The circumstances of my writing were congenial. In- cidentally, for forty years I had been gathering the Caro- lina Discipliana Library now housed in the Barton W. Stone Memorial Room at the college. Here, ready to hand, pertinent to this book, are source materials, pre- cious and partly unique. Without these bound volumes of fugitive documents, mentioned casually in the book’s footnotes, there would have been serious handicap. In the building of this archival collection, many generous hands have had an honorable part. I am grateful to all. Likewise, I am indebted in no small way to the various sources, printed and otherwise, acknowledged in the ref- erences. Verily it has been a cooperative labor of love. = ‘ ForEWworRD Out of the scores of Disciple institutions of higher learning, living and dead, only fourteen have issued six- teen book-length printed volumes, setting forth their histories. These have appeared over the seventy-year period, 1885-1955. Thus the college at Wilson is the fifteenth institution of the brotherhood to submit such record. Atlantie Christian College carries forward a noble tradition and a worthy contribution. Truly it has eul- tural significance. At some length it is herewith told in words. CHARLES CROSSFIELD WARE Wilson, N. C., February 25, 1956. CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION ig ee ee a eae 5 FOREWORD fa 7 INTRODUCTION, Travis A. White ~ — — CHAPTER I. ‘‘Send Us Schoolmasters Qualified’’ CHAPTER fit POW I theowoods’ siat fae CuHaprTeR III. Tarheel Disciples _ _ — a CuHaptTeR IV. Carolina Christian College CHAPTER V. ‘‘More Stately Mansions’’ CHaponn): VivOrieal:.. fst ore CHarrern “VIL. Sttvival@ fes'2 2 Cuapter VIII. ‘‘Bricks Without Straw’’ Cuaprer IX. Dreams of Expansion _ CHAPTER X. Charts and Channels _ _ Cuaprer XI. Pine-needle Potencies Cuaprer XII. Campus Humor _ _ CuaptrerR XIII. Anchors Aweigh! Z CHapTeR XIV. Marching On _ x CHAPTER XV. Peals of Progress CuHapter XVI. Horizon he APPENDIX A. Roster of Trustees, Carolina Christian College APPENDIX B. Roster of Trustees, and Alumni Representa- tives, Atlantie Christian College APPENDIX C. Roster of Presidents, Atlantie Christian Col- lope Gs ahs sty Sie AppENpDIx D. Roster of Faculty and Administrative Of- ficers, Atlantie Christian College BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX Lik US TBAT 1.0 NS Frontispiece, Kinsey Hall I. Backarounp Greville Ewing Pamphlet, 1808. -~ _ _ _ _ Record, First Assembly, North Carolina Disciples — Announcement, First Disciple School, South ARTO isc sy oat wk a oe I edo RD Oe Announcement, First Disciple School, North SNE ne ee a ee ee Announcement, Kinsey-Foy Pleasant Hill School Page 1, Initial Carolina Christian College Cata- |e Dae alae eat” pe aN aa ae a Group, Carolina Christian College, 1897 _. _ — Last Diploma, Carolina Christian College, 1903 — Mr. and Mrs: Joseph: Kinsey. ...:.: <5 = wine First Newspaper Advertisement, Atlantic Chris- tian" Ootlepe. 26 a ER hs eee II. PRESIDENT AND TRUSTEES James Caswell Coggins, 1902-1904 _ _ John James Harper, 1904-1908 _ _ Jesse Cobb Caldwell, 1908-1916 _ Raymond Abner Smith, 1916-1920 Howard Stevens Hilley, 1920-1949 Denton Ray Lindley, 1950-1953 _ Travis Alden White, 1953-1956 _ ‘Lrushees;: 19646. sip tow st. pics President Harper’s Letterhead, 1906 Senior Class, 1909 _ III. Groups anp Bumprnes Ministerial Group, 1917 Caldwell Hall — The Gymnasium _ _ Bert Hardy Dining Hall Harper Mall o., Howard Chapel _ _ Hardy Library _ _ Science Building _ Baseball Team, 1913 Football Team, 1949 _ _ Champion Basketball Team, Glee Club, 1948 _ _ 10 INTRODUCTION The history of Disciples of Christ in North Carolina is a long record of distinguished achievement. Very early in their development as a growing communion of Christian people, they saw the need for an educational institution to supply the churches with a trained min- istry. They were aware also of the need for an institu- tion in which their youth could receive a college educa- tion under Christian auspices. As the story to follow indicates, efforts were made to establish such an institu- tion. With the founding of Atlantic Christian College in 1902, the dreams and aspirations for a college became a substantial reality. With the retirement of many whose life span of service covered the years of the college history, and the passing from the scene of many trustees and devoted friends whose firsthand knowledge of the events of the years would go with their passing, the Board of Trustees ree- ognized the need for a factual record and authorized this history. None is better qualified than Charles Cross- field Ware to make such a record. To this task he set himself, bringing all his resources of historical interest and study. It was quite evident as the chapters were written that, rather than a mere record, from the pen of an able writer was flowing the living and thrilling story of the struggles of a people in the building of a fine Christian college. Every reader will be impressed with the life and vitality 11 12 INTRODUCTION of this which might well have been merely a record of historical facts. It is a thrilling adventure down the trail of yesteryears in Christian Higher Education. In the pages to follow is the story of Atlantic Christian College by one who loved and cherished its growth. Travis A. WHITE Wilson, N. C., February 25, 1956 CHAPTER I **Senp Us ScHootMasters QUALIFIED’? $1 North Carolina had her first professional teacher, of record, two hundred and fifty years ago. In the ‘‘ Vestry Book of St. Paul’s Parish, Chowan Precinct,’’ July 25, 1708, an allowance is entered, of ‘‘twenty pounds per annum to be paid by the publick,’™ for Charles Griffin, being shifted after three years to the ‘‘Chapell’’ there from the ‘‘Parish of Pascotank.’? He was to be their ‘‘reader,’’ and in effect, their ad interim minister in the absence of their assigned missionary, William Gordon. Griffin, an Englishman, had come in 1705, by way of the West Indies to the flowering Colony of Albemarle, locat- ing at the first Quaker ‘‘meetinghouse’’ to be known within North Carolina.2 It was on Symon’s Creek, eleven miles south of the present Elizabeth City, near ancient Nixonton, then seat of the local government. The site has a state historical marker, with due citation for Grif- fin, pioneer pedagogue. Significant about Griffin was the marked community improvement due to his service. It is thus commended clearly by responsible contemporaries. Gordon, the mis- Sionary, praised Griffin’s “‘diligent and devout ex- ample’’; said that it had improved his patrons ‘‘far be- yond their neighbors’’; and that he had **gained such a good character and esteem,’’ that ‘‘the Quakers them- selves send their children to his school.’” Moreover in 1708, North Carolina Governor Glover, refugee in Vir- ginia, necessarily an official factor in the policies of the 1. North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. 1, p. 684. 2. North Carolina Guide, 1955, p. 194. 3. North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. 1, p. 714. 13 14 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE Church of England, commended this primitive Tarheel. He said that Griffin ‘‘by apt discourses from house to house, according to the capacities of an ignorant people, not only kept those he found but gained many to the church in the midst of its enemies.’’ It followed, said Glover, that on Trinity Sunday, 1706, with Griffin’s clien- tele the transient missionary Richard Marsden, ‘‘ thought it convenient to administer the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, which is the first time I can learn of its being administered in this poor country.’** This pinpoints the time, the place, and the circumstance, of the first holy communion of permanently settled Tarheels. Subse- quently Griffin fell from Anglican grace, having joined the Friends, or Quakers, thus becoming an accused and, I believe, a persecuted man. Previously, however, his worth as the first-named educator in ‘‘The Old North State’’ had been strongly affirmed. Likewise in 1712 there was commended by missionary Giles Rainsford, a ‘‘Mr. Mashburn, who keeps a school at Sarum on the frontiers of Virginia between the two Governments, and neighboring upon 2 Indian Towns.”’ Rainsford pleaded with his Society to ‘‘allow him [Mash- burn] a salary for the good services he has done.’’ Mashburn had taught reading, writing, and religion, and needed a ‘‘fixed dependency’’ to continue. Rainsford urged, ‘‘What advantage this would be to private fami- lies in particular and whole colony in general is easy to determine.’”® The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel back in London received many appeals in the early 1700’s for missionaries and teachers in the rising American Col- onies. The New World was pressuring the Old for the trained and approved personnel who might be induced to venture thither. The Anglicans significantly were not raising an indigenous American ministry. Wherefore in 1716 Charles Eden, governor at ‘‘Chowan,’’ reminded 4. Ibid., p. 689. 5. Ibid., p. 859. ‘*SeNp Us ScHOOLMASTERS QUALIFIED’’ 15 the Society’s secretary, that in accord with a recent ‘Act of Assembly’? the people were willing ‘‘to con- tribute to the utmost to the subsisting of ministers,’’ provided they be ‘‘Gentlemen of good lives and affable behavior and conversation.’’? He boldly charged that the province had not had such ‘‘necessary instructors.’’ Then switching to compromise he urged that if ministers were not available for the ‘‘four parishes would they but please to send us schoolmasters qualified.’’ They were ‘‘beginning,’’ he said, ‘‘to reap the benefit of peace with the Heathen.’ He was insistent that the rising generation be well served. § 2 John Davis, born in 1776, at Salisbury, England, was a self-educated world traveler, author, and intermittent schoolteacher. He wandered through parts of Eastern America, from 1798 to 1802, and wrote an engaging Story, published in London in 1803. A bachelor, aged 25, he tarried to teach for three months his ‘‘School in the Woods of America’’ on ‘‘Mr. Ball’s plantation’’ in the Pohick Episcopal Church community, near Alex- andria, Virginia. Davis gives us an insight into a southern regional school at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Here his narrative is abridged.’ The school building is described: _ It had one room and a half. It stood on blocks about two feet and a half above the ground, where there was free access to the hogs, the dogs and the poultry. It had no ceiling, nor was the roof lathed or plastered; but covered with shingles. Hence when it rained, I moved my bed (for I slept in my Academy) to the most comfortable corner. It had one window, but no glass, nor shutter. His school: I now opened what some called an Academy, and others an Old Field School. It was pleasurable to behold my pupils enter 6. North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. 2, p,. 228. 7. John Davis, Travels of Four Years and a Half in the United States of America (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1909), pp. 396-412. 16 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE the school over which I presided; for they were not composed only of truant boys, but some of the fairest damsels in the country. Two sisters generally rode on one horse to the school door, and I was not so great a pedagogue as to refuse them my assistance to dismount from their steeds. A running footman of the Negro tribe who followed with their food in a basket, took care of the beast; and after being saluted by the young ladies with the curtsies of the morning, I proceeded to instruct them, with the gentle exhortations to diligence of study. Of the boys I cannot speak in very encomiastie terms; but they were perhaps like all other school boys, that is, more dis- posed to play truant than enlighten their minds. The most important knowledge to an American, after that of himself, is the Geography of his country. I therefore put into the hands of my boys a proper book, and initiated them by an attentive reading of the Discoveries of the Genoese; I was even so minute as to impress on their minds the man who first deseried land on board the ship of Columbus. That man was Roderic Triana, and on my exercising the memory of a boy by asking him the name he very gravely made answer Roderic Random. Among my male students was a New Jersey gentleman of thirty, whose object was to be initiated in the language of Cicero and Virgil. He had before studied the Latin grammar at an Academy School (I use his own words) in his native State, but the Acad- emy School being burnt down, his grammar alas! was lost in the conflagration, and he had neglected the pursuit of litera- ture since the destruction of his book. When I asked him if he did not think it was some Goth who had set fire to his Academy School, he made answer, ‘So, it is like enough!’ [He] did not study Latin to refine his taste, direct his judgment, or enlarge his imagination: but merely that he might be en- abled to teach it when he opened school, which was his serious design. He had been bred a carpenter, but he panted for the honours of literature. Alas! Cupid strikes: Of my female students there was none equal in capacity to Virginia. The mind of this fair creature was susceptible of every culture; but it had been neglected, and I opened to her worlds of sentiment and knowledge. It was my desire to open to my pupil the treasures of Shakespeare. But the Library of the plantation did not supply the poet of nature: and I was almost in despair, when on a shelf in a miserable log-house I found the first volume of Theobald’s edition. The book I obtained for a trifle, and I removed it to my school. My pupil read aloud that ““SEND Us ScHOOLMASTERS QUALIFIED’’ 17 beautiful and natural scene in the Tempest; no lips could give Juster utterance to the speeches of its characters than those of my fair disciple. I was wrapt in a delicious dream from which it was misery to be waked. All around was enchantment. In the Elegy of Gray and the Ballad of Goldsmith I spread before my pupil a rich banquet to exercise reflection. I breathed only fragrance in a circle of loveliness. The hours of the morning were contracted to a moment. There is certainly the same dif- ference between an educated and uneducated woman as between one living and one dead. 5 The teacher relaxes: My recreation after school in the evening was to sit and meditate before my door, in the open air, while the vapours of a friendly pipe administered to my philosophy. In silent gravity I listened to the Negro calling to his steers returning from labor, or contemplated the family group on the grass plat be- fore the dwelling-house, of whom the father was tuning his violin, the mother and daughters at their needles, and the boys running and tumbling in harmless mirth upon the green. Be- fore me was an immense forest of stately trees: and the cat was sitting on the barn door; the firefly was on the wing, and the whip-poor-will in lengthened cries was hailing the return of night. § 3 Harvard University, oldest in America, in her first ap- peal for help announced her purpose: ‘that the eommon- wealth may be furnished with knowing and understand- Ing men and the churches with an able ministry.’’® Tn 1838, more than two centuries later, this ery also came from Brantley York of Piedmont, North Carolina. He was circuit-riding pedagogue and self-giving genius at Brown ’s Schoolhouse, ‘‘low-vaulted’’ beginning of Duke University. In York’s experience he could rejoice that religion flourished and schools revived for they gen- erally go hand in hand.’” William Edmundson, English Friend, in the spring of 1672, preached the first consecutive sermons, noted in the & F. G. Peabody, Sunday Evenings in the College Chapel Houghton Mifflin Co., EST), Bh RTS. 9. Brantley York, Autobiography (Durham, N. C.: Duke Univ 1910), p. 20. . (Boston : Press, 18 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE history of the state. The place is now identified as the riverside at Hertford, N. C. It is thus memorialized. He said: ‘‘Many people came but they had little or no religion as they came and sat down in the meeting smok- ing their pipes,’’ but, ‘‘several of them were tendered and received the testimony.’”® Within a few months George Fox likewise came, making converts from Curri- tuck to Chowan. Fox set high value on education; ‘‘ad- vised’’ that schools for boys and ‘‘young maidens’’ be set up to teach ‘‘whatsoever things were civil and use- ful in the creation.’’* Earliest Tarheel church record known is that of the Perquimans Monthly Meeting, vali- dating the marriage on April 11, 1680, of Christopher Nicholson and Ann Atwood. This is the first publicized wedding extant in North Carolina’s matrimonial lore.” § 4 A serviceable library is of basic importance to a formal education. Somehow books must be provided for the subsistence and progress of learning. At first the Angli- can missionaries were sponsors in this field. It was said that Thomas Bray sent ‘‘some books of his own particu- lar pious gift.’”* These were followed by other books housed by various parishes, to be enhanced soon by con- troversial pamphlets of local production written to check- mate the multiplying noncomformists. York, the Meth- odist, tells of his ‘‘library society,’’ of local function, founded in 1824. It may be considered an embryonic antecedent of today’s massive Duke University Library. About his miniature lot of books, York said, ‘‘ My thirst for knowledge led me to read too much, more than I could assimilate.’’ Nevertheless it was ‘‘no small source 10. William Edmundson, ed., A Journal (Dublin, 1820), p. 20. 11. George Fox, George Fox, an Autobiography, ed. Norman Penney. (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1911), pp. 37, 461. 12. Stephen B. Weeks, Southern Quakers and Slavery. 1896, p. 47. 13. North Carolina Colonial Records, Vol. 1, p. 572. ’ **SEND Us ScHOOLMASTERS QUALIFIED”’ 19 of improvement to myself and others, and any similar institution cannot fail to be a blessing to any commu- nity, “36 The state library at Raleigh, established in 1840, was housed in the new capitol. It continued for eighty years thereafter on an annual appropriation of but $500 for -Ancrease’’ of books and other media.*® This is indica- tive perhaps of a relative indifference to libraries, ap- parent throughout the state, as of that period. William Hooper, native Tarheel, grandson of the ‘‘Signer,’’ and sometime president of Wake Forest College, took oc- casion in 1858 to say: ‘‘The bulk of our population may be called an unreading people ... but they are fond to excess of public speaking.’? Of John Kerr, Baptist preacher, itinerating in North Carolina, Hooper said, His sermons often were protracted to three hours’ length, yet the people continued to sit with unsated ears, and the same throng who heard him yesterday, would ride miles to hear him to-day.’"* As a corollary to this, newspaper circulation in the state was abysmally low, in 1842. Possessing no daily, but with one semiweekly, twenty-six weeklies, and two periodicals, they were anti- climaxed with the worst support in circulation upon the entire national scene.’ At Kinston, the Free Press editor noted in 1906 that it was 1880 before any local paper there could get ‘‘more than a short lease of life.’? He also said of Kinston: ‘‘I saw books burned in the great fire of 1895 which had been on shelves for sale for nearly twenty years.’”® ‘ The state constitution, 1776, had made provision for common schools. This was the first such action in the 14, York, op. cit., pp. 30, 31. 15. Mrs. G. G. Johnson, Ante-Bellum North Carolina, p. 165. Fi ipl William B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, Vol. 6, 1860, y 17. Burton A. Konkle, John Motley Morehead and the Development of peg Carolina, 1796-1866. (Philadelphia: William J. Campbell, 1922), 18. Industrial Issue, Kinston Free Press, 1906, pp. 57, 58. 20 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE South but it was not activated for 63 years. Murphy, Caldwell, Morehead, and Wiley worked heroically to set up the system. Potent cumulative resources were the augmenting literary and school fund, a substantial fed- eral appropriation, and the state-owned million and a half acres of swamp land, estimated to contain the equiv- alent of an eighth of the state’s over-all fertility.” The situation called for a Horace Mann. In Calvin Hender- son Wiley, first state superintendent of schools, 1852, they found the type. Mann, observing the best European schools, was im- pressed with the heritage there of the great Swiss re- former, Pestalozzi. Concepts had changed and the old order was passing. The improved method was to in- spire the true self-development of the respective pupil, under humane teaching, intuitive and fraternal, to mark the adept master. Far too much of the inane and the brutal had inhered in the old regime. Now the teacher ideally was to be so animated as to stand while he taught; have no book in his hand except for reading and spelling; so instilling the passion for knowledge that the pupil was neither punished nor did he fear punishment.” This evolution brought the end of teaching careers for a legion of the inept and the incompetent. Indeed, it was high time! Wiley could prove by the federal census of 1840 that fully a third of the adult whites in North Carolina were unable to read and write. In the General Assembly at Raleigh in 1852, it was ac- ceptably reported that of the total of 3,000 teachers then serving in the state, a third ‘‘can scarcely make a read- able return’’; that two thirds ‘‘cannot teach English grammar ; 1,800 are deficient in geography; 1,200 cannot teach the whole of ordinary arithmetic.”’ Glad hearts hailed the dawn! 19. Konkle, op. cit., p. 128. 20. Charles C. Boyer, History of Education (New York: Charles Scrib- ner’s Sons, 1919), p. 403. ““SEND Us SCHOOLMASTERS QUALIFIED’’ § 6 rr : There was need that the educational renascence be kept in balance. Resurgence might obscure the fact that a sound mind without a sound body could often be a dis- tressing anomaly. In Our Living and Our Dead, Devoted to North Carolina—Her Past, Her Present and Her Future, a magazine published at Raleigh in 1874, it is said that there are 446 muscles in the body, and that exercise is a law of education.” Dr. Solomon Sampson Satchwell was first president of the reorganized State Medical Society of North Carolina, 1849, and Confed- erate surgeon at Wilson in the 1860’s. He addressed the W ake Forest Literary Societies, October 18, 1858, on the Subject: ‘‘The Influence of Material Agents in Develop- ing Man.’’ He said, We have not the vigor of our ancestors. . . . At the time of David the average duration of human life was three score years and ten. Now it is in the United States about thirty-three years. . . . Visit almost any of the colleges and universities of the country! Observe the pale, feeble appearance of most of their Students! Thousands of them, before as well as after graduation, are annually going down to premature graves... the melancholy victims of a neglect of the laws of health while obtaining an education. Ag ain, ‘‘Clergymen, too, are noted exemplars of this dis- obedience. They every where show it by their dyspeptic looks and feeble bodies.’’ He commended those who Strove ‘‘to promote the public good by sanatory enact- ments, ”’ to the end of transmitting ‘‘to their descendants hd free, prosperous and happy country.’”? Herbert Spencer’s philosophy gave favorable emphasis to the place of physical education. This seems to be integrated to a notable extent in modern education and its acces- sories,?° 21. Our Living and Our Dead, Vol. 1, No. 1, Sept., 1874, p. 82. seat S. S. Satchwell, “An Address,” Wake Forest College, June, 1858, pp. 23. Boyer, op. cit., pp. 431, 432. A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE § 7 The first college in the state, Queens at Charlotte, was incorporated January 15,1771. It was projected by local Presbyterians, tied in, of necessity, with the Church of England. Its charter was revoked by King George III, April 22, 1772. This arbitrariness of George tended to “The Hornet’s Nest,’’ for his invading Redcoats, within a few years, at the Mecklenburg village. In 1795 there opened for service at Chapel Hill the first State University in America. The beginning was humble. During the first two weeks just one student, Hinton James, enrolled for the initial faculty of four. The hesitant state took it under direct control in 1821. In its early career it was geographically isolated. In classical learning it has been outstanding in cultural service for a hundred and sixty years. Horace Mann instituted the first normal school in America at Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1839.2 Braxton Craven led with the first such school in the South, em- powered to grant teachers’ training degrees, at Normal College (Trinity) in 1851. Wiley was the only state superintendent of schools in the South before 1861. In 1855 he said of the women who taught in North Carolina, that their average salary surpassed that of any state in America.» However, this champion feminine pay was just $18 per month. By 1860 Wiley could say, ‘‘ North Carolina has the start of all her southern sisters in edu- cational matters.’’** Four years of devastating war, followed by the eleven of corrupt reconstruction, left the state prostrate. Never- theless, the National Yearbook of Education, 1878, listed for advanced learning in North Carolina forty-four places, having an aggregate of fifty-nine schools, insti- tutes, academies, seminaries, colleges, and universities.” 24. Ibid., p. 402. 25. Edgar W. Knight, Public School Education in North Carolina (Bos- ton: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1916), p. 170. 26. Mrs. G. G. Johnson, op. cit., p. 279. 27. The Year Book of Education for 1878, ed. Kiddle and Schem, pp. 289, 290. ‘‘Senp Us ScHOOLMASTERS QUALIFIED”’ 23 An accreditation survey by the Southern Association of Colleges and Universities, as of 1952, lists thirty-one institutions of that qualified class within North Caro- lina. Of these, nineteen are white, eleven Negro, and one Indian. Aggregate number of volumes in their thirty-one libraries is 2,831,394. Of these volumes 2,496,- 430 are in the white libraries; 315,847, in the Negro; and 19,117, in the Indian.** When Charles Brantley Aycock became governor in 1901, a new era for education in the state began. Con- cretely, within the first decade 3,000 new schoolhouses were erected. From 1900 to 1952, public school property Increased in value from $1,000,000 to $350,000,000 and the annual administrative maintenance from $1,000,000 to $125,000,000. On January 15, 1901, Aycock had said, ‘‘With the education of the whole people, with a fair and impartial election law, with peace everywhere, there will be nothing to prevent us from working out the high destiny of our state.’ _ 28. American Council on Education, American Universities and Colleges, ed. Mary Irwin, 6th ed. (Washington: The Council, 1952), pp. 696-722. 29. Charles B. Aycock, Inaugural Address, Raleigh, 1902, p. 17. CHAPTER II ‘‘Town IN THE Woops’’ $1 The colonial woodsman blazing his trail southward a rugged day’s journey from the Falls of Tar River came to an elevated plain. Covered by virgin forest it was on the Neuse watershed in the Toisnot-Contentnea basin. Here was to be a city on the forthcoming Toisnot estate of Benjamin Farmer, soldier of the revolution, neighbored three miles to the east by John Thomas, father of Jonathan and John. It was to be Wilson, North Carolina, twentieth-century home of Atlantic Christian College. First a crossroad village; then an expanding town; finally, today, the city of seven square miles, with 74 miles of streets, and 25,000 inhabitants. Many settlers in early America clustered their homes near the wharves of the commercial water courses. There was found usually the double advantage of easy communication and fertile soil. Two centuries later came transportation by steam. Hence the delay in the development at Toisnot. Midway between the Tar and the Neuse, at this inland site no important navigable stream was of ready access. By 1840, however, the loco- motive brought the diminutive Toisnot Depot within a third of a mile of Hickory Grove Primitive Baptist Church. This church, originally named Toisnot, and oldest of the area, dated from 1748. It had moved to a new chapel set up for it in 1803 three miles west from the old location. The post roads from Tarboro to Smithfield, and from Raleigh to Greenville passed, in 1803, at what is now the intersection of Tarboro and Barnes Streets in Wilson. Here the old church stood for the thirty-seven 24 ‘*TOWN IN THE Woops’’ 25 years before the first passing of the trains at the depot where the A. C. L. railway freight station is today. The depot and the church were but the equivalent of four city blocks apart. There was initial realty develop- ment around each. Alfred Moye, prominent Disciple layman of Pitt County, had served for twelve years in the state senate, and knew the ways of the legislature. On December 20, 1848, through B. F. Eborn, he ‘“pre- sented a bill to incorporate Toisnot Depot and Hickory Grove in Edgecombe County into a town by the name of Wilson.’ The bill passed and on January 29, 1849, the town became the corporate village, named for General Louis D. Wilson, Mexican War hero, who died at Vera Cruz, August 12, 1847. The Wilson hamlet then had 89 persons including slaves. Back in 1790 Arthur Dew alone of the Toisnot Dews had 16 slaves. Tarboro, seat of justice, was 28 miles away. For the Toisnot locale, upon which fortune so kindly had smiled, there was rightly to be a new county centered at Wilson. By good strategy this was effected on February 13, 1855, and Gen- eral Wilson was also honored in the county name. First North Carolina Disciple periodical was The Christian Friend beginning June, 1853, and edited by John Tomline Walsh, M.D. It was then published in Wilson. In July, 1853, Walsh described Wilson in an abridged article, as follows: The town now presents a neat appearance as the town in the Woods. The plank road from Greenville to this place has been completed; cars on the railroad pass four times every day for carrying the mails and to accommodate travelers. There are five turpentine stills and the sixth is about being set up; four dry good stores; two of them on a large scale; and three grocery Stores; two public houses [hotels] liberally patronized; although as yet but one meeting house, while the large Temperance Hall over one of the stores is where all denominations can hold wor- ship. There are two physicians well supplied with medicine; a large coach-making establishment; a boot and shoe shop where the 1. “Legislative Proceedings,” North Carolina Standard, Dec. 27, 1848. 26 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE best quality of work is done to order; one milliner’s and three tailoring establishments; a gun-smith shop; a number of cooper shops; carpenters who are constantly erecting new and elegant houses; one cabinet shop, and one candy store to supply all the children. Upon the whole Wilson presents an encouraging prospect for those families who have children to educate and desire a healthy location. § 2 Carolina’s piney woods began to supply basic products of naval stores, used the world over, in 1704.2, Here was the land of tar, pitch, and turpentine. The development of this resinous resource marked grimly the coastal plain landscape for two centuries. Thereby Wilson was visibly encompassed. Beginning with the first warehouse auction here on September 10, 1890, tobacco auctions and processes be- came radical factors in the commercial rise of Wilson. The recorded county acreages of 1884 are graphic in the light of the eventual ‘“‘largest bright leaf market in the world,’’ at Wilson. That year, 1884, Wilson County cultivated but seventeen acres of tobacco yielding 8,745 pounds. The market was too far away. Other counties in the area did less: three acres only in Edgecombe} three also in the great county of Pitt; eight in Greene; twelve in Pamlico.’ There had been a provincial ware- house in 1734 at Bellair in Craven County, apparently the first of a countless succession.* An early quarrel with Virginia referred to her shipping restrictions on the ‘‘golden weed’’ from Albemarle. But for a century and a half, eastern North Carolina played Rip Van Winkle on this agricultural potential. Voluble travelers branded this turpentined terrain as a wilderness of the poor. Armchair speculators low-rated the land of the 2. Writers’ Program, North Carolina, How North Carolina Grew (Raleigh: News and Observer, 1941), p. 13. 3. These county acreages are given in Branson’s North Carolina Business Directory, 1884. 4. Writers’ Program, North Carolina, op. cit., pp. 18, 19. ‘““ToOWN IN THE Woops’’ 27 omnipresent pine. They knew not that by proper farm- ing in this postoceanic loam, the lucre-laden cigarette leaf might grow abundantly on relatively infertile soil. With one-crop cotton selling for four cents a pound in 1894, planters were already awake to a more promising cash commodity.° For the year 1954, there were nineteen tobacco ware- 10uses in Wilson, with nearly two million square feet of Space, selling 97,000,000 pounds of the weed for $53,- 000,000. § 3 A community of religious atmosphere is of prime rele- vance to Christian education. After the climax of in- dependence in the new America, there seemed to be a dark age for the gospel. An English traveler observed m 1800 that North Carolina was almost ‘‘lost to the Sense of religion.’’”® Barton W. Stone, Orange Presby- tery licentiate from Hawfields, came down to meet classic rebuff by Tarheels in the midcoastal ‘‘lower parts.’’ There were no churches then of that faith in this section, but the Presbyterial perimeter ran far down by Diamond Shoals. Stone and Robert Foster, his preaching asso- ciate, found the glacial hardness of the field beyond their capacity to suffer. They would flee to some chance obliv- lon. At the beginning of their runaway, May 1, 1796, they were confronted by a perceptive faithful woman, truly a handmaiden of the Lord. She reversed their course to the Western waters, where intuitively she said that a grand harvest should await them.’ Thus ‘“beyond the ranges’’ in Kentucky, Stone fathered the Christian church movement within a few years among his fellow Tarheels at Cane Ridge. It grew into the largest Prot- estant communion of indigenous origin in America. This 5. Ibid., p. 72 6. Ibid., p. 37. woe Barton W. Stone, The Biography of Hider Barton Warren Stone, (Ci ten by Himself, with Additions and Reflections by Elder John Rogers incinnati: J. A. and U. P. James, 1847), p. 17. 28 A History or ArTLantic CHRISTIAN CoLLEGE eastern Carolina romance of redemptive turning is now commemorated in the Barton W. Stone Memorial Room of the Atlantic Christian College Library. In December, 1796, there came to ‘‘Tarborough,”’ Francis Asbury, continental Methodist bishop. In a courthouse room in that cold season, a fire glowed. He said, ‘‘I thought it was for preaching, but it was for dancing and the violin lay on the table.’” Again at Tarboro in February, 1803, he wrote: ‘‘There are in this place about thirty-three families: The people have more trade than religion, more wealth than grace. We have about thirty Africans in fellowship, but no whites.’” A teen-ager and free-lance itinerant preacher was Joseph Thomas, the ‘‘ white pilgrim.’’ He came into Edgecombe in June, 1809. He was a Christian Baptist disciple of William Guirey. He was in the baptismal line of Virgil A. Wilson, extending through Landon Duncan and Chester Bullard. This Wilson and Moses T. Moye cofounded the First Christian Church of the village of Wilson, April 27, 1871. Joseph Thomas sought lodging at an inn ‘‘not far from Tarborough.’’ He was rudely refused. The landlord, said Thomas, ‘‘thought I was a runaway apprentice boy, and that the horse I was on was a stolen one . . . he cursed me to be gone off.” Whereupon the youth left ““by the light of the moon,”’ in ‘‘a path that led through a thick dark woods.’’” At Chapel Hill is preserved the excessively rare pam- phlet published at Tarboro in 1834, from the depressed heart of Thomas Campbell, father of Alexander. The elderly Campbell had done far better in Carolina than he knew. Moreover he was nearing a climax of worthy achievement beyond his obscure dreams. Still in sym- bol, Carolina was his Patmos, not unlike that of the be- loved Apostle, in the long ago. 8. Francis Asbury, The Journal, Vol. 2, 1821, pp. 324, 325. 9. Ibid., Vol. 8, p. 104. 10. Joseph Thomas, The Life of the Pilgrim, Joseph Thomas (Win- chester, Va.: J. Foster, 1817), pp. 75, 76. ‘““TOWN IN THE Woops’’ 29 The passing decades brought weleome change. Frank M. Jordan, Missionary Baptist evangelist, coming to Wilson in April, 1878, related, ‘‘Bro. John B. Brewer met me at the depot and carried me up to the Female Seminary where he was the President, gave me a nice room and a seat at the table with all those pretty girls. [ thought this looked like a favorable beginning.’’ Again: ‘TI want to say that Bro. Cob Moss was one of the sweetest spirits I have ever met. He was so full of the Spirit that he would give life and soul to any meet- ing.’’ There were forty baptisms, and Jordan concluded: ‘“Thus closed a great meeting of six weeks,’’™ _Today thirteen communions are represented by forty- nine churches in Wilson. There are more than a hundred churches within the county. Some local founding dates are: Primitive saptist, 1803 (Toisnot, 1748) ; Method- Ist, 1853; Episcopal, 1856; Missionary Baptist, 1865; Disciples of Christ, 1871; Presbyterian, 1885; Free Will Baptist, 1925; Roman Catholic, 1928: Seventh Day Ad- ventist, 1928: Lutheran, 1942. § 4 Sundry and diverse temporary private schools served Wilson for more than a half century. The parent county antecedent to Wilson, Edgecombe, had in 1839 voted against the state-wide free school system. The Edge- Combe majority was over six to one against the estab- lishment, but in the state, as a whole, the schools won.” In 1885 it was said of Wilson, for 1853, that ‘‘a small unpretending school house located under the shade of the old hickory, which still stands near the jail, afforded the only academic advantages of the town,”’ yet it was the ‘humble Alma Mater of leading businessmen.’’ But “during this year [1853] they built two academies, one for each sex,??8 a 11, Life and Labors of Eider F. M. Jordan, pp. 176, 180, 181. 12, Wer Joseph K. Turner and J. L. Bridgers, History of Edgecombe County, % Ber Carolina (Raleigh, 1920), p. 372. 3. Review of the State of N. C., Vol. 2 (Charleston, S. C.: P ‘ Empire ublishing Co., 1885), p. 164. 30 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE Source materials, 1853-1895, are not definitive for full and exact listing of Wilson’s private schools, with their respective principals, for that period. What I have gathered follows: 1. First Academies, male, 1853-1863, female, 1853-1859; Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Adams (1853-1856); Mr. and Mrs. 13 as Richardson (1856-1861); John F. Keenan (1857-1859). 2. Wilson Female School, 1857-1858: Mrs. W. H. Hughart. 3. The Methodist Academies, male, 1859-1861, female, 1859- 1863: C. F. Deems. : 4. Hooper’s School, 1867-1875: J. De Berniere Hooper, and his uncle, William nancy A ala 5. C. W. Arrington’s School, F 6. Wilson Collegiate Institute, 1872-1875, 1877-1886: S. Hassell. 7. Wilson College, 1875-1877: S. Hassell. 8. Margaret Hearne School, 1875-1881. 9. Wilson Female Seminary, 1875-1881: J. B. Brewer. 10. Wilson State Normal School, 1880’s: S. Hassell. 11. H. MeMillan School, 1887-1889. : 12. Wilson Male Academy, 1889-1891: Kelly and Middleton. 13. Wilson Collegiate Institute, 1886-1895: Silas E. Warren." 14. Wilson Military Academy, 1895-1896: Major J. W. Yerex. Josephus Daniels in his Raleigh State Chronicle, May 31, 1889, declared that Wilson had become the cultural ‘‘eenter of a large section as well as the commercial depot.’’ About the same time the enthusiastic Wilson Advance, claimed that the town in an early heyday had been ‘‘the leading educational community of North Carolina,’’ and was such a ‘‘center while she was yet in the forest.’’ $5 It had been necessary for these private schools to carry a heavy load catalogued by them as ‘* Primary”? and ‘‘Preparatory.’’ Academic standards were incredi- bly low, as viewed today. For instance at Wilson Col- lege, in 1875, their ‘‘ Freshman Class, Collegiate Course i ilati . Shreve, (M. . Helpful in this compilation were the theses of Clark G A Uaiv, of N. C., 1941), filed at Wilson County Library ; and G. A. Ham- lin (Th.D., Iliff School of Theology, 1952), in Carolina Discipliana Library, Cc. C. Ware, Curator. be] ‘“‘ToOWN IN THE Woops’’ 31 studied spelling, practical and mental arithmetic, Eng- lish grammar, manual of geography, history of the world, a first Latin book, penmanship, drawing, composition, and declamation. By the senior year, the student, among other subjects, had reached Cicero and Horace, Johnston and Brown’s English Literature, Peabody’s Moral Phi- losophy, MeCosh’s Logic, and Barnes’ Evidences of Christianity in the Nineteenth Century. No electives are indicated. The course of study is outlined in sextet: ‘primary, preparatory, commercial, normal, musical, and ornamental.’’ Some of the ablest leaders this commonwealth has known were given adequate founda- tions in these Wilson schools. To call their names is to evoke a just and lasting pride. Meanwhile a long and severe battle raged to ensure effective public schools, stymied in North Carolina for a generation by the Barksdale Decision, of 1885. This judgment by the State Supreme Court on a technicality in the state constitution had tied the hands of respective county commissioners, by limiting their special-tax pre- rogatives toward meeting the proper needs of the schools on the various district levels. Contrariwise, the minority decision given by Judge Merrimon insisted that the con- stitution must rightly be interpreted as a whole. This plainly set forth the free thought of the North Carolina people that the cause of education was of ‘‘transcendent importance.’’ Therefore the technical, arbitrary limita- tion should be ignored, he said, and the people be per- mitted by their own vote to levy the necessary tax for the fully intended adequacy of the schools. Merrimon had strong support in Josephus Daniels. This young editor forthwith virtually said that the Barksdale Deci- sion was an obliquity in the state’s jurisprudence. Yet it stood until 1907. Then Henry Groves Connor, sitting on the court, gave his vote with the majority to reverse the decision. This unshackled the schools. Connor lived 32 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE in Wilson for the last sixty-nine years of his life; Daniels for twenty years of his youth. Both were inveterate friends of education.” § 6 The Wilson Collegiate Institute, after twenty-three years, was closed in 1895. Now the way was opened for a new and perhaps larger school. The Wilson Educa- tional Association was a corporation functioning through a group of local citizens, all of whom were proved and resourceful friends of education, and some were experi- enced administrators thereof. They negotiated with Kinsey Seminary in 1896, looking to its removal to Wilson. It had been in successful operation under Joseph Kinsey at LaGrange, North Carolina, since 1886. Kinsey accepted the call and announced that he would open in Wilson, September 15, 1897.% The Wilson site for Kinsey was bought April 28, 1897, by the Wilson Educational Association. It was a rectan- gle, ‘‘containing five and a third acres more or less,’’ bought for $700. It was described as ‘‘being situate in the northern suburbs of the town of Wilson.’’ The land was in two parcels, owned by Mr. and Mrs. P. D. Gold, and Mr. and Mrs. Warren Woodard. At this plat, only Whitehead Street (later Avenue) was open. Lee and Rountree Streets had to be extended to line the bound- aries, and Gold Street had to be named as well as ex- tended. It was an undeveloped area. By details of survey, ‘‘stakes in the woods’’ were corner markers. Visible habitation there was none, save ‘‘a tenant house on Whitehead Street where the Water Works road be- gins.’’”* The main building for Kinsey Seminary in Wilson was erected in the summer of 1897. The building cost was 15. Josephus Daniels, In Memoriam, Henry Groves Connor, 1929, pp. 9-15. 16. Kinsey Seminary Catalog, 1897, p. 24. 17. Reg. Deeds Office, Wilson, N. C., Book 45, p. 16. ‘““ToWN IN THE Woops’’ 33 approximately $20,000. It fronted ‘‘126 feet on White- head Avenue, and 121 feet on Lee Street,’’ with a ‘‘tower 75 feet high.’’* The announcement said, ‘‘ This building will surmount a slight hill and will be very convenient from the resident portion of the city.’ Named on the Board of Directors were: George Hack- ney, president; Joseph Kinsey, first vice-president; George D. Green, second vice-president; Jonas Oettinger, secretary and treasurer; J. F. Bruton; F. A. Woodard; P. D. Gold, Haywood Edmundson, Henry Groves Connor, Silas Lucas, and Johnathan Applewhite. These were all Wilson men. First faculty of Kinsey, at Wilson, were: elocution, art, chapel management, Ina Kinsey; Latin, mathematics, Alice Hines; science, English, history, Miss D. B. Rogers; preparatory department, Alice Saunders; voice, Lottie May Dewey; and piano, Misses C. B. Yelton, Dora L. Norton. Others serving also before close of Kinsey in 1901: principal, Mrs. Joseph Kinsey; piano, Laura J. Marshall; voice, Misses Kate I. Robinson, M. B. Swan; violin, Bernice Rogers; matron, Mrs. J. B. Gunter, and attendant physician, Dr. Albert Anderson. The catalogues called it ‘‘a female boarding school.’’ The girls wore uniforms which the principal said was “‘perfectly satisfactory,’’ and ‘elicited the admiration of the public.’’ Further ‘‘It obviates the difficulty of in- vidious distinction in dress, saves expense, time, thought.’’ Tuition and board, September to June, was $150. The specials in music and art each rated $30 extra. Nowadays one has to see this in official print to believe it. There was a four-year course of study; also ‘‘additional exercises in the prep school for spelling, reading, com- position, penmanship, and sight-singing’’—a wholesome drill in the grass roots of culture. Listed among the seminary’s advantages were two literary societies helping students materially to ‘‘self- reliant, confident expression’’; the *‘wonderfully low’’ 18. Kinsey Seminary Catalogue, 1897, p. 17. Sie ee eee 34 A History or ArTuantic CHristian COLLEGE expense account; ‘‘a fine auditorium’’; ‘‘a retired location,’’ in ‘‘progressive Wilson’? marked by ‘‘health- fulness and beauty,—an admirable place for study.’’ This was all true and was good promotion.” § 7 Joseph Henderson Kinsey never used his middle name. It was always simply Joseph Kinsey. He was born in a log house in Jones County, North Carolina, two miles east of Pleasant Hill Christian Church, January 17, 1843, and died at his LaGrange, North Carolina, home on January 12, 1929. He and his wife, Frances, had four sons, James, Herman, Robert, and Bingham, and four daughters, Ada, Eva, Ina, and Elizabeth. Joseph Kinsey was of German Palatine descent, but of the fifth Ameri- can generation from John Kinsey who settled in April, 1710, at New Bern, North Carolina. This John Kinsey, who died in 1752, married Mary Isler, daughter of Christian Isler, secretary to Baron Christopher de Graf- fenried. Their son Joseph Kinsey I married Mary Williams; their son Joseph II married Mary Brock (sec- ond wife), and these were parents of Joseph Brock Kin- sey, father of the subject of this sketch, whose mother was Nancy Brown Kinsey.” The story of the Palatines in Colonial North Carolina is complicated and sad. Driven out of their Rhine home- land by the villainous Louis XTV, and taking refuge with Queen Anne in London, they were attached for protec- tion to the adventurous Swiss, de Graffenreid, preparing to voyage to Carolina. In a miserable sail of thirteen weeks to America more than half of the 650 Palatines were lost at sea. Arriving at New Bern, April, 1710, five months ahead of their protector, their lot was deso- late. Cary’s rebellion was in full swing, and widespread 19. Ibid., 1900, p. 28. 20. This genealogy is based on research by Onslow County historian, J. Parsons Brown. ‘““TOWN IN THE Woops’’ 5 Tuscarora massacre impended. Some survived, how- ever, and were given lands on the Trent which they im- proved until they were altogether dispossessed by a tyrannous quip in the variegated government. In 1747, John Kinsey and forty-one other Palatines petitioned for redress which Governor Johnston honored October 16, 1749, when he granted a hundred acres to John Kinsey. This is the beginning of the family’s later ancestral lands." Joseph Kinsey, trained in the old field schools, taught a while, earning $80, with which he went to Trinity (Duke), for one year, 1860-1861. On March 14, 1862, he was a private in the Confederate army at the Battle fof New Bern. Shortly he rose to the rank of lieutenant, then was captured by Federals and imprisoned at John- ston’s Island near Sandusky, Ohio. While in prison he studied diligently, helped both by his captors and his fellow captives. This fitted him for a remarkable career. Arriving home in May, 1865, he resumed teaching at $25 per month, first at Comfort, in his native county, later, 1868, in the Pleasant Hill Christian Church where the Kinseys were members. This was the Pleasant Hill Male and Female Academy. He occasionally had the teaching assistance of the brilliant Joseph Henry Foy. It was at Pleasant Hill that he trained Furnifold M. Simmons, who served long and ably in the Senate at Washington, D.C. Simmons said that Kinsey was ‘‘one of the greatest educators the state has produced.’ Before he came to Wilson he was principal of Kinston Collegiate Institute and for a long period with his brother, R. B. Kinsey, conducted schools at LaGrange. After his retirement from Wilson he served as Lenoir County Superintendent of Schools, 1909-1920. When his Wilson venture closed in 1901, he had given to education thirty-six years of honorable service. There was good patronage at Kinsey in Wilson. Prestige mounted. 21. N. C. Col. Rec., Vol. IV, 954-956. 22. C. C. Ware, North Carolina Disciples of Christ (St. Louis: Christian Board of Publication, 1927), p. 165. 36 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE Fond tradition breathed. Friends numerous and increas- ing were favorable. On the contrary, other aspects were darkening to the end. Wartime inflation of 1898 was a trap. Tuition income alone was rashly insufficient. There was a pall of debt. Health of the principal failed. The school closed. It remained for Kinsey to aid with his big heart and magnanimous spirit in conserving the institution to which he had given so much. This he sacrificially did. And it opens a new story. CHAPTER III TARHEEL DIscIPLEs §1 Doors of the passing Kinsey Seminary were opened in 1902 by North Carolina Disciples of Christ, to the in- corporation and dedication of Atlantic Christian College. A briefing on the origin of Disciples of Christ in this state is relevant. Spontaneous movements arose for an unsectarian at- tainment of Christian union simplified and fortified by loyal adherence to the Bible alone. Some were in America in the first half of the nineteenth century. Two places from which charter documents were issued were Cane Ridge, Kentucky, 1804, and Washington, Penn- Sylvania, 1809. Another was Little Sister Meetinghouse, Lenoir County, North Carolina, March 28-30, 1834. Similar beginnings, like tributaries flowing to a main stream, were to make Christian churches to be known in the federal census as Disciples of Christ. The North Carolina event was indeed obscure, the original document being lost for 117 years. But its inherent soundness of principles withstood all tests, and there was growth, slow, but. substantial, through the years. In Kentucky and Pennsylvania the Disciple pioneers’ background was Presbyterian; in Carolina it was purely Baptist. Here General William Clark was the first to articulate the pivotal reforming idea of the sufficiency of the Bible alone for a creed. This all Christians might accept and thus become one body. He had been preach- ing in the Kehukee and Neuse Associations; driven from the first because of their crystallized antimissions con- cept, and from the latter by their applying a test of 1. Document printed in full, North Carolina Christian, Dec., 1951, pp. 14, 15. 37 38 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE fellowship geared to a decadent creedal pattern.? More- over, the prevailing religionists of his day practiced a ‘‘mourners’ bench’’ technique of conversion which was often to appear as a spectacular vagary. A reformation was sorely needed. Some mature minds candidly con- templated it. Clark, a wealthy planter of Pitt County, had much strength of character and influence. He readily gathered preaching colleagues. These were John Patrick Dunn, Abraham Congleton, Jeremiah Leggett, and Willie Nobles. In their first convention at Little Sister, six churches were represented by fourteen delegates. A contemporary, Thomas J. Latham, of the Bethel Con- ference, had reached like convictions. He was the leader for uniting his group of nearly 2,000 members on May 2, 1845, with the Disciples, as the Reformers began to be called. The earliest churches were in Pitt, Lenoir, Martin, and Beaufort Counties, spreading by evangelism to contiguous areas. Clark was the pastor at Rountree, Pitt County, October 5, 1832, when that church affirmed its congregational adherence, making it the oldest now functioning in the state’s Disciple fellowship. Clark had received Thomas Campbell of Bethany, Virginia, in good faith at his Greenville home in Febru- ary, 1834. However, Clark himself has left the record that he did not join with Campbell at this period.* And Thomas Campbell attended that first convention 1834, but the minutes make no mention of him. In truth, these Tarheels were free and independent. They would do their own thinking. And the world must know it. Em- phatically they were not Campbellites. Yet their op- posers were prompt to trigger their assaults with this contraband appellative. 2. Extended treatment of this is given in C. C. Ware, Rountree Chronicles, an (Wilson: North Carolina Christian Missionary Convention, 1947), Shap. I. 3. Millennial Harbinger, 1851, p. 289. TARHEEL DISCIPLES 39 A cleavage about creeds in the past century is beyond today ’s ready understanding. Certainly there were other issues in Carolina but this was the focus of division. Countless extrabiblical creeds of the Protestant era pro- claimed the supremacy of the Bible for faith and prac- tice. And Disciples fain would be the first in Carolina to practice simply and consistently what had been preached for ages. A classic creedal example is that of John Knox of Geneva. Formulated in 1560, it was more than a quarter of a millennium ahead of this nineteenth- century creedless crusade of Disciples. This creed of Knox is in Seotch dialect, but without philological finesse One may see the main points in the following excerpts from his Ane Schort Somme of the First Buik of Dis- cupline.* I. Doctrine: The word of God onlie, quhilk is the New and Auld Testament, sal be taught in everie kirk within this realme, and all contraire doctrine to the same sal be impugnit and utterlie suppressit. We affirme that to be contrarious doctrine, to the word, that man has inventit and imposed upon the consciences of men be lawis, counsallis, and constitutions, without the expresse com- mand of Godis word... . The word is sufficient for our salvation, and theirfoir all thingis neidfull for us ar conteinit in it. The Seriptures sal be red in privie houses for removing of this gross ignorance. II. Sacramentis.—The sacramentis of necessitie are joynit with the word, quhilk are twa onlie,—baptisme and the tabill of the Lord. ... All ceremoneis and reittis inventit be men suld be abolisheit, and the sympill word followit in all poyntis. § 2 North Carolina, an original state, was naturally a seed- bed of nativity for the nation. Her contribution to pioneering Disciples in this category is notable. Clark of Pitt left in 1835 for Mississippi. Carolina’s loss was gain for the Magnolia State, since in Jackson where he settled and built the first plant, there is today a superb ra 4. Stuart Robinson, The Church of God (Philadelphia: 1858), Appendix » V-Vi. ‘ 40 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE building of a resourceful church of his faith—among the best of such in the southland. David Purviance, of Iredell, became the lone, dependable preaching colleague of Barton W. Stone in the tumultuous origin of the Kentucky Christians. Early Indiana could say that nearly a third of her people were of Tarheel nativity. In this cavaleade to Hoosierdom were: John Wright, John B. New, and Joseph Wilson, Christian preachers born in the ‘‘down-home state.’’> Others outgoing in- clude: John R. Howard, of Granville, who published the first Disciple periodical west of the Mississippi; Joseph Thomas, ‘‘the White Pilgrim,’’ of Orange, to Virginia and Ohio; J. J. Trott, missionary to the Cherokees and Tennessee evangelist; Charles F. R. Shehane, first South Carolina Disciple editor at Evergreen; Nathan W. Smith, of Rockingham, founder of the ‘‘mother church,’ at Antioch, Georgia; Andrew J. Kane, of Guilford, ‘‘pas- sionate lover of the Bible,’’ at Springfield, Ill.; Phillip Mulkey, of Halifax, Separate Baptist ancestor of the famous Disciple Mulkeys, in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois; the two Creaths, uncle and nephew, inspired religiously by the Grassy Creek Separates in Granville to help heroically in Kentucky; Dr. William Defee and Joseph Brice Wilmeth, ‘‘making Disciples,’’? in Texas when the Lone Star first twinkled; and last but not least, a layman, J. F. Robertson, of Martin County, building a church and a college, in West Tennessee, where Davy Crockett killed his ballad-famous bears. § 3 This westward course of empire had effect beyond statistics in the old seaboard state. Here the Disciples were of necessity growing slowly. In 1892 they had but forty-seven ministers enrolled, only four of whom were college graduates. The majority were without semblance 5. Madison Evans, Biographical Sketches of the Pioneer Preachers of Indiana (Philadelphia: J. Challen & Sons, c1862), pp. 29, 75, 186. TARHEEL DISCIPLES of collegiate training. There had been more than one voice in the wilderness to stress this obvious and crucial need. It was the age-old alternative, educate or die! John T. Walsh, of Kinston, was a Disciple teacher, editor, and preacher. A contemporary called him ‘‘a lifelong friend of higher education.’’** He earned the distinction. We glimpse his educational philosophy writ- ten in his last years for his Living Age. I abridge it as follows :* Whatever has the power to educe, bring out, or lead forth is an educational factor or influence. Education is mental, moral, and physical growth. It therefore embraces everything. It is not only world-wide, heaven-wide, but, alas, often hell-wide. The living may learn to educate themselves for eternity. Educa- tion should include the whole man. It therefore divides itself as follows: (1) The education of the mind; (2) the education of man’s moral nature; (3) the education of his physical nature. These may all be conducted at the same time, and indeed they Should go hand in hand from the start and should continue through life. Educated men and women in the full sense of the word are few, if indeed there are any. I certainly know of but one man, among men, fully and perfectly educated, and He was no other than the Lord Jesus Christ. § 4 North Carolina Disciples of Christ function corpo- rately yet democratically through their annual conven- tion. Local churches each have a highly antonomous polity, but look to the representative convention for united progress in brotherhood activities. Hence con- vention resolutions sponsoring educational objectives have specific validity.® In 1849, with no school of their own, they agreed to help the new Baptist Female Institute (Chowan Col- lege), at Murfreesboro, with individual contributions, 6. The Watch Tower, June 15, 1883, p. 2. 7. Walsh’s Living Age, Nov., 1884, p. 17. 8. Extended treatment is found in Chap. 17, C. C. Ware, North Carolina Disciples of Christ. a Senna iN LIE gh ie 42 A History or Arnantic CHrRIstiAN COLLEGE and with two trustees, John P. Dunn and Thomas J. Latham. In 1854 it was agreed that ‘‘a Female Seminary of a high order be established by the Disciples.’’ For this a committee named Kinston as the location. The subscriptions amounted to $9,000. This was insufficient, hence null and void. In the same year it was proposed in the press to erect a Female College at Hookerton, an early center of Disciple wealth. John P. Dunn was presi- dent of the board of trustees named in a cooperation meeting, functioning on a district level. Nothing came of it, save a certain value of publicity. Then, in 1856, Dunn called serious attention to the propriety and im- portance of educating pious young men to the gospel ministry. Later surveys were to show that 90 per cent of the trained ministry in the brotherhood would have to come from their own colleges. In 1857 at Farmville, then a tiny village, a local move- ment sought to build a Disciple school in that resource- ful area. It failed from ‘‘too little concert of action.’’ But Josephus Latham continued his private school there with success. In 1857 Mrs. M. J. V. Hughart, Disciple from Virginia, ‘‘with thirteen years’ experience as an instructress of youth’’ opened her Female School at Wilson, N. C. She taught English, French, Latin, and music. W. H. Hughart, her husband, assisted with lec- tures on chemistry and animal and vegetable physiology. Beyond her announcement of the second session begin- ning February 1, 1858, we have no record. On January 16, 1860, J. T. Walsh opened Kinston Female Seminary, and served as principal, assisted by Alice Mallard. It was ‘‘the best schoolroom in the vil- lage to accommodate 50 or 60 pupils.’? They taught ‘the solid, the useful and the ornamental,’’ in a compre- hensive course. To the Disciples, Walsh said, ‘‘it is high time for the brethren and sisters to patronize their own schools.’’”® Thus Wilson and Kinston supplied the scene for these pioneer schools. 9. Carolina Christian Monthly, March, 1860, p. 51. TARHEEL DiIscrPpLEes Following the frontier, ante-bellum Disciples grew rapidly in the central Mississippi valley. Of their sev- eral colleges founded, Bethany, in Brooke County, Virginia (later West Virginia), seemed to be of most importance to Carolina Disciples. Graduating there from North Carolina were: W. P. Craig, 1854; W. C. Brown, 1855; Moses T. Moye, 1858; Abram J. Moye, 1874. To meet rising demands, ‘‘these four and no more’’ needed greatly to be multiplied. §5 At the Southern Confederacy’s close, Tarheels began to rebuild their commonwealth. The war dealt formal education a heavy blow, diverting North Carolina Dis- ciples for almost three decades from their token support of it. However they were moving up in strength by their aggressive evangelism. They numbered 2,895 members in 1868 ; 7,824 in 1888; an increase of almost 160 per cent. In 1868 there were 43 churches in 14 counties; in 1888, 106 churches in 25 counties. In 1873 there was a Convention proposal for an Orphan School, befitting the tragic time. Again an appointed board of education came up fruitless. Two years later it was voted to relinquish the idea of a school ‘‘under special control of the brethren.’’ Commended to Dis- ciple patronage were Foy of Wilson, and Kinsey of LaGrange. In 1883 a Convention directive called for the purchase of The Farmville Academy. This did not ma- terialize. The committee on education persevered in agitation, saying in 1886 that tangible losses for lack of a church-related school were serious. Special offerings to assist young ministers in training began to be taken in the churches. With the first $25, J. F. Sumrell was sent to Clarella Institute in Greene County. In 1891 Disciples in convention turned a new leaf. J. L. Winfield was made chairman of a widely represent- ative board, ‘‘to secure unity of action and hearty 44 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE cooperation to found an institution of learning.’’ This meant something. There would soon be report of a tangible start. Meanwhile some well-established private schools were making their mark for the Disciples. There was a two- page leaflet, very quaint, announcing the Pleasant Hill Male and Female Academy, Jones County, North Caro- lina. It was the Kinsey-Foy school opening the ‘‘ Fall Session,’’ July 13, 1868. This is the earliest such docu- ment in the Carolina Disciple archives and is the only known copy. By a very liberal stretch it might be called a catalogue. It is a unique item of educational interest. The building was the old log house of Pleasant Hill Dis- ciples on a little round highland above the winding Trent. It stood sixteen miles through the piney woods south of Kinston. Here these two redoubtable men taught 21 academic subjects. Included were: Latin, Greek, French, German, trigonometry, surveying, natural philosophy, mental algebra, and mental arithmetic. For the elementary pupils there were drills in spelling, read- ing, and writing. Foy was to give ‘‘regular tri-weekly lectures on History, Logic, Mental and Moral Philosophy before the more advanced pupils who will be required to write them out from notes taken as they are de- livered.’’ This presentation of Foy sounds a bit modern. But the last announcement in the miniature is a semantic puzzle. It says: ‘‘The Erasmian and Kuhnerian pro- nunciations both taught.’’ A far ery indeed from the toiling teachers on the Trent to the relics of Rotterdam and the belles-lettres of Berlin. In June, 1882, Henry C. Bowen, a Disciple leader, was in the Wilson, N. C., State Normal, preparing to teach. On October 23, 1882, he began as principal at Catherine Lake Academy, Onslow County. Here, he said: ‘‘Thor- ough instruction, prudent discipline, healthy locality, TARHEEL DISCIPLES 45 pleasant building and grounds, combine with other ad- vantages to make it a desirable home for the student.’’ Monthly rates were: tuition, one to three dollars; board, seven to nine dollars; music, two dollars and a half.” Bowen’s early training had been at Farmville, under Josephus Latham, while he roomed in the home of Tom Dixon. With nostalgia he later wrote: ‘‘Many and happy were the associations of those youthful years. We owe to that, much of what we are, or may hope to be.”’ Abram J. Moye assisted Latham at Farmville, 1880. Bowen and a schoolmate, R. W. Stancill, were the only “‘ministerial students’’ there. Stancill said: at Farmville in the little frame church we practiced the art of preaching every Sunday night. Some of the brightest days In our entire life we spent in the Academy. We played in the large grove and recited all in the one large room in the presence of the entire school. A notable teacher at Wilson in the 1870’s was Sylvester Hassell. Some Disciples under his training there were: women, Alice Hines, Cynthia D. Tull; ministers, Isaac L. Chestnutt, C. W. Howard; laymen, James W. Hines, George Hackney, W. D. Hackney, Julius R. Hardy, Cal- vin Woodard, and Kinchen H. Watson, whose daughter, Clyde, was the first matriculate at Atlantic Christian College. The College of the Bible at Lexington, on the campus of Kentucky University, began in 1865. It made strong appeal to a resurgent North Carolina. The ten earliest Tarheel graduates were: James Benjamin Jones, and Samuel Alexander McCall, 1871; John Robert Farrow, 1872; Junius Washington Perkins, 1878; Robert Albert Bishop, and Baxter Stephen Tipton, 1879; Marshall Clement Kurfees, 1881; Robert William Stancill, 1883; Robert Alexander Helsabeck, 1891; and Benjamin Huron Melton, 1895. Others from Carolina attended at Lexing- ton for this period, but did not graduate. 10. The Watch Tower, July 6, 1882, p. 2, and Feb. 1, 1883, p. 3. A Hisrory or Arnantic CuristiAN CoLLEGE § 6 Perhaps further characterization is due three Carolina pioneers, namely, Thomas Jordan Latham (1797-1862) ; John Tomline Walsh (1816-1886); and James Latham Winfield (1852-1897). About 1812, Latham attended the noteworthy Lumber- ton Academy in Robeson County. Old gazetteers say that the Lumberton of that day was a ‘‘posttown on the east bank of Drowning Creek; containing a courthouse and a few houses.’’ Latham became ‘‘one of the best informed men’’ in Beaufort County, ‘‘a thorough Eng- lish scholar, possessed fine attainments in Greek and Latin, and adopted the profession of teaching school which he followed for many years with marked success.’’ He was on the county’s examining committee for validat- ing teachers, and served with W. B. Rodman in selecting their textbooks. ‘Various other civil offices he held.™ Due to Latham and his son, Josephus, the complete file of minutes of Disciples’ annual meetings are extant from 1841 onward. This, for continuity, is a state service resource for scholarship without parallel among Dis- ciples in America. Isaac Errett, a Disciple of National prominence, gave Walsh merited praise. He said that Walsh had “large knowledge and ripe experience’’ enabling him ‘‘to speak wisely and forcibly on the important issues of the times.’’*? That was one editor’s evaluation of another. Over a thirty-two-year period (1853-1885), Walsh edited intermittently in North Carolina what was virtually his one journal, but with fourteeen different names. Always he crusaded for Christian education. His service to the Disciple press was monumental. His was no haleyon day of material abundance and ease. Rather was it a time of 11. Walsh, Biography of Thos. J. Latham, Minutes, 1864, Annual Con- ference, North Carolina Disciples, pp. 8-11. 12. Quoted in Walsh’s Living Age, Dec., 1884, p. 44. TARHEEL DISCIPLES personal self-effacement. Dying in poverty a few days before the Charleston earthquake, he left his brother- hood a cultural heritage rich beyond esteem. Winfield was in Lexington, Kentucky, College of the Bible, 1873-1874. A Sulphur Well correspondent who Sat under his monthly preaching in that Jessamine County, Kentucky, Church, declared that he was ‘‘a young man of great worth.’? Further “‘his Kentucky brethren are greatly attached to him personally. He is extraordinary and destined to do a great work.’® Edit- ing The Watch Tower for eighteen years his influence was decisive for the actual beginnings of the educational Service of Carolina Disciples. Printed memorials at his untimely passing in 1897 are impressive. The Raleigh News and Observer said that he was ‘‘a strong friend of good government, an educator of wide usefulness, an excellent editor, and a successful and popular preacher. ’’ The Ayden paper called him ‘‘the great originator’’ of Carolina Christian College. Others said that he was ‘‘a man of very superior native ability... of good scholar- Ship, well versed in the literature of the day, combined with broad and comprehensive views.’’ J. J. Harper recalled that Winfield ‘‘was chairman of the Board of Education of Beaufort County,’’ and that ‘‘he was a fine organizer, a born leader, a pungent writer,’’ with a mind, ‘‘inventive, vigilant and intense.’’ Moreover, said Harper, Winfield ‘‘loved the plea of the Disciples and in its defense was wary, adroit, skillful, and uncom- promising.’’!* § 7 At New Bern, in 1891, the die was cast for the first convention-related school. It directed that a **Board of Trustees consisting of fifteen representative brethren’’ 13. The Watch Tower, March, 1874, p. 217. 14. Ibid., Oct. 15, 1897, p. 4. 48 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE proceed to set up a school amenable to the convention and in accord with best advantages proffered. There was no money in hand and none promised—just faith and the impassioned urge. This seemed to suffice for Winfield, a natural for public relations. By his personal contacts and editorial releases, bids for the location of the school soon came from Wilsons Mills, Dunn, Grifton, and Ayden. But ready equipment was needed for a timely opening. The baby must be subsisted at birth. At Old Ford, a Disciple rural center six miles north of Washington, the Carolina Institute building was offered rent-free. It was owned and administered by a group of local Disciples. Transition to the convention de facto would thus be easy, immediate, and secure. And that was a desired preliminary to the more representative venture. The governing board would be jointly that of the local directors and the convention trustees. Lewis T. Rightsell (M.A., De Pauw University, 1890) was secured for principal and the school opened Septem- ber 26, 1892. Rightsell (1862-1927) was a native of Indiana, a Disciple educator and minister, who spent his last thirty-four years in North Carolina. Coming as a bachelor he married, first, Willie Rountree of Kinston, and after her death, Ida Estelle Fields of LaGrange. Both were of prominent Disciple families. In his first announcement, September 15, 1892, Right- sell said that Carolina Institute was to be more than a ‘local school.’?’ The academic level would, of course, be above the public schools. Further, he said: ‘*The expenses at Carolina Institute are next to nothing, only about $80.00 per year.’? The English Bible would be used as a textbook, but those who would study it ‘‘in the original languages will be accorded that oppor- tunity.’ Winfield later reported for the Institute: ‘‘ Al- ready six ministerial students are enrolled and the out- TARHEEL DISCIPLES 49 look for more is very hopeful.’’ Rightsell concluded: ‘‘Full and free discussion of all subjects will be per- mitted and encouraged in the classroom. In time arrangements will be made for the conferring of degrees upon those who hold out faithful and complete the course.’’** _—_—_—— 15. Ibid., Sept. 15, 1892, p. 7 CHAPTER IV Carolina CHRISTIAN COLLEGE § 1 Dramatically the visible beginning of their church- related education by Carolina Disciples was a ‘‘day of small things.’’ Taken in faith they would not despise it. James A. Garfield (1831-1881), an Ohio Disciple, and our twentieth president, gave a famous lecture in his Hiram College days, on ‘‘ Margins.’’ He began: ‘‘Life is almost wholly made up of margins’’; and closed: ‘‘ The world is made up of little things.’’** Sherwood Eddy, in his recent autobiography, tells of his weird experience hunting elephants in India. In the dark, surrounded by the beasts, his lone native helper came to their rescue by imitating the squeak of a field mouse.? This alarmed the herd which made away immediately, leaving the hunters safe. The big wild elephant is frenzied at the presence of this tiny pest, which he has no technique of handling. Today we have ‘‘mouse,’’ a mechanical midget. An experiment in geophysics, it may reveal something of value from a vast unknown. Historically significant is the year 1893. Disciples in the state then numbered less than 7,000. Their Sunday school enrollment totalled 2,051. Their combined church property was valued at $25,650. In Pitt County they were relatively well entrenched with nine churches, all rural. These nine had 870 members, while in five ad- joining counties, Beaufort, Craven, Greene, Lenoir, and Martin, were 38 other congregations with 3,190 in fellow- ship. Modern surveys were to show that of the students 1. Christian Standard, 1897, p. 19. 2. Sherwood Eddy, Highty Adventurous Years (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955), p. 46. 50 CAROLINA CHRISTIAN COLLEGE 51 from Disciple homes going to any college, only ten per cent would go to Disciple institutions.’ Even at that low average a Pitt County school, under Disciple auspices, might have an encouraging chance. Sixteen years before, in 1877, American Disciples had a total of twenty-four ‘‘regularly chartered institutions of learning,’’ scattered through eleven states. Nine of these were in Kentucky, eight were west of the Missis- Sippi, and only two (Florence, Ala., and Thorp Spring, Tex.) were in ‘‘the late Confederate States.’’ Al- together the 24 enrolled 2,915 students, classified as follows: 20 per cent, ‘‘preparatory’’; 30 per cent ‘‘irreg- ular, or special courses’’; and 50 per cent ‘‘about equally divided among the classical, scientific, and literary courses.’** Today only ten of these twenty-four in- stitutions of 1877 survive. In the World Almanac covering the year 1893, there are listed, ‘‘ Principal Universities and Colleges of the United States.”’ This gives eight Disciple institutions with a total student body of 3,867; 169 instructors; 46,200 volumes in all of their libraries; and 3,601 alumni. This represented two thirds of a million American Dis- ciples, in over 7,000 churches. Clearly, in education, this fast-growing church had not come into its own. § 2 After eighteen months of casting about for ‘‘strikes,’’ the convention trustees met in Ayden on April 19, 1893. It was in the flowering springtime. The local townsmen gathered for greetings, and a neighbor from Greenville, former Governer Thomas J. Jarvis, perennial friend of education, gave a heart-lifting speech. The trustees accepted the only offer before them, that of Ayden’s $100 in cash and five acres of land given by W. H. Harris and J. 8. Hines. Later for $250 they bought five adjoin- ing acres to complete their ten-acre campus. Neatly _ 8. Educational Beginnings, pamphlet published by The College Associa- tion of Disciples of Christ, 1936, p. 23. 4. The Year-Book of Education, 1877, eds. Kiddle and Schem, p. 45. OLIVIA RANEY LIBRARY Raleigh, N.O. 52 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE named Carolina Christian College, it was more than an alliteration—it was a whisper of hope. The new school was to open with seventeen students in the new village on September 18, 1893.° Full enrollment for the year was 75. Folks on the fertile farmlands of Pitt, south of the Tar River, long considered the coming of ‘‘the romance of the rails,’’ to enrich their contacts with the trading world. With dreamy expectancy a post office, Ayden, was set up in 1884, at a likely crossroads nine miles south of Greenville. The village was incorporated in 1890, and was a station on the Kinston branch of the W. and W. R. R. A press agent said it was named for the Garden of Eden because of ‘‘nestling in the bosom of a paradise of agricultural glory.’’* There were already twenty-five post offices named Eden, including one in Randolph County, North Carolina. But this ‘‘Eden’’ in Pitt was not to lose its paradise by such handicap. Euphonious alteration for the first syllable would do nicely. It is still the only Ayden in America, while the rural routes have cut the Edens to a bare sixteen. Nine have perished by carburetted speed. Ayden, originally laid off on the lands of W. H. Harris, soon became a trade center with eleven mercantile stores, and a steam mill. There was one resident physician. Giving cultural lift were the two schools, Carolina Chris- tian College and the Free Will Baptist Seminary, founded in 1896. Of the town’s population of 300 in 1893, Disciples of Christ formed a prosperous segment. Their first bank was officered completely by Disciples. Ayden Christian Church was organized in 1893 in their college building with 32 charter members by Peter S. Swain, a ministerial student there. The convention ap- pointed seven trustees to function by rotation in ad- ministering Carolina Christian College. The first seven 5. The Watch Tower, April 15, 1894, p. 4. 6. Pitt County ed., Raleigh News and Observer, Sept. 8, 1907, p. 24. CAROLINA CHRISTIAN COLLEGE 53 were: from Ayden, Jesse Cannon, Caleb Cannon, J. R. Tingle and R. W. Smith; from Wilson, Moses T. Moye; from Snow Hill, I. L. Chestnutt; and from Kinston, C. W. Howard. Others serving included: from Falkland, Willis R. Williams; from Jamesville, 8S. L. Wallace ; from Greenville, Elbert A. Moye; and from Ayden, M. F. Sumrell, A. R. Holton, and Dr. Joseph Dixon.’ Abram J. Moye was financial agent. The property was deeded to The North Carolina Christian Missionary Convention, and valued at $1,500 after the first buildings were erected. Later to facilitate safe financial adjustments, stock was issued and bought mainly by Ayden Disciples, with the convention holding twenty shares. § 3 During the five short months from April to September, 1893, there was to be provided the plant, the equipment, and the support. Nothing toward this could come from Carolina Institute, where Principal Rightsell and his wife had enrolled 61 pupils the year before. Nothing, that is, except the transfer of faculty which would have to be doubled. Also a student or two would trail along. Manifestly, efficient workers for the Ayden opening were needed in all phases of the preparation. An unfinished two-story frame building and a separate music room were provided and occupied for the calen- dared start.’ It was in a beautiful oak grove ‘‘on the eastern side of the town less than one-fourth mile from the depot.’? By the first commencement the original building was completed. Later a recitation building 20 x 32 feet was built alongside, at a cost of about $700. Then an auditorium 28 x 58 feet, seating 350, was made of the first floor of the initial building. Principal Man- ning said: ‘‘The school has increased to such an extent as to make additional room necessary.’’ C. W. Howard, 7. Minutes of Disciples’ State Conventions, 1894-1902. 8. Catalogue, C. C. College, 1895. 54 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE a trustee, pronounced it ‘‘a very convenient and comfort- able school building.’’ Later, in the closing year, 1902- 03, a ‘‘handsome dormitory’”’ to ‘‘accommodate 40 board- ing pupils’’ was erected at a cost of $2,000. Among the gifts was a piano from Henry C. Bowen. The Bowens have been giving pianos, in like manner, for sixty years, from Carolina Christian College to Camp Caroline. Books were given by three preachers and maps by two friends. April, 1894, was the month agreed for church offerings for this brotherhood school. First in history was the three dollars remitted promptly that month by Scranton Church in Hyde County.® An early visitor from there had seen the school and knew something about it. As announced by J. J. Harper, the first endowment gift, $500, was from Col. A. T. Uzzle of Wilsons Mills in 1897.%° Each $30 annuity from this was given to the Bible Department at Carolina Christian College, which reported a maximum of twelve ministerial students there in 1900. Disciple youth at Pantego Convention pledged through their Christian Endeavor Societies, ‘‘to raise the mort- gage indebtedness hanging over’’ C. C. College. The appointed day for this special offering was February 22, 1898, after which ‘‘the mortgage papers will be burned.’’* The amount of this proposed giving I do not know. Two terms of eighteen weeks each made the school year. Tuition was one to three dollars per month; board- ing in private homes, eight dollars per month. Sixty-five was passing grade. Students were required to attend daily chapel, and some religious service of their choice each Lord’s Day. ‘‘Prudence and good behavior’’ were expected of all students. Detailed yearly reports by trustees showed total annual income for 1897 of $864.11, for enrollment of 129; for 1898, $775, for enrollment of 140—a miracle of the diminishing shoestring. 9. The Watch Tower, April 15, 1894, p. 4. 10. Minutes, 1897, p. 5. 11. The Watch Tower, Jan. 29, 1898, p. 2. CAROLINA CHRISTIAN COLLEGE §$ 4 The entire teaching personnel throughout the ten years was evidently praiseworthy. At any rate those who knew, by association or as objective observers, thought so and were articulate about it. This and the personal satisfaction in work well done were the chief compen- sations of these educators. Their pocket pay was a paltry pittance. It was such a trifle that no record of it remains for posterity’s audit. But it was a time of thrift—tenacious, and unashamed—with an agrarian live-at-home economy. There was a gracious sharing of things to eat by brotherly lords of the soil. Merry was the teacher’s festive board with food donations. Not even a trace of complaint by any of these teachers is of record. However, the burden may have been too great for the first principal’s young wife, who died after the first two years at Ayden. She was a great-granddaugh- ter of Jesse Rountree (1765-1831), soldier of the Ameri- can Revolution, and head of a noted ‘‘first family’’ of North Carolina Disciples. Principals at Carolina Christian College were: L. T. Rightsell, 1893-1896; A. F. Moon, 1896-1898; and Asa J. Manning, 1899-1903. Succeeding the first, who has al- ready been sketched, was Albert Foster Moon. He was born in Walton County, Georgia, January 15, 1859, and died at Arlington, Virginia, April 6, 1941. Graduating at Emory College, Oxford, Georgia, in 1884, he taught, before coming to Ayden, North Carolina, at Burritt Col- lege, Spencer, Tennessee, where Alvinzi Gano Thomas presided. Asa James Manning was born near Jamesville, N. C., December 9, 1869, and died at his Williamston, N. C., home, July 10, 1927. He attended Vine Hill Male Academy, Scotland Neck, N. C., and Shenandoah Normal College, Reliance, Virginia. Teaching in the public schools for fifteen years, he served also for nine years as superintendent of schools in Martin County, N. C. Ordained to the Disciple ministry in 1907 he held long 56 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE pastorates in rural churches and in Williamston. He married Blanche Hodges in January, 1900. Their chil- dren included two daughters, Ruth and Grace, and five sons: James C., Robert, Henry S., A. J., Jr., and Charles. At the time of his passing, it was said: ‘‘he has buried and married more people than any man in the county [Martin].’’ Further: he ‘‘always brightened the path, no matter how dark, by the lamp of faith.’’ Serving respectively at appointed times as assistants to the principals, 1893-1903, were: piano, Mollie Winfield ; voice, P. S. Swain; Bible, J. R. Tingle; primary, Mrs. L. T. Rightsell; music and art, Almeda Kennedy; lady principal and teacher of English, Mrs. A. F. Moon; French, Marie E. Hill; music, geography, and history, Myrtie Moon; Latin, French, bookkeeping, and mathe- matics, Stancill Hodges; piano and voice, Maude Koonce; primary, Mrs. Minnie Manning; English and elocution, Lizzie Anderson; primary and Latin, Ruth Dawson. Some of the above personnel were university-trained at Chapel Hill, Greencastle, Lexington, and Nashville. They were of a type then found in many academies. Visitors took occasion to boost the school. J. L. Win- field, the reputed founder, came in 1894, and said of Rightsell: ‘‘His ripe scholarship, high moral and Chris- tian culture, qualify him to turn out sound intellectual boys and girls.’? Prophetically he challenged: ‘‘Where are the young men in the state thirsting for an education and have not means to pay exorbitant prices? Here is the open door. Now is the golden opportunity!’’” Speaking of the environment, Dr. W. H. Cobb said: ‘*Quiet, moral influences abound; board is cheap and good; the water is pure; the people of Ayden, social and kind, abound in good works.’** W. G. Johnston, Kin- ston Disciple minister, held: ‘‘Our small school at Ayden 12. Ibid., April 15, 1894, p. 4. 13. Ibid., Nov. 1, 1895, p. 6. CaroLINA CHRISTIAN COLLEGE 57 seems to be taking on new life. We have plenty of strength to enable it to do great good.’’ B. H. Melton, Disciple pastor at Wilson, said, ‘‘The spiritual life of this school is as good as I have ever seen. The heart is educated as well as the head.’’ §5 The curricular complex at Ayden is seen in its cata- logues. Of these the Carolina Discipliana Library, at Wilson, has the only copies so far as I know. There were three departments, primary, intermediate, and col- legiate. Five subjects were scheduled, time indeter- minate, in the primary; twenty-six subjects for three years in the intermediate; and thirty-six subjects for four years in the collegiate. Four or five teachers were to handle this. The subjects were freely intermitted, and well staggered through the varying terms. Moreover, Greek and bookkeeping were elective studies. This was “*helieved to be up to the standard of the educational institutions already in existence.’’ In the last years of the school, Principal Manning taught a normal course. Significant cultural aids were the literary societies: Philolethean for women; and Zeta Sigma for men. The policy was coeducational, and the attendance was preponderantly local. In 1894-1895, there were 30 men and 50 women, of whom 76 were from Ayden and Pitt County. In 1897-1898, there were 73 men and 56 women, of whom 115 were from Ayden and Pitt County. The Spring commencements overflowed with radiant fellow- ship, ‘‘entertaining’’ large community gatherings. May, 1902, marked the close, said Principal Manning, of ‘‘the best year in the history of the school,’’ when 160 stu- dents were enrolled, ‘‘an increase all along the line.’’* 14. Ibid., June 6, 1902, p. 6. A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE § 6 With a growing sense of its necessity, Carolina Dis- ciple leaders sought to ground their leadership training at home. W. G. Johnston observed in 1898 that North Carolina ‘‘has sent out some splendid preaching talent in the past,’’ but sent it ‘‘so far that not many return to take regular work in the State.’’ Hence the ‘‘Bible Department’’ was projected at the Ayden school to meet an appreciable need. Thomas Smith Grimke (1786-1834; Yale, 1807), of Charleston, South Carolina, was a notable reformer. Brilliantly and cogently he contended for the thesis that “*the Bible ought to be a prominent and never-ceasing part of all education from the primary school to the uni- versity.’’ This he sadly knew was ‘‘adverse to the the- ory and practice of all existing institutions.’** This indeed was made a curricular cornerstone at the start of Bethany College, on the Buffalo, in 1841. President J. B. Shearer, of Davidson College, North Carolina, in the State Teachers’ Assembly at Morehead City, July, 1899, offered a resolution which recommended that ‘‘the Bible be used as a reading book in the primary classes of all schools, public and private, and that Bible history be taught in the higher classes, and if necessary that the General Assembly of North Carolina be overtured to prescribe the same in all public schools.’’ At The College of the Bible, Lexington, Kentucky, John William McGarvey, who had been trained at Beth- any College, taught sacred history for forty-six years by this textual principle. There J. R. Tingle prepared in 1887-1888 to head the Bible course at Ayden a few years later. Tingle (1858-1928) was born at Arapahoe, North Carolina, reared under the ministry of Dr. J. T. Walsh, and gave 45 years of constructive Disciple leader- ship in his native state. It was a two-year Course of 15. Hapediency and Duty of Adopting the Bible as a Class Book, 96- page pamphlet, Charleston, S. C., 1830. CAROLINA CHRISTIAN COLLEGE 59 Study, with two terms each year. Tingle said: ‘‘The Bible will be the textbook, but every student will need Lands of the Bible; Josephus’ Complete Works; and a Bible dictionary.’’ Tuition was free to his students in his course, and at half-rate for their other schoolwork. Board was seven dollars per month. Seventy-five was passing grade. In the late 1890’s Tingle did not teach during his term as superintendent of schools in Pitt County. At the start of the Ayden venture, J. L. Winfield had warned: ‘‘Don’t expect to see a state university the first year. ... Give the good seed planted time to ger- minate. Have patience and a sprinkling of faith.’’’ After six years of development, C. W. Howard, a trustee, said: ‘‘I believe the school is now a success. And while it is not the college that the name implies, it is a college in its infaney.’”” At the convention in 1896, at Washington, N. C., there was an open forum on paying accrued convention debts at Ayden. It was then suggested that Carolina Chris- tian College be consolidated with Kinsey at LaGrange. Even then Kinsey was on the way to the Wilson loca- tion. It was the trending of a realizable dream. 16. The Watch Tower, April 15, 1894, p. 4. 17. Ibid., Oct. 18, 1899, p. 5. CHAPTER V **More Starety Mansrons”’ §1 Oddly, Carolina Christian College was parochially iso- lated from its American brotherhood by mischance. National Disciple Year Books for 1895 and 1897 each carried a ‘‘Schedule of Universities, Colleges, Institutes, and Schools,’’ affiliated with that communion. Nothing from Carolina is listed. Listed in 1895 are 41 institu. tions in 12 states ; in 1897, 43 in 15 states. Peter S. Swain in 1895 was corresponding secretary of The North Caro- lina Christian Missionary Convention, which owned the Ayden property. He was a highly respected student at Ayden, and could have reported directly from the scene. This it was his prerogative to do, but in all probability he was unaware of it. The occasional Year Books of the 1890’s were prepared by Gustavus Adolphus Hoffman (1847-1937), and issued by The American Christian Missionary So- ciety. Obviously the Carolina project was not on their mailing list. Thus the annual reports from this coopera- tive brotherhood school for its ten years are oblivious by default—a case of undesigned ‘‘localitis.’’ State pride reacted to this acutely. This chapter is meant to reflect, authentically, the turn of events. Surveying concretely the 43 Disciple educational units tabulated in the Year Book of 1897, there is discernible no just cause for the omission of Ayden.’ Listed are five universities, twenty-four colleges, and fourteen institutes and schools, all founded from 1836 to 1895. Of these forty-three as recorded in the table, Ayden equaled or 1. The American Home Missionary, Cincinnati, O., Jan.-Feb., 1897, Vol. 3, Nos. 1 and 2, p. 49. 60 “More Statety Mansions’’ 61 exceeded 28 in number of students; 14 in number of teachers ; 22 in the amount of endowment; 16 in the num- ber of ministerial students; and 11 in the number of alumni. Quantitatively this was a good showing, and likewise, qualitatively, by all odds the story was similar. But the world outside Carolina was to know little or nothing of it. This hole in their public relations occa- sioned an emotional build-up for a reversionary tack. § 2 Among North Carolina Disciples in 1901, there was an atmosphere favorable to concerted action for reach- ing an educational objective which would at once gratify Disciple pride and test their beneficence in continuity. They must needs advance the sacrificial way. Some, however, may have dreamed of a fortuitous landfall. At home an excellent medium was The Watch Tower, an eight-page, four-column weekly. It was entirely cooper- ative, edited natively by Dennis Wrighter Davis, of Greenville, and later by Joseph Daniel Waters, of Wash- ington. These men had been trained by John W. Me- Garvey, of Lexington, Kentucky, world-famous Bible teacher and ardent promoter of co-operative missions. Daniel Esten Motley (Ph.D., Johns-Hopkins, 1899) was the Disciple state evangelist in North Carolina, 1900- 1901. He had a resourceful position to exploit in Caro- lina the educational dream of the new-born twentieth century. Of Carolina Christian College, he said: ‘*Who knows but that it is the beginning of great things ?’’ But, he added: ‘‘It is my positive belief that the Chris- tian Church of our state will not go on to much higher and greater things until we have an able educational institution to help us .. . equal to any in the state.’’ Further, he confessed: ‘‘I believe it will be a sin for Some of us who see so clearly the need of it, if we do not 62 A History or ATLantic CHrRistiAN CoLLEGE do all in our power to get it.’ Motley was commence- ment speaker at Ayden in 1900. There, prophetically, he concluded: ‘‘In a vision that shall be more than a vision, I see yonder in one of our beautiful North Caro- lina towns, a Christian College with an able and Chris- tian faculty. To our College I see young men and women gathering from all parts of the state and from South Carolina and Georgia, spending years in hallowed asso- ciation, developing their God-given powers and prepar- ing themselves for life’s great work.’ This was timely eloquence, and well reported for eager readers. Meeting Joseph Kinsey at Wilson for the first time on March 10, 1901, Motley remarked: ‘‘His heart is full of his school work and he is doing all he can for educa- tion.’’* § 3 On October 4, 1901, it was reported in The Watch Tower: ‘‘Bro, Kinsey’s health is so poor that he can- not run the Kinsey seminary. The truth is Bro. Kinsey has had to do too much work both physically and men- tally.’” Whereupon the seminary trustees offered the building for negotiation with the local publie school board.’ A previous legislative act provided for the financing of a new building when needed by the local high school at Wilson. This potential facility was pre- ferred to that of the seminary. Thus the way opened for a deal with Disciples. The Wilson Times, October 18, 1901, announced that purchase of the seminary would be seriously considered by the forthcoming annual meeting of The North Caro- lina Christian Missionary Convention at Kinston. The Wilson Educational Association named two conditions. 2. The Watch Tower, June 7, 1901, p. 3. 3. Ibid., June 8, 1900, p. 3. 4. Ibid., March 15, 1901, p. 1. 5. In Minutes of Wilson School Board, 1901, on file in Wilson County Public Library. ‘‘More Sratrety Mansions’’ The seminary’s debts were to be paid within six months, and a ‘‘high-grade’’ school must be maintained on the premises for ten years. The latter condition was re- moved shortly after the purchase. As materially worked out, the over-all cost was $9,000, but in addition this represented a net gift estimated at $14,000 by the Wilson Educational Association. For the occasion it was an attractive proposition indeed. The editor of The Wilson Times said: . The entire town, irrespective of sect or ereed would be de- lighted for the Christian Church to locate its school in our midst. . .. We sincerely hope that it [the Kinston Convention] will with great enthusiasm accept the very liberal proposition of our citizens. The Convention did accept. Drafting the enabling res- olution adopted at Kinston, October 31, 1901, were: D. W. Davis, B. H. Melton, W. J. Crumpler, E. A. Moye, and Dr. H. D. Harper, Sr. This committee said that it was a bona fide offer of ‘‘a valuable school property upon terms that are exceedingly liberal,’’ and there- With ‘‘the Christian Church should build up in North Carolina a great institution of learning . . . conducted under auspices and control of the... North Carolina Christian Missionary Convention.’” The climactic procedure followed the age-old demo- cratic pattern of representative Disciple assemblies. Crusader Motley’s ‘‘most thrilling address’’ was fol- lowed by eight impromptu talks, sustaining with much warmth the identical educational cause. Then the af- firmative vote registered by standing. None opposed. It was an epochal decision. The leaders surely knew that throughout the fellowship at large there would be formidable inertia to overcome. But on the scene there was nought but blissful harmony, with no entanglement of dissent. 6. Disciples’ State Convention Minutes, 1901, p. 18. 64. A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE Two visiting out-of-state educators observing the drama with interest, were Burrus A. Jenkins, president of Kentucky University (Transylvania), and A. McLean, former president of Bethany College. Two other noted visitors were B. A. Abbott, and Benjamin Lyon Smith. These men liked to come to Carolina. Something at- tractive, inspiring, permeated the Conventions. The Raleigh, N. C. News and Observer promptly con- gratulating this Convention said: They have purchased a handsome brick property that cost more than $25,000, admirably equipped with every modern con- venience and built for college purposes. There are few build- ings in the south so well built and so perfectly arranged for the establishment of a great institution of learning for this pro- gressive people.” The board handling the purchase promptly had an executive session, on November 15. J. J. Harper was chairman. He suggested the name Atlantic Christian College. It was adopted, and accepted generally since it was currently the only college of the type in this coastal area. Harper was elected chancellor, to be gen- eral assistant to the forthcoming president. Deed for the college is of record November 22, 1901, from The Wilson Educational Association to the nine men, as trustees who were then serving on the Con- vention’s Board of Managers.* The college was incor- porated on May 1, 1902, and the number of trustees raised to fifteen, to be appointed rotation-wise by the Disciples’ annual State Convention. The chartered name is Atlantic Christian College, Incorporated. Article IT of its constitution and by-laws, says: Its object shall be the dissemination of knowledge, religious, scientific, and practical, to white persons of both sexes, in all branches usually taught in colleges, and such as are necessary to meet the requirements of advancing Christian civilization and enlightenment. 7. Quoted The Watch Tower, Nov. 8, 1901, p. i. 8. In Deed Book 62, pp. 26-31 in Wilson Courthouse. je E a on = . . eee bean Page, rare pamphlet in Carolina Discipliana Library. U Ing was both host and instructor of Alexander Campbell, in 1808, at lversity of Glasgow, in Scotland. ‘ Greville rO THE, SEVERAL CHURCHES REPRESENTED IN CONVENTION. you, and peace from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ.” Be tovep BreTuxen :—In consequence of the anti-christian course, most rigorously pursued towards us, by those with whom we have, associated, we met in convention, a cording to previ- :-HLouse, Lenoir County, i's day in Mareh, 1834. explanatory remarks, relative to the necessity and object VEN EAN eee tens Pet tenn We tes ees 9 eens a ones ; Announcement, January, 1838, of the first Carolina HUR ES WHERE SITUATED. | DELEGATION PRESENT. school under Disciple auspices. Liverett, teacher-min- | ister, and Captain 8S. G. Earle, landlord-sponsor were Disciples. Beaufort County. John Leggitt. Edwin Gorham. Letter by J. Leggitt. f > LE scHoOO Ww Benjamin F, Ebron, FEMALE SCHOOL, WI William Clark. I . > Charles J. Rountree, Willie Nobles, Isaac Baldree, A. Congleton, Walter Dunn, Orlando Canfield, Arthur Tull, James 8. Desmond, 1 J. P. Dunn. named brethren agreed to f God, recorded in the vealed, the only legitimate he disciples of Jesus Christ. very thing written since the canoni- t, as of any authority in the kingdom forms us is not of this world—John xviii. ur Immanuel is the rightful Sovereign, of which, the New Testament contains First page of the four-page printed record authorized by the first repre- ; ‘ , Rec é f / -rtiseme ‘or first North Carolina Disciple school. sentative assembly, North Carolina Disciples of Christ. Advertisement for first No judi Xs Dr. and Mrs. W. H. Hughart were Disciples. GAROLINA Christian College Session Begins Sept. 18, 1893. FACULTY. Prof. L. T. Rightsell, A. M., Principal. Mrs. L. T. Rightsell, - - Assistant. Miss Mollie Winfield, - - Inst. Musie. P. 8S. Swain, - - - - - Voeal Music. J. R. Tingle, - - - Sacred History. Drill in Military Tactics by Principal. Washington, N. C.: The Watch-Tower Presses. Last page of the two-page announcement of the Kinsey-Foy school, First page of the initial catalogue of the Disciple Pleasant Hill, Jones County, N. C., which opened July 13, 1868. school at Ayden, N. C. Group, Carolina Christian College, Ayden, N. C it Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Kinsey Atiantic Christian Collece, es of North Cerotina a Co-educational nstraetion in the following scl Owner Instituti Preparatory; Bible; Ancient Languages and Literat d Literature; Moglish Languas« and Literature: ties Philosophy, Ethies and La yic; Political | y; Expression and Vhysival Ou tare; Music: Fir FACULTY OF SPECIALIST ises very reasonable ~—Conrses leading ty Academic anc grees.-~-Liberal Mleetive and Post Graduate cours School Opens September 3rd, 1902 ther information apply to TAN Ws First newspaper advertisement of Atlantic Christian College June, 1902 ““MorEr Statrety MansIons’’ § 4 The question before the first executive board meeting was: Who shall be elected college president? Daniel Motley was well known throughout the state for his eloquent agitation of the issue, while evangelizing and serving the Asheville pastorate during the successful completion of their first church plant. He was thus a logical choice. About eastern Carolina he said: ‘‘I feel at home in this level country of sand and pines—how could one feel otherwise when the people are so kind and there is so much work to do?’” He was born in 1870, near Chatham, Virginia. His father, Bedford A. Motley, was a war veteran of the 1860’s. Daniel spent altogether twenty-one years in school (1878-1899), and in his youth was bookkeeper and purchaser of goods for his father’s store at Chatham. Receiving his B.S. and A.B. at Milligan College, Ten- nessee, 1894, he was valedictorian of his class. On a three-year scholarship at Johns Hopkins, he earned his Ph.D. degree there in 1899. He was a brilliant student, winning special prominence in philosophy. Ordained to the Disciple ministry in 1893, he evangelized and held temporary pastorates in Virginia and North Carolina. In 1902 he married Stella Bullard, of Texarkana, Texas, a daughter of W. S. Bullard, and granddaughter of Chester Bullard. After preaching the baccalaureate for the Milligan Class of 1901, he declared: ‘‘ At Milligan can be found some of the best of human life—a spirit that is invin- cible .. . it commends itself to the best that is in you.’’” This experience, added to that of Ayden the year before, evoked his saying: ‘‘I feel the need more and more of [our] having a good college in North Carolina.’’ But Motley declined the call to Wilson. Another situation was beckoning. He removed on January 1, 1902, to the 9. The Watch Tower, Feb. 8, 1901, p. 1. 10. Ibid., May 31, 1901, p. 3. 74 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE national city, and within two months had ‘‘traveled in eleven states in the interest of Christian College to be in Washington, D. C.’’ He urged: ‘‘The need of a col- lege here is great indeed—is something terrific.’"* His school lasted ten years and trained some worthy leaders before its passing in financial prostration. An indomitable Disciple crusader for higher educa- tion in ‘‘the new South’’ was Josephus Hopwood (1843- 1935), native Kentuckian and coming to Tennessee by way of Illinois and Iowa. He founded Buffalo Institute (Milligan College), 1878; ‘Virginia Christian College (Lynchburg), 1903; and Lamar College, near Stone Mountain, Georgia, 1913. The last-named perished but his great spirit abides in the first two which have flour- ished through the decades. Furthermore, at Milligan he nurtured a vision and a dynamic outreach for plant- ing educational outposts in the advancing Southeast. Motley was but a step ahead of Hopwood in his dream for Carolina. Next the trustees called for president James Caswell Coggins of Decatur, Illinois. He accepted. He was born at Bee Tree, ten miles east of Asheville, on March 3, 1865. He attended Newton Academy in Asheville; grad- uated at Milligan in 1894; was a graduate student at the University of Chicago, 1894-95; received the LL.D. de- gree, Nashville College, June, 1900, and A.M. degree from both Christian University and Bethany; and Ph.D. from American University at Harriman, Tennessee. It was said that he was a ‘‘most thoroughly educated man.’’” Coggins wrote as follows about his birthplace: There is something very peculiar and inexplicable about the little dell known as Bee Tree. . . . It is said to be filled with a strange power resident in the air. As the traveler or tourist approaches the invisible line at once he becomes conscious of an invisible power taking possession of his entire being. He involuntarily begins to quote passages of scripture, and soon 11. Christian Guide, Louisville, Ky., Feb. 26, 1902, p. 4. 12. The Watch Tower, Feb. 7, 1902, p. 1. “‘More SrareLy Mansions’’ 15 he ean recite whole chapters. And by the time he passes through the valley he will have quoted nearly all the Bible, and preached a sermon or two. Should he reside any length of time in there he will be a preacher.** The new president spent ten days, early in 1902, in the Wilson Christian parsonage as guest of B. H. Melton. Melton, publicizing Coggins, said: ‘He is six feet high, weighs 185 pounds ... is a preacher of unusual power . .. knows the Bible and .. . can teach it in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, or English, whichever you prefer... and takes up this college work at less than half the salary his church [Decatur, Ill] is paying him.’’ Melton added that until September, 1902, Coggins would share his time equally in evangelizing service and promotion of the col- lege.** In his first press release, Coggins said: The office of teacher is a sacred trust. For upon him depends in a large degree the destiny of those trained under his direction. _. . We will have teachers who will honor God and bless hu- manity, teachers we can trust, whose intellects and consciences are working in harmony . . . to bring out the angel forms from the granite slab of character.*® An early promotional visit of Coggins to the Kinston chureh occasioned Johnston, the pastor, to say: Our President disappointed us not, but greatly pleased and instructed us. . . . He proposes to put the school on a high plane from the very beginning. . . . It is to be a real college. This ought to encourage our people. Our school will enlarge us in the way of giving.** J. S. Basnight, a Trustee, said in 1902: I am proud of Atlantic Christian College. This property was worth when our Convention purchased it three times more than we paid for it. The college is now finely equipped; the faculty is second to none in the state.’ 13. Christian Standard, Cincinnati, O., June 22, 1901, p. 795. 14. The Watch Tower, Feb. 7, 1902, p. 1. 15. Ibid., March 21, 1902, p. 4. 16. Ibid., March 28, 1902, p. 2. 17. Ibid., July 11, 1902, p. 1. 76 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE The health record at Wilson was a known asset. Throughout the four years of Kinsey Seminary there, the students had not so much as one case of serious illness.78 $5 On May 9, 1902, the president announced the faculty roster. Quotations are from Coggins’ printed com- mendations of his initial colleagues." Abdullah Ben Kori, from Illinois, native Syrian, trained at Rome, Italy, Hiram College, and Drake Uni- versity. ‘‘He is one of the finest linguists in America having mastered eleven and fluently speaks ten different languages.”’ Ruth Alderman ‘‘is easily one of the ablest scholars in Kansas.’’ She was to teach German, French and English. Luther Reie Shockey, of Illinois, who sees music in everything. His ocean of music whose waves beat the k sublime masterpieces of eloquence.’’ Adele Martin, of Illinois, ‘‘spent several years under some of the finest and most accomplished specialists in 1 - . She is in great demand in that city as a soloist. ’’ Glenn Gates Cole, of Ohio, ‘‘has taught mathematics, science, and civil engineering in two colleges ... and is recognized as one of the best all-round men in the State of Ohio.’’ Ethel McDiarmid, of Virginia, ‘‘a three-year student and graduate of the Emerson College of oratory, the leading institution of its kind in the world.’’ She, how- ever, did not come until 1918 when she was Mrs. Fred F. Grim. In her stead in 1902 came Christine Arnberg, a classmate of Miss McDiarmid at the Boston, Mass., school. 18. Ibid., Aug. 8, 1902, p. 4 p. 19. Ibid., May 9, 1902, 6. ‘*More Statety Mansions’’ 17 Bessie Rouse, ‘‘Garden Spot’’ Tarheel, ‘‘favorably known as one of the most-cultured, most-talented, and best-educated ladies in North Carolina.’’ In conclusion, said Coggins, ‘‘The citizens of Wilson will certainly appreciate the kind of talent which this able faculty represents.”’ § 6 Courses of study were departmentalized as ten Schools. By catalogue sequence these were: English, Modern Languages, Ancient Languages, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Oriental Languages, Piano, Voice, Art, and Oratory. There were also two three-year courses, English, and classical, set up for ministerial students. In the English, a diploma would be given at completion, and in the classical, the B.S., A.B., or B.D. degree would be respectively conferred. Also offered were postgrad- uate advanced courses, for qualified attainment of M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. §7 The initial opening of Atlantic Christian College was on Wednesday, September 3, 1902. Student registration the first day numbered 107, of whom 20 were men and 87 were women. Enrollment for the entire year totaled 218, representing ten States: Illinois, Kansas, New York, North Carolina, Montana, Ohio, Virginia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. The earned B.S. degree was given to Ada Tyson, the first graduate, in 1903. Stu- dents organized three literary societies: Alethian, Hes- perian, and Demosthenian. First matriculate of record on the opening day at the college was Clyde Watson, of Wilson, N. C., now Mrs. J. L. Clements, of North Wilkesboro, N. C. I asked her to give us a reminiscence of 1902.” 20. Personal letter to the author dated April 12, 1955. 78 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE She responded: I remember that I attended as a day student for a time and later as a boarding student. When I became a boarding stu- dent, the school was so filled that there was not a room for me and I was assigned to room with a teacher, Miss Ada Tyson, who was very nice to me. I was most grateful to my father [Kinchen H. Watson], for sending me as a boarding student— it proved to be a very happy year. One outstanding recollection I have of the college is of the piano teacher, Professor L. R. Shockey. He seemed to make the greatest impression on the school and the town, for not only the college students wanted to take lessons from him but many ladies from in town. He wore his hair long, was very tall and handsome, and apparently thought so well of himself that he seldom spoke to any of us if he could avoid it. He announced that he would not give any of the piano students a piece until certain finger exercises were learned perfectly. All practiced diligently, and finally in late November he gave me my first piece, ‘‘The Flower Song,’’ by Lange. Another teacher I remember as liking so much was my ex- pression teacher, Miss Christine Arnberg. She impressed me as being very charming. By the way, she seemed to be the only person that Professor Shockey had any time for. There was a Greek class of which I was a member for a time. We were very young and why we were studying Greek, I do not know unless we were out for the unusual. I don’t recall that we learned anything and no doubt we were a trial to the teacher who was a young preacher. There were some very nice young men attending the school and when we were given ‘‘a social hour’’ boys and girls enjoyed talking together. J. Walter Reynolds, ministerial student at Wilson, re- ported high lights of the first week. ‘It is an evident fact,’’ he said, ‘‘that the college is now a success.’’ Sun- day sermons, September 7, by Melton and Coggins made “fa great day for the college and the church.’ Melton’s ‘was a masterpiece of thought, logic, and eloquence. Many of his friends said it was one of the greatest efforts of his life.’’ Coggins’ ‘‘address was timely and great. . . - He declared that the Bible was the grandest text- book of the world.’’* 21. The Watch Tower, Sept. 19, 1902, p. 1. ‘‘More SraTety MansIons’’ i i llege board in May, At the executive meeting of the co : 1903 Roatiie was re-elected president for the pope | school year.” Glenn Cole, Luther Shockey, and Abdulla ae mage one Ben Kori were named as continuing professors, whi i vere to be procured in sea- the remainder of the faculty w Mi Beal ghorepgrbool yo lding for boys at a cost d, however, before this son by President Coggins. build ‘‘a modern dormitory bul of $10,000.’’ Hight years elapse building was erected. 22. Ibid., May 29, 1903, p. 2. CHAPTER VI ORDEAL $1 President Coggins announced that the second year at Atlantic Christian College would begin September 12, provided for four years in prepara- tory, and four years in college with thirteen depart- ments: English and History, Mathematics, Science, Pedagogy, Ancient Languages, Modern Languages, Piano, Stringed Instruments, Voice, Art, Bible, Oratory, and Business. Correspondence courses were catalogued for those in absentia, and physical education was to be given in ‘‘calisthenical drills.’’ “‘The Bible Department will be first class this year,’’ Coggins said, since he had engaged D. R. Dungan, ‘‘one of the world’s ablest writers,’’ for a series of lectures. Kori had left, and his ancient languages would be taught by J. A. Shoptaugh, *‘recognized as one of the best schol- ars and one of the ablest preachers in the state of Texas.’’ An overflow attendance was expected. The release of the catalogue had been delayed, he explained, by ‘‘the necessity of securing so many new teachers,’’ who were to care for the ‘large family of North Caro- lina’s brightest and purest children,’” § 2 The Disciples had mainly arisen on the American frontier. Long after the passing of it, they yet main- tained the characteristic frontier approach to educa- tion. There was inherent hazard for any college thus founded. Pioneers in this field needed an honest thesis, 1. The Watch Tower, July 10, 1903, p. 1. 80 ORDEAL plainly expounded, entitled ‘‘A Guide to the F amg of Church Colleges.’’ None was available. If t oe been such a book, it would have received seant ot ion. These heroes of yesterday were bold, independen : = bued with faith. Intrinsic results were yay — gratifying, where educational efforts were he rn founded, and followed through with sacrificial dev From 1865 to 1942 a multitude of church cai sch ee in America. A survey in the latter year shows ths en , than eighty per cent failed in the period nA were Fiat ever bracketed with the dead. The chance for sag fen A school to survive was demonstrably less than one acne five. The lost ones served briefly ‘‘on stony gr ape doomed from the beginning.’” Sad as it may e “a experience-centered proportion of fetes cenotap is but factual routine for the responsible historian. Yet there is another and pulsating side to = er Consider ‘‘the words of the preacher,’’ King David, Keclesiastes 11:4. ‘ the wind will not sow; — me poy at regards the clouds will not reap. i i ial for The springs of action face an imperative, perennia f both saat and the church. For age te y- Soa tion the relatively large incidence of Tarheel 1 — punctuated the dawn of the twentieth ana Ls festly, tax-supported education stood in need of all p sible support from the church. ; A table compiled from Who’s Who ey nes luminous and positive point. It set. forth t oe =e yr names appearing in that publication —— af tables among the 40,782,500 living arg iene ee -—_ date above 21 years of age. An analysis, ope! a ous to read, but graphic and revealing, follows. Of the above number of adults, 32,862,951 were un- trained; 31 were named in the book. het, 2. John L. Davis, The Christian College Leaves the Frontier, pamp! 1942, p. 5. 82 A History or ArLantic CHristiAN COLLEGE Of the 4,682,478 having only common-school training, 808 were named. Of the 2,165,357 having only high-school training, 2,145 were named. Of 1,071,200 having had college training, 5,768 were named.® Another statement would be of interest. How many readers were passive agnostics as to the connotation of the above figures? Some educators, however, used the table for its promotional worth, howsoever it might have been appraised. The general situation for the church was no less seri- ous. From a Mississippi Disciple came the cry: “At one time we had colleges at Whitestown, Senatobia, West Point, and Macon. We do not have any now. We have to send our boys and girls to other colleges, or out of the state, which has cost us a tremendous price in leader- ship.’* J. L. Burns, Tarheel Disciple evangelist, ex- claimed: Too long have we neglected the things that make for pres- tige and power in intellectual culture among us as a people in North Carolina. Agitate, agitate, until the Disciples are the peers and leaders of intellectual force in North Carolina.® § 3 There were warnings, mild and otherwise, as to the future of Atlantic Christian College. Henry C. Bowen, The Watch Tower manager, visited Wilson in January, 1904. Apropos of the college, he said: We should beware of the reaction which usually follows the first overflow of enthusiasm and imaginary success. We are prone to allow ourselves to expect more than ean be realized. This has been just the history of the college. The work was new to all and some mistakes were made. We are learning by experience.® 3. Atlantic Christian College Catalogue, 1903. 4. The Christian Builder, Nov., 1933, p. 4. 5. The Watch Tower, Feb. 13, 1902, », 4 6. Ibid., Jan. 22, 1904, p. 1. B. H. Melton exulted in November, 1901: * _ ~~ our people are learning that it is much easier to lo a as thing than a little one. God’s people when thoroug y in earnest can do anything.’ Two a pay sg cerning the new college, Melton declared : A ral our people are doing their part grandly. The _ ay have so far done nothing. God have mercy upon t “id Divided counsel was occasionally indicated. D. aera Petree, editor of The Watch Tower, suggested ae o Ayden school property still owned by the Conven oe converted into an orphanage. He was ‘‘heartily “ad the college, but not ‘‘to the neglect of other eo needs.’? Further, he said: ‘‘There are wails 0 + norance, and wails of suffering too; and to us pig of the sufferer appeals with more power and _ * a deeper chord of sympathy.’ To this, W. G. Johnston rejoined: Fea the attendance at A. C. College has been large me first year does not argue that the college is rich ay - ale I see it, the thing for the Disciples in North Caro - a to concentrate on Atlantic Christian College and make “ ee out of it worthy the name. Would it not be swat ~~ one or two first-class things and not so many mediocrities tion of what fear many of our people have but a secant concep it takes co haat a real institution of learning. I speak frankly. Rarely an itinerant evangelist roving the won would stab regional pride with a catchy pp mscue te ample was Claris Yeuell, native of England, ho ws southern revivals, 1899 to 1903. Trenchantly he o served: It takes intelligence to be a Disciple. - peg ny Mor paid ministry is the crying me of the a — . on ce It is truly pitiful to hear the average Seé . Sic - i i tition, glittering gen , s platitude, senseless superstitt me toe Lo sound are its chief constituents. Nothing but ~? yn - the schoolmaster can remove such conditions. 7. Ibid., Nov. 29, 1901, p. 1. 8. Ibid., Jan. 24, 1902, p. 1. 9. Ibid., Feb. 6, 1902, pp. 2, 3. 10. The Christian-Evangelist, 1899, p. 244. 84 A Hisrory or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN CoLLEGE Preaching in the Al bemarle Sound area in Carolina in 1903, Yeuell reported Brethren who know the situation here say that we are on the eve of a collapse or a revolution in our ranks, Ignorance and selfishness are at the bottom of the situation in North Carolina.™ This diatribe by a transient was apparently ignored. It might have been considered merely as a flamboyant report on what looked like a disintegrating brotherhood, and as such, of course, it was cynical and misleading. Yet positively, to the wise, it has another significance. There were in truth on their extensive borders, nebulous mis- sionary potentialities, the neglect of which was even- tually to bring piognant regret to Disciple leaders. Of immediate concern to the college at Wilson, at this initial period, was the shifting of residence of ten per- sons who gave strong support to its early life. Leaving the state were: B. H. Melton, from Wilson; W. G. John- ston, from Kinston; W. E. Powell, from Greenville ; Lewis Omer, from Asheville; J. Merritt Owen, from Washington; M. §. Spear, from New Bern; J. Walter Reynolds from Plymouth; J. C. McReynolds, from Dunn ; and Daniel Motley from the State Service. Also Joseph Kinsey retired to LaGrange, to sell insurance. § 4 To pay the outstanding buildin Seminary fully, The Wi borrowed $10,000. The gs bearing notes, the time the Convention tl $9,000 and th One note, g accounts of Kinsey Ison Educational Association ecurities were in three interest- each bearing date, J anuary 15, 1898. At property was conveyed to the Disciples’ 1e entire principal had been reduced to e interest had been paid to J uly 15, 1901. and the first to be paid, was for $1,700; another 11. Ibid., 1903, p. 431. ORDEAL + . ~ ix n- for $1,500, and the remaining one was for waged bec es dition. of the transfer of property was the pa} ee these obligations by the Convention within 6 sane oe From 1901 to 1904, George Hackney, college baa ~ So ported the total cash gifts as ia ah ie Much of this cash had to be used in seasona 7 a and reconditioning of the college building. i . desc of the notes was effected by the cash proceec ae — ing operation among Disciples and friends. T ah “34 gage bonds were fully amortized by the ine 0 peer He lege commencement, 1911, when they were ‘ “ “ ee pet burned with joyful acclaim. I have — a pon na story to outline the financial panorama for the . of epic struggle. The Carolina Christian College property — Mo sold in 1903 for $500. Of this amount pny gir College inherited $140; the remaining $36 Pte he Ayden, N. C., Christian Church.” The list 0 =i os 4 to Atlantic Christian College names ome an wares few from the initial roster will show an T - ge respectively with some later gifts. a C ‘ Feu noe of Rocky Mount was one of the 20, eac o hors foes later in 1927, from his estate matured $ sateen ei gift. Another, Mrs. J. O. Proctor, of oe — a of 36, each giving $5, later made one sift ) “i pti another Mrs. Heber L. Coward, of ae — 7, each giving $1, later made a bequest yieldl a At a Charles N. Nurney, of Wilson, whose concern. ner inning is not of record, bequeathed his entire es ag $30 000, nearly twenty years later. Thus yews eycle of a redemptive tide, — panies in the ‘ rs when it was so desperately needed. at ihe early gift known as the “W.N. and iar agerics Memorial Fund,” consisted of Wilson real es : ‘ hes at $3,000. From this the interest only ee depen pensed to approved, needy students,’’ after 12. Convention Minutes, 1903, pp. . 5. : 13. The Watch Tower, Dec. 20, 1901, pD. 5. 86 A History or Ariantic Curistian CoLLEGE debt of the college shall have been paid.’"* This was later applied ‘‘to give free room rent to students pre- paring for the ministry.’’ Chancellor J. J. Harper in the canvass of 1902, appeal- ed for ‘‘an earnest cooperation that the whole debt”? might be speedily paid. Pointing to the possession of the “‘magnificent property,’’ as ‘‘an opportunity for the Dis- ciples that comes not once in a hundred years,’’ he urged, *“There must not be any flinching, dodging, or hesitating on the part of our generous people.’” Joseph Kinsey contributed an ‘‘ Educational Column,”’ appearing in a few issues of The Watch Tower. There follow a few of his briefs: We have thrust upon us a real school. Heretofore it rested on the shoulders of one man; now ten thousand are bearing the burden. It would cost $30,000 to put up such a building on the present site now. Streets have been opened, many residences built, and real estate sells at tribble [stc] former prices. The Disciples of North Carolina must trust and work to become equal to this great undertaking. At times all will seem dark but our ascent does not begin at the bottom round of the ladder. The donation of $14,000 is a great thing. The payment of $9,000 is the small part.?* President Coggins announced at the opening that ‘‘every item of expense” for a student, ‘including board, regular tuition, doctor’s bill, vocal, or instrumental music, for one year will come within $145.’” Of this amount the tuition was $1 per week for the 35 weeks.® This was on a level with some other church colleges. But Motley, agitating the year before through the press, observed: ‘‘Colleges gain in no way by putting tuition down at starvation rates. They cannot give the material comforts, much less educational advantages, and the re- sult is the students are dissatisfied.’’ At Milligan he said he had paid the annual tuition of $36, as contrasted 14. Atlantic Christian College Catalogue, 1902. 15. The Watch Tower, Jan. 3, 1902, p. 3. 16. Ibid., Jan. 3, and Jan. 10, 1902, p. 4. 17. Ibid., Aug. 22, 1902, p. 5. 18. Ibid., July 10, 1903, p. 1. ORDEAL 87 He submitted: with $150 for the same at Johns Hopkins. and urged: ‘*T was better satisfied with paying the $150,’’ ‘Put tuition at living rates.’”” § 5 The second year at Atlantic Christian Palen spree September 12, 1903. Only 36 registered ag rs f ay, as compared with 107 on the corresponding ay : nse preceding year. Enrollment for the entire ag: x numbered 113, of whom 31 were men, and 82, a is Eight were ministerial students. The faculty re = fourteen as compared with eleven for the preceding y a The number of honorary degrees conferred pv LL.D. to J. J. Harper and George P. re eine to J. P. Whitt, and W. H. Mizell; Sc.D. to G. G. Cole; and B.D., to Ira A. Holbrook. H. C. Sewers a visitor at the college in January, 1904, reported: I have learned from differe , is not efficient to warm the entire buil ; The auditorium has been abandoned an turned into the classrooms and sleepi allowed to make themselves as comfort D. W. Arnold, appointed business manager in peee™ ber, 1903, rejoiced in the following March, hg Pied somewhat revived from the discomfort of ag 5 : 2 ae winter, which has caused much anxiety, no pth ‘arth part of the parents who have entrusted their to our care.’ Poe: ve ag Morton, a student there at this time, de- clared: i lant nt sources that the heating p ee ding in the coldest weather. all the furnace heat ng apartments. All are able as possible.” : pes . anning for new buildings but soo The trusteos began 100, fp were other disadvantages and the enthusiasm wore off. There 19. Ibid., June 21, 1901, p. 3. 20. Ibid., Jan. 22, 1904, PD. 1. 21. Ibid., March 18, 1904, pD. rs 88 A History or ATLantic CHRISTIAN CoLLEGE at the close of the second year it seemed that failure was in- evitable. A number of mistakes had been made. The people had lost confidence in the school, and it looked like the doors would never be opened again.” Professor Cole at the college, stressing the essential element in Christian education, avowed: A hundred thousand dollars could be advantageously used at Atlantic Christian College. But what we do need with or with- out such contributions is for the brotherhood to awaken to the fact that with all our lack of means, our schools are as good as any, and just as worthy of patronage upon the score of true merit alone.?* § 6 Ada Tyson was first to graduate at Atlantic Christian College. She was born near Farmville, N. C., March 25, 1876. First a student in Farmville Academy, she was enrolled from 1893 to 1896 in Woman’s College, at Greensboro, N. C., then known as The State Normal and Industrial College. After teaching in public schools of her native state for five years, she attended for a year at Claremont College, Hickory, N. C., graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Didactics. Engaged to teach the secretarial course at Wilson during the first year of the college, she also worked as a senior student, re- ceiving in 1903 the first earned degree conferred by the institution. Returning to her home community she as- sisted in organizing the first Farmville graded school, teaching in it until 1910 when she married Wesley Y. Swain, of Henderson, N. C. Of their two children, Mary Catherine Swain graduated at Woman’s College, Greens- boro, and later taught at Wake Forest, and Thomas Tyson Swain received his B.S. degree from North Caro- lina State College. 22. The Pine Knot, 1910, p. 8. 23. The Watch Tower, July, 29, 1904, p. 2. ORDEAL § 7 At Waynesville far up in the North Carolina moun- tains, Coggins had conducted a summer school in ta He returned to the Blue Ridge to open another schoo on September 12, 1904, at Black Mountain. This waa a Village of 300 population, fourteen miles east of Ashe- ville on the Southern Railway, and described by Cog- Zins as ‘‘the most important place, outside the great Cities, to be found in America today.’’* He had re- Signed his charge at Wilson, effective at commencement, 1904. His new school, which continued for three years, was first called ‘‘The Black Mountain College and Pre- paratory School,’’ and lastly ‘‘Holman Christian Unis Versity.’? Among his teachers were three of his former Students at Wilson: C. Manly Morton, John W. Tyndall, and W. H. Mizell. Other teachers he said were there from Milligan, Kentucky, Yale, Harvard, and Chicago Universities. Also he advertised: ‘This country ve versity makes it possible for boys and girls of se Means to get an education by reducing the expenses 0 the minimum.”? He reported in August, 1904, a erircige Mass meeting at Black Mountain, which unanimously Voted to combine the public school with our school. He bought land and sold lots and projected ‘‘the eee Colony ... being located around the magnificent fi Lf acre park, College Place, just a half mile from the Southern depot.’ — Sie ea Karly in 1905, one of his school group : Ss) cheeks, manly forms, pretty girls, handsome pn pre: lives, ideal students, are what you will find at B. M. At dlies of their first school year, the same nye: frankly said: ‘Occupying as we have, only rented build- ings and they very poorly arranged for school use, the 24. Ibid., July 22, 1904, p. 2. 25. Ibid., Aug. 12, 1904, p. 9. 26. Ibid., Aug. 5, 1904, p. 11. 27. Ibid., March 17, 1905, p. 11. 90 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE accommodations have not been the best, or as good as we wished.’ ©. Manly Morton was valedictorian for his graduating class of six. Mrs. Sarah A. Holman was publicized in March, 1905, as having ‘‘donated 240 acres of Kansas land, valued at about $10,000 for the benefit of the school at Black Moun- tain, and the school will be named Holman Christian College.’’ She was described by an Illinois Disciple historian as a ‘‘unique personality, intelligent, cultured, independent, self-reliant.’”*® She was a world traveler visiting widely the various continents. She paid $1,000 of the total $4,000 budget at the Asheville, N. C., Chris- tian Church in 1901, when Motley was there. Dying at the age of 93, she was for the last 21 years of her life a member of the Central Christian Church, Peoria, Illi- nois. She gave an aggregate of $22,000, distributed to her local church; to Eureka College, Illinois; and to the National Church Extension Board of Disciples of Christ. Meanwhile down on the Coastal Plain at Wilson, At- lantic Christian College was making a new start. J. Boyd Jones, the new chairman of trustees during that critical summer, promised: ‘‘We begin at once to put the heat- ing plant in first-class condition. We expect to hire the president and teachers and pay them a salary—not a commission. The catalogue will soon be ready. Remem- ber Atlantic Christian College is not dead nor dying but fully alive.’’* 28. Ibid., June 24, 1905, p. 1. 29. N. S. Haynes, History of the Disciples of Christ in Illinois, 1819-1914 (Cincinnati: Standard Pub. Co., 1915), p. 534. 30. The Watch Tower, May 20, 1904, p. 5. CHAPTER VII SurRVIVAL §1 John James Harper, of Smithfield, N. C., was elected President of Atlantic Christian College, in May, 1904. The Raleigh, N. C., News and Observer commented : ‘ aera PR S| is, = = SSSR RA 110 A History or Ar antic Curistian CoLLEGE offer and did the assigned work approvedly. Then he thoughtfully, freely, declined the degree, seeing that it might set an untimely precedent. Caldwell never ceased to be thankful for this student’s self-denial. § 5 An editorial in The Carolina Evangel, April, 1910, said: A. C. College now oceupies a place in the educational realm of North Carolina and in the minds and hearts of the Wilson people that has never belonged to it before. Gradually the standard has been raised. Year by year the courses have been broadened and made more thorough. A diploma from A. (@. College admits its holder into Yale or Harvard alongside of those from our other colleges. The first graduate at the college to receive the A.B. degree was Mrs. C. S. Eagles (Mary Moye, 1906). Six other women graduated there, each with the A.B. degree, 1906-1908, prior to Clement Manly Morton, the first man, who received his A.B. in 1909. Morton was born at Newport, N. C., February 25, 1884. Reared in Wilson he attended the college, 1902-1904, 1906-1910. President of Alethians two years, he represented that society four times in the annual debate with Hesperians, losing only once; twice he won the J. Boyd Jones oratorical medal, and carried away other medals as well. He fathered The Radiant, first student publication. In 1910 he was editor-in-chief for the first issue of The Pine Knot, students’ annual. His ministries while in college were at Farmville and Ayden. He served as state missions secretary in 1910. His later ministries were at Wilming- ton and Winston-Salem. His A.M. degree, he received in 1923 at the Indianapolis College of Missions; M.R.E., 1928, Hartford, Conn., School of Religious Education; and D.D., Atlantic Christian College, 1953. 13. The Carolina Evangel, April 14, 1910, p. 4. ‘“‘Bricks WirHout StrRaw’’ 111 He married Sarah Louise Beam in 1916. She was a Kansas City nurse training for the mission field with Morton at the College of Missions. Together they served as Disciple missionaries at Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1916-1918; they pioneered in educational missions at Colegio Internacional, at Asuncion, Paraguay, 1918-1921 > and from 1923 onward, at Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, where he became incidentally the secretary of the largest Sunday school unit in Latin America. Caldwell’s outstanding contribution at the college, and which later sent him to the Drake College of the Bible, was in the ministerial department at Wilson. During his first year at Wilson appeared the first picture of the preacher students there. They numbered eight. A year later, Rountree, editor of The Carolina Evangel, ob- served: The value of A. C. College has never been more forcibly at- tested than through the work of the young men there preparing for the ministry. Not young men half prepared. Not mere novices. Not babes. But young men of character, of decided mental capacity, well taught in the Word of God. It will be but a short while when the College will be furnishing well-edu- cated, consecrated young men to fill our pulpits.** In October, 1909, five of the ministerial students accom- panied President Caldwell to the great Centennial Con- vention of Disciples at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Ministerial Association at the college was organ- ized in September, 1913. They were to meet ‘‘every alternate Friday night’’ in the boys’ dormitory, ‘for training and fellowship, and to discuss subjects of vital importance pertaining to the church and its extended needs.’’? In December, 1914, these student preachers were serving 31 churches, and had the preceding year preached over 900 sermons, baptized over 300 persons, 14, Ibid., June 13, 1909, p. 4. 112 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE and spoken ‘‘from the mountains to the sea.’ The next year, John M. Waters reported: ‘‘The ministerial body continues to grow.’’ § 6 Extracurricular activities at the college were varied and important. The season of 1908 saw the first organ- ized baseball team with J. J. Walker, captain.”° They lost only two games that season. On the squad for 1910 appeared Robert B. Anderson, shortstop, whose death eight years later was the first casualty from Wilson County in World War I. He is memorialized in the name of the local American Legion Post. Another on that squad was Allie Fleming, second base, for whom the local municipal stadium is named. It was announced in 1908: ‘‘Croquet and basketball have given way in part to tennis.’? The Girls’ Tennis Club of 1910 numbered 23, of which Bess Hackney was president; in 1916 there were 18, Daisy Manning, president. In 1916 the Boys’ Tennis Club had 15, Joel E. Vause, manager. Boys’ basketball had a squad of 10, J. B. Farmer, coach; the girls’ squad had eight, Mary Proctor, captain. Twelve boys made the baseball team of 1916. In the literary societies, John M. Waters was Hesperian president of 42 members; W. T. Mattox, Alethian president of 43 members; Sam M. Jones was president of Adelphian Debating Club (men) of 24 members. The student publications were creditable. The Radi- ant, a quarterly, continued from February, 1908, Vol. I, No. 1 to December, 1920, Vol. XIII, No. 1. The editors were: C. Manly Morton, Horace Settle, Lossie Davis, Mattie Phillips, Hayes Farish, Sallie L. Bridges, Ben F. Oden, Bessie Hodges, Claire Hodges, Clem Bridges, Ernest Paschall, Marion B. Brinson, and C. F. Outlaw. The Atlantic Christian College Bulletin is an official quarterly publication of the College. Edited by C. C. 15. The Radiant, Dec., 1914, p. 40. 16. Ibid., Feb. 6, 1908, p. 5. ‘“‘Bricks WirHout StRaw’’ 113 Ware, general secretary, at the beginning, it was first issued November, 1915, as Vol. I, No. 1, continuing to the present. The college was an annual participant in the regional Intercollegiate Peace Oratorical Contest. S. Lee Sadler won first place for A. C. College, February, 1915. ri The mission study class at the college was taught by ‘‘ Miss Fanny’? Harper. Men’s fraternities did not appear until pres 1916. Sororities before 1916 were: Phi Sigma Tau, founded 1912, and Phi Delta Sigma, founded 1914. There was a ladies’ quartette, and a men 8 quar- tette, the latter being often used by Caldwell in his special services. The choral club numbered 25 in 1916. Other clubs, mostly temporary, were numerous, In September, 1914, the first band (13 pieces), was organ- ized at the college, Sam Braxton, bandmaster. It was announced: ‘‘The prospects for a fine college band are very good.’’ The college was a charter member of the American Disciples’ General Board of Education when it was set up in 1914. It then comprised 26 colleges, having 7,000 students, 542 faculty members, and $6,000,000 in assets. By 1955 it had grown to 34 colleges, having 25,000 stu- dents, 1,200 faculty members, and more than $80,000,000 in assets. § 7 The summer of 1915 sadly troubled the executives of education and missions in America. Mars was taking a terrible toll in Christian nations. It appeared that the Kaiser was winning his World War. American isolation began to be shaken. The nation was neutral by profes- sion, and administratively extended an apprehensive peace beyond the political campaign of 1916. _ Offerings for missions declined in the best of organizations. The 17. The Pine Knot, 1916, p. 105. oe er ERE ‘ Mesa: SRR ip 114 A History or ATLantic CHRISTIAN CoLLEGE Disciple Women (national C.W.B.M.) announced an unusual deficit at their year’s closing, September 30, 1915. Farm products were basic in the eastern Carolina economy. Their forthcoming values were in exceptional doubt. Average annual enrollment of students at A. C. Col- lege, 1908-1916, was 156. In 1914-1915, it was 168; in 1915-1916 it was 105, when the faculty numbered 18, as compared with 14 for the previous year. This drop of 63 students meant a catapulted deficit of more that $3,000 for that year. The entire debt of the college, July 1, 1916, was $24,000. There was specific promise of $50,000 for the college, allocated in the over-all $7,000,000 objec- tive of The Men and Millions Movement which had cam- paigned since 1913. But the bulk of this amount real- izable by the college, would not come until after 1916. Not a dollar had come to the exchequer from endowment. There was no cushion for a bad year, save the ready borrowing from the bank. Yet potentialities gleamed for a better day. Some permanent improvements at the college gave solid ground for cheer. The new Caldwell Hall had served for four years. By a building extension, Kinsey Hall’s rooming capacity had structurally gained by fifty per cent. The total outlay for these two projects was $20,000. In 1914 the college had acquired, by annuity contract with Mr. and Mrs. H. D. Murrill, a 672-acre farm at Verona, N. C., a hundred miles southeast of Wilson. The larger part of this tract was sold under federal demand for the use of Camp Davis in World War II. In this sale there was considerable financial gain for the college. There “‘was a well-selected library of more than 2,000 volumes,’’ much of which had been personally given by Presidents Harper and Caldwell.”® There were scores of alumni now. Nearly a hundred ministers had received a part or all of their training here. They were serving 60 pulpits within North Carolina. 18. Ibid., p. 134. Scat ‘‘Bricks WirHout Straw”’ 115 ‘¢ Au Revoir, President Caldwell’’ appearing in The Pine an of 1916, it was said that he had promoted school with singular efficiency against heavy < r through memorable years.” Among the students he ae created and maintained a remarkable esprit de rth had entered warmly into all phases of their ee i- gious, academic, aesthetic, social, forensic, and ath etic. Fervently, yet rationally, he had led an impressive a ber into the ministry. Now one could say that one thir I orth Carolina Disciple preachers had been ret ki C. College. Mrs. Caldwell had rape ccaggec | a large share in the college life, with their two mar girls making lovely childhood joy for all. Those who ~ lived and learned with the ‘‘Prexy’’ would cherish his ideals. Some would unconsciously reveal their obsession with his characteristic methods of thought and speech. All, with the refinings of time, would go into the im- perishable traditions at Wilson. 19. Ibid., pp. 8, 9. CHAPTER IX Dreams or Expansion §1 Wilson in 1917 had 12,000 people, and 35,000 within a ten-mile radius. Annual post-office receipts were in excess of $30,000, and total freight charges at the two stations topped $1,000,000 a year. Twenty-four pas- senger trains stopped each day. Manufacturing plants numbered 40, and 150 traveling salesmen made Wilson their home. Yearly payroll at the two Hackney factories was $200,000. There were six banks and two building and loan associations. Churches numbered nine, and public graded schools, three.’ Before the decade closed unprecedented prosperity came. As recently as 1910, the total value of farm products in North Carolina ranked the state as twenty-second among the forty-eight. But in 1919, with a $700,000,000 value, the state pushed to fourth place in that category. Her sheer gain in bank resources in 1919 was equal to the entire aggregate of such resources just three years before. She was getting rich at superspeed in a prejet age. What was Carolina to do with this flood of money? Another story is the educational predicament. After two and a half centuries, North Carolina had 31 white colleges, junior colleges, and technical training schools, including the University at Chapel Hill. Together these 31 had aggregate resources of $14,000,000, just about the value of a single year’s sweet potato crop in North Carolina. The combined annual working income of these 31 institutions was less than $2,500,000, while Tarheels annually spent $20,000,000 on their motor cars. At the 1. Leaflet, Wilson Chamber of Commerce, 1917. 116 DREAMS OF EXPANSION 117 University of Michigan, alone, the annual working in- come was $500,000 in excess of the entire Tarheel outlay in administering higher education. High schools in North Carolina were graduating 3,000 a year, of whom 2,308 each September were rejected by the colleges for lack of room. It was a situation unbelievable and un- endurable. In America the state was fourth from the top in farm-product values, and fourth from the bottom in education. Her agricultural glory was eclipsed by her cultural shame. Oriented by these facts, her college executives became bold as lions. § 2 There was announcement in February, 1916, that J. C. Caldwell would go to The Bible College at Drake Uni- versity, Des Moines, Iowa, as dean. The trustees at Wilson promptly called Raymond Abner Smith to suc- ceed him. Smith was born in Gibson County, Indiana, January 14, 1875, the son of William Franklin Smith and Rosa Frances Williams Smith. Enlisting in the Spanish- American War, he was First Sergeant, later Second Lieutenant in the 159th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He graduated at Vincennes, Indiana, University in 1894; received his A.B. at Butler College in 1900; his A.M. at the University of Indianapolis in 1904; was a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania, 1902- 1903 and received his B.D. at Yale in 1905. He was ordained in January, 1899. His ministries included Ken- sington Christian Church, Philadelphia, Pa., 1900-1903, when he also taught there in Elhanan Institute ; Hillside, Indianapolis, 1904, 1907; and at Centenary, Indian- apolis, 1909-1913. While in Indianapolis he was an active member of the city’s Commercial Club, president of the Christian Ministers’ Association, and wrote an excellent tract on ‘‘A Short History of Our Plea and People.’’ He 2. Statement in News Letter, Chapel Hill, N. C., quoted in North Carolina Christian, Dec., 1920. 118 A History or ATLANtiIc CHRISTIAN COLLEGE married Grace Jean Clifford, of Indianapolis, December 27,1905. Their children were Raymond Clifford, Marian Frances, and Ralph Emerson. He was professor of education, A. C. College, 1905-1906; in the manufacturing business, 1906-1913, and superintendent, 1913-1916, at Beckley, W. Va. (Mountain School, C.W.B.M., founded 1907), before his presidency at Wilson. During Smith’s last year at Beckley the enrollment was 304, of whom 134 were in high school, graduating 12; and 17 in normal school, graduating six. Beckley was retained in the Southern Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools. Among those at Beckley later to be associated with Smith at Wilson, were: Mr. and Mrs. Fred F. Grim, C. F. Whitney, Nellie Mae Krise, Carrie Lee Krise, Lida Pearl Clay, and Lura Neuby Clay. Also W. R. Howell, who succeeded Smith at Beckley, had served earlier at A. C. College. President Smith was an excellent teacher. He moved in a realm of high ideals. College curricula then every- where felt the rising demands of vocational education. He was fortunately qualified to take worthy advantage of the changing educational tide. Comparing ‘‘the col- lege man and the man who has not had the advantage of a high school education,’’ he said, ‘‘the former has an economic productive capacity of $1,500 per year, the latter of about $450.’’* In articles for the press and in regular college advertising he drove this point home. It was an appeal to pragmatic instinct. It was readily understood by the boy at the plow-line, or the girl at the dishpan. But he kept the emphasis in balance. Further, he said: Men and women must learn somewhere to correlate activity with intelligence and goodness. The real problem of the college today is to preserve the spirit, ideals, or soul of America in this age of unsurpassed material significance. To this end the 3. Missionary Tidings, 1916, p. 283. 4. A. C. C. Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 4, July, 1916, p. 2. DREAMS OF EXPANSION 119 church college will contribute no small part. It will seek to make its product justify all the effort and means put forth in its support. The inauguration of President Smith, at Wilson, was on March 22, 1917. George Hackney presided. Preced- ing the address by Smith were the ‘‘ Addresses of Con- gratulation,’’ by J. Y. Joyner, state superintendent of public instruction; W. A. Harper, president of Elon Col- lege; and T. P. Harrison, dean at N. C. State College. Delegates attended from 24 colleges and universities. Toastmaster for the occasion at the Briggs Hotel ban- quet was T. C. Howe, president of Butler College. § 3 The spring of 1916 was to see a flash heresy trial, mostly epistolary, involving president-elect Smith. C.F. Outlaw, then editor of the Disciples’ state paper in South Carolina, had been a Bible student under Smith in 1905- 1906. He, with some others, had disagreed with the in- structor on the collateral use in the class of a book entitled: The Life of Jesus of Nazareth, A Study,’ by Rush Rhees, published by Scribners, N. Y., 1904. Rhees (1860-1939), a graduate of Amherst, and Hartford, was professor of New Testament Interpretation at Newton Theological Institution, when his book first appeared in 1900. Later he served at the University of Rochester for 35 years. He was a native of Chicago and a Baptist preacher. Outlaw, with forthright sincerity, at that time, thought that Smith was demonstrably a ‘‘destructive critic.”? Wherefore he protested quickly to the trustees at Wilson, in 1916, and currently wrote much concerning it in his paper. The attack was answered from a genuine A.L.S. file incidentally available, the writers being President John Harper, W. H. Book, George P. Rutledge, and others, ‘ They all went to work to earn a little income. The tall one, six-six, scsi a Kentucky church at a salary soon doubled. 170 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE The lanky tenor sang at the local W. M. S. radio, with the Girls Council at A. C. C. slyly recessing on Monday nights to hear him. The business of the other one is unreported, but it is a catchy coincidence that while he had a tonsilectomy at Nash- ville, a certain girl at the same time had an appendectomy at Wilson. Having a knack for politics, the tall one became presi- dent of the Vandy Disciples Club; and the tenor-parson presi- dent of the Junior graduate class. First reports said Tennessee girls are the ugliest in creation. But they must have improved for lately all’s quiet on the West- ern front, (too quiet in fact). Now at Christmas these three come rattling back to Wilson in a 1925 Chevrolet coach. Good trade! Their ears would have frozen off coming over the moun- tains in that old topless Ford. § 4 Brevity is said to be the soul of wit. Humor of the first quality may be found packed into few words. Stu- dent publications show this. Originating at the college, here are a few. Having returned from the big national Convention of the Disciples at Atlanta, Ga., John M. Waters was asked: ‘‘Did you see Alexander Campbell there?’’ In a sight-singing class taught by Miss Montgomery, Joel E. Vause did not pause long enough at the tone, ‘‘me.’’ Quickly, by impulse, his teacher sighed: ‘‘ You did not hold me long enough.’’ A published query: ‘‘Can Elizabeth Kinsey’s snoring be called sheet music?”’ , President Smith, enjoying a baseball game with Mrs. Smith, and Miss Myrtie, of the library, was asked excit- edly by Mrs. Smith how a runner had crossed home plate with a tying score. Said Smith, ‘‘He stole it.’”’ Said Mrs. Smith, ‘‘I thought the umpire was to keep the play- ers from stealing.’’ Said Miss Myrtie, ‘‘I thought so too.”’ Hayes Farish was taught Greek by a professor who said: ‘‘Boys, don’t be discouraged, for you learn Greek by mistakes.’’ Said Hayes: ‘‘I ought to know it then.”’ Campus Humor §5 Occasionally the subject of debate in a literary society was designedly comical. For instance, four Alethian boys debated: ‘‘Resolved that girls are better stu- dents than boys.’’ It was reported about this all-male assortment of disputants: ‘‘Some of their statements and illustrations caused ripples of amusement to sweep over the audience. All seemed well pleased with the discussion except the three judges—one young man and two young ladies—who, of course, found it impos- sible to agree.’? It was announced that Demosthenian boys would debate: ‘‘Resolved that the pulpit is more conducive to eloquence than the bar.’’ Said the an- nouncer: ‘‘We feel sure that the young men will cover themselves with glory.”’ To The Radiant the illustrious symbol of Alethian- Hesperian debate was two game cocks of the grand tra- dition, poised for the last full measure of combat, and gaudily labeled with the respective names of the socie- ties. But in the same game cock issue was also this sobering wisecrack: ‘‘There’s so much Alethian in the most of us and so much Hesperian in the rest of us, that it hardly benefits any of us to talk about the rest of us.”’ This might indicate a set slant in the magazine, as also the following, not so subtle. Said an Alethian: “‘I saw a student down town run two blocks after a water sprinkler to tell the driver that the water was leaking out.”? Said a Demosthenian: ‘‘Impossible! Who was it?’’? Replied the Alethian: ‘‘Oh, nobody but a Hes- perian.’’ § 6 Some bizarre quirks of students with faculty might enliven, without tarnishing, our story. Elizabeth Ford, trained at Georgetown College, Kentucky, and at the University of Wisconsin, taught modern languages at 172 A History or Aruantic CuristIAN COLLEGE the college. A laconic observation in a contemporary issue of The Radiant read ‘‘Two reasons why we regret that Miss Ford fell down the steps: 1. Because she fell. 2. Because we were not there to see her.’’ Once a sweet-toothed bevy of students arranged a gala candy-making party. At the last minute there was a missing ingredient—butter. Equal to anything, three ever-ready boys cascaded on the college cuisine and pilfered the pantry, purloining a portion of the butter. President Hilley apprehended two of the blameworthy actors, who forthwith made straight-faced denial of the charge. The third was none other than Sam Freeman, who, caught in the dragnet at last, was taken to the office. Told of his comrades’ evasive denial, he was urged to confess the theft for the honor of all. Whereupon Sam said: ‘‘Dr. Hilley, I will have to have time to think this over.’’ Sam, himself, has often given this version of it, as if it were a lucky conversational victory. A legendary dreamer called it a supramundane deliverance. Another pickle from the collegiate jar, and not too sour perhaps, is one from the Music Department. In English when a student failed he was nursed in a class of ‘‘hospital English.’? But in meticulous rehearsals for a cantata by an art-conscious group there was tem- peramental strait jacket for the dull, inept offender. Once some dismissals from the chorus which had to be made deeply peeved one of the men. Impulsively he ‘‘blew his top.’’ Called before the faculty he relented, signing an apology to be read in chapel. It acknowl- edged what he called his ‘‘un-college act,’’ in having said to his teacher: ‘‘I have the lash over this Music Department, and I intend to use it.’’ Furthermore, he repented of his ‘‘insisting upon singing his solos aeccord- ing to his own interpretation when he knew that it con- flicted with the judgment of the teacher.’’ Campus Humor 173 There is a yast store of such badinage entailed behind A.C.C.’s authoritarian curtain at Wilson. But to be wise is to beware. § 7 The college had a colored janitor, Charley Kendall. He did many things with good spirit, effecting utilitarian whatnots at the college. Thus he won and held the affec- tion of the administration. In wide travels with Presi- dent Hilley in the college car, the ‘‘gas’’ would give out completely, more often than might well be imagined. But if Charley were there, he would promptly go for an emergency fuel ration. Hilley was not one to let the grass grow under his feet. Charley aptly nicknamed him ‘‘Cannon Ball.’’ It got into campus usage and stuck. In course the mascot dog was named ‘‘Cannon Ball, Jr.’’ by the students, and displayed the name on his canine regalia. One day, Hilley was speaking in chapel, when the tail-wagging dog trotted up to share the plat- form. This disconcerted the speaker, having the dog steal the show. Ejecting the mascot he said firmly that only one ‘‘Cannon Ball’’ at a time could occupy the stage. A wag in the English Department referred to the incident as ‘‘a doggone interlude.’’ In the student-produced literature at the college there are some articulate farewells in poetry and prose. The following may not be a prize poem, but it illumines emo- tional leavetakings at recurring summer vacations: Oh, now that Commencement’s almost past The thought of parting, makes tears flow fast, September we’ll all be back on the run, As keen as ever for work and fun. They prod us hard—this faculty— With math and science and history And French and lit and speaking, too, Until our wits get in a stew. But oh, how smart we’ve come to be Since we’ve attended A.C.C.! A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE We look so grave and we act so wise Our folks are filled with a great surprise And say to others, ‘‘My! you’ll agree That a grand old school is A.C.C.”’ But take it from me we have some fun, Once in a while when work is done, ‘* All work, no play’’ (so the old saw goes), ‘Makes Jack a dullard,’’ as his teacher knows, But a midnight spread or a date with ‘‘He’’ Drives dullness away from A.C.C. So here’s to our school! we’ll all be back Prepared again at the books to whack. We grumble, of course, as students do, But in the pinch we stick by you! CHAPTER XIII Ancuors AwEIGH! § 1 Problems arising from World War II confronted President Hilley, for the last eight years of his adminis- tration, 1942-1949. During the first half of this period more than a hundred students left for military service incurring an annual loss of $12,000 in tuition to the col- lege. From 1946 onward many postwar adjustments were necessarily made. In November, 1942, the college was in its forty-first Session, had 23 on the faculty. The student body had annually exceeded 350 for several years. The Carolinas and Georgia was its assigned field, but it also had stu- dents from four other states. The endowment stood at a third of a million dollars. Disciple preachers in North Carolina numbered 90, of whom 43 had been trained at the college, or then served on its faculty. Nearly half of the full-time Disciple pastorates of the state were served by this college personnel. The annual charge, $305 per student, had not been recently increased, although marked inflation had begun. A sum of $5,000 sufficed to establish a permanent, named student loan fund, and the entire fund at that time was $12,000." The college was a charter member in the North Caro- lina College Conference. The State Department at Raleigh had recognized it as an A-grade standard four- year college since 1922. The annual tuition charge was increased $45, equivalent to 15 per cent in 1943. There was no ‘‘current fund indebtedness,’’ but there was deep- felt need of two new buildings—a girls’ dormitory and 1. North Carolina Christian, Nov., 1942, p. 16 and Nov., 1943, p. 6. 175 176 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE library. C. L. Hardy had individually pledged $50,000 for these buildings, payable when an additional $100,000 was raised for the purpose. There came the Pearl Harbor tragedy on a frightful December Sunday, shattering all semblance of peace in America. Soon it was ‘‘anchors aweigh!’’ for over 400 of the past and present students of the college. § 2 In the aftermath of World War I came widespread pacifism. In common with educational circles through- out America, there had been pacifist demonstrations at Wilson. John Barclay, minister of Disciples in the city and chaplain at the college, had been a Captain in World War I. At the Disciples’ state convention in 1924 he authored a resolution which declared: ‘‘Our churches will never be used to bless another war.’’ Moreover ‘‘no Christian can take part in organized murder, but must leave the decision to individual conscience where we be- lieve the ultimate decision for war or against it must be made.’ This was nine years before the rise of the Hitler regime, engendering ultimate global war through the violent aggressions of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Civil liberties were characteristically protected at the college, Kirby Page and other pacifists speaking occasionally and freely in chapel. At the inductions by the draft boards for World War II, only two students at the college, Marvin Jackson and Earl Rhodes, were classified as ‘‘eonscientious objectors.’’ The first named changed his attitude, went to the Service, and became the first from the college to give his life in the struggle. Earl Rhodes remained a C.O., serving the term as a civilian worker in the Federal Camps. Feeling the impact of the national emergency, the col- lege began an accelerated program of study, with new 2. North Carolina Disciples Year Book, 1925, p. 7. AncHors AWEIGH ! 177 courses in the curriculum to assist the students in meet- ing war needs, a new stress on health, and a wider par- ticipation of the students in campus life. By ‘‘con- tinuous attendance,’’ embracing each summer, one might graduate in three years or less. This was ‘‘full coopera- tion,’’ having approval of the War and Navy depart- ments at Washington. Men vacated Caldwell Hall, and the women moved in for the duration.* Howard Blake, a senior from Fairfield, N. C., was an eager volunteer but he weighed only 128, against the minimum requirement of 132. ‘‘Four pounds of bananas eaten on the morning of his physical examination got him by.’’* Speeding up he graduated in January, 1943, and shortly after induction, ‘‘scored the highest average grade among 1,200 men taking examinations at Notre Dame Midshipmen’s School.’’> Thirty men of the ‘‘ En- listed Reserve Corps’’ left the college on April 19, 1943. It ‘‘left a real gap in the student body.’” First WAVE enlisted from the college was Clyde Deans. Her naval training was at Charleston, S. C., and Northhampton, Mass. Ruth M. Strickland, of Elm City, was a ‘‘medical technician’? in the WACs.. Captain Kathleen Eagles, of Saratoga, was an Army Nurse. Madeline Brooks, of Wilson, served with the American Red Cross. These were but representative of women participants from the college. Men from the college fought from Corregidor to Cologne, from Okinawa to Monte Cassino. They were in the cross-channel invasion, and in the first contingent to cross the Rhine. First of these men to be lost, was Marvin Jackson, perishing in the Denmark Straits, July, 1942. Insignia of merit decorated many—air medal with oak-leaf clusters, purple heart, silver star, bronze Star, and presidential unit citation. First prisoner of war from Wilson County, was Major E. D. Winstead, 8. Atlantic Christian College Bulletin, Feb., 1942, Vol. 27, No. 3. 4. North Carolina Christian, Sept., 1942, p. 6. 5. Ibid., April, 1943, p. 6. 6. Ibid., May, 1943, p. 6. 178 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE of ill-fated Corregidor. In Wilson there was jubilant public reception for him at his homecoming. From the **Old Hickory’’ General there was a succession of silver stars and citations for Colonel Ellis W. Williamson for his personal bravery and handling of his First Battalion in the freezing Battle of the Bulge, and thereafter. At one point his men had given a strategic release from im- pending American defeat on their sector. First Lieuten- ant Robert W. Winstead completed fifty bombing mis- sions over Nazi Europe." Let it be said for these surviving men and women from the college that they do not glorify war. Rather there is in them a real sorrow that it had to be. It is their strong conviction that under God, universal peace must be sustained, by any effective means known to man. Twenty men from the college reported as ‘‘killed in action,’’ in World War II, are listed as follows: . Allen, Randolph, Nov. 22, 1945 . Atkinson, Clifford Bowen, William Claudius, in fatal accident, Washington, D. C., Dee. 8, 1943. Browning, Roscoe J. Cleve, Wallace, in Saipan, 1944 . Eagles, Charles Farmer, Burnice . Gliarmis, Dick, in Germany, Jan. 11, 1945 Hardison, Earl L., in the Philippines, Jan. 1, 1945 Holmes, Glen Jackson, Marvin, in Denmark Straits, July, 1942 Narron, Donald, in Italy, March 20, 1944 Powell, Dudley A., Jr. Raper, Dewey Graham . Riley, Jack, in France, June 11, 1944 . Stanley, Owen, in the Philippines, March 15, 1945 Stephenson, Dalton Odean Tyson, John A., in Saipan, Oct. 9, 1944 Whitaker, Gordon Winstead, Wilbur, in France, June 11, 1945 7. These selective details are from “Scrapbook” on World War II, per- taining to the college, arranged by Professor Perry Case and Mildred Ross. 1 2 3. 4, 5. 6 As 8 9. 10. Als 12. 13. 14. 15 16 17. 18. 1 5: A 20. ANncHOoRS AWEIGH ! Brg Some administrative trends in the education of the period are of relevant interest. An educator observed that within two decades following World War I there had been a ‘‘deterioration of relationship between col- lege and chureh.’’ Churches had ceased to take pride in their colleges, or to give them reasonable financial sup- port, or to send their youth in adequate numbers. In Disciple colleges affiliated with their National Board, only 2.2 per cent of their income came from church giv- ing. Nearly 98 per cent was derived otherwise. For in- stance, Bethany College had an operative expense budget of $300,000 in 1943-1944, for which only $2,000 was re- ceived from the churches.’ A ‘‘subsidized governmental program’’ was so near uniformity in application that in the same year, Wilson had the strange distinction of enrolling more civilian students than any other Disciple college. Technological research perfecting war poten- tial, at some educational centers occasioned more sup- porting income from the government than accrued re- spectively from all inherent sources. Administrators in church colleges, being human, must have been tempted by proffers of an abounding secular support. But para- doxically, it appears that virtually all American colleges in the midst of war sought stronger ties with the church. Disciple colleges have a marvelous heritage prompting a ‘‘dissemination of the lore of the brotherhood.’’*® sight, he perversely marches toward He et Pr Herman Melville would phrase it, he is ‘‘damned in midst of paradise.’”” § 4 lling flood of resources readily go into the tax- aca institutions. Does not this make them at gether adequate for today and tomorrow? ae ie the dialectical answer, let it be observed that the co systems, private and public, are fraternal and not re in any real sense. A major concern to all is the rs 10 resurgence in childhood and youth which tends to ov: the paternal, assimilative role. ; be Christian liberal arts college is dedicated to a vital cause. It is ‘‘to see men made whole in both com- etence and conscience.’”** Or, as Kenneth Irving ae of the Danforth Foundation says, to see them made ‘‘academically strong and spiritually enlightened. G BE. Snavely, The Church and the Four-Year College, 1955, p. 30. 10. Guy E. ? , 11. The Christian-Hvangelist, 1955, p. 1125. 12, Ibid., 1953, p. 1236. 13. Pres. John Sloan Dickey, Dartmouth College. 226 A History or Aruantic Curistian CoLLecE Results of certain polls by Dr. George Gallup published in his Pocket Almanac of Facts, 1956, are provocative. For instance, using a cross section of college-trained adults, tested in spelling, he shows that more than hal? of them missed ‘‘pienicking,’’ and of other adults seven out of ten failed on ‘‘accelerator.’’ Here is the exhibit of a whimsicality. As to ‘‘accelerator,’’ what these delinquents could not individually handle by head they managed very well by foot, even in a traffic jam. In another poll of adults, 61 per cent admitted that each had not read a book within the past year. Still another exposed an incredible lack of biblical information. Less than one out of five could name Paul as the reputed major writer of the New Testament, and only a slightly better average could name even one prophet of the Old Testament. A striking anomaly in a Christian land, the most resourceful on earth. Fantastic though it be, higher education may go the ‘‘second mile’’ as enjoined by the Master. If and when the grade schools fail, col- leges may conduct cultural clinies for orthographic crip- ples and others with correctional therapy to effect their functional capacity in the rudiments of applied knowl- edge. Report has it that in subcurricular cells this is already being done. Among Protestants in America there is a marked ex- pansion. Seventy thousand new churches are planned for the next ten years, and upon new church plants $10,000,000 per week is being spent. The National Coun- cil of Churches reports an aggregate of $100,000,000 in bequests to churches spread over the last ten years.*® Manifestly a substantial increase of trained leaders is required to man these dedicated marvels. Moreover, there is an excess of 1,500,000,000 non-Christians in the world. And there is the big ‘‘unfinished business’’ of the commission. When will Christians in church and college obey it verily and remake the world? 14. The Christian-Hvangelist, 1955, p. 804. 15. Ibid., 1956, p. 37. Horizon 227 Dean James Mattox Moudy says: “The church col- lege with its necessary and beneficent influence is here to stay, but only if it is fostered carefully and pes? fully by all churches and churchmen. The church mus 2 . 9916 stay in the education business.’” § 5 -o million American Disciples have their Board pg ie gt thirty-four affiliated institutions of higher learning. From these ‘*Board Colleges veg 69 per cent of Disciples’ national leaders, 70 per cent 0 their foreign missionaries, and 89 per cent of their min- isters. These percentages underline graphically the values in this investment to the brotherhood. hai pe prehensively, it is certainly not parochial. Of the 25,00 enrollees in the thirty-four institutions only Tae no professedly Disciples, and of these, only a third, 2,400, are committed to full-time Christian orig ote useful to the Disciples these top-traiming Prd nike, there is urgent need of increased wore personnel at qualified level. All seminaries gave to a ciple candidates just 125 B.D. degrees in 1955. Actually 525 such men were then needed **to replace the —_ permanently lost to the ministry through death, retire- ment, and change in occupation. em Kt is said peg nn with B.D. degrees are pete ota for 65 per cent of the hes applying for such ministers. , $8 ee pi to national student worker for wegen 0 reaffirmed by his survey of 1952 that only 10 per cent 0 the aggregate of Disciple matriculates in eS higher education were in Disciple institutions. ft cializing proliferates, and is highly attractive peice Feb ally in the atomic age. Nevertheless, Disciple loyalty 22 ‘ld Call, Jan., 1956, pp. 21, 22. ve aaa of Higher Education, Disciples of Christ, Report, 1955, p. 3. 18. Florida Christian, Jan., 1956, D. 13. 19. The Christian-Evangelist, 1952, p. 1062. 228 A History or ATLANTIC CHRISTIAN COLLEGE their heritage, enriched by the years and signally valid for today, may brighten this record of their adherent participation. It has been suggested that Disciples recharter their colleges, ‘‘and support them primarily as a major con- tribution of our brotherhood to American and world civilization.’ Ostensibly this and other relevant pro- posals will be engrossed on the forthcoming agenda of responsible conferential leaders and their ecumenical associates. § 6 Opportunity knocks at the gates of eastern North Carolina. This area, with forty-six counties, has half of the state’s land, and two fifths of its 4,000,000 people. Here is a latent industrial potential of large proportion. It has ‘‘the greatest pool of unused labor of any region in America,’’ estimated at 91,000 recruitable workers. Its climate is unsurpassed, and large tracts of land are available at relatively low cost. Its abundance of water is a tributary essential to manufacture. Moving into this area within a recent five-year period were a hundred companies with a capital of $130,000,000 and 16,000 em- ployees. Agriculture is trending to a safer, more satis- fying diversification. Coastal Tarheelia glows with an- ticipation of a more bountiful economy.* What does this mean? To be sure, it calls for more leaders specially trained. The area has had few colleges and fewer still to survive. Not one has been more hap- pily located than Atlantic Christian College. From the start the participation of the vicinity has been gratify- ing. Statistics disclose that for the average about three fourths of the students in any given four-year college come from within fifty miles of its campus. Wilson is a good example of this. 20. Ibid., 1953, p. 32. 21. “A Region at a Crossroad,” article, Raleigh, N. C., News and Ob- server, Nov. 8, 1955. Horizon Abreast of the mass exigency in education and the new i here. If so, in rosperity, other colleges may emerge ‘ this end Tagn region, their work may well be comple- mental, serving with timely correlation for all. § 7 Harry Otis Pritchard (1876-1936) was for voy a" executive secretary and memorable speaker for 2 e rf tional Board of Education, Disciples of Christ. ry suc he often visited Disciple meetings in Carolina, an one cially Wilson, where at the college he was ever a w ae y welcomed friend. Upon one occasion he said, ee one, believe that our best days are ahead. Our go ; a age lies not in the past but in the future. Our greates victories are yet to come—victories over ourselves, 2a haps. Our largest achievements are still to be wroug “ out. We are in the prime of our vigorous strength vat our faces are turned toward the Kast. We are expectan and alert. A new day is at hand and the dawn is rosy with its appearing. We stand on tiptoe, ready and eager to greet the rising sun.”’ APPENDIX APPENDIX B Roster or Trustees, AND ALUMNI REPRESENTATIVES APPENDIX A of Atlantic Christian College, 1902—1955 Roster or TRUSTEES TRUSTEES Adams, George H. 1955 1943-1955 Carolina Christian College Ange, A. W. Cannon, Caleb Arnold, D. W. phy oe 1893-1903 Askew, John 1927-1949 Cannon, Jesse Chestnut, I. L. 1893-1896 Bagby, Richard 1930-1936 Gardner, J. B. 1893 Basnight, J. S. 1902-1919 Bell, J. H. 1904 Harper, Dr. H. D. Howard, C. W. 1893-1903 Braxton, H. Galt 1923-1955 King, John 1893 Brinson, Jack D. 1947-1955 cere kaa A. 1893-1901 Brinson, Zeb 1953-1955 oye, Moses T. r i 1955 ra Mn pain 1894-1896 Farben digg 4 1921-1950 Sumrell, M. F. yer ein Cannon, C. V. 1921-1955 Swain, Rufus 1893 Chapman, L. J. 1914-1936 Tingle, J. R. 1893-1903 Coan, George W., Jr. 1932-1938 ante S. L. 1896-1903 Cooper, Sully 1922-1923 1 illi 7 9 moms, Wale 3. 1897-1903 ma. Jolin W. 19371955 Cunningham, A. B. 1906-1907 The 1 Cuthrell, G F. 1928-1930 e 15 men named above served as trustees for Carolina Pavia, Waiter A. 1921-1924 1904-1917 aoe ee to the North Carolina Christian Deans, J. B. 1908 inelasing che ig on, ne. Period. af 10 years, 1898. to Eagles, Dr. C. S. 1921-1955 sorbed by Atlantic Christian ‘College Tene? Coleg: Hea Se Parish, Hayes 1am Ieee . ; Farmer, W. W. 1904-1905 Freeman, S. F. 1905-1916 Gardner, G. T. 1920-1928 Goff, John L. 1954-1955 Griffin, A. T. 1904-1910 Hackney, George . 1902-1948 Hackney, George, Jr. 1915 Hackney, Thomas o, Sr, 1932-1955 Haney, H. Glenn 1949-1952 Hardy, Clarence L. 1926-1949 Harper, Clarence P. 1934-1942 Harper, J. J. 1902-1904 232 Hillyer, E. C. Hines, J. W. Hodges, F. R. Holliday, McD. Hooker, W. E. Howard, C. W. Howard, Curtis W. Jarman, Robert E. Jones, J. Benbow Jones, J. Boyd Jones, Dr. R. H. Jones, S. M. Keel, R. V. Kinsey, Joseph Kirkland, B. B. Kiser, Claude Lang, W. M. Langston, Ira W. Latham, J. F. Loftin, G. F. McAfee, C. D,, Jr. Manning, W. C. Mashburn, C. B. Melton, B. H. Messick, E. R. Mewborn, S. G. Moye, A. J. Moye, E. A. Moye, Lawrence A. Nurney, C. N. Parker, W. L. Paschall, J. E. Peel, Elbert S. Perry, Ely J. Proctor, John Proctor, W. E. Rawls, C. H. Richardson, J. C. Richardson, S. W. Roberson, Sherwood L. Roberson, W. R., Jr. Robison, Newton J. Roebuck, E. Leon Rouse, Charles Rouse, N. J. APPENDIX 1924-1929 1902-1928 1904-1915 1909-1912 1921-1939 1904-1932 1935-1955 1953-1955 1943-1955 1904 1904 1944-1948 1940 1902 1923-1934 1918-1938 1911-1914 1954 1939-1947 1937-1955 1951-1955 1916-1936 1922-1946 1902-1904 1925-1927 1911-1923 1904-1927 1902-1914 1950-1955 1905-1916 1951-1953 1948-1955 1937-1955 1950-1955 1948-1955 1924-1926 1925-1947 1917-1929 1928-1948 1948-1955 1951-1954 1949 1931-1955 1950-1955 1905-1934 Rouse, Robert H. Saunders, P. D. Seburn, W. H. Shackelford, A. D. Shore, I. C. Sosebee, J. W. Southard, Paul C. Strobhar, A. D. Stuart, J. E. Stubbs, W. E. Tart, L. A. Taylor, J. Fred Taylor, Col. S. B. Todd, M. C. Tunstall, K. R. Turnage, H. W. Turner, W. B. Tyer, Harold Ward, T. Boddie Warren, Bowden Warren, John C. Waters, John M. Wiegmann, F. W. Williams, T. Brown Wilson, W. G. Wimberly, E. J. Woodard, Calvin Woolard, W. H. 1935-1936 1955 1939-1942 1939-1955 1928-1939 1951-1955 1954-1955 1940-1942 1920-1924 1916-1925 1929-1955 1905-1925 1904-1928 1943-1955 1902 1930-1931 1922-1933 1955 1951-1955 1954-1955 1940-1953 1920-1922 1940-1943 1951-1952 1904-1911 1955 1917-1919 1932-1947 ALUMNI REPRESENTATIVES Bell, H. F., Jr. Burt, Millard Davis, Mrs. Christine W. Davis, Gilbert D., Jr. Fulghum, James E. Holliday, Joseph Hughey, Mrs. Miles Kellom, James McCotter, Burney R. Manning, James Winfield, John Wooten, John K. 1952 1953 1955 1954 1951-1952 1955 1954-1955 1951 1953-1955 1951 1952 1953 APPENDIX APPENDIX C Roster or Presipents, 1902-1956 Coggins, James Caswell Harper, John James Caldwell, Jesse Cobb Smith, Raymond Abner Hilley, Howard Stevens Jarman, Cecil Albert (Acting President) Lindley, Denton Ray Moudy, James Mattox (Acting President) Summer White, Travis Alden 1902-1904 1904-1908 1908-1916 1916-1920 1920-1949 1949-1950 1950-1953 1953 1953-1956 Moudy, James M. (Acting President) 1956- APPENDIX D Roster or Facutty AND ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS Atlantic Christian College, 1902—1955 Abbitt, Margaret Adams, Milton L. Alderman, Ruth M. Anderson, Elizabeth Anthony, T. L. Arnberg, Christine Arnold, D. W. Arnold, Russell Ashworth, Louise Aston, Mrs. Margaret Bagby, Mrs. Richard Baggette, Elizabeth Bailey, Edgar Lee Barclay, John Barham, E. L. Barham, Mrs. E. L. Barnes, Eugene Barnes, Rebecca Beach, Laura J. Bell, George Eric 4 1940-1941 1950-1955 1902-1903 1903-1910 1927-1930 1902-1903 1902-1903 1951-1955 1923-1924 1914-1915 1918-1919 1941-1943 1947-1948 1925-1926 1910-1917 1910-1917 1955 1949-1950 1922-1924 1923-1924 APPENDIX Bennett, Rolla James Bird, Matthew J. Blackburn, Casey L. Blauvelt, Robert O. Blythe, Carl S. Blythe, Mrs. Carl S. Boineau, Ernestine Boles, Janet T. Boles, William B. Bonner, Mrs. Katie Stilley Bowles, J. D. Brabee, Leonard B. Bradshaw, Bertha Bradshaw, J. Clinton Brandon, Helen G. Brauff, Frances Brewer, Georgia Brothers, Marie Powers Brown, C. Lynn Brown, Mrs. Minnie E. Browning, H. D. Bryant, Eloise Bullock, R. D., Jr. Burt, Millard P. Caldwell, Jesse Cobb Caldwell, Mrs. Jesse Cobb Campbell, Clinton P. Cannaday, Ada Lee Capps, Robert G. Capps, Mrs. Robert G. Carpenter, May F. Carr, Noel C. Carson, B. G. Carter, Jennie Lee Case, Perry Case, Mrs. Perry 1945-1947 1944-1950 1933-1935 1925-1926 1948-1949 1948-1949 1947-1950 1951-1955 1954-1955 1910-1912 1907-1908 1918-1919 1951-1953 1951-1955 1947-1948 1950-1951 1939-1942 1919-1920 1950-1955 1906-1907 1945-1946 1935-1938 1933-1934 1953-1955 1907-1916 1915-1916 1949-1950 1927-1930 1954-1955 1955 1903-1904 1948-1955 1926-1929 1916-1917 1916-1926; 1936-1955 1918-1921; 1925-1926 Chapman, Lill, 1917-1921; (Mrs. Geo. Tomlinson) 1930-1931 Chappell, S. G. Charles, Mrs. Gladys Clay, Lida Pearl Clay, Lura Newby Cloyd, Edward L., Jr. Cobb, Charles D. Coggins, James Caswell Coggins, Mrs. James Caswell 1936-1943; 1952-1955 1932-1945 1916-1918 1916-1917 1953-1955 1953-1955 1902-1904 1902-1903 236 Cole, Glenn G. Constantine, Gus A. Crutchfield, William J. Culbreath, Eva L. Cunningham, May Curtis, Kader R. Cutlip, Randall B. Daniell, James D. Day, Mary A., 1904-1911; (Mrs. G. E. Swarthout), 1911-1912 Deratt, Allan Derick, Robert G. Derick, Mrs. Robert G. Druckenmiller, Elizabeth W. Dungan, D. R. Dunlap, T. R. Dunlap, Mrs. T. R. Dunn, John W. Eagles, Dorothy D. Eagles, J. C., Jr. Edmonston, Martha L. Kicher, C. Franklin Eliason, Nancy B. Eskridge, T. J. Evaul, Thomas W., Jr. Farmer, C. M. Farmer, Mrs. C. M. Ferguson, Benn J. Fern, Gilbert H. Fern, Mrs. Gilbert H. Fleming, Ola I. Flowers, John M., Jr. Flowers, Rosabelle Fontaine, John W. Ford, Elizabeth Foust, Gladys Fox, E. L. French, Ruth E. Fulghum, James E. Fulton, Harriet Garner, C. Leon Garner, Mrs. H. W. Glendenning, Marguerite Glover, Annie Morris Gordon, E. E. Graff, Paul W. 1902-1904 1955 1949-1951 1942-1944 1905-1906 1945-1946 1953-1955 1955 1952-1953 1947-1948 1947-1948 1942-1944 1903 1909-1911 1909-1911 1951-1955 1947-1955 1936-1942 1928-1941 1943-1948 1942-1944 1952-1954 1955 1911-1914 1911-1913 1917-1919 1912-1914 1912-1913 1939-1955 1952-1954 1952-1953 1935-1950 1911-1914 1920-1921 1925-1926 1928-1930 1952-1955 1944-1947 1947-1948 1909; 1916-1920 1953-1955 1950-1951 1907-1908 1941-1942 APPENDIX Gray, Mrs. Irene T. Grayson, Anna Beatrice Green, H. C. Gregory, Albert M. Griffin, Pauline Helen Griffin, Richard W., III Grim, Fred F. Grim, Mrs. Fred F. Grimes, Ira B. Groner, Miriam Grove, Eugene F. Guerrant, W. U. Gurganus, Josephus Hale, W. R. Hamlin, C. H. Hamlin, Griffith A. Harnar, Frank E. Harper, Frances F. Harper, John James Harper, Myrtie L. (Emeritus) Harris, Winfred R. Harriss, Jean Abbitt Hartsock, Mildred E. Haynes, Laureen L. Hendrick, James P. Herring, William A. Hill, Charlotte Hilley, Howard Stevens (Emeritus) Hilley, Mrs, Howard Stevens Hinegardner, W. S. Hinton, Nannelle Paulk Hodam, Cecil Hodges, Catherine Taylor Hodges, Filo A. Hodges, Mrs. Filo A. Hoffman, Albert R. Hoffman, Mrs. Albert R. Holden, Dorothy H. Hollar, Robert P. Holsapple, Cortell K. Holsworth, Doris Campbell Horton, Donna Hough, J. M. 1955 1908-1910 1948-1949 1948-1950 1916-1918 1949-1950 1917-1943 1917-1924 1904-1908 1940-1941 1941-1942 1908-1909 1909-1910 1942-1943 1925-1955 1948-1950 1915-1916 1904-1940 1903; 1904-1908 1907-1939 1940-1955 1948-1953 1944-1954 1940-1955 1942-1944 1950-1951 1938-1946 1931-1937 1919-1949 1949-1955 1919-1920 1923-1924 1931-1934 1927-1928 1938-1939 1929-1948 1938-1948 1949-1955 1951-1955 1946-1948 1954-1955 1926-1935 1947-1955 1950-1952 1940-1945 238 House, Virginia Howard, Anna L. Howard, Lee J. Howell, W. R. Hufty, Frank R. Hughes, Nina Humphrey, Inez Faith Inabinett, Thomas P. James, Mrs. Lydia E. Jarman, Cecil Albert Jenkins, Margaret del. Jenkins, Sadie Jennings, Mamie Doss (Mrs. W. A. Lucas) Jennings, Pauline Johnson, Mary Johnston, Hugh B., Jr. Johnston, Mrs. Hugh B., Jr. Jones, Mabel Joyner, Mrs. Bethany R. Kearney, Carolyn J. Keel, Nell M. Kent, John B. Kori, Abdullah Krise, Carrie Lee Krise, Nellie Mae Lambert, E. Helen Langley, Emily Langston, Myrtle Lappin, W. C. Lappin, W. O. Lappin, Mrs. W. O. Lawhon, Joel Lee, Cyrus F. Lehman, Ethel L. Lindley, Denton Ray Lineberger, Fred L. Livingston, Cora Lynn Long, Esther L. Lowe, Marvin E. Lueas, Claudia Luke, Ray Lynch, Mabel Lynn, Justine McComas, James E. McEwen, Joseph L. ‘ APPENDIX 1951-1955 1902-1908 1951-1955 1903-1904 1928-1930 1944-1946 1914-1915 1949-1953 1954-1955 1935-1955 1953-1954 1935-1940 1910-1912 1925-1934 1907-1909 1947-1948 1953-1955 1953-1955 1907-1909 1953-1955 1919-1921 1908-1910 1914-1915 1902-1903 1916-1917 1916-1919 1919-1921 1936-1937 1917-1918 1917-1919 1914-1919 1915-1918 1952-1954 1946-1955 1935-1939 1950-1953 1947-1949 1916-1917 1944-1955 1939-1940 1945-1949 1950-1951 1920-1921 1941-1942 1951-1955 1923-1924 McFarlane, Earl J. McGarvey, Mrs. Frances McGirt, Roger M. Mallison, Dallas Manning, Lucy Martin, Austin G. Martin, M. Adele Martin, W. S. Massengill, Bessie Mattox, W. T. Mattox, Mrs. W. T. Meadows, Alfred C. Meadows, Thomas B. Mercer, Margaret Bryan Middleton, Janice A. Miller, Harold C. Miller, Raymond R. Minton, Mrs. V. B. Mizell, W. Henderson Monk, Pearl Fay Montgomery, Louise A. Moore, Mrs. Allen R. Moore, Ann F. Moore, Harris C. Moore, Nina M. Morgan, Annie Laurie Morgan, Mrs. Hilliard F. Morgan, Raymond E. Moss, Nancy Moudy, James Mattox Moye, Fannie Muilberger, Albert E. Murray, Lessie Lee Nackos, Mary J. Newton, Margaret R. Nicholls, Peggy Niles, Carl E. Pearce, Fred M. Peele, Agnes L. Peery, William Wallace APPENDIX 1955 1914-1916 1925-1928 1933-1936 1902-1903 1916-1918 1902-1903 1916-1918 1939-1942 1921-1926 1924-1925 1918-1920 1948-1949 1936-1939; 1942-1943 1942-1944 1955 1946-1951 1902-1903 1906-1907 1912-1914 1913-1914 1922-1930 1915-1918 1946-1949 1944-1945 1943-1944 1942-1943 1937-1941 1946-1947 1953-1955 1918-1921 1909-1915 1948-1952 1942-1949 1945-1947 1955 1950-1951 1923-1924 1920-1947 1934-1935 Perkins, Eva, 1936-1938; (Mrs. C. F. Eicher), 1938-1948 Perkins, Robert Perry, Louise Belle Pilley, Claude F., Jr. Plyler, B. B., Jr. Reynolds, Robert K. 1954-1955 1905-1909 1952-1953 1951-1954 1949-1951 240 APPENDIX Reynolds, Mrs. Robert K. (Nee Katherine Lewis), 1944-1951 Rider, Edward Roberson, Mamie Roebuck, Russell Rogers, Vere H. Rose, A. D. Ross, Mrs. Julia Ross, Mildred D. Rouse, Bessie E. Ruhsenberger, Henrietta M Sadler, S. Lee Salmon, Kathleen L. Sammon, Margaret Scherer, Wallace B. Schockey, Luther Reie Scott, John B. Settle, Harriet Clay Shackelford, Ruby P. Sharp, Allan R. Sharp, Mrs. Allan R. Sharpe, W. H. D., Jr. Shindler, Jennie O. Shookley, J. Watson Shoptaugh, J. A. Sinclair, Lida Smalley, Madeline Smith, Ella H. Smith, Ella M. Smith, Guy Smith, Ivy May Smith, Laurence C. Smith, Raymond Abner Smith, Robert E. Snyder, Eleanor G. Spangler, Robert F. Speight, Mrs. Louise Stagg, Ella M. Stallings, Ed. T. Stancill, Miriam Stark, Lloyd W. Starr, Elma Steele, Annette Stephenson, ©. D. Stevenson, George N. Stoll, Mrs. H. M. Strachan, Jean H. 1953-1955 1908-1913 1940-1941 1955 1935-1938 1914-1933 1927-1955 1902-1903 1924-1927 1916-1923 1906-1915 1955 1949-1951 1902-1903 1955 1911-1915 1946-1947 1953-1955 1953-1955 1934-1935 1912-1916 1926-1929 1902-1903 1936-1937 1939-1943 1910-1921 1904-1905 1946-1947 1916-1927 1950-1953 1905-1906; 1916-1920 1939-1942 1935-1941 1947-1949 1955 1941-1943 1920; 1929-1951 1911-1913 1945-1950 1925-1926 1924-1926 1902-1903 1914-1915 1927-1928 1943-1944 APPENDIX Stringfield, Margaret J. Stuart, Mrs. Annabell G. Sutton, Mrs. S. Swain, George Harry Swain, Myrtle T. Swarthout, G. Eastman Tanner, Paul Taylor, Mrs. Ella K. Tomlinson, Rachel Tomlinson, Rebecca Tweddale, Ed. R. Tweddale, Mrs. Ed. R. Tyer, Annie L. Tyndall, Jesse Parker Tyndall, John W. Tyson, Ada L. Uzzle, Meta G. Vick, Susan Frances Wagner, Elizabeth Cleland Walker, Ersie Caroline Ward, Sarah Bain Ware, Charles C. Waters, John Mayo Watkins, Maud Memory Weems, John E. Wells, Ella A. Wenger, Arthur D. West, Lynne N. West, R. Fred White, Travis Alden Whitfield, Lee Whitley, Eva Mae Whitney, Clarence F. Wilkinson, Bessie Willard, George S. Williams, George A. Wills, Camilla Louise Wilson, Mrs. Mary H. Winterrowd, Gretchen Wolff, Bonita Woodard, Varina Wooten, William Isler Workman, John H. Yavorski, Mrs. Elizabeth Edwards Zachry, Jeannette 1902-1903 1955 1905-1906 1953-1955 1954-1955 1910-1912 1950-1951 1946-1951 1902-1903 1951-1955 1926-1927 1926-1927 1912-1913 1949-1955 1902-1903 1902-1903 1905-1910 1947-1948 1938-1940 1909-1910 1944-1955 1915-1926 1927-1955 1917-1918 1955 1949-1955 1950-1953 1954-1955 1950-1953 1953-1955 1908-1909 1942-1944 1916-1918 1906-1907 1952-1955 1921-1925 1944-1950 1938-1955 1926-1927 1916-1919 1925-1926 1920-1921 1941-1945 1930-1941 1904-1907 BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts Atlantic Christian College office records. Theses : Deans, Clyde (M.A., U. of N. C., 1942) “‘A Program in Health and Physical Education for Atlantic Christian College’’ Hamlin, Charles Hunter (Ph.D., George Peabody, 1941) “‘Conflicting Forces in North Carolina Education’’ Hamlin, Griffith Askew (Th.D., Iliff, 1952) ‘‘Christian Education, North Carolina Disciples of Christ, 1852-1902’’ Shreve, Clark G. (M.A., U. of N. C., 1941) ‘‘Early History of Wilson, N. C. Schools’’ Catalogs Atlantic Christian College 1902-1955 Carolina Christian College 1893-1902 Industrial Christian College 1907-1929 Kinsey School and Kinsey Seminary 1886-1901 Pleasant Hill Male and Female Academy 1868 Wilson Collegiate Institute, and Wilson College 1872-1884 Periodicals (intermittent) (1) Atlantic Christian College: Bulletin, 1915-1955 Collegiate, 1927-1955 Pine Knot, The 1910-1955 Radiant, 1908-1920 Torchlight, 1944-1946 Disciples of Christ : Christian-Evangelist, The Christian Guide Christian Standard Florida Christian 242 BIBLIOGRAPHY Millennial Harbinger Missionary Tidings N. C. State Papers (Disciple) N. GC. Convention Minutes S. C. Christian World Call (3) N. C. Newspapers Chapel Hill News Letter Greensboro Daily News Kinston Free Press Raleigh News and Observer Wilson Daily Times Books 1852. Francis, Journal, 3 Vols., N. Y., Kd. B. ee BENNETT, Southside Virgima Families, City, Calif., 1955. ‘ ; story of Education, N. Y., 1919. Boyer, Cuares C., History of oaing86, Ralsigh, N.C. B Levi, N. C. Directory, 188 Crane wide The State Records of N. C., 177 6-1790, 15 Vols. Cone W., North Carolina—Rebuilding an Ancient Com- h, 1584-1925, 4 Vols., 1929. Psa or) W., AND Por, CLARENCE, The Life and Speeches les Brantley Aycock, N. Y., 1912. Bh go In Memoriam, H. G. Connor, 1929. | Editor, 1939. it das Po d a Half in the U. S. A., Redwood Davis, JoHN, Travels of Four Years an 98-1802, N. Y. (reprint), 1909. ’ isd ho ae Force, Autobiography and Memorr, by his sons, N. Y., 1897. Epmunpson, WiLLiAM, Journal, London, 1774. Evans, Mapison, Pioneer Preachers of Indiana, Philadelphia, 1862. Foster, L. S., Fox, GEORGE, iladelphia, 1919. Pr De Panaee, 1956 Pocket Almanac of Facts, N. Y., 1956. mER, College, N. Y., 1925. ee ae me N. a. aestory of the Disciples of Christ im Illinots, 1914, Cincinnati, 1915. lewae a, American Universities and Colleges, 6th ed., i , D. C., 1952. Jouallt Mn, © G., Ante-bellum North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1937. Mississippi Baptist Preachers, St. Louis, 1895. An D citlegrenky. edited by Rufus M. Jones, 244 Brsii0oGRAPHY Jorpan, Exper F. M., Life and Labors (autobiography), Raleigh, 1899. Kipp.e, Henry, AND ScHEM, ALEXANDER, The Year Book of Education, N. Y., 1878. Knieut, Epaar W., Public School Education in North Carolina, Boston, 1916. KoNKLE, Burton Ava, John Motley Morehead and the Develop- ment of North Carolina, 1796-1866, Philadelphia, 1922. LeTHEN, JOHN (ed), Historical and Descriptive Review of the State of N. C., Charleston, S. C., 1885. McGuorauin, W. J., Baptist Beginnings in Education, History of Furman University, Nashville, 1926. NeEws AND OBSERVER, Year Books, 1901-1939, Raleigh. Prapopy, F. G., Sunday Evenings in College Chapel, Boston, 1911. Poxx, L. L., Handbook of North Carolina, Raleigh, 1879. } REEVES, FLoyp W., AND RUSSELL, JoHN Datz, College Orgam- zation and Administration, Board of Education, Disciples of Christ, Indianapolis, 1929. Rurss, Rusu, Life of Jesus of Nazareth—A Study, N. Y., 1904. Rosinson, Stuart, The Church of God, Philadelphia, 1858. Rogers, JoHN, Biography of B. W. Stone, Cincinnati, 1847. Saunpers, W. L., Colonial Records of North Carolina, 1662- 1776, ten Vols., Raleigh, 1886-1890. Situ, Huston, The Purposes of Higher Education, N. Y., 1955. SNavELY, Guy E., The Church and the Four Year College, N. Y., 1955. Spencer, Herpert, Education, Intellectual, Moral, and Physical. Spracur, Wnu1aM B., Annals of the American Pulpit, Vol. 6, Baptists, N. Y., 1860. Tuomas, JosepH, The Life of the Pilgrim, Joseph Thomas, auto- biography, Winchester, Va., 1817. TuRNER, J. KELLY, AND Bringers, JoHN L., History of Edge- combe County, N. C., Raleigh, 1920. WatsH, JoHN TomuineE, Life and Times (autobiography), Cin- cinnati, 1885. j Ware, CHARLES CrOssFIELD, Barton Warren Stone, St. Louis, , History, N. C. Disciples of Christ, St. Louis, Rountree Chronicles, New Bern, N. C., 1947. WEEKS, STEPHEN B., Southern Quakers and Slavery, Baltimore, 1896. York, BRANTLEY, Autobiography, Durham, N. C., 1910. INDEX A Abbott, B. A., 64 Anderson, R. B., 112 Applewhite, J., 33 Arnold, D. W., 87 Arnold, Russell, 220 Asbury, Francis, 28 Askew, John, 146 Aycock, C. B., 23 B Bailey, C. T., 108 Barclay, John, 176 ‘«Barksdale Decision,’’ 31 Basnight, J. 8., 75 Beatty, James, 181 Beckley, W. Va., School, 118 Bethany College, 43, 179 Bishop, R. A., 45 Blackburn, C. L., 148 Blake, Howard, 177 Book, W. H., 119 Bowen, H. ©., 44, 45, 82, 92 Braxton, H. Galt, 147 Bray, Thomas, 18 Brinson, Lee E., 198 Brinson, M. B., 148 Brown, K. I., 225 Bruton, J. F., 33, 107 Buckner, G. W., Jr., 193 Bullard, Chester, 28, 73 Burns, J. L., 82 Burris, C. C., 195 Burroughs, Paul, 196 Burt, Millard, 161 Cc Caldwell, J. C., 97-115, 117, 121 Campbell, A., 28, 196 Campbell, Thomas, 28, 38 Carolina Christian College faculty, 56 Carolina Christian Publishing Co., 126 Carolina Discipliana Library, 7, 57 Carolina Enlargement Campaign, 129, 130 Carolina Evangel, The, 97, 102, 105 Carson, R. G., 134 Case, Perry, 7, 163 Cason, H. D., 93 Catherine Lake Academy, 44, 45 Chowan College, 42 Christmount, 186 Clark, Gen. William, 37-39 Cobb, Dr. W. H., 56 Coggins, J. C., 74-77, 79, 89, 90, 192 Cohn, D. L., 225 Cole, G. G., 87, 88, 192 Connor, Judge H. G., 31 Coon, Charles L., 155, 157 Cory, Abe, 121, 145-147 Coward, Mrs. H. L., 85 Craven, Braxton, 22 Crumpler, Hinton, 166, 167 Crumpler, W. J., 63 Crusade for a Christian World, 181, 182 Cuthrell, George F., 145 D Davis, D. W., 61, 63 Davis, John, 15-17 Daniels, Josephus, 30-32, 136 Defee, William, 40 Denny Cup, 155, 159 Dew, Arthur, 25 Drake Bible College, 111, 117 Dunean, Landon, 28 DeWeese, B. C., 149 Dungan, D. R., 80 Dunn, J. P., 38, 42 Dye, R. J., 122 E Eagles, Mrs. C. 8., 110 Eborn, B. F., 25 Eden, Gov. Charles, 14 Edmonston, Martha L., 164 Edmundson, H., 33 Edmundson, William, 17 245 246 INDEX Errett, Isaac, 46 Eure, Thad, 195 Eureka College, 90 Evans, Ira C., 182 Ewing, Greville, 195 F Falls of Tar River, 24 Farish, Hayes, 170 Farmer, Benjamin, 24 Farmville Academy, 43, 45 Fike, Dr. R. L., 147 Ford Foundation, 217 Foster, Robert, 27 Fox, George, 18 Foy, Joseph H., 43, 44 ‘Freedom Shrine,’’ 194 Freeman, 8. F., 169, 172 Fulghum, J. E., 193 G Gardner, G. W., 108 Garfield, J. A., 50 Glenn, Gov. R. B., 97 Glover, Governor, 13 Gold, P. D., 32, 33 Gordon, William, 13 Grant, Murray, 148 Green, George D., 33 Griffin, Charles, 13, 14 Grim, F. ¥., 127; 133 Grimke, T. 8., 58 Guirey, William, 28 H Hackney, Bess, 112 ¢ Hackney, George, 85, 95 Hackney, T. J., Sr., 194 Hackney, W. N. and Orpah, Fund, 85 Hall, C. D., 128 Hall, P. B., 97 Hamlin, C. H., 7, 134, 163 Haney, H.G., 192 Hardy, Bert C., 157 Hardy, C. L., 176, 183, 184, 194, 196 Hardy, W. P., 163, 164 Harper, Faye, 98 Harper, Dr. H. D., Sr., 63 Harper, J. J., 54, 64, 86, 87, 91-104 Harper, Dr. M. W., 92 Harper Sisters, 158 Harris, W. H., 51, 52 Harvard University, 17 Hassell, Sylvester, 30, 45 Hays, Brooks, 204 Helmer, Harry, 185 Helsabeck, R. A., 45 Hemby, J. B., Jr., 221 Herring, Dr. Doane, 147 Hertford, N. C., 18 Hilley, H. 8., 130-165, 173-187 Hines, J. 8., 51 Hines, J. W., 85, 135, 136, 145 Hines, Peter E., 91 Holbrookm Ira A., 192 Holman, Mrs, S. A., 90 Holsapple, C. K., 134 Hookerton Church, 184 Hooper, William, 19 Hopkins, J. A., 97 Hopwood, Josephus, 74 Howard, C. W., 45, 53, 59, 159 Howard, John R., 40 Howard, Lee, 220 Hughart, Mr. and Mrs. W. H., 42 J Jarman, Cecil A., 188, 189, 194 Jarman, Fraulein H., 217 Jarvis, Gov. T. J., 50 Jenkins, B. A., 64 Johnson Bible College, 190 Johnston, H. B., Jr., 193 Johnston, W. G., 56, 58, 75, 83, 84 Jones, J. Boyd, 90, 94 Jones, J. Fred, 108 Jones, Sam M., 112 Jordan, Frank M., 29 Joyner, J. Y., 119 a Kane, A. J., 40 Kendall, Charley, 173 Kerr John, 19 Kinsey, Joseph, 32-44, 59, 62, 84, 86 Kinsey, R. B., 35 Kinsey, Seminary, 37 Kinsey Seminary, first faculty, 33 INDEX Kinston Collegiate Institute, 159 Kinston Free Press, 19 Knight, Mr. and Mrs. W. 8., Jr., 218 Knox, John, 39 L Lamar College, 74 Langston, Ira W., 169, 204, 205 Latham, Josephus, 42 Latham, Thomas J., 38, 42, 46, 93 Leighton, A. F., 97 Lenoir Collegiate Institute, 164 Lindley, D. Ray, 189-199, 207 List, editors of The Collegiate, 149 List, editors of The Pine Knot, om List, editors of The Radiant, 112 a List, Recipients of Faculty Cup, en List, Recipients of Waters ros gs List, Student Fatalities, World War II, 178 A List, Who’s Who Among Students American Colleges, 162, 163, 185, 198, 219, 220 Long, R. A., 152 Lord, J. A., 101 i Lubbock, Tex. Church, 202 Lueas, Silas, 33 M McComas, Jack, 197, 198, 219 McGarvey, J. W., 58, 105 McLean, A., 64 McReynolds, J. C., 84 Mann, Horace, 20, 22 Manning, Asa J., 55, 57 Manning, W. C., 146 Mallard, Alice, 42 Mashburn, Mr., 14 Mashburn, ©. B., 107 Mattox, O. T., sol Mattox, W. T., 12 Melton, B. H., 45, 57, 63, 78, 82, 84 Melville, H., 225 : Men and Millions Movement, 121, 122 Merrimon, Judge, 31 Miller, Irwin, 224 Miller, Raymond R., 189 Miller, R. H., 122 Mitchell, D. C., 134, 135 Mizell, W. H., 87, 89 Moon, A. F., 55 Moore, James Anderson, 124, 125 Moore, J. T., 98 Morton, C. Manly, 87ff., 112, 166, 180, 217 Motley, D. E., 61, 62, 73, 74, 84, 86 Moudy, James M., 200, 201, 207, 227 Moye, A. J., 43, 45, 53, 95 Moye, Alfred, 25 Moye, E. A., 63 Moye, Lawrence A., 126, 196 Moye, Moses T., 28, 43 Mulkey, Philip, 40 Murphy, E. T., 96, 97 Murrill, Mr. and Mrs. H. D., 114 N New, John B., 40 Nixonton, N. C., 13 Nunn, Etta, 125 Nunn, J. Park, 134 Nurney, C. N., 85, 124 0 Oettinger, Jonas, 33 Omer, Lewis, 84 Outlaw, C. F., 119, 120 Owen, J. Merritt, 84 P Page, Kirby, 176 Palatines, 34, 35 Perkins, J. W., 45 Perry, J. M., 99, 100 Pestalozzi, 20 Petree, D. Heaton, 83 Pittman, Dr. M. A., 147 Pope, Liston, 191 Powell, W. E., 84 Pritchard, H. O., 135, 153, 229 Proctor, Mrs. J. O., 85 Proctor, R. S., 133 Purviance, David, 40 R Rainsford, Giles, 14 Reeves, F. W., 145, 153 248 Reynolds, J. W., 78, 84 Rhees, Rush, 119 Rightsell, L. T., 48, 49, 53, 55 Robertson, J. F., 40 Rodman, W. B., 46 Rossman, Parker, 227 Rountree, Jack R., 106, 111 Rountree, Jesse, 55 Rountree, R. H., 123 Rutledge, G. P., 87, 119 8 Sadler, M. E., 123, 124, 193 Sadler, 8. Lee, 113, 126 Salmon, K. L., 109 Satchwell, Dr., 8. S., 21 Saunders, Joseph A., 100 Settle, Evan, 104 Sharp, Allan R., 195 Shearer, J. B., 58 Shehane, C. F. B., 40 Shingleton, Aubrey, 193 Shoptaugh, J. A., 80 Simmons, F. M., 35 Smith, B. L., 64 Smith, Harlie L., 204 Smith, R. A., 94, 96, 117-128 Southern Association, 207, 208 Spear, M. §8., 84 Stancill, R. W., 45 Stearns, Mrs. J. M., 125 Stone, B. W., 27, 28, 40, 195, 208 Sumrell, J. F., 43 Swain, Peter S., 60 x ‘