ede
UTNE oe weaE y

 
 

 
 
 
N. OC. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY.

NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND
ECONOMIC SURVEY

JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, State Geologist

BULLETIN No. 24

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE

W. W. ASHE

Forest Inspector, U. S. Forest Service

(and former Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey)

Prepared in Co-operation with the

Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture
HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester

ERRATA

> F é ‘ he
Page 50, line 16, for “more than 35” read “as much as 40.”

Page 50, line 18, for “less than the average” read “as little as 26

pounds.”

”

> ¢ , . .
} Page 13: araors » “tota] eonte nn ’
FRONTISPIECE. Group of loblolly pines two hundred years old growing with hardwoods on R 7 3, parse aph (m), for “total content of tree (1)
Quality I. Such trees yield 55 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of content of tree Ck).
lumber. The hardwoods have been cut out. >. 4 i . “ : - . ’
é ‘ ee Page 144, line 14 from bottom, for scaling 125 board feet” read
be . ae
sealing 77 board feet.”

read “total

 
GEOLOGICAL BOARD

: Governor Locke Craig, ex officio chairman... Raleigh.
Frank R. Hewitt.... “lWiols vas -onavacets & p.b alg ew eR aE Ie,

Hugh MacRae.... Wilmington.
Senry Hy. Fries; 2. [Erie

W. H. Williamson Raleigh.

wosepn rvae Pratt; Sirate Geologist oie rk oa. oles ae ada vate Chapel Hill.

Winston-Salem.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

CuaPEL Hirt, N. C., October 1, 1914.

To His Excellency, Hon. Locke Cralie,

Governor of North Carolina.

Sir :—There has recently been prepared for the North Carolina
GeolMgical and Economic Survey a report on the Loblolly or North
Carolina Pine by Mr. W. W. Ashe. It is for the use of landowners
and lumbermen alike and is designed to meet the needs of all our peo-
ple who are in any way interested in timber.

[ submit this report for publication as Bulletin 24 of the bulletin
Yours respectfully,

series of the Survey.

JosEpH Hyper Prart,

State Geologist.

 
CONTENTS

Preface
The Tree and how to identify it
Common names
Distinguishing botanical characteristics............c0cceeccccecses
Economic status of loblolly pine Nees
Physiography of Coastal Plain and Piedmont Plateau POROUS cis cw karan
Coastal Plain region
Piedmont Plateau region
Commercial distribution
Original forest
Present forest
. Associated species
Forest types

Loblolfy pine on longleaf pine fiat lands i art ge te
Loblolly pine with hardwoods in swamps chiefly in Coastal Plain...
Loblolly pine with pocoson pine on savannas
Loblolly pine with cypress in deep swamps ; : 0 Agila!
Loblolly pine in hardwood and shortleaf pine forests on the Pied
mont uplands

Forest characteristics

Form

Root system
Bark
Longevity and size
Silvical requirements
Climate

Light
Reproduction
Seeding
Germination and plant establishment
Fungus diseases and insects
Sensitiveness to fire
Cattle and hogs
Sleet and snow
Wind-firmness
Wood and its uses
Qualities

 
CONTENTS.
CONTENTS.
: Silvicultural systems of cutting—Continued:
(3) Longleaf pine: fat: Tanda fos is fs vais scarey ace
Commercial use for turpentine 53 (4)
Growth

. 6 4 y ine wi 208 ine SAVE as 56
Quality, class I ‘he 5 (6) Loblolly pine with pocoson pine on savannaS..............+ 156

Quality, class II Be (7) Loblolly pine with shortleaf pine and hardwoods on uplands 156
Quality, class III E Protection from fires... 157
PLB G Har t Cis |: ORR ORD RRA Nem UMA inn es SMU EC Nigwon enc a iht': ; __. Brush lopping

Determination of Quality. Sttes......4.4% aha eel eh weigh diesels 5 Thinnings

Growth in height 5 Artificial restocking

Growth in diameter 38 Gathering of seed...

Growth in volume Seedbeds
Cubic feet . Planting
Board feet 6 Direct seeding

Broadcast sowing

Seed spot sowing

Volume tables
Yield of pure even-aged stands
In cublo fest end Conde. cock ia ha een ce daetels Ree
In board feet
Graded volume tables ig ho
COANE OL TORS Neca cay ee an He cory ON RR ce OED See
Grade
Grade 2
Grade ¢
Grade
Grade
Red heart logs
Grading of lumber
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

Advisability of loblolly pine planting

Density of stand
Quality site
Rate of growth and age of stand
Management
Most profitable age and size at which to cut
Mixed stands
Pure even-aged stands for saw timber
Pure even-aged stands for cordwood
Open pure uneven-aged stands
Increasing the revenue from timber land
Reducing waste in logging
Rules to govern logging
Increase in cost of handling small timber
Relative value of trees for different useS...........ccceeec ness avin 147
Silvicultural systems of cutting in different types..............6.5- 148
(1) Upland old field
(2) Permanent of “natural” loblolly pine type.................. 151

 
TABLE

Nea ket

© oo

H
i)

np bw bw

tw)

or

ww dws bw bw b&

ww <

~

=

~

2

wal

o

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE
Forest types of Eastern North Carolina

Composition of loblolly pine stands on upland old fields

Composition of loblolly pine stands on peaty soil

Composition of loblolly pine stands on longleaf pine flat land
Composition of loblolly pine with hardwoods............+.0-++ee05
Composition of loblolly pine with pocoson pine

Yield of different ages in board feet per linear foot of stem

Butt taper measurements

Taper measurements of stems—age less than 75 years

. Taper measurements of stems—age more than 75 years

Thickness of bark at breast high for trees of different diameters and
heights

Thickness of bark on stump

Effect of fire on diameter growth

Growth in height of trees in crown classes on quality sites

Growth in -héighton different: sites: 6.2 ie ass es es Wie tine

Relation between total height and diameter on quality sites

Growth in diameter on quality sites :

Relation between breast high diameter and stump diameter

Growth in diameter of trees on different sites

Growth of average tree in height, diameter, and volume

Growth in cubic volume on different sites

Growth in volume, board feet on quality sites

Growth in volume, board feet on different sites

Volume of logs in board feet and cubic feet and mill factor

. Log rule for loblolly pine

Volume of trees, band sawed, under 75 years

Volume of trees, band sawed, over 75 years

Volume of trees, circular sawed, under 75 years

Volume of trees, circular sawed, over 75 years

Volume of trees scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, under 75 years
Volume of trees scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, over 75 years
Volume of trees scaled by Scribner Decimal C rule, under 75 years. .

. Volume of trees scaled by Scribner Decimal C rule, over 75 years...

Volume of trees scaled by Tiemann rule, under 75 years

Volume of trees scaled by Tiemann rule, over 75 years

Number of logs in trees of different diameters and heights

Volume in cubic feet of merchantable stem wood, less than 75 years.

Volume of trees in cubic feet and cords, per cent of bark and number
of trees to a cord

Yield per acre in cubic feet to 3 inches, including tops and stumps...

Yield per acre in cubic feet to 6 inches, including tops and stumps...

Yield per acre cubic feet and cords without stumps and tops

Yield per acre to 6 inches, band sawed

Yield per acre to 6 inches, circular sawed

Yield per acre, Doyle-Scribner rule

LIST OF TABLES.

TABLE

41.

Yield per acre to 9 inches, band sawed 94

4la. Yield per acre to 11 inches, band sawed 94

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.

a ol

yaa4 7
1

oo
S> © a

‘ Value of lumber sawed from logs of different diameters

Number of trees per acre, 6 inches and OVEr..........eeceeeeeeeees 95
Number of trees per acre, 9 inches and over 96
Number of trees per acre, 11 inches and over 97
Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 1 logs 101
Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 2 logs..... 102
Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 3 logs..... 103
Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 4 logs..... 104
Per cent of different grades lumber sawed from red heart logs...... 105
Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 1 logs............ 106
Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 2 logs
Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 3 logs............ 108
Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 4 logs
Amounts and values of lumber sawed from red heart logs........... 110
Amounts and per cents of grades cut from butt, second and top logs,
45 year old stand
Amounts and per cents of grades cut from butt, second and top logs,
65 year old stand
Per cent of grades of lumber in trees of different diameters—age
CHIBR CORO a Vick be be enc ks Waa hs CON Mieaigs ah TNE Rape rs
Per cent of grades of lumber in trees of different diameters—age
class 60 to 70

H
bo bo bo be

OI m CO bo

part

Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality I

Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality II

Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality III

Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality I

Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality II

Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality III

Value per 1,000 board feet of lumber from stands at different ages...

Value per 1,000 board feet of stumpage in stands of different ages...

Stumpage value per cubic foot of wood in trees

Increase in stumpage prices and in utilization since 1891

Per cent of increase in value of dominant and intermediate trees.... 1:

Value of fully stocked stands, scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule

Value of fully stock stands, basis of mill cut

Cost of growing cordwood

Time required for trees to grow one inch in diameter

Crown space in per cent of acre required for growth of trees of
different sizes

Value of lumber in stumps

Increase in cost of manufacturing lumber with decrease in size of log 147

Comparative value of trees of different sizes

Area of crown space and index of tolerance

Yield of thinned stands and yield of thinnings

Cost per 1,000 board feet of growing loblolly pine

e

Bee eee
a =

D> OO

=

wo 0 0 ww Oo co tS PS bo be
-

 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING
PAGE

PLATE
I. Group of loblolly pines 200 years old growing with hardwoods

on Quality I. Such trees yield 55 per cent of No. 1 and No.
2 grades of lumber. The hardwoods have been cut out.

Frontispiece

II. Branchlet of loblolly or North Carolina pine with old cones
open after the dispersal of seed in early winter, and small
cones which will develop next season just below the termi-
nal bud. Two-fifths natural size. (Author’s illustration.)

III. Stand of loblolly pine about 12 years old on dry sandy soil in
old field. Stand is too open. The stems consequently are
short and crooked, set with many branches, and the wood
is knotty. An undesirable condition due to open stocking
on dry soil. (Photo. U. 8. Forest Service. )

IV. Dense stand of pure loblolly pine, 5 to 8 years old.
condition insuring long straight stems which are well
cleaned of branches. (Author’s illustration. )

v. A. Characteristic stand of loblolly and pocoson pine on sa-
vanna. The scattered short-bodied trees are typical.
Such a stand yields about 15 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2

grades of lumber. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.)
B. Margin of pine, cypress and gum swamp. Old cypress in
center; old pine on left. (Photo. U. 8. Forest Service.)

Desirable

VI. A. Groups of loblolly pine poles with old longleaf pine which
it is replacing on grassy flat lands. (Photo. U. S. Forest

Service.)

B. Cut-over loblolly pine land showing the undesirable char-
acter of the seed trees which are left by the present
method of cutting. (Photo. by J. 8S. Holmes. )

VII. Loblolly pine with mixed oaks and shortleaf pine. Three log
tree 80 years old cutting 20 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2
grades of lumber. (Photo. N. C. Geological Survey.)

VIII. A. Good example of heavy culling as practiced 15 to 20 years
ago. The large number of intermediate and suppressed
trees which were left have now formed a basis for a re-
munerative second cutting. Pine reéstablishment fair
but intermixed with oaks. (Author’s illustration.)

B. and C. Types of recently cut loblolly pine forest, 5 or 6
years after cutting; quality II, age about 70 years. Dense
pine restocking, young stand being from 6 to 10 feet
high. Undesirable class of seed trees and no possibility
of a remunerative second cutting. (Author’s illustra-

tions.)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE

IX. Types of Loblolly Pine Wood
A. Type of wood from lower part of stem in old-field stand.
The coarse grained center indicates large knots. This
tree became codominant or intermediate when about 3
inches on the radius. The diameter growth was slow
on account of the crowding and the stem cleaned of
branches. It was isolated by thinning when 3% inches
on the radius. The stem at that time resembled that of
one of the isolated trees shown on Plate XVI. As a result
of this thinning the growth during the past ten years has
been at the rate of one inch in diameter every three
years. While the wood formed since thinning is coarse
grained, it is clear and free from knots. The large
amount of hard summerwood is characteristic for flat-
woods soils. (Author’s illustration.)
Characteristic wood from lower logs of trees in mixed
stands, medium fine and even grained. The crown of
this tree overtopped the hardwoods when it was about 60
years old (at 3.3 inches on the radius). Since this
period the diameter growth has been at the rate of one
inch every four years (7% rings to the inch of radius).
This stem is practically free of knots for 60 feet and the
wood is of high quality. Nearly the same result can be
obtained by the method of cutting which is recommended
for the best sites which seeks to develop the codominant
and intermediate trees to form the mature stand, and by
gradual cutting eventually to develop the best of the sup-
pressed trees. (Author’s illustration.)
X. Types of Loblolly Pine Wood
A. Characteristic wood from middle and upper section of
rapidly growing tree. The relatively small amount of
hard summerwood in this portion of the stem is typical.
(Author’s illustration.)
Wood from tree growing on very wet soil showing charac-
: teristic irregularity of grain. (Author’s illustration.)
XI. Fully stocked stand 35 years old, Quality II, in old field on
upland of good quality following oak, hickory and short-
leaf pine. The density is good; the growth, however,
is beginning to decline and the stand would be much bene-
fited by a thinning. (Author’s illustration.)
XII. Logs of Different Grades
A. Logs chiefly of Grades 3 and 4, diameters 5 to 16 inches.
These are the prevailing grades and sizes now coming to
the mills. Average log about 388 feet, D.-S. (Author’s
illustration. )
B. Logs chiefly of Grades 2 and 3, diameters 10 to 24 inches.
These are the prevailing grades and sizes which were
cut by the mills between 1895 and 1910.’ Average log

 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xili

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. y
FACING
FACING

Pack years ago. Scale of average log about 50 feet D.-S. Such a

about 90 feet, D.-S. The small size of the heartwood is
noteworthy. (Author’s illustration.)

C. Logs chiefly of Grades 1 and 2, diameters 12 to 36 inches.
These were the prevailing grades and sizes which were
sawed until 1895. Average log about 200 feet, D.-S.

Typical boards of important grades of North Carolina pine
lumber 12 feet long. A to D, inclusive, are dressed boards;
E and F are rough. (Photographs made under direction
of author.)

A. No. 1 grade board, 16 inches wide, from a large, old, fine-
grained heart tree of the quality known as “slash pine.”
A narrow margin of sapwood is shown on either edge of
the board.

No. 2 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a small
pin knot and a narrow pitch streak in the upper one-half
of the board. Board from an old growth, fine grained
tree, very largely heartwood.

C. No. 3 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a pitch
pocket in the lower one-fourth, two pin knots near the
middle of the board, a pitch streak at the upper
end of the board, and a sliver in the coarse, flat grain
of its center. Board is from a second growth forest
tree, coarse grained in the center and medium grained
on the edges. Two-thirds of surface sapwood.

Box or No. 4 grade board, 12 inches wide. Very knotty and
coarse grained. This board is from a rapid growth tree
of the old-field type and is all sapwood except a narrow
ribbon of heart down the center.

Merchantable red heart grade board, 10 inches wide. This
board would have graded as a No. 3 but for the red heart
which shows as the dark streaks in the heartwood.

Box bark strip. The bark edge shows along the upper
right-hand edge of the strip; the bark has been trimmed
from the lower portion of the piece.

XIV. Stand fifty to sixty years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly
pine site, which was culled of the dominant trees fifteen years
ago. This stand, consequently, is formed of the intermediate
and suppressed trees of the original stand which accounts
for the very clean and slender stems. Under a better method
of cutting, this stand would have produced at this time
35,000 board feet to the acre, the average log being 45 feet
D.-S., and yielding more than 60 per cent No. 3 grade lumber
and better. Desirable type of seed trees marked “S.” (Au-
thor’s illustration.)

XV. Unthinned stand 80 years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly
pine site, in process of lumbering. Although of good size, the
upper logs are prevailingly knotty. This stand would have
been. benefited by the removal of the dominant trees 25 to 30

stand will yield 30 per cent of lumber of Grades No. 1 and
No. 2. Desirable type of seed trees marked “S.” (Author’s
illustration. )

. Stand 25 to 30 years old, Quality II, before being thinned. The
large knots on the dominant trees are noteworthy. ‘Trees to
be removed in first improvement thinning marked “X.” (Au-
thor’s illustration.)

. Stand shown in Plate XVI after a combined first cutting and
improvement thinning. Most of the knotty dominant trees
have been cut, leaving the stand formed entirely of slender,
clean-stemmed codominant and intermediate trees. These,
with increased diameters, will yield from 3 to 3% nearly
clear logs, which will saw out approximately the same type
of wood as that shown in Plate IX-B. More than 3,000 feet
D.-S. per acre were removed from the stand in this cutting.
The average log, however, scaled less than 12 feet. (Au-
thor’s illustration.)

. Fire Protection. Surface fire in pine forest stopped by plowing
SW GOI TOL WOES i oo 5 bene ee kd els RA ee

. Unused top containing a sound 16-foot log, 10 inches in diame-
ter at large and 5 inches at small end, but yielding only cull
lumber on account of large knots. Such a top is forming a
serious fire menace. (Author’s illustration.)

- A loblolly pine stand, Quality II, cut to a 12-inch diameter, a
large number of slender, clean-stemmed, intermediate trees
being uncut. Characteristic condition in which such a stand
was left after it was logged by means of wheels in the decade
preceding 1905. Compare Plates VI-B and VIII. The lum-
ber from these small trees at the date of the cutting would
have had a Norfolk value of $13.60 per M, with a high cost
of operation on account of the small size of the logs, less
than 15 feet b. m. Doyle-Scribner, and a stumpage value of
only a few cents per M. After holding 15 years these trees
have a stumpage value of about $2.40 per M, while the aver-
age log scales between 40 and 50 board feet. This is an
increase in value of practically 1,000 per cent. (Photo. U.
S. Forest Service.)

XXI. Condition in which loblolly pine and hardwood swamp forest
was left after being logged by steam skidder in the manner
of cutting which prevailed to 1905. In the present opera-
tions cutting is closer and less small timber is left. Note
the large amount of inflammable slash. (Photo. U. S.
Forest Service.)

XXII. Open mature stand of loblolly pine, Quality II. Establishment
of pine seedlings prevented by fires. Heavy underwood of
oak and other broadleaf trees growing beneath the pine, but
periodically top killed by fire. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.)

156

 
 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FACING

PLATE PAGE

XXIII. Stand similar to that in Plate XXII but unburned for 15 years.
Tendency of scrubby hardwoods to replace pine. Note un-
necessarily high stumps; and old fire scar on butt of log on
right. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.)

. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine. Quality I stand, 70 years
Its density is noteworthy. (Author’s illustration.)

’ Crown cover of Loblolly Pine. Quality III stand in old field,
age 50 years. The complete isolation of the crowns is char-
acteristic. Groups of seedlings are beginning to establish
themselves under such a canopy. (Author’s illustration.)...

. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns
well developed and symmetrical. Excellent condition for
rapid individual growth. (Author’s illustration.)

XXVII. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns
small but stems clean. Stand crowded, in urgent need of
thinning to develop large crowns. (Author’s illustration.)..

TEXT FIGURES

Fic.
1. Distribution of loblolly pine and shortleaf pine in the Southern

States. (Compiled by author.)
Distribution of loblolly pine in North Carolina. (Prepared by

author.)

a. and b. Roots of mature loblolly pines on upland clays. (From

Photo, by author.)
c. Two-year old loblolly pine seedling. (From Photo. by author.)...

4a. Roots of loblolly pine saplings on dry sandy upland soils. (Adapted

from Photo. by J. S. Holmes.)

b. Roots of loblolly pine on moist but well drained sandy loam soils.
Small deep seated roots extending to water table. (Adapted by
author from Photo by Von Schrenk.)

c. Roots of loblolly pine on wet soils. No deep seated roots, but a

great mass of shallow roots. (From sketch made from nature. )

5. Relation between loblolly pine quality sites and depth of water

table in soils of different texture. (Author’s illustration. )

PREFACE

The loblolly or North Carolina pine is by far the most important tree
now being cut for lumber in North Carolina. While distributed over
only the eastern half of the state, yet this tree furnishes more than half
of the annual lumber cut of the whole state. Most of the lands which
many years ago were denuded of longleaf pine by the turpentine opera-
tors and the lumbermen and then devastated by fires and hogs, later
came up to loblolly pine and now 50 to 100 years later are fusniahine

 

another and a more remunerative crop of timber.
Loblolly combines all the essentials for an ideal forest management
tree. It seeds profusely and regenerates readily, is adapted to nearly
all types of soil, grows rapidly, becomes marketable at an early age,
grows densely, making large yields per acre, and produces material for
which there is a general demand at a fair and increasing price.
Pies: samseed oF ae loblolly or North Carolina pine in eastern North
x lina, which formed the basis of this report, was made jointly by
eda rue of the United States Department of Agriculture and
arolina Geological and Economic Survey. The first field

ii was begun in 1898 and the entire study completed in 1913.
The Bi ia rolunte figures apply only to eastern North Carolina.
ps i msi ey made in Gates, Wayne, Beaufort, and Pitt
sddieiennt sei) ge Sey plots and stem analyses were made in twelve
Chaves He wih 1atham, Nash, Northampton, W ashington, Bertie,
» tiyde, Harnett, Johnston, Wake, Pender, Lenoir, and Onslow.
A considerable part of the original field data was collected under the
ie direction of the author by H. 8. Curran and E, A. Cahoon
toe ee ‘ ambit Geological Survey, and A. K. Mlodziansky, of the
gu “rainy ce ns tke i Some of the mill cut data were collected
Because i: e mes, Forester of the North Carolina Geological and
eee y, and W. D. Sterrett, of the Forest Service. In the
Lamhe Cuca ee ee a extended by the Hines Bros.
ailee tte ; ston, N. C., Short Lumber ( ompany of Wash-
hihi et & Renais of Suffolk, V ae, while information in
i We Aine alas Grades at different periods was furnished by

This bulletin foi met nt he North (¢ arolina I ine Association.
loblolly ae co modes : 1e growth and proper forest management of
tee Pie in North Carolina. It deals with the occurrence and
ari a he tree, its growth in height, diameter and
obhcaas tae ches at s and situations, and the yields which can be
ss ce oe vine conditions. Phe amount of lumber of different
aps Babi : 1 be cut from timber of different ages-and qualities is

own in tabular form.

 
xvl PREFACE.

gement is taken up the determination of the best LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE

Under forest manag
iber or cordwood, in order to utilize most RFS,"
(Pinus teda, Linneus)

age at which to cut for saw tin

profitably the forest crop. The best methods of cutting in order that
ITS GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT

is discussed for the different types. Pro-
young growth, is advocated and the

the forests may be perpetuated
tection from fire, especially for the
advisability of artificial restocking by seeding or planting is considered.

This report has been prepared for the use of landowners and lumber- By W. W. ASHE
men alike, and is designated to meet the needs of all of our people who

are in any way interested in timber, but especially those in the eastern cue wie .
half of North Carolina. ) TREE AND ITS IDENTIFICATION.

m
Two bulletins previously issued The loblolly or Nor sania paca REE ;
| ‘ Y th Carolina pine grows under many diverse con-

Agriculture treat of this tree along somewhat different lines and will ms which affect its form, size, and the character of its wood 1i
. ° . : ‘ . pas ve conseauence it ie k ; j . : pod, and in
be found helpful to read in connection with this report. ~ [he Loblolly “N Ba aa it is known by many names. The general use of the
‘ F a mn a ‘ R . ° q “Nor Ay eae ws Riau. wer. . Evia 5 ¢ Or the name
Pine in Eastern Texas, With Special Reference to the Production ot é : 1 Carolina pine” for the lumber cut from the tree commonly kn
‘ Ast yet Sea : as “shortleaf: nino” : : y known
“orest Service Bulletin 64, was published wit rtleaf pine” through the Coastal Plain region of North Caroli
rould see suffici 2m . , 5 _ varoiina
Delaware, m sufficient excuse for adopting F
é : i fe : xcus adopting the use of one or Reet
| names in this report. pting e or both these

by the United States Department of

Cross-ties,” by Raphael Zon, I
in 1905; while “Forest Management of Loblolly Pine in
Maryland, and Virginia,” by W. D. Sterrett, Bulletin of the Unite’
States Department of Agriculture, No. 11 (new series), has only recently
The present report should have been issued at the
hing this has been much greater that
JoserH Hyper PRATT,
State Geologist.

ie mtd as _ a on the title page in order to clearly identify
spuliat ets : ‘ pei Rano teeny is not recommended, This name is
Gana meh rs gi imited extent to the tree itself, while the name
fissemgh rt seg 08 int often used locally in the Carolinas or Vir-
not brit be tee cee en lumber, has a wide and ever-extending use,
sehen Sagi iv by in of the lumber journals and the public
soled excbitee ‘i Vee hage because it is the only name which is
body of thie eras yt sf Ee name loblolly is used throughout the
the lone! nec A i ing the strong arguments for continuing
trade name of wR 2 ‘ ae greee the coast,” or adopting the lumber
Jarolina pine.

been published.
same time, but the delay in publis

was anticipated.

OTHER COMMON NAMES.

Shvrtlant: see: : :
git ee straw pine, names usually applied to the
riidPsatd: stent aa Carolina and farther south, are used to
Carciase et es angieet pine. In the middle portion of North
shortest ono epi section of the states farther south, the name
however, oboe a ne eioren on UP. echinacea). This tree,
withie a ae Hisgin ind in the ¢ oastal Plain, where it is known
tobe ee pet OF rosemary pine. In the former region where the

Oldfield pine 2 is gece called “longleaf” pine.
land pads ele Bol scons bc i young growth of loblolly pine on

pee rit go Rd nin eastern North Carolina and southward.
hana Ce is few Se in \ irginia, the Carolinas, and farther
is pee ee “dee Has “wit 1 thick heartwood which occur in swamps

Rosemary my an ee :
with atieiocs i: eke applied to large trees growing

: amps; more generally used in the Coastal Plain

 
 

N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. I

2 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

to designate large trees of Pinus echinata, the common shortleaf pine
of the Piedmont Region.

Swamp pine, a very common name for loblolly pine growing in
swamps.

Sap pine and black-bark pine are names applied by lumbermen to
young growth possessing these characteristics. The latter name is ap-
pled more frequently to pocoson pine.

On the eastern shores of Maryland, in southeastern Virginia, and in
Piedmont North Carolina, where associated with shortleaf, scrub and
other pines having much shorter leaves, loblolly pine in some places is

known as longleaf or foxtail pine.

Botanically the tree is known as Pinus taeda, L., an inappropriate
term so far as the specific designation is concerned, as taeda means torch.
The torch or lightwood pine is the longleaf pine. The latter furnishes
the wood for light, its brands until recently being the chief source of
light at night in thousands of homes in the Coastal Plain of the southern
states.

DISTINGUISHING BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

There are three pines which are intimately associated with the loblolly
pine in different portions of the Coastal Plain region, and as two of
them are apt to be confused with it, the following characteristics will
be found of assistance in separating them:

zinthes

P 1 eee * the dispersal of seed in early winter,
Branchlet of loblolly or North Carolina pine with old cones open after th lisp. eae 4

i ’ i 5 1. iust bel » terminal bud
and small cones which will develop next season ist below the termin ’

Two-fifths natural size (Author's illustration. )

 
 

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOBLOLLY
EASTERN NORTH

Loblolly Pine
Shortleaf Pine (of the
Coast.
North Carolina Pine
Pinus teda).

Pocoson Pine
Pond pine
Black bark pine

Pinus serotina).

Longleaf pine
Pitch pine

Pinus palustris.)

LOBLOLLY

OR

3ark and
Branches of Ma-

ture Trees

3ark on large trees

generally more
than one inch

thick at stump;

bright red brown,

broken into large

oblong plates;
branches ascend-
ing except on

large trees,

Bark on large
trees seldom one
inch thick at
stump; dark
brown, broken
into square or
roundish plates;
branches nearly
horizontal.

Bark thin and
sealy, not ar.
ranged in plates,

bright, red-brown

 

Shortleaf pine
Spruce pine
Rosemary pine

(Pinus echinata).

Bark broken into
oblong plates;

light red-brown,
somewhat scaly;
branches ascend-
ing except in old

trees.

NORTH

Leaves in 3s,
3 to 7 inches

long.

Leaves in 3s,

3 to 5 inches

long

Leaves in 3s,

5 to 9 inches

long.

inches long.

CAROLINA

PINE.

AND

CAROLINA.

Cones oblong.

3 to 6 inches long,

opening soon
after maturing

and falling from
the tree,

Cones oval,
pointed, 2 to 4
inches long; sel-
dom opening,
persistent on the

tree.

Cones 5 to 7 inches
long, opening at
maturity and at
once falling fron

the tree.

Cones about 2

inches long,
opening at ma-
turity, persistent

on the tree.

 

ASSOCIATED

PINES OF

Soil Preference

Grows nearly ev-
erywhere, except
on the wettest

sandy and peaty
soils and on sand

hills.

Wet

black peaty or

andy soils,

muck lands.

Sandhills and
sandy or clayey
soils that are

not too wet.

Well drained,
loamy, clayey or

gravelly uplands.

Very young trees and seedlings of the pocoson pine when growing in

dense stands in mixture with loblolly }
from the latter, as the crowding tends to cause the

species to ascend and the bark of the young I

The two pines, however, are very distinct
in every respect to the loblolly pine. This is generally
lumbermen who know that the pocoson <

large stocks, is apt to be defective:

branches of

ine are not easily distinguished

both

vines is dark and furrowed.

; the pocoson pine is inferior
recognized by the
wr black-bark pine, especially in
either very knotty, rotten or with

redheart. The pocoson pine is found associated with the loblolly pine

 
 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.
4. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. ;

on savannas and on all wet, sandy, coarse-grained soils, particularly
below an elevation of 100 feet above sea level.

The shortleaf pine occurs with the loblolly pine, chiefly on well- NAXT NAPS?
drained, loamy, gravelly or clayey uplands. In the coastal plain they Vex NEA
are most frequently associated north of the Neuse River, but are seldom
found together to the southward, except on hills along streams. They
are found together on the oak uplands of the eastern portion of the
Piedmont plateau region on well-drained, loamy or gravelly knolls and
hills, where the shortleaf pine is the remnant of the old forest and the

 

“SLT

loblolly pine forms a portion of the second growth. Only in a few local-

‘T

ities are all four pines found growing together. Near the coast the
loblolly, pocoson, and longleaf pines are sometimes associated on sandy
hummocks; the wettest places, however, are as a rule occupied by the
pocoson pine; the pocoson and the loblolly pines are associated on
savannas and slightly drier knolls; on better drained soils the long-
leaf replaces the pocoson pine in the mixture and on thoroughly drained
soils only the longleaf pine is found.

ECONOMIC STATUS OF LOBLOLLY PINE.

Loblolly pine is the most important timber tree in southeastern Vir-
ginia, in eastern North Carolina, and in northeastern South Carolina
north of Georgetown; while to the south of Georgetown not only in
South Carolina but in Georgia and westward in the Gulf States its im-
portance is yearly increasing with the decrease in the supply of longleaf
pine. (See Map, Fig. 1.) Its value and its importance as a commercial
tree are best indicated by the extent of the lumber industry which is
dependent upon it and by the annual output of North Carolina pine
lumber in southeastern Virginia, in North Carolina and in the adjacent
portion of South Carolina. While no attempt is made in the census
figures to separate the cuts of the various pines which are sawed in this
region, all of them being grouped under the head of yellow pine, it is
possible to approximate closely the cut of loblolly pine. The lumber cut

*saqejQ WioyNo, oy} Ul auld zeol-y10ys Jo pue ould Ajo qo, yo wornqraystqy

of certain counties is entirely from loblolly pine (the shortleaf pine of
the coast) and that of other counties is very largely from this species.
In southeastern Virginia the cut of pine in 1912 im nine counties which
are within the loblolly pine belt was 397,344,000 bd. ft. In North Caro-
lina the cut of pine in 40 coastal plain pine counties was 1,079,061,000
bd. ft. In South Carolina in 15 counties the cut north of Georgetown
was 548,138,000 bd. ft. A small amount of the pine cut in these nine
counties in southeastern Virginia is from the shortleaf pine (of the
Piedmont); in North Carolina small amounts of the pine cut in the
coastal plain are from the shortleaf pine and from the longleaf or
pitch pine; in South Carolina probably less than 10 per cent of the

pine cut of the counties north of Georgetown is at present from long-

 
 

6 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

leaf pine. The cut by counties for nine counties* in Virginia south of

the James River is as follows: Board Feet.
Isle of Wight 12,500,000
Norfolk 100,683,000
Nansemond 62,726,000
Prince George 5,600,000
Princess Anne 5,500,000
Southampton 98,425,

4 58,385,000
Sussex 13,525,000
Greenesville 40,000,000

397,344,000

The cut by counties for 40 counties in eastern North Carolina is as
follows:

Board Feet. Board Feet.

Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
3runswick
Camden
Carteret
Chowan
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Duplin
Dare
Edgecombe
Gates
yreene
Halifax
Harnett
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Johnston

44,428,000
34,137,000
29,125,000
16,877,000
1,170,000
5,240,000
25,824,000
67,970,000
107,209,000
16,700,000
60,841,000
4,000,000
7,112,000
14,695,000
2,600,000
41,290,000
32,360,000
17,980,000
1,700,000
1,881,000
45,460,000

Lenoir
Martin

Nash

New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Pitt

Robeson
Sampson
Scotland
Tyrrell
Washington
Wayne
Wilson

20,790,000
20,136,000

9,795,000
31,778,000
43,432,000

7,318,000
23,563,000
22,109,000
49,950,000
58,700,000
23,627,000

8,510,000
43,761,000
66,917,000

2,960,000

1,390,000
23,046,000
20,810,000
21,870,000

1,079,061,000

The cut by counties for 15 counties in South Carolina north of George-
town is as follows: Bode Poet
3eaufort 8,527,000
Berkeley 3,265,000
Charleston 48,343,000
Colleton 64,384,000
Darlington 2 i 82,373,000
Dillon 6,075,000
Dorchester 31,761,000
Florence 21,310,000
Georgetown 129,948,000
Hampton 21,700,000
Horry 28,472,000
Lee 1,000,000
54,235,000

21,035,000

15,710,000

548,138,000

*The total cut of yellow pine in the 36 counties of eastern Virginia in which loblolly pine is the
prevailing tree is about 1,200,000,000 board feet. It is probable that three-fourths of this cut is from
loblolly pine.

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

The pine industries of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North
Carolina are so closely associated that it is impossible to separate them.
A large portion of the logs cut in northeastern North Carolina is manu-
factured in Virginia chiefly at or in the vicinity of Norfolk, Suffolk,
Franklin, Emporia, and Whaleyville. It is estimated that 175,000,000
feet, or nearly half of the output of the mills in this section of Virginia,
are from logs brought from North Carolina, the importations being dis-
tributed approximately as follows: 50 per cent of the output of Nanse-
mond County; 90 per cent of the output of Norfolk County and 60 per
cent of the output of Southampton County. Some of the other counties

 

which lie on or near the state line, such as Greenesville, also obtain small
amounts of their timber from North Carolina. It is conservative there
fore to say that the cut of loblolly pine timber in North Carolina in
1912 exceeded 1,250,000,000 board feet. The timber from which this
was cut had a stumpage value of not less than $4,000,000, while the

 

value of the entire output of loblolly pine in North Carolina embracing
both the lumber delivered on the cars and the round timber which was
cut in the State, but manufactured outside, amounted to more than
$16,000,000. The cut of North Carolina pine lumber in North Carolina
has probably attained its maximum.

Small operators still eut a large amount of North Carolina pine
lumber. Of the total number of operations there were in 1912 only 22
in North Carolina that had an annual cut in excess of 10,000,000 board
feet. These 22 had a combined cut of 384,000,000 board feet, compared
with a cut of 695,061,000 board feet for the remaining 600 operations.
At the same time in the counties north of Georgetown in South Caro-
lina there were only six operations that had an output in excess of 10,-
000,000 board feet, and in the nine southeastern counties of Virginia
only 12 operations had outputs of this volume.

The largest single operation in the North Carolina pine field is at
Georgetown, S. C., with an estimated output of about 100,000,000 board
feet a year. A wood alcohol plant is operated in connection with this
sawmill to utilize the waste. The Norfolk District embracing the five
counties of Norfolk, Nansemond, Princess Anne, Isle of Wight, and
Southampton, with an output of more than 180,000,000 board feet a
year, still maintains its supremacy not only as a distributing center but
also as a producing center.

The amount of mature loblolly pine timber in North Carolina is about
15,000,000,000 board feet. This pine occupies in pure growth or asso-
ciated with other species more than 8,000 square miles in North Caro-
lina. Since the rate of growth of this species even under present un-
favorable conditions is not less than 150 board feet per acre of commer-
cial saw-timber a year replacement is at the rate of about 800,000,000
board feet a year and consequently is taking place at more than half
of the rate of utilization for lumber. It is believed that if the forest
lands of eastern North Carolina were being well managed the present
cut could be maintained permanently.

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF COASTAL PLAIN AND PIEDMONT PLATEAU
REGIONS.

In order to understand the distribution of the loblolly pine in North
Carolina, its growth under various conditions and the systems of man-
agement best adapted to them, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the
topography and other general physical characteristics of the Coastal
Plain and of the eastern portions of the Piedmont Plateau regions.

THE COASTAL PLAIN REGION.

The coastal plain region of North Carolina extends inland from
the coast for a distance of one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles,
and has an aggregate area approximating 24,000 square miles. Its sur-
face is that of a gently undulating plain of slight elevation (10 to 50 feet
above sea level) and nearly level eastward, becoming more elevated
(300 to 500 feet) and rolling along its western border. In the neighbor-
hood of the coast, where the drainage is insufficient to remove the rain-
fall rapidly, there are extensive areas of lowland or swamp, with clear,
slowly flowing, or stagnant water. These are mostly forest covered.
Westward the fall permits a more thorough drainage and the swamps
are largely restricted to narrow strips of alluvial land contiguous to
the streams which have muddy, rapidly flowing water when the streams
head beyond the costal plain, and clear, slow-flowing water when the
streams head within the coastal plain. These swamps of the muddy
streams extend in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction through
the entire coastal plain. The total swamp area of the coastal plain
region in North Carolina aggregates nearly 4,600 square miles.

The upland soils of the coastal plain are unconsolidated sands, sandy
loams, silts and loams, and over limited areas stiff clays. To the north
of the Neuse River loams and heavier soils are the more widely distrib-
uted upland soils; to the south of this river the soils are generally of a
sandy type. The water table during the growing season is seldom as
much as 20 feet below the surface, except in the tier of counties which
lies just east of the Piedmont and in the sandy and hilly region of
Moore, Cumberland, Richmond, and the adjoining counties. The soils
in the swamps, except those of alluvial origin, are prevailingly of the
same general textures as those of the uplands, but with a mucky or peaty
top soil, or peaty throughout. The soils of the alluvial swamps border-
ing the large streams, which have their headwaters beyond the coastal
plain region, are silty with a varying admixture of vegetable matter.

The soils of the coastal plain which are occupied by loblolly pine are
practically all available for farming with the exception of the sand
dunes on the banks and some of the river swamps which are subject to
periodic and deep flooding. Many of the best loblolly pine soils require
artificial drainage before they can be profitably farmed. There is little

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

doubt, however, that eventually the larger portion of all of the land now
in loblolly pine will be cleared and placed in cultivation.

In the Coastal Plain Region the average annual temperature is
about 61° F., with a normal range of 36° F. The winters are com-
paratively mild, the temperature seldom falling below 15° F. The
average temperature during the five growing months is 74° F. The
average annual rainfall is about fifty-five inches, the seasonal distribu-
tion being heavier in the spring and summer than in the autumn and
winter. The region of heaviest precipitation and greatest humidity lies
eastward of a north and south line through New Bern and Wilmington.
The rainfall, while heavy, is irregular and concentrated, and the snow-
fall scant, although sleet is frequent. The atmospheric humidity is
high, especially during the summer.

PIEDMONT PLATEAU REGION.

The eastern portion of the Piedmont plateau region, which is the
portion in which loblolly pine occurs most frequently, is more rugged

and its topography rougher than that of the coastal ‘plain. Its eleva-
tion varies from 350 to 600 feet above sea level. In general its surface
is rolling though along the streams and in some other places there are
bold hills.

On the uplands the predominating soils may be described as loams and
clays, sandy and gravelly in some places, but generally with much stiffer
red or yellow subsoil, formed by the decay in situ of slates, gneisses,
(hornblende-bearing) schists, pegmatites, and other crystalline rocks;
while over some limited areas sandy soils occur derived from sandstone
and granite. Along the numerous small streams are narrow, alluvial
deposits, moist, dark-colored loams, containing a variable proportion of
organic matter. Along the larger streams these fluvial deposits are often
clayey or silty. All soils occupied by the loblolly pine in the Piedmont
plateau region, except where too rough or steep are suitable for farming.

The average annual temperature for the region is somewhat less than
that of the coastal plain, being about 59° F.; the annual rainfall is only
about fifty inches, and the humidity is lower. The water table is from
30 to 50 feet below the surface of the hill summits, while the surface
drainage is far superior to that of the coastal plain, swamps being
limited to the borders of the streams. The average temperature during
the five growing months is 73° F.

COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION.

The commercial distribution of the loblolly pine in North Carolina is
from Granville, Person, Orange, Chatham, and Union counties, some-
what east of the center of the State, eastward and southeastward to the
coast, where it occurs over a total area of not less than 30,000 square
miles. As a commercial tree it is largely absent, however, from Cum-
berland, Moore, Richmond, and Hoke counties in eastern North Caro-

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

10 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

lina, which have prevailing dry sandy soils. There are also less ex-
tensive areas of swamp in which it does not occur. But it is capable

! ana0ra1

of growing as a commercial tree on 22,000 square miles of this area

(See map, Fig. 2.) In Virginia it is the prevailing species south and

SNBN DIN IIA

P(Z9/4)

re

a

42 hiv
nYMOW

east of Petersburg and Lunenburg, covering the southeastern portion

~“

of the state, while to the north of Petersburg it is common along and

Me

day

near Chesapeake Bay, on both the eastern and western shores. In

j MOSQiawal “\

South Carolina it is common south and east of Chester wherever the
soil and moisture conditions are suitable for its growth.

“S2O0OMOIOY Aitiems
‘A
P40 'aLisd 180200 ‘aud hyo

2/OU0/ LIM pajsasga
-9O/ 9 P31INIIO L1OA BOIO/ Ut

IY Lf D/

[Od SAILUNOD Jal {sow

ORIGINAL FOREST.

SAOM/D'SpLi0/MO/

Har 0oNve |

In the coastal plain the loblolly pine was originally largely confined
to the following situations: (1) River swamps, where it occurred on the
best drained portions, as single trees in mixture with hackberry, sweet

Fyjoujbi410 ' Spoomse/g if Olt; ;ONade mn

SV9//IOYS O11),

gum, red maple, white and red oaks, deep swamp ash, and water gum;

OYf{ IHO ALIA ¥2

MOU 2/0 Saat as

2) shallow interior swamps with loamy soils where it grew in groups of

y fO Spunss J20d u0D AG p20,
BL//C

a few trees, or more generally single trees, among maple, water oaks, and
gums; (3) shallow swamps with stiff soils, where single trees occurred

 

irregularly distributed among white oaks and red oaks, ash, elm, holly,

 

g

 

 

white bay, beech, and gums; (4) deep swamps, in which it was not com-

 

 

mon and where it occurred with cypress, water gum, and water ash;

 

 

 

 

(5) hummocks and the edges of swamps, savannas, and pocosons, where

 

on a wide range of moist soils of sand, silt, clay or peat, it grew sparingly

 

with longleaf and pocoson pines; (6) best grade of loams, silts, clays
(Portsmouth soil series) and peaty soils seldom subject to flooding, with

 

 

 

 

 

 

the water table usually from five to eight feet below the surface where

it formed compact groups or stands covering many acres: (7) on peaty

 

 

 

 

SS

¥2/4M wo spuojan busyoy RS

soils where it occurred with yellow poplar, white cedar (juniper), white
bay, sweet bay, and sweet gum.

Specimens of best development (Plate T, Frontispiece) are met with
in shallow swamps on clayey or loamy soil growing with mixed hard-
woods. The pure groves on well-drained peaty soil are mostly formed
of comparatively young and small trees from 100 to 150 years old and

hybussods fyuo

$4720 auld h/J/O/Go/ YIIyM Lio

in even-aged stands. There are traditions supported by other evidence,
that these pure groves on the peaty lands have followed old fires. Under
natural conditions it is probable that this species did not form extensive
pure forests in North Carolina except in the extreme northeastern sec-

J190 ui Sou Bins 410/901

tion. Loblolly pine was absent from the best drained soils which were
occupied by the longleaf pine in the coastal plain and by mixed hard-
woods and shortleaf pine in the Piedmont plateau region.

In the Piedmont plateau the original growth of loblolly pine was
chiefly confined to the forests of the narrow stream swamps of the east-
ern portion of the plateau. It formed only a very small proportion of
the timber in these forests which are distinctively of hardwoods. While
most abundant in the Piedmont along its eastern edge, isolated trees

SPUu0/In aus yoa/buos Kpuos UZ

YOO PUD 211A JOO] LIOL/S PPIO{ P24

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

have been found on alluvial lands as far west as the eastern end of Surry
County and at an altitude of about 700 feet, although 500 feet is the
prevailing altitudinal limit in North Carolina.

PRESENT FOREST.

Accidental influences, largely circumstances incidental to the settling
and development of the country, and other influences which have fol-
lowed these, have enabled the tree, by means of its prolific and early seed-
ing and rapid growth, to become locally far more widely distributed and
much more abundant than in the original forest. The most important
of these influences which have facilitated the reproduction and distribu-
tion of this species have been the abandonment of farming lands, fires,
lumbering, and live stock, especially hogs. On account of its adaptabil-
ity, loblolly pine has increased in abundance in wet situations as well as
on dry sites. In swamps it has often followed cypress, when cypress was
cut, wherever standing water during the growing season did not prevent
the pine from establishing itself.. When hardwoods on the coastal
plain were culled, or severely burned, loblolly pine became more abun-
dant in the hardwood forests, until its young growth is now common, both
on the uplands and in the swamps. It has extensively replaced the long-
leaf pine, except on the dryest or sandiest soils. When the longleaf pine
died after being exhausted by turpentine or was broken down by the
wind, or where it was burned or thinned by lumbering, the loblolly pine
succeeded it on all moist, loamy, or clay soils. At the same time hogs
destroyed the seeds and seedlings of the longleaf pine, while both seed and
seedlings of loblolly were largely neglected, the former because of their
small size and the latter because the roots are tough and fibrous. The
loblolly pine now occupies in nearly pure forests, much of it more than
100 years old, practically all of the cutover longleaf pine lands north of
the Neuse River, and a great proportion of the longleaf pine lands south
of the Neuse River and east of Fayetteville and Laurinburg, and is
gradually invading the sandhills of Moore, Cumberland, and Richmond
counties. Worn-out farming lands exhausted of humus, which have been
turned to fallow, and lands which have been found too poor or often too
wet to cultivate, or which were abandoned on account of scarcity of
labor, have been stocked with loblolly pine by means of self-sown. seed
whenever seed-bearing trees were near by. Thus this pine has become
extensively distributed, and while 100 years ago the longleaf pine was
the characteristic forest tree in the Coastal Plain Region of North Caro-
lina, at present the loblolly pine is the prevailing tree; and its relative
abundance and importance are steadily increasing.

The distribution of the loblolly pine has also been extended in the
Piedmont plateau, though not to the same extent as in the coastal plain.
In the eastern part of the Piedmont plateau it has established itself in
old fields, often in association with shortleaf pine, and in stands of hard-
woods which have been culled. It is now abundant in the second growth

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

stands on the hills near the rivers and is gradually extending away from
the streams, in spite of the increasing dryness of the soil.

The growth in the old fields along the eastern edge of the Piedmont
plateau in many places is nearly pure loblolly pine. Where young trees
of the shortleaf pine appear they are often overtopped and suppressed,
being outnumbered and overgrown by the loblolly pine. To the west-
ward, however, there are fewer seed trees, and where there is competition
between the two species, the shortleaf pine has the advantage, except on
moist or sandy soils.

ASSOCIATED SPECIES.

With such a wide range of soil adaptability loblolly pine is associated
with many species and is a component of many forest types. In the
mixed stands in the swamps and on poorly drained sites some of the
associated species are fully as valuable as the pine and are well adapted
to silvicultural purposes. Other species are less valuable than the lob-
lolly. The following list gives the most important associated species.

List or tHe Most Impvorrant Specres Assocratep Wirn LosLoiiy
Pine in Orpver or THEIR Revative IMPorTANCE.

TREES.
Longleaf pine Pinus palustris.
Shortleaf, spruce or rosemar Pinus echinata.
Sweet or red gum Liquidambar styraciflua.
Water gum Nyssa aquatica.
Southern red oak Quercus digitata.
Swamp red oak Quercus pagodefolia,
Pocoson, black bark or pond pine Pinus serotina.
Bt MATS eo oe ees pe cs agen e ia wham Acer rubrum tridens.
Yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera.
Water oak Quercus nigra.
Green ash Fraxinus lanceolata.
Deep swamp ash Frazinus profunda.
Water ash Fraxinus caroliniana,
White elm Ulmus americana.
White hickory Hicoria alba.
Sand hickory Hicora pallida.
White oak . Quercus alba, !
Swamp white or swamp chestnut oak Quercus Michaucit,
Post oak Quercus minor.
Round leaf blackjack oak Quercus marylandica,
Forked leaf or sand blackjack oak Quercus Catesbei.
Runner oak Quercus Margaretta.
Black gum Nyssa sylvatica.
Tupelo gum SP IOGT ide AL TE OE NN ee Pe Br Eg fo uniflora.
Cottonwood Populus deltoides.

Gallberry Ilex glabra.
Tall gallberry Ilex lucida.
Fetterbush 4ndromeda, several species.

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE I—Oontinued.

FOREST TYPES. When drained

7 Good Agricultural

Best Clay Soils 7
t Clay Soils, Coarse or Peaty Soils,

Mucks

Wherever similar soil and moisture conditions prevail there is a ache Lees ge
definite association of species. This salled a
forest type remains practically constant until the natural conditions are

The type is formed

Drainage Fine-grai Stitt
alnag e-grained Stiff : ;
Sandy Loams, Medium-grained

association which is Loams or Marls

Medium to Fine
grained
disturbed by fire, cattle, lumbering, or other causes.
of those species which are best suited to soil and moisture conditions,

but this does not necessarily mean that the natural mixture of species (7a) 7b

Loblolly pine (short- Loblolly pine

in pure

would be the most profitable one or the most desirable one economically Loblolly pine in Loblolly pine in

for that site. The rate of growth of the different species which form

Loblolly pine of

leaf pine of the large pure groups good quality, pure.| pure groups

coast) forest. Very Natural, perma- groups on

moist subsoil.
Water table seldom

nent or reproducing best drained

a type is practically always the same in that type, and the yield of the

type at a given age is constant. pine lands. sites.

Table 1 shows the composition of the important commercial forest
types of the coastal plain of North Carolina and their relation to soil
The great number of forest types in which loblolly pine

and drainage.

occurs is noteworthy as showing the virility and aggressiveness of this

species.

Tasie I—CnHaracTeristic Forest Types OF East

Drainage

AND DRAINAGE.

Best Clay Soils,
Fine-grained Stiff
Loams or Marls

When drained
Good Agricultural
Soils, Loams,
Sandy Loams,
Medium to Fine-
Grained

Sands, Coarse or
Medium-grained

2RN NortH Carouina AccorpiIne TO Soin

Peaty Soils,
Mucks

 

Very dry and well
drained; rolling or
hilly, (as stream
bluffs); water-
table below 20 ft.
Both surface and
subsoil drainage

good.

(1)

Hardwoods, small
red, post and
roundleaf black
jack oaks, hickories
with some short-
leaf pine. (Young
loblolly pine ap-
pearing in open-
ings.) Oak and
pine uplands.

2)
Shortleaf pine with
small oaks, espe-
cially Q. margar-
etta and hickories.
Occasionally long
leaf pine inter-
mixed. (Young
loblolly pine in

openings.)

Sand hills with
longleaf pine and
sand blackjack

Loblolly

pine is infrequent

oak.

even in old fields.
Longleaf pine
sand hills.

 

Longleaf piney
woods and flat-
woods; moist sub-
soils; water-table
seldom below 20 ft.
Surface drainage
good. Subsoil drain-

age slow.

Longleaf pine of
fine quality pass-
ing with poorer
drainage into hard-
woods; pine and

post oak flatwoods.

(5)

Longleaf pine of
best quality, with
dogwood and post

The longleaf

largely replaced

oak.

by loblolly pine,
which now forms
extensive forests;
or when water
table is stable near
surface, pure lob-
lolly pine. Flat-

woods.

(6)

Longleaf pine,
pure. Pine bar-

rens.

below 12 ft. Surface

drainage poor.

Clear or discolored
water, shallow
swamps; slow

drainage, standing

water during part
of the year. Sub-
ject to slight over-
flow. Surface

drainage very poor

even in summer.

Clear or discolored
water, deep
swamps, ponds,
and slow flowing
streams. Water sel-
dom below the sur-

face.

arly saturated
level lands; the
Pocosons or briary
bays, and reedy
gs. Water table

fluctuating. Aera-

be

tion deficient.

Oaks, beech, hick-
ory, red maple,
deep swamp ash,
water gum, sweet
gum, white bay,
cypress, loblolly
pine, singly or in
groups. The pine

less frequent and

smaller as the
drainage becomes

Flat

hardwood

poorer.
swamps

flats.

Large cypress, water

and tupelo gums,
deep swamp ash
and red maple,
occasional loblolly
pines where drain-
age best. Cypress

swamps.

Small pocoson pine

and bays. Bays
Pocosons. Where
best drained,

savannas.

 

Water oaks, cypress,

red maple, water

gum; loblolly pine.

The pine less fre-
quent and smaller
as the drainage
becomes poorer
and cypress and
water gum more
abundant. Flat

swamps.

Loblolly pine,

pure, passing into

white cedar, ma-

ple, bay, small

water gum,

Cedar or juniper

swamps

 

Large cypress, water

and tupelo gums,

deep swamp, water

ashes and red ma-
ple, occasional lob-
lolly pines.

Cypress swamps.

(16)

Pocoson pine and
bays. Pocosons
Where best drained,

savannas

(13a)

Same as No. 13

but trees much

smaller,

water

Much

ash,

17)

Pocoson pine and

longleaf pine;
loblolly pine

scantily replac-

ing them on the

best sites

Pocos¢

ms.

Sour peats,
white cedar,
poplar, red
maple and
Water
table stable.
Cedar

bays.

swamps,

bays.

14

Mucks, large
cypress, wa-
ter and tupelo
gums, red
maple, occa-
sional loblolly

pines.

Raw peats,
pocoson pine
and bays.
Moss bogs,
quaking bogs.

Pocosons.

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE I—Oontinued.

Alluvial soils along The character of the growth much the same as that on clear water, shailow
the muddy rivers— | swamps (8 and 9), but conifers and evergreen trees are infrequent, prob-
overflow irregular ably on account of the destruction of their foliage by its being covered with

a coating of mud. Silver maple, hackberry, sycamore, green ash, elm,

oaks and gums. In sloughs where there is much standing water, tupelo.

and often deep—3
to 30 feet.

 

Water surface widely | The pine barren ponds which may be deeply flooded during winter and spring
fluctuating. No sur- or after rains but in which the water table may sink to 10 feet during
face drainage. droughts, have a growth limited to the pond cypress (Taxodium dis

tichum imbricarium) water gum and black gum.

een eee ene Se aes é ec eahar BAPE ——

 

The optimum conditions for the development of individual trees of
loblolly pine are offered by sites 8 and 9, on which occur trees of large
size either in small groups or scattered singly among the hardwoods.
The optimum conditions for the development of pure stands are offered
by sites 7.to 7c. On these sites there is less competition from the hard
woods and loblolly pine is truly gregarious, dominating to the practical
exclusion of other trees.

Between the typical conditions there are gradations of all kinds.
When the forest is lumbered or severely burned, its distinctive chat
acters are often almost: obliterated, though the constant tendency, whe?
natural forces are permitted to re-assert themselves, is for the reéstab-
lishment of the original forest type. Near the coast, a number of thes?
conditions will sometimes be represented on an area of less than an acre
In addition to the above original or permanent types there are fout
important temporary types: (1) mixed oak and hickory, which havé
followed pine on loams and clays; (2) Quercus Margaretta and round
leaf blackjack oak, which have followed pine on dry sandy loams; (3)
sand blackjack oak which has followed longleaf pine on sand hills;
(4) loblolly pine in old fields and on eut-over longleaf pine land.
These’ pure stands of loblolly in old fields and on eut-over longleaf pine
lands are very extensive, and occupy all classes of soils; they are of all
ages and are in every condition of thrift and density, and constitute an
important source of pine timber.

The conditions under which the loblolly pine occurs, as shown in
Table 1, may be grouped for convenience under seven heads as follows*

(1) Old field growth on dry sites;

(2) Loblolly pine in pure stands on porous loams and peaty soils
(Table 1, numbers 7 and 10, in part);

(3) Loblolly pine on longleaf pine flat lands (Table 1, numbers #
to 6);

(4) Loblolly pine with hardwoods in swamps chiefly in the coastil
plain (Table 1, numbers 8 and 9) ;

(5) Loblolly pine with pocoson pine on savannas (Table 1, numbe!*
15 to 16);

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 17

(6) Loblolly pine with cypress in deep swamps (Table 1, numbers
12 to 14);

(7) Loblolly pine in hardwood and shortleaf pine forests chiefly on
the Piedmont uplands (Table 1, numbers 1, 2).

OLD FIELD GROWTH ON DRY SITES.

_These sites were originally occupied by longleaf pine or by shortleaf
plme mixed with upland oaks and hickories. The longleaf pine sites,
which are confined to the coastal plain, are for the most part heavy
upland clays and coarse upland sands (largely Norfolk sand); they are
of the greatest extent south of Neuse River. The shortleaf pine sites
are largely restricted to the eastern tier of Piedmont counties, but ex-
tend into the coastal plain in Halifax, Northampton, and Nash coun-
ties. The soils for the most part are loams or heavier soils of the Cecil
and Durham series, the water table as a rule lying between 20 and 45 feet
beneath the surface. These lands have been cultivated, but after the
exhaustion of the scant humus they were found too poor and were aban-
doned; later they were stocked by wind-sowed seed of loblolly pine.
Some stands on sites on which longleaf pine formed the original forest
contain an admixture of longleaf pine; and on sites which were origi-
nally occupied by shortleaf pine and upland hardwoods, an admixture
of shortleaf pine.

Table 2 shows the range of diameters and the composition of charac-
teristic stands of loblolly pine in upland old fields.

 
 

GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY.

N. ©.

OLINA PINE.

NORTH CAR

OR

LOBLOLLY

AyUNOH 980

eutd ATjo[qo'T

yory pus ywo yourq *yvo ndg
) pal UleqyNoSs ‘ouid ye : MA
O ut Avo pos [loa uo plo sivok

“Salat,

1193
09 PUBS

J (10 AINVI

 

|
queurmiod

oe yeTpeul
passoiddng | ver
wl -194 I

sor

10490

eutd ATjo[qo'T

yeo ysod
BULMOT[O}

‘purus anq uo pre s1B g puis

‘quoy uIg SATU], 40 AAMWAN ANVAIAY

dQ NO SANVLG aNIg ATITOTAOT 10 NOLLISOd NOF)—

a

Apuvs Arp wo pjo s1

ic §

pessoiddng
ads

ayerpeut
-10}UJ

eutd ATTOTqO'T

ule] d [BysBoy out

ut outd yeo]FUOT SUTMOTIOF yros

1aVL

o¢ puvig

Fras pg at
ouUIN]OA
jo yuoo 19g

- “jequinu

jo yuao 19g
|-"soqout g
IOAO [840],

bal

e
&

ai
rt

6
8
L

g xepug,

quBurulo(y

soqouy

yqsty
-4svo1q
oyourviICy

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 19

Loblolly pine attains on the upland old field sites a height of from
60 to 80 feet, a range of diameters of from 12 to 22 inches, and an age
of 75 years. The rate of growth is extremely rapid for several decades,
far more rapid than on similar uncultivated soils, after which there is
an abrupt decline in the rate of height as well as diameter growth.
(Table 14, Column 4, and Table 18, Column 4.) The total volume of
the stand culminates between the fortieth and sixtieth years, according
to the site. At the time of culmination not only has the growth in
height practically ceased and the rate of diameter growth declined to
about an inch a decade, but the stand has begun to disintegrate by the
dying of the dominant trees. The growth of such a stand may be
Quality I for the first two decades; Quality II for the third decade;
after which it may decline to Quality III. (See p. 57.)

On account of the open crown cover, oaks and other upland hard-
woods gradually enter the stand. In stands more than 40 years old
these species often form a moderately dense lower story beneath the
Pines. When the loblolly pine is cut, they partly replace the loblolly
pine, being supplemented either by longleaf or shortleaf pine. These
species largely form the succeeding stands unless special means are taken
to secure loblolly pine. The forest thus tends to revert to the original
or permanent types.

On account of the rapid thinning out of the stand, the trees are short
bodied and serubby. (Plate III, A.) The trees yield two or three logs
mostly of third and fourth grades. The wood is coarse grained and
knotty, making largely box lumber. (Plate XII.) Unthinned stands
will seldom yield more than 20 per cent lumber of No. 3 grade and
better.

Pi description of log grades, see page 98; of lumber grades, page
100.)

LOBLOLLY PINE IN PURE STANDS ON POROUS LOAMS AND PEATY SOILS.

This type comprises a very large portion of the productive loblolly
pine forests of North Carolina. Tt occurs on small flats or basins which
are comparatively well-drained and seldom flooded for a long period
or for more than a few inches, or it occupies extensive areas of upland
which are mostly near the coast. The soils are largely sandy loams,
clayey, or silty (Portsmouth soil series), or they are peaty, humified,
with some silt or clay intermixed, or with marl subsoil. The water table
seldom sinks below twelve feet. These are the so-called “permanent,
natural or reproducing” pine lands. These sites furnish the optimum
conditions for the development of pure stands. There is situated within
this type a large area of poorly drained old fields on which loblolly pine
has the same rate of growth as on forest soils of the same class. <A great
portion of the soil occupied by this type of forest has been placed under
cultivation, and such areas as are suitable for tillage are stil] being
drained and cleared as rapidly as they are logged. It is best suited to

the growing of corn.

 
20 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

In their typical condition the forests on these lands are in pure even-
aged stands or groups, or the pine is associated with occasional gums,
water oaks, and yellow poplars, but it is always the predominating spe-
cies in the stand. Although the humus is deep the soil is sufficiently
moist for young growth to come up freely and young trees appear in large
even-aged groups where old trees have died or have been cut. Beneath
the pine there is generally a dense undergrowth of gall berries and
ericaceous shrubs. The age of the pine seldom exceeds 200 years and
individual trees are not so large as in the hardwood swamps. The
height of mature trees ranges from 115 to 130 feet and the diameter
from 24 to 36 inches. The wood is moderately fine and even-grained.
The logs largely grade I and II. The best yield is obtained in this type.
It is believed that by thinning stands an increment of from 900 to 1.000
board feet a year can be obtained, including thinnings. Even in old
groups the crown cover maintains a complete canopy. The rate of
growth is excellent and stands can generally be classed in Quality I.

Table 3 shows the composition of this type on peaty soil, measured
in a stand two miles northeast of Leechville, N.C. The average age of
the trees is about 100 years, the height of the dominant trees is from
110 to 120 feet. The stand consists of about 120 merchantable trees
per acre and will yield about 30,000 feet, B. M. of pine.

TABLE 3.—CoMposiITION OF A Pure LoBLOLLY Prine STanp on Peary Sort, Humiriep, NEAR
LEECHVILLE, NortH CAROLINA.

 

Diameter breast- Average Number or Trees Per Acre.

high

Inches Loblolly Pine Sweet Gum Black Gum Other Species

Under 9

9
10
il
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 12
19 10
20

21 2

Total above 8 126

After lumbering the land normally comes up to heavy young growth

of pine seedlings. Areas cut over ten or twenty years ago are now
covered with a dense stand of young pines. Interspersed among the
young trees are the old suppressed trees which were left when the
mature stand was cut and which have now recuperated, and many small
hardwoods which have been overtopped.

 

N. O. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY.

t stems

ght years old.

» to ei

PLATE IV.

 
 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

LOBLOLLY PINE ON LONGLEAF PINE FLAT LANDS.

I his type forms the great body of productive loblolly pine lands,
oce , , ae; . " i ° 5 :
Spying possibly one-half of the total loblolly pine area. Its yield,

howey
er, 1s not commensurate with the area it occupies on account ot
The surface

understocking. The soils are clayey, loamy, or sandy.
of the flat lands is nearly level or slightly rolling and well drained;
these areas when stocked in longleaf pine were known as the flatwoods
vn piney woods. As the moisture in the soil becomes less subject to
niet | ras pass into hardwood flats and flat swamps.

> level and less thoroughly drained, they grade into savannas,
As they become sandier and more thor-

As they

pocosons, and bog Swamps.

one 3 Se x ‘ Z s .

ghly drained and drier they approach in their forest characters the
ongleaf pine sand hills.

TABLE 4.—C 1
= 4.—Composit10n or LoBLOLLY Prine STAND ON LonGuEaF Pine Fuat LANDS.

Diameter Averace NuMBER OF TREES PER ACRE.

breasthigh
Inches Loblolly | Longleaf 5 |
‘ | songleaf Black Swee' i ace aple ow
Pine | Pine Gun | rashes | Oak Hickory | Maple | Dogwood

Between 3-6
6

9. 94 10. 905

 

 

 
 

 

 

N. ©. GE 110
’. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVI Y

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

The original forest was formed of longleaf pine which, after lumber-
ing, turpentining, and repeated fires has now nearly or entirely disap-
peared. The loblolly pine is not uniformly distributed; it occurs as
scattered dense groups varying from a few trees to several or many
acres in extent. (Plate VI, A.) In the open spaces the ground is coy-
ered with thick grass (chiefly wire grass) 1 to 2 feet high. The irreg-
ularity of the stand and its open condition is due to periodic fires, which
are particularly damaging where the growth of grass is heavy. Small
trees of various kinds of hardwoods, especially black gum, roundleaf
blackjack oak, southern red oak, and white and sand hickories occur
with the pine in greater or less abundance. A few longleaf pines occur
in places, especially south of the Neuse River. Table 4 shows the
composition of this type based on measurements of nearly 700 acres, of
both logged and unlogged forest.

After logging loblolly pine, usually the same species restocks the
ground and generally overtops the hardwoods. In many places, how-
ever, the hardwoods by their dense cover tend to prevent the reproduc-
tion of the pine after lumbering. (Plate VIII, A.)

Under the best conditions the trees attain a height of from 120 to 125
feet and a diameter of 25 to 30 inches when 150 to 200 years old. Usu-
ally, however, the height ranges from 95 to 110 feet, and the diameter A. Characteristic: stand of loblotn
from 18 to 25 inches. The rate of growth is that of Quality II (Tables typical, Such a estes jooagy Aenea is
14 and 18, column 3.) The trees are generally sound, but the upper
logs in those more than 150 years old are likely to be affected by red-
heart. Groups of trees are found 200 years old, which possibly origi-
nated in the first extensive breaks in the longleaf pine forests made
by the early settlers, such as around old turpentine-distillery sites and
upon tar-kiln mounds. When the trees are solitary they are short
bodied and yield only coarse lumber; in groups the stems are longer
and clear. Logs are largely of Grades II and III. Under management
these stands will produce about 600 board feet per acre a year. The

lumber sawed’ from a 60-year old stand will grade 35 per cent No. 1 and
No. 2.

about 15 per

(Photo

LOBLOLLY PINE WITH HARDWOODS IN SWAMPS CHIEFLY IN THE COASTAL
PLAIN.

This type is largely confined to the coastal plain and occurs in clear
water swamps which are seldom flooded deeply or for a long period.
The soils are silt clays, marls, or fine-grained, stiff loams or fine sands of
the best quality, particularly of the Portsmouth series. These swamps ae
are one of the most common habitats of the loblolly pine, affording the
optimum conditions for the development of the individual tree. The
pine is associated with water oak, swamp chestnut oak, deep swamp ash,
yellow poplar, sweet gum, beech, red maple, holly, cypress, water gum
and other less abundant species. The pine occurs either in groups of a
few trees which are usually even-aged, or more generally as single trees

Sih OF Wika. Anns
pine, cypress and gum sw amp Old cypress

(Photo. U. S. Forest Serv

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

scattered among the hardwoods. While it constitutes less than five per
cent of the number of trees in the virgin stand it may form 25 per cent
of the merchantable saw timber. The old pine trees grow on low
mounds or hummocks, 5 to 10 feet wide and two or three feet high,
which are largely formed by the trees themselves, by the gradual accu-
mulation of bark, cones and leaves, which are yearly deposited about
their bases. (Plate I.)

Since the pine is very intolerant of shade it comes up only in open-
1 rule are infrequent except in

Ings. Consequently, young pines as :
Such cuttings made

windfalls or where the oaks were cut for staves. :
often as long as 100 years ago, were favorable for the increase of the
pine.

Tain 5.—Composition or LoBLouiy Pins Wits Harpwoops In Swamp, BEECHGROVE, BEAUFORT

County, Nort CAROLINA.

 

i Av ap Nun or TrEEs ON ONE ACRE.
Diameter AvERAGE NUMBER

breasthigh —

 

. | Swamp 7 ellow Sweet Red
Lobloll ’ i Deep awa Yellow \
Inches Pine y vee vet eo Chestoys Poplar Gum Maple

-_
oo

4
2
2
6
4
2
3
1
3
2
9
2
3

 

Che first general logging of the pine began about 1880; for a period
of 15 or 20 years, up to 1900, the pine was cut but the hardwoods were
generally left. This has resulted in reducing the proportion of pine

In many of the stands. In later cuttings when it has become the prac-

 

 
 

N. 0. GE ‘TO
GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

94 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

tice to cut some of the best hardwoods, the proportion of pine in the
restocking has again increased.

Table 5 shows the composition of a loblolly pine stand in a virgin
hardwood swamp. This area shows a larger proportion of pine by
volume in board feet than occurs in most such swamps, but the distri-
bution of the diameter classes is typical. Young pine is not abundant.

Loblolly pine in these swamps attains a height of from 135 to 165
feet, a maximum stump diameter inside bark of 54 inches, and an age of
over 240 years. The height of the associated broadleaf trees is from 100
to 130 feet, pines overtopping most of them, except possibly yellow
poplar and sweet gum. (Plate V, B.) The rate of growth of the pine
is rapid. For several years the rate of height growth of dominant
trees excceds four feet 1 year, and even in old trees an excellent rate of
height growth is well maintained. The rate of diameter growth of
young trees is not rapid since the crowns of young trees are for many
years crowded by the surrounding hardwoods, and receive light only
from above. The rate of diameter growth, however, is sustained and Groups of lobloll

y : :
Y Pine poles with old longleaf pine which

(Photo. U. S. Forest Service.)

a large annual volume increment is produced by many of the oldest trees.
(Tables 14 and 18, column 1.) On account of the rapid height growth
and the small crowns, the stems are slender with clear boles from 80 to
110 feet in length.

The wood is of the best quality, soft and even-grained. Even in the
center of the butt logs, the summer bands are comparatively narrow:
(Plate IX, B.) It consequently resembles in quality that of the short-
leaf pine of the Piedmont, the so-called rosemary or forest pine. It is
rich orange in color and rather more pitchy than that growing in other
situations. The sapwood is comparatively thin for the species though
it forms in trees even two hundred years old one-half of the total volume
of the stem. Large trees often yield several logs of Grade 1, and cut
60 to 65 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 lumber. (Plate XII, C.)

LOBLOLLY PINE WITH POCOSON PINE ON SAVANNAS.

This type occurs on poorly drained sites saturated with water during
most of the year. The stand for the most part is open. It consists of
loblolly pines mixed with pocoson pines, occasional stunted longleaf
pines, black gums, and white bays. Formerly there was a larger pro-
portion of longleaf pine. There is usually a scant undergrowth of fet-
terbush and other ericaceous shrubs, and a dense mat of grass, which
withers in the autumn and consequently burns with a hot fire during
winter and spring. (Plate V, A.) Probably one-thirtieth of the lob- B. “Outeyes
lolly forest land of North Carolina belongs to this type. Its producing
sapacity, however, is low and it yields a relatively small amount of
timber.

lok , pi
»blolly Pine land, showing the undesirabl ] uct !
“ undesirable character ot the

Present method of cutting (Photo. by J. §

The loblolly pine occurs in even-aged groups of a few trees, oF

singly, all ages being represented on a small area. Trees 150 years old

are between 75 and 105 feet in height, 20 to 25 inches in diameter, and

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

the largest scale by Doyle-Scribner rule not more than 700 feet. The
Tees are short bodied and frequently crooked and yield logs largely of
Grades III and IV. :
Wood is tough and hard and the sapwood generally thick. (Plate
X, B.) The wood is fine grained but except in the butt log the quality
1S not high, ‘

T

The rate of growth is slow and irregular, yet the

‘s , a oe . Ep. Mpa ae
able 6 shows the average condition of more than four hundred acres

of sav: : :
“avanna land measured by the chain method.

TABLE 6
4E 6.—C Pi 317 " a = » " . 99
.—CoMPposition oF Losiotiy Prine Wirth Pocoson Prinz ON SAVANNAS. BasEep on 422
ACRES.

Diameter AVERAGE NuMBER OF TREES PpR ACRE.
ereasthigh

Inches Loblolly Pocoson Longleaf Black White
Pine | Pine Pine Gum Bay

Between 3-6
6
7
8
9

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

one

Pm

Nnwonnn

 

LOBLOLLY PINE WITH CYPRESS IN DEEP SWAMPS.

T xe ‘i : ; ; oe
Tl ne type occurs in non-alluvial as well as in alluvial swamps.
lese

Plaj alluvial Swamps border clear water streams within the Coastal
‘, and the lower reaches of the muddy streams which head beyond
sey astal Plain, where flooding is always shallow but may last for
ides weeks. Around the Dismal Swamp in the eg Sound
Which. and elsewhere there are large areas ol non-alluvia swamp, in

considerable portion of the forest growth is cypress and lob-

lol] te 5 roca
fl y pine with water gum. The proportion of pine decreases as the
0oding :

and

the Co

a

becomes deeper. Its growth also becomes slower. The pine

7) Press have nearly the same rate of growth. (Tables 14 and 18,
Column 6.) *

 
N. 0. g
EOLOGIK AL AND ECONOMIC SUR

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

The pine reaches a height of from 80 to 100 feet and a diameter of
from 20 inches to 3 feet. The trees yield 3 and,4 logs. The wood is
fine grained and the quality of the butt and second logs excellent. Big
Bay in Brunswick County and the Lumber River Swamp yielded some
excellent pine timber from this type. Plate XII, C shows a pile of
No. 1 and No. 2 logs which were cut in Big Bay. The pine tends to
reseed and maintain its position and proportion in the forest after lum-
bering if it is not cut at too small a diameter. There is no danger of
fires on this type.

LOBLOLLY PINE IN HARDWOOD AND SHORTLEAF PINE FORESTS CHIEFLY ON
THE PIEDMONT UPLANDS.

Loblolly pine has appeared in these forests (particularly on the Dur-
ham soil series, in Person, Wake and Durham counties and in the
‘sandier phases of the Cecil soils in the eastern Piedmont counties and in
Halifax, Northampton, and Nash counties) where the oaks and short-
leaf pine have been cut, especially on slopes near streams. The trees of
loblolly pine are generally young, varying in age from the smallest
seedling to 40 or 60 years old. They seldom form more than five per
cent of the entire stand. The number of loblolly pines is increasing,
however, as the breaks in the forest cover become larger, and as the
number of seed-bearing pines of this species increases. The associated
trees are white oak, southern red oak (Quercus digitata), black oak,
scarlet or Spanish oak (Quercus coccinea), white hickory, red hickory,
sand hickory, yellow poplar, and shortleaf pine. These species are more
tolerant of shade than the loblolly pine which, however, makes rapid
growth for the first two or three decades, though the rate usually de-
creases rapidly after the thirtieth year. When the stand of hardwoods is
open, the pines have large crowns, short stems, and knotty and coarse-
grained wood. (Plate VII.) When 60 to 70 years old, which is about
the age limit, the trees are 70 to 75 feet high and 14 to 18 inches in
diameter, and the scale of the average log is about 55 feet. The logs
grade as Nos. 3, 4, and 5.

FOREST CHARACTERISTICS,
FORM.
Stem.

In young trees the stem continues through the crown without divid-
ing. In old forest trees the trunk, as a rule, divides into massive spread-
ing branches. The division of the main stem into a number of branches
usually takes place soon after the period of rapid height growth is well
passed. In trees growing in open stands the division of the trunk into
branches takes place earlier and lower on the stem than in crowded
stands. As a rule the stems of young trees are nearly straight. Those
of. old trees, especially when grown in open stands or on poor soil, are

Lot
oblolly Pine with mixed oaks

, and shortleaf pine
cutting

<0 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 g
Photo. N. ©. Geological Surv

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

oft
to the same extent as

Be ans
mM raps ‘oad or crooked, though never t 7
leading pocoson pine. The stems are rarely forked except when the
Nh wreaking it. The great-
] : itly the mill cut
Bréater de 8 given diameter inside the bark at the small end :

the stem meas as i logs of the same diameter from the lower part °
Ne as area in the same manner. (Table 23.) eae
trees of the ei vii stand become older they are less tapering. .
trees hiteu ened diameter breasthigh and of th as young
, efore, a larger volume 1n cubic feet

hn

nber Tl . i

lis is s , , mm pe
is is shown in Table 7.

shox Pa ies 7
t is injured by a weevil or by sleet |

amount of a a :
of to taper in the stem is in the top, consequel

re same height
and produce more

ROM

TABLE 7 in
ABLE LENGTH OF Bote F

IELD In Bo S
Ts OARD Frrr Per Lrvzar Foor oF MERCHANT
REES “ = am te:

ES OF THE SAME DIAMETER AND HEIGHT AT DIFFERENT AGES.

1-7” Saw Kerr.

Yield in Board Feet Per Linear Foot of Used Length
Asa Was ; ar Toe

Di;
1ameter breasthigh
Inches =

 

45 years old 65 years old

1,
1:
1,

oo bo bo to

oo

Th
ec lare :
Chose of th trees in the 45 year stand are dominant and imtermé diate.
1e@ ss . ee ° om i
SOMmewhat € same diameters in the 65 year old stand, which 1s on a
faa) c ) ‘ap : . ware . i Ant
The diffe; poorer quality site, are largely ‘ntermediate and suppressed.
1 ek, ; ~¢C of the contents
n board feet 10 per cent of the « :
Ta ‘
per meas :
Rei hee asurements of butts at intervals of 1
. YY are
Mto bres
el .
Youngs
er trees of : :
8 of the same quality, and for Quality

“LASS + bi :
5: Rte sage
mewhat less for old trees of Quality ‘i

Tal indj.:

ndivid

‘ ual variat }

a num] al variation such a table should only be usec

thus amounts to from 5 to
foot are given in Table

ihe useful in converting stump measurements on eut-over land
+ ; i 7 . . J -
1igh diameter measurements. This table is based on age

88S Over 7K
(9 years, Quality II. The taper would be slightly more for
III of the same age

On account of natu-
| in considering

ec]

er of anent
rf Specimens.

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE 8.—TaperR or Butts or LoBLOLLY PINE For USE IN ConvertTING Stump INTO BREASTHIGH ay
DIAMETERS. ABLE 9.—Tappr

MrASUREMENTS OF LOBLOLLY PvE oF DirreRENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS.

 

Height above ground—Feet TREES UNDER 75 YEARS OLD.
Diameter ‘ * 40-foot trees
breasthigh a :
Inches Height above stump—Feet
: ‘ At breast-
Diameter outside bark—Inches j height
8.15 16. 30 24.45 32. 60

Diameter inside bark—Inches

oo 0 mb bb

50-foot trees

 

Taper measurements inside of bark of stems of different diameters
and heights for middle-aged and old trees are given in Tables 9 and
9a. The measurements can be used directly in scaling logs of any
length which is a multiple of 8.15 feet or for ascertaining the number , hoods token
of ties or poles of a given size which can be obtained from trees of dif-
ferent diameters. The height above the stump of any desired diameter
can be fixed by interpolation. Tables 9 and 9a should be employed only
in considering a number of specimens on account of individual varia-
tion. Age classes less than 50 years have considerably more taper than
the table shows for trees under 75 years old; while trees more than 150
years old have less taper than shown for trees over 75 years old.

ome |
:

p ON oT me CO OO BD

DON OT

10.
10.
11.

one OD oor

 

 
A PINE.

IIUT ZZ OF LT S901} 10} Joo} GT ‘YSIYYS C 19JOULVIP Ul SOYOUT OT OF 9 SEI} JOJ YOO} |[ ‘4UFIEY duinyg

AROLIN

0°CI 9°EI 6 FI 8°ST 9°9T GLI Pst
vil 0°8T aa TST 6°ST Lor 9°LT
8°Or at ¢"él mal TST 6°ST L’9t
ae) ‘11 8° L’et mal a 6°¢
9°6 Or “Ol mal 9° > PL 0°ST
06 meat ara 8°SI ¢’st T +1
¢" 8°OT o’tt Ter 9ST yet
0‘Or 8°0T £ It 6'IT “el

+6 00! ¢ Or O'Ir TF

£°6 8°6 €°0r ‘Or

¢’8 0°6 0°Or

f é’8 ‘ T’6

a4 £°8

(

NORTH

OR

LOBLOLLY

8201} 100J-06

‘at
Lit
6 ‘OL
TOT
+6
9°8

672

¢’st
Lat
0%
cil
¢'or
86
16
£°8

CAROLINA PINE

NORTH

OR

LOBLOLLY

soyoUT—JAvq OpIsuUL JozeULVICT ae

YstqysBoiq

qysrey IOJOUIBIC,
~svo1q V

0z°S9 : 06 SF cL ‘OP 09 “SS + me 3

 

400,7—duinys 9Aoqe 4yqUsIOH

$9013 4OO}-0)

“panuyuo0j—6 TIdV |,

 
NA PINE

AROLI

C

“soyOU ZZ OF LT $9dI} 1OJ OO} O°] ‘YBrIGAsvoIq UVIP UI SOUT OT 0} OT $907} IO YOO} | ‘FYsIey dung

NORTH

git 8° oI 4 al “GT > 8I
él a “FL , 5
11
OTT
¥ OT

OR

LOBLOLLY

 

 

 

 

T's

} JOOJ-OTT

NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

OR

LOBLOLLY

soqouy

 

ysty

Aoqe FYSIOY

1} 4OO}-00T

uog—b

 
IDAO PUB SOYOUL 9Z S9dI} IO} OI] Z pus ‘soqout GZ 04 LI Sve74

LI
LT

PINE

CAROLINA

NORTH

IR

LOBLOLLY

 

 

cA

A

OLIN

t

NORTH AF

OI

 

8

soyouy,—Y1IVq VpIsut 1030

LOBLOLLY

soqouy

SF GL’ OF 3 “WG : yar rq,
yYSIOY JOPOUIVIC,

-4sBo1q Fy
}99,—duinys VAOG’ FYB

I-06
‘d1Q SUVEX CY UTAG SaAA,

INIT ATIOINO'T 40 SLNANGUASVAY, UAdVJ- WTAVL,

 
AO PUB SOYOUL YZ LI $901} IO} 499} C*] ‘YBryYsvorq JoJVWIVIP Ut SoyOUT YT OF 9 S91} IOJ YOO} T qysiey duinyg

T 62

L’9t
£83

@ 9T
6 ST
¢° ST
@ ST
8° FI
FFT
6&1

0° 6Z
0 8%

6 61 é 6 &

£61 : k ; T &

9° eI .
1 &t ; L8t

PINE

6% : : ost
¢ Sl i es |

0°21 O LT

$991} JOOJ-0FT

CAROLINA

6 F%

NORTH

OR

9° &% go St
0 &% Le
£°3% P 6 &%
sae £4 0 &%
8° 0% " e3
SLI 81 I 0@ 1a
ILI 6°L1 9°8I £61 9°06
FOT a LI 6 LT “81 2°61
9° ST for OLI DLT § 8° SI
SFI o oT Tor ZL 91 6 LT
OFT Zt “GI 6°ST 3 6°91

LOBLOLLY

S001} JOOJ-0ET

0°33

IZ

6° 0%

& 06

261

0°61

ost

SLT

2 : os 4
Lor : L261 : 1 ¥%
O'9T 0°61 . * é o &
gst £8T & 2
6 FT } Lit : PZ
ool 6° 9T ¥ 02
9° ST ? 2° 9T Z 9°61
0° &T : ¥ ST 9° ST
ama § F L’ vt F Lilt
a y &T 3 “g Lot
6° 0T i a &t é 4 6° ST
TOL it 3 FGI 7 € i 0° ST
v6 £01 Orr Lit

88 9°6 ¢° Or 6° OL

Vs 68 96 Tor

OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE

LOBLOLLY

soPOU,T—YAvq opisut JoyourvIC
soyouy

OV FIT $6° SOT 08° 16 ¢9° 68 0s" 18 02° S9 $0" 2¢ 06° 8 SL’ OF 09° ZE Sv 08° 9T : qs Iey yar
~4sBo1q -4sBold

VW TopyOUTBICT
4oo,j—durnjs oaoqe yy sey]

8001} 100J-0ZI

*panuyuoj—fh A1AV J,

 

 
 

 

‘AR ‘ INE.
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PI
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

Crown.

Branchlets are commonly borne in whorls of three. They develop
not only at the tip of the leader, but also at intermediate points along

oO
5

a
se

al

the season’s growth, the growth of the leader being recrudescent. In
young rapidly-growing trees there are usually three whorls and conse-
quently three internodes on the leader in one season (Plate IL), ° Aig
though the nodes may be close together in loblolly pine, the knots in the
tree may be distant and irregularly distributed, as not all branchlets in
a whorl develop into branches,

The crown of the young thrifty growing tree is sharply conical, the
rather slender arched branches ascending at an angle of 45 degrees or

ew

Sawn >

Pe
\
v
“4

A

more. At middle age the crown becomes oval, and in old age broadly
oval and flat-topped; the wide spreading branches become stout, irregu-
larly distributed, and nearly horizontal, with tips slightly ascending.

‘ 4
(Plate I.) .

ines i
fig. ¢ a and b. Roots of mature loblolly oe on. oF
Y . > te ; 2 os
Root System. it Two-year-old loblolly pine see¢ ling

 

and clays.

The root of the one and two-year-old seedling pine is fibrous and
diffuse; and, though the central slender taproot is very evident, it is
essentially a fibrous root system. (Figure 3, c.) With age, the taproot,
although it remains short, becomes proportionately more prominent,
and many deeply seated lateral roots are developed. The taproot, which
seldom descends to a depth of more than 4 or 5 feet, is often forked
and blunted, and on hardpan and heavy clay soils, flattened or curved
at the tip; it never assumes the proportion of that of the longleaf or
shortleaf pines nor descends to such a depth as do the taproots of those

trees. (Fig. 3, a. and b.) On loose, moist or sandy soils many of

the lateral and central roots are deep-seated, descending 3 to 5 feet, but
others lie near the surface of the ground. (Fig. 4, a and b.) On compact,
and especially on dry, clay soils, the roots are much shallower and more
spreading. On very wet soils where the water table is prevailingly close

to the surface during the growing season there is in old trees no well

developed tap root, but its place is taken by a number of central spread-

ing roots. (Fig. 4, c.) ‘The great development of the lateral roots

probably explains the rapid growth of the Pine in old fields. where the

loose, easily penetrable top soils form an excellent bed for the spread of

such roots. The early culmination of the growth in old fields on the

red clays of the Piedmont, especially on the poorer soils, may be due in

part to the cheek in the development of the lateral root system; as the

roots fail to descend into the hard subsoil, as well as to the limited

supply of soil moisture available for the stand. In old trees on loose, :
moist soils, the lateral roots spread for a distance of from 25 to 30 feet Cay ae) sooth’ op

SOUS ¢ y Ss.
L I ) Y s a 0 3
: - J y upland soils. (Aday Ss

. . if par “ H 5 er .ep-seated roots
from the tree, though the taproot is rarely more than three feet long. Rie eee but well drained sandy loam soils. Small deep-seated ro
mm . * ° "OF loblolly pine on moist but well drai phx inhi, Schrenk.)
[he taproot is much shorter on compact clay soils and where there is a extending to water table. (Adapted by author from photo. by von Schr

NO ¢ )-S € ots pL ass shallow roots
t a great mas
} ai 3@ § - ots 2 y No dee ated roots, bu

on wet soils.
(From sketch made from nature.)

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE

Bark.

The bark of small trees forms about 30 per cent of their volume;
that of large trees about 15 per cent. In large trees the bark near the
base of the tree is 3 to 6 inches thick and forms a great protection
against fire. Above 2 or 3 feet from the ground it becomes thinner,
seldom exceeding 1% inch in thickness at the base of the crown. The
outer bark as it falls from the stem forms a mound of debris at the base
of the trunk, at times 2 feet high and 5 or 6 feet wide. Unless this is
removed, the stumps are apt to be cut high. The bark is much thicker
on young thrifty trees than on slower growing older trees of the same
diameter and height. Table 10 gives the thickness of bark at breast
height for trees of different diameters and heights, and is an eure
of both young and old. Below breasthigh the bark is much thicker am
shown in Table 11. .

Pasty 10.—Tuickxness or Bark AT Breas HEIGHT AND DIAMETER OF Stem InsipE 3
"  B B a STE NSIDE OF BARK AT
BREASTHEIGHT ON TREES OF LOBLOLLY Pine or DIrrrrREent DIAME TERS AND HEI ig
om : : nD AMETERS J EIGHTS.
REES TH DIAMETERS BELOW 23 IncHES ARE Less THAN 75 TEARS O1
W S§ ! 5 YEARS uD.

Trees 40 tt. high Trees 70 ft. high Trees 100 tt. high Trees 140 ft. high

Diameter |
breast-
high

Diameter | . Diameter Diameter :
inside math at | inside ies inside Double Diameter Double
bark at bis ak | bark at | ¥ + peg bark at | Width of ae width of
O50 Pee 4.5 ft. si 4.5 tt. bark 46 ee bark

Inches

| Inches | Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches

Inches

&

DP wm bo
+

No
ir dio

BO BO mt fee ee ee

28
>

COwwnr bd Se
a be he in ot

Table 11 shows the comparative average thickness of the bark on the
stump of trees of the loblolly, longleaf, and white Pines of different
sizes:

 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE 11.—TuickNEss OF BARK ON STUMP.
| % e >
Diameter breast- Loblolly pine Longleaf pine White pine

high ¥

Inches Measured on diameter—Inches

LONGEVITY AND SIZE.

phi loblolly pine is comparatively a medium-lived tree. [he oldest
more than 20 trees that had an

rou Lis rf a
P which was measured, consisted of *
at

The oldest tree recorded was 245 years old

average

age of 240 years
Was :

‘ ae . «raat anecimens seen, hav-
4 pertectly sound tree, and one of the largest spe sophie secn, ‘
feet, 88 feet of

Inge « - y ‘ saat A ‘ . »
5 4 breasthigh diameter of 53 inches, a height of 150

Clear bole, and containing 4,109 board feet (Doyle-Seribner rule) of mer-
chantable timber. The tallest tree measured was 164 feet high. The
‘Tee having the greatest diameter was 54 inches, and 139 feet in height.
1 y he usual age on good soils is about 200 years, with a height of trom
- to 130 feet, and a diameter of from 2 to 3 feet. On poor or dry
sizes are smaller and the trees do not reach so great an age.
pa very dry upland soils of old fields mature trees do not attain
~~ & Tule g greater height than 90 feet, a diameter above 20 inches, and
of over 100 years.
SILVICAL REQUIREMENTS.
CLIMATE.
unfavorable soil conditions are the chief limiting factor
mine distribution of the loblolly pine in Nore conan i
mM annual temperature of 55° F., a high atmospheric hum ity
Pr ample rainfall of 45 inches a year, or more, are essential condi-

tions fox : ‘
S for its good development.

et SOIL AND MOISTURE.
rally © Loblolly pine is not exacting in regard to soil. 7 cine
and ne many soils, which differ widely in dryness, depth, iid { mt,
i mical composition. For its best development, however, it re
’ 4 uniform supply of moisture, and a deep, preferably porous, soil.
> light loams and the sandy loams of the coastal plain, with the
table seldom below 10 feet, it seems to be most thoroughly at
ieduage ate slopes bordering streams along the seurnyaetea oe
Which ; tig oblolly pine grows especially well on the deep a 5) in is i ‘
subiene 4, uniformly moist throughout the growing season ait are not
Pie © excessive flooding. In the large river swamps, subject to

reque A ee .
{Went and deep flooding by muddy water during the growing season,

 
42 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.
loblolly pine is unable to maintain a foothold: on
it is capable of establishing itself,
thoroughly drained rolling oak

0orly drained soils
but the growth is slow. On the

uplands, usually with clay

soils, but
sometimes with shallow or coarse gravelly soils

, young pine growth is
have beeri cut. The light
litions for the rapid develop-
ines, so that the rate of
young trees, even on dry, or sterile soils, if

becoming common wherever the hardwoods
porous soils on fallow fields offer ideal conc

ment of the roots of the young } increment of

recently cultivated, is far
more rapid than.on any, except the best virgin forest soils. (Plate
IV.) This is especially true of growth in diameter and of
growth in height. On the coarse, most silice
of the pine barrens, this pine oe

early
ous, and extremely dry soils
curs very rarely except on cultivated
lands. The wet, peaty, and mossy soils of white cedar swamps (juniper
the wet sour soils of
the wet savannas are
survives more than a few
ained that the peat is de-
) arated that nitrification can

bays), the fetter-bush swamps and peat bogs,

briery bays and pocosons (raw, acid peat) and
unsuited to this tree. On such soils it seldom
years.* On peaty soils, which are so well dr
composing and becoming humified, and sc
take place, it reproduces freely and becomes a large tree. On the
driest savannas and grassy flatwood lands, natura] reproduction takes
place very slowly, perhaps partly on account of the frequent fir

Other factors being the same, a uniformly

y moist or damp soil is pre-
ferable to either a dry or wet one, or to one subject to great e

moisture or drought, while a porous loam or
a clayey or compact soil or to a coarse silics

es.

xtremes of

sandy loam is preferable to

Ous one. (See Fig, 5.)
LIGHT.

The loblolly pine requires a full amount of direct sunlight for its best
development. During the younger stages of growth, and until the
period of rapid height-growth is passed, it will, however,
lateral compression of its crown, without being dwarfed 0}
but its capacity to endure shade and crowding
and least on poor sites. Its greater tolerance

endure much
‘ crowded out,
iS greatest on good sites
of shade on good sites
is due, at least in part, to the larger amount of available

soil moisture.
It will even bear overshading for several d

ecades and still be able to
make vigorous growth on the removal of the shade.

This power of re-
covering from overshading, however,

is limited to the early life of the
tree, and to favorable sites, though this limit varies much with the site.

On moist soils trees 40 to 60 years old can be found beneath a partial

shade growing slowly but remaining healthy. On medium dry soils few
small suppressed trees more than 50 or 60 years old ean be found
growing beneath a partial cover, so that it seems probable that if trees
on medium soils are not offered light within that limit, they die. On

dry uplands soils, such as the red clays of the Piedmont, intolerance of
*The symbiotic mycorrhiza, which occurs on the

roots of the pocoson pine (P,

Is of pocosons, briery
occur on loblolly pine,

serotina) and
bays, fetter-bush bays,
which Possibly explains the al

enables it to grow in the wet and unaerated soi
reed swamps and peat bogs, does not

sence
of this tree from such sites.

 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

) 3 ywded trees 1n

shade is acquired after the pole stage, and the most ae +f sah

| i idly after ; irty- year.
the ltermediate crown class die rapidly afte1 the 68 — ween
i . 3 ae ering recover very 8 t :
,. Ung suppressed trees left in lumbering sie gad: the erowdite
“ium sites, if the trees have passed the pole stage, : seg epic
i . 7) s é 2 O ‘ re é
Was of long duration In fiftv-two measurements oe P aE
7 oS c . e 4 21% hy . : la :
Suppressed trees which were growing on well-draine¢ uple Beso Ge
3 t af ring seven year's i
'n the Piedmont, and which were left after arog se : Pibee thes
my’ ni increase in the width o € ae
ONLY nine showed any marked increase in he brag

small

ay soils

ri hes

: . . 5 eceding seven rit
» AS compared with the width of. the tyuryan were too
. , : “Aqce rees, whic ;
Selected as being typical suppressed : The height growth of
Saw logs at the time of the first cutting. e 99 inchies while
these same trees during the last seven years was only 42 7, aa 39
é . E ule suppress as ve
that of the other trees which showed no signs of sup} ‘shaded trees
inche The revival of large overshaac A

Were
for

8 during the same period. 4 is kas aati te
®ven if only moderately suppressed and growing on hath du: skewed aad
slow or does not take place at all. The stem analyses fal | an period
. so ‘ough ¢
amy large number of trees on such sites ever passed wie hei aoe
q : 7 ¢ arge olc :
Of great or prolonged suppression, but rather that sera Pahang ¥
y . . : a : ‘ > O00
growing on drier quality sites invariably made bs Ga the ie
‘ir youth or that the period of suppression was ms ibject to exces-
. . en sib1ee >,
» the diameter growth of trees, which have not re J nae ee
‘ os We ring’ space.
’ Overshading, is greatly accelerated when given rae . desirable
a te > ‘ 2? . mS a as - rees Sire .
akes thinning by removing the smaller and crowde¢ SAREE
Whenever ae Beneath a crown

it can be done without extra cost.
Where

5 » bes
about one-half of the light is excluded, young anche “
Sites Will piney healthily till the high pole stage, though 7 ave
diameter and height growth are lessened, the diameter ranks ae

extent lists, the halen: growth; on the removal of the shade
make rapid response to the inereased light. (Plate seri ) ir demands
The trees exhibit with age a progressive increase sie ane! ‘ a
"pon light, About the period when the rate of height satac’ nd flat-
lessened, the crown spreads rapidly, tending to become ering? ‘ f this
‘opped, and the branches nearly horizontal. At the hapantns: © from
We, is a rapid decrease in the number of trees eS pe nf ber of
' of the weaker crowded trees. The decrease in wok. 49.)
May be as great as 35 to 40 per cent in 10 years. ( [Table 42.

a rger

Eventually, except on the very best sites, each tree stands set nvon
and of light between it and its nearest neighbors. (Plate one c at
Poorer sites, especially on the drier soils, this isolation takes p ee of
farlier age than on good sites. Table 2 shows the small re ben
ae in the suppressed and intermediate crown classes. sie - Pid
‘St sites Sroups 120 to 130 years old can be found with almost me ia ; Pe
Rover (cA the “crowns ‘become isolated under these conditions, —
Pines “ppear, while gallberry and similar shrubs always form an a ie
ant Sround cover. Tn the old-field groves on good a the peret irs

ation begins rather late, after the fiftieth year; while on poor sites it
ins at the thirtieth or fortieth year. On the slow-draining savanna

land it also

Ntoley

an

Iso]

beg

i years are very
begins early and young trees less than 40 years old a
Ant of shade.

 
44 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

When loblolly pine grows on good sites associated with hardwoods,
well-developed old pines overtop the hardwoods, spreading their crowns
above them and securing full light in that way. The sweet gum and
yellow poplar are the only associated trees which are not overtopped.

In such hardwood forests the young pines appearing as single stems in
openings, endure much lateral compression to an age of about 120 years,
when they generally overtop the hardwoods, In spite of its intolerance
of shade the pine succeeds in forming a considerable element in forests
of the most shade-tolerant species, seizing by its abundant seeding
openings caused from windfall, fire, or lumbering, and by its rapid
growth outstripping competitors that would otherwise overtop and sup-

press it beneath their shade. (Plates XXIV to X XVII.)

REPRODUCTION,

Loblolly pine reproduces itself prolifically because of its high per-
centage of sound seed with excellent germinating power, the hardiness of
the young seedling, and the varying degrees of light, moisture, and soil
to which it is inured. Its ability to establish itself under adverse con-
ditions is further aided by the early rapid development of a vigorous
root system, accompanied by an extremely rapid height growth, which
begins the second year and soon raises the crown above grass, weeds,
and slower growing competitors, and by the thick bark which by the
time it is a sapling affords excellent protection against fire. No other
species can successfully compete with it, under existing conditions, over
three-fourths of the coastal plain. Neglected by both cattle and hogs,
it is subject neither to the browsings which suppress broadleaf species
nor to the destruction to which the longleaf pine is exposed by having
both its seed and roots eaten by hogs.

SEEDING.

Loblolly pine seeds abundantly nearly every year. From 60 to 70 per
cent of the seed from large trees are viable. The seeds are light (about
17,000 to 20,000 cleaned seed to a pound) with large, tenacious wings,
in consequence of which they are widely disseminated by the wind upon
the maturing and opening of the cones after frost or late in autumn.
The greater part of the seed is scattered during the months of November
and December, but many cones do not open, or entirely open, until con-
siderably later, so that some seed does not fal] until spring. The dis-
tance to which the seed is scattered varies with the height of the trees
and the velocity of the wind. As a rule in two seasons an area will be
fairly thickly seeded by wind-sown seed to a distance of 200 yards from
an adjoining forest of tall, seed-bearing trees, if the prevailing winds
during the season, when the cones are opening, are favorable. (Plate
IV.) Seeding is progressive, and the stocking will not be uniform
but denser near the seed trees. Near the coast the prevailing winds
during the winter are from the east and northeast; farther inland they
are from the northwest.

N

ee,

 

GEOLOG ICAL

AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

PLATE

VIII

 
45
TA PINE.
TORT CAROLIN #
Yr OR NORTH
LOBLOLLY (¢

5 ars old. In
15 years
then about 7
[so] | begin to produce seed whet
SOlated trees eg
crowded

tieth

trees,

ae
reen the twe
é : tween :
: s later, be lominant
f cone production 18 restricted to dom 40
nearly ons and production 18 r. until stands are
_ft rear, ¢ raver,
and twenty-fifth 78 , tively scant, howev
Seed production is rela :
0 50 years old.

In

Stron
at

° oe
T ne 18 ll
5S i s »blolly pl
er Sta aaa. 12” the le ’ : mm
pe ] frequency of its seeding seed abundantly ont
the Rican ea ol ae pine, which bears §
3 > LONL1e¢
o contrast to the

tensive
rer extens
é all Ove
; seed at ¢
1 years, and often no s
Intervals of severa years,
areas durin

5 “es some
i > yroduces
fi -oson pine |}
1 riod [he pocoson ]
; intervening pe %
g the inter {
Seed

»s often
Its eones :
re amount. ; Poet
but never any large am hich interferes ane
rery vear. bu : rears, wh pba aes
arly every year, 3 ah vears, i ; ts seed.
nearly ‘9 oo unopened for several ; ral distribution of ves
rem; > trees » gener : ino an
“agean: on the f that species and the nes “1 its seeding th
CHO. Hic ac fe) lat § : ‘olifie :
Th ‘een i re regular and pro il in the
'€ loblolly pine is m« = f April in
ge, » tenth of 4 a) Say
Shortleaf. its flowers about the ‘ ‘ts of its distribu
mh a Wnagee ces 1ts stey 1m1ts age This
Che loblolly ping gg C., near the pene ington, N.C. Thi
Vicinity of ‘hapel lil, IN. U., Setter OF mine stg which at
ti na ag : f March in the vieinity . te spring frosts whi :
10n, ¢ > last of Ms ba y late § Pr : > west-
0 a in 4 ison to be injured a longleaf pine in the sit
Ss « » » seas M, 4 > LONE “ > »aAsons
~ 100 late in | t] setting of seed of the nes require two sea
t 1g rfera w 1 the setting The cones
Imes inte rfe re with t Wash Casoline: a
ern Part of its range in J
n which to mature.

nati ISHMEN
; IT ESTABL “ally be-
ita T AND PLAN ing, generally
GERMINATION 4 ; aturing, g ape
spring atter mé Lae according
5 5 c : the spring ‘ » varylng
Most 6 1e seed germinate ’ May, the time . > amount
a et — fM wars and middle of May, the coast and the ts id
t a the first ot ison, the distance from ntly lie over until 1 et
( . War > season, apparenth ee
. © warmth rm ea Ibed \ few seed appa ¢ ‘ecuner eced Age |
Of moisture ; 1€ seeabed. 4 f » coast, S ; » shade o
’ oR ‘eh : f latitude 35 and near the ‘ either in the shac tie
Summer sc 1 oT la ha N _ ace e r wet soils.
ri ; ie f i Germination takes ae 1oist to very wet -
fermi) ate le Tall. x . arelv n . F 7e into
a " ite in t é lirect sunlight, on barel: ta striking at once ig
o, ttees, or in the ¢ best seedbed, as the roots igh stocking of ol
Nak earth makes the on is accounts for the pret sun, Seed will
ae as is € » the sun.
8011 do not dry out. 1 - the seed te
tields notwithstanding the exposure of tl ye Baie
: : . ‘rows two ¢ ,
rer; ‘hich often gré . 1 of
§ ae th as broom grass which lamp leaf mould « :
Sod of coarse grass, such a Ai} mei atere ee a itter, the young
fest } ‘ot Though the seed will g« (straw) and litter, ‘is
-e ugh, 1oug , ‘ aves (straw) iable to dr
‘y > jeaves are liable
broadleaf Species and on damp pine — root system are Se cll a
, . . ir superncle ‘ beds of drm :
Seedlings On account of their : ick bed:
Th 1 will seldom germinate on th
1e seer y se ‘

+t] AVY
rith a heavy
j il covered wit
soil cove
t 1 the young plants take root in
ate anc 1e

ick layer of
“oy a thick la:
sary destroy a
l 1 it is generally necessary to
heedles, and it is 2 all;
3 or

cing can
Fore estocking® «
‘face betore res
bri tl ineral soil to the surface
to STing the m al s
Secured in

Stump in the
Curing the
reason tee

On th
a ee

7 g or rotten
i rf LOSSY log ,
i ions.* Occasionally a n a ee ae
10 situations. rm posi |
such sean 1 ep swamp has young > Por pin Ba
. a deep s dnty
‘ » shade of a « eens
ee ni t of summer most of then |
rst drough ‘

5 | gs Sse vi | iff sulty
i th dil fic :
) old wi
i ure a permanent for
a Ss sec P
yo lf seec ings 9 1
& cos

5 yorous
hie are so ]
i arrens which ¢
1 dry sands of the pine barren gies
irse anc SE ‘ | yak ae
2 i rican Foresters,
| ’ } Proceedings Society Americ
*For full discussion al gavel ope:
following

 
 

47
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

begun to
T)
ij

States
and thoroughly drained that there

ners a ee
emerge. The Bureau of Entomology of the Unite

ee »f control in the
“partment of Agriculture gives the following method of contr
Summer

which

burned.
: ; : : es Proper
FUNGOUS DISEASES AND INSECTs, r,

is frequently insufficient moisture for
sprouting, and if the seed germinate the young pl

lants speedily succumb
to drought. Fields which have been abandoned or left a few

; = ae egins lie. Trees
When a group of trees 1s infested and begins to «
fallow, logged over areas, and burns all form suitabl]

are infested should be promptly cut and the bark peeled sees
In addition, “if felled and girdled trees are provided a ; 4
time, so that the beetles will be attracted to them we a ke
lip: > eatest flight, they will attack such trees in saps re i
; ; ! LLVing. Uninjured ones: then. after they have entered the inner bat anit
destructive fungous diseases. On some low, flat lands, especially where the broods a artially developed, that is, before they have entered the
fires have burned around the collar of the trunk, the trees are attacked outer bark 4 sar ; | ‘i estat to remove the bark to effectually
by a root rot caused by a species of Hydnum, which i the aii a J on i ai » healthy timber. If, however, the
through fire scars. Only trees large enough to mi and thus protect the Nie i

: " ave e Te > Outer
bark is neglected until the broods have entered th

”

years to
e seedbe ls.

their
So far as known the older trees of loblolly pine are subject to few

may gain entrance destro

have heartwood are

thus affected. The upper portions of the stems are also occasionally

affected by redheart, produced by Trametes pint, which g

; . * ae" as it is removed.
; : » 1t will be necessary to burn it as soon as it is rem
alns entrance Z
chiefly at broken limbs and knot holes.

: . : , » young tree,
a pay ". Veevil occasionally destroys the terminal shoot of the youn;
l'rees less than 75 years old ‘ :

Causino « ¢

a : ; ae : ; USIng a forked or crooked stem. : cilled

are rarely affected by redheart, which is characteristically a disease of Che Wood of ty vhich are blown down in storms or which are killec
; ‘ees which are via

P a > “mie Vn ante, 7
old age. Another fungus, Polyporus Schweinitzi fires

t, occasionally attacks by

the heartwood. Seedlings seem to be very free from diseases. They

18 quickly attacked and tunneled by sawyers, the larvae of
and other beetles. In order to save such timber, if eerie ois
Ptly used, it should be cut and put in water, or if this is impos-
and peeled of the bark.

longicorn

frequently turn an olive green or copper color in the spring, but this

‘© prom

discoloration is not a disease. Sible

While comparatively free from fungous diseases, loblolly pine is sub-
ject to the attacks of the pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis,

; ; : +: j SENSITIVENESS TO FIRE.
Zimm.), which kills trees through girdling them by the galleries made
14mm. ), é : s ; :

beneath the bark chiefly in the middle part of the trunk.

A few weeks During the
after the attack the leaves begin to brown,

first few years of its life the delicate tissues of the oe
generally at the top of the nae 4re entirely consumed by even a light Erass fire. coer vel
crown. Stands in which rapid natural thinning is taking place are par- Bian however, attain a diameter of several inches, me isp ; ame a
ticularly subject to attack. Not only are the dying and weakened inter- sr base thickens go rapidly that they are seldom seriousl5 nage iol
mediate and suppressed trees thus attacked, but sometimes also the large vet fires. Pes inner bark or growing tissue becomes active se —
and healthy dominant trees are killed. During summer lumbering ~~ = ‘ater in the spring in the loblolly pine than in the longleat Aer
many young trees which are left become infested by the beetle, which IS reason also large loblolly pines are less injured by early
breeds freely in the green slash, particularly that lying in the shade,

wie . ‘ ional case, there
than are longleaf pines. It is an exceptional case, th

and spreads from it to living trees. Trees which are bruised by

falling »» tor old
: : Gee ; ‘ ‘ é fires u
timber or in skidding are first attacked. Several] broods of the beetle i

mn . Sap is
are produced each season. The broods, which develop ¢ i

c : inj " r early spring
trees of loblolly pine to be severely injured by early pl ny
nless they are crown fires. In winter or early spring before the
active

arly in the
spring, emerge and attack sound near-by trees, and as the different

established. In forests in
which there is a large admixture of broadleaf S]
pine by this insect is less than i

broods develop new centers of. infection are

ecies the damage to the
n pure stands, especially in the old-field
stands. Many of the old-field stands are connected with farms and
to be hauled, all trees
foliage any signs of being
affected by the bark beetles should be promptly removed. If infested
trees are located during the winter and are cut
spring the brood will be destroyed.

where the distance is not too great to permit fuel
which show by the discoloration of their

and removed before
This will check the propagation of
the insects and prevent them from increasing i1

1 number and passing
to other trees. Wherever it is possible t

o remove such attacked trees
without great eost they should be promptly cut. It is more difficult to

check an epidemic during the spring and summer after the broods have

. ee a g 1d

» young trees may even have much of the foliage consume

the fire
: S’owth of the
ha fas

€ fact that 1

‘Ongleaf

ais Pine undoubtedly contributes to its greater freedom from fi
Tyury ; at 3

killing the trees. Late spring and summer fires, atte
tree has begun, are far more destructive. ;
blolly pine generally grows on moister soils than the

1 rit a ni ate arlv
thy "umes, however, even the wet lands and swamps, particularl
Sa be i | Fs it
or Saga: Peaty soils, are badly burned during dry periods in summer
In autumn, .

Such fires are extremely destructive when the humus is
and

thiek ; .
| ema ,
be undergrowth dense. To protect mature timber from the
it is customary to burn the underbrush during calm
x ‘ H ees ati )
Winter, and in this way to prevent its accumulation. On

‘y Sandy soils having the water table near the surface, where
i do not
Portion of

trees pS hie : to large
int suffer from drought, the yearly destruction of a larg

the litter probably affects but slightly the growth of the

 
48 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

trees. On drier, and especially on heavier

soils, such as the Selma
loams and Cecil loams and cl

ays, the presence of the forest litter and
humus is extremely desirable as a protection against excessive evapora-
tion of soil moisture. The litter in pine forests on such soils, therefore,
should never be burned. If such stands dem
should be given by means of broad fire ]
cleaned, as discussed later.

and protection from fire it
anes, which can be annually

An attempt was made to ascertain the effect of a severe fire upon
the growth of loblolly pine when the land was foul with the accumu-
lated leaves and undergrowth of several years. Nearly all large areas,
even the shallower swamps, unless free from underwood, have been
burned at some time, and often several times, and traces of fire on
charred logs and stumps are in general evidence, except in
old fields and fenced areas. A grove which |]
,having all the undergrowth of ge

some of the
1ad been severely burned by

ulberries and other shrubs destroyed in
the early part of the summer seven years bef

which the owner asserted had not been
year, furnished some conclusive data.
heavy-loam soil near Kinston, and had
The result of the fire upon the

‘ore the examination, and
burned before or since that
The grove was on a well-drained
an average age of about 50 years.
accretion is shown in Table 12.

TaBLe 12.—Tue Errecr or 4 Severe Brusu Fire Upon tHe Growru In Dr AMETER
or LoBLOLiy Pine,

Diameter breasthigh Width of 7 rings

; Width ot 7 rings
preceding the fire

atter the fire

Number ot trees
measured
Inches

Inches Inches

The trees without an exception show
of the rings in the year following the }
ally increased each succeeding year

effects of the fire.

a sharp decrease in the width
yurning, while their width gradu-
as the trees recovered from the

CATTLE AND HOGs,

The chief injury by cattle to loblol

ly pine is by trampling the seed-
lings, although the shoot may be bitten off

dig up the seedling for its root.

in grazing. Swine rarely
Just before restocking, the
swine in a stand is advantageous since they u

Squirrels and wild turkeys do not de
do the mast of longleaf pine.

presence of
pturn the mineral soil,
stroy the seed of loblolly as they

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

SLEET AND SNOW.

ie Pao en Ss , sleet or wet

Che leaders of loblolly pine are sometimes broken oa le the
x os she y souls
"10W, particularly in the northeastern counties. On shallow

; : : : , welg ‘ wet snow.
trees are in exceptional eases overturned by the weight of we

WIND-FIRMNESS.

ep mellow soils in which the roots descend to a vie ag

* more, the loblolly pine is comparatively wind-firm. ; " Aa

’ soils the roots are not so deeply seated or so firm, an - : a

> More subject to windfall. The danger is greatest on heavy up oe
avs and on shallow sandy soils underlaid by hardpan. In the a
fields on the red clays a of the roots often fail to penetrate ead
the layers loosened in plowing. Stands on such sites, if at all az! PBC
“re particularly liable to suffer severely after a heavy thinning or alter
culling. The number of windfalls, three years after lumbering on 110
cut-over land having a dry, compact clay soil amounted to sie
trees, 8 inches and over in diameter, or about 4.5 per cent of the trees

vf . : 5 after ring is
left. On the deep sandy soils, the loss from windfall after lumbering
Negligible,

(

acres of

THE WOOD AND ITS USES.
QUALITIES.
The wood of the loblolly or North Carolina pine is heavy, hard,
Strong, co ,

‘ : ’ ac ] » soil. It
( arse grained, and decays rapidly in contact with the s¢
Shrinks

and checks considerably in drying. In kiln drying the shrink-

mounts to about 10 per cent of cross section (not length). : aes

to 4 per cent of the shrinkage is radial and 6 to 7 per cent is arount
the circumference. In air drying the shrinkage is less.* The shrink-
"e is sreatest in the heavy sapwood from the base of young trees and
yeast in the lighter heartwood from the tops of old trees. [he wood,
like that of all Pine, swells again after commercial kiln-drying whenever
WH ia, to dampness. The heartwood is yellowish to orange brown in
Color -

. ry 7 ; ‘] ; , : ’
> the thick Sapwood much paler. The soft spring wood in eac
4nnual lave

band is
t

ris nearly white, while the very hard and tough summer
dark brown, the contrast in color and hardness between these
Wo layers being greatest near the stump and in the center of the log in
young, thrifty rea which have formed no heartwood. Although the
pod from the upper part of the stem is coarse grained, the summer
band is very narrow. (Plate Ki VAL) Because of the great differ-
nee j density between the spring and summer wood coarse-grained

when planed, do not readily dress to a perfectly flat surface.

other hand there is great adhesion between the two layers which

re 9Ag h. ° h4 ‘ ra ifer 3
duces the tendency to split and sliver, so common in many coniferous
Woods, t

4

*Bul. 99, U.
4

S. Forest Service,

 
50 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

As would be expected from the rapid growth of the tree the wood is
mostly coarse grained. Thrifty young trees frequently have as few as
two rings to the inch near the center (Plate IX, A), while the sapwood
of trees more than 100 years of age may exhibit less than ten rings to
the inch. Lumber from second growth trees generally has from 5 to 8
rings of annual growth to the inch: that from large old trees from 7 to
10. Ten rings to the inch may be considered fine grained for this spe-
cies. The green wood weighs about 45 pounds per cubie foot. The kiln-
dried wood, average of the tree, weighs about 31 pounds to the eubie
foot, the specific gravity being about .50. It is about five pounds per
cubic foot lighter than that of the longleaf pine, five pounds heavier than
that of white pine, and slightly heavier than that of the shortleaf
pine of the Piedmont. But the wood varies considerably in weight.
That from the lower part of the stem of trees which have hard,
¢gompact wood with wide summer wood in the annual ring (Plate
IX, A) weighs more than 35 pounds per cubic foot; while that
from the upper part of the stem of trees with narrow summer wood
in the ring of annual growth weighs less than the average (Plate
X, A), commercial wood being largely from the lower part of the
stem averages about 33 pounds to the cubie foot for kiln-dried material.
The green wood has a shipping weight of 4.200 pounds for 1,000 feet of

inch boards, while the kiln-dried wood veighs about 3,100 pounds per
1,000 feet of inch boards. Moisture forms 50 per cent of the weight of
fresh sapwood and about 25 per cent of the weight of the heartwood.

While the wood is weaker (in proportion to its weight) in tensile, shear-
ing, and bending strength than that of either longleaf pine or white
pine, it is relatively stronger than that of the shortleaf pine. On ac-
count of its relative weakness it is not’so desirable a wood as white pine
for certain uses, such as doors and small packing boxes.

Heartwood hegins to form between the twentieth and thirtieth years,
earlier on good soils and in rapidly growing trees. than on poor soils
and in slowly growing intermediate or suppressed trees. The number
of rings of sapwood does not remain the same throughout the life of the
trees, but increases with age. <A tree thirty years old is practically all
sapwood, .seldom having more than a small core of heartwood in the
butt log. Trees one hundred years old have from 60 to 65 rings of
sapwood, while trees 200 years old commonly have from 90 to 95 rings.
Less than one-third of the volume of trees between seventy and one hun-
dred years old is heartwood; and less than one-half of the volume of
trees between 100 and 150 years old. Since the sapwood of this pine, on
account of its clearness of knots, uniformly bright color, and freedoni
from pitch is esteemed for interior woodwork fully as hig] ly as the
heartwood, the large proportion of sapwood is considered advantageous
rather than otherwise. (Plate XII, B.)

The wood is considerably less resinous than that of the longleaf pine,
but more so than that of the shortleaf or white pine. Dr, Chas. H.
Herty, the well-known authority on turpentine, says that the oleoresin

N

«'@

 

GEOLOG

Type of

knots,

diameter

‘Solated by thinn
that of one

the

ICAL

wood f
This

sro

formed Since

Summe

rwood

of t
Past ten

rom lower pe
tree became
wth was slow

ling wher

art

of

codomir

on

three

years has beer

thinning is

Is characte

ir
gh qual ty

stic

ij
ich

account oO

he isolated trees shown on I

t the

coarse gré

and one

AND ECONOMIC SURVEY.

int or i!

rate of

hal

late XVI

 

stem in old-field

termed

f the crowding

f inches o1

for flatwoods soils

dwoods wl

th has been at

f radius)

arly

led for the best sites which sc

and
UStration, )

by

gsrac

ey

This stem
the same result

eks to dev

lual cutting ever

PES OF

LOBLOLLY

the
As §

PINE

woop

Ix

 
 

PLATE X.
C SURVEY
AND ECONOMIC SURV

Characterigt ic

mall
TI latively s

, The reli

z tree.

] rrowing

f rapidly gro

er section of rar

le'and upper s

ir iddle ‘anc

wood from m

amount of }

sur s stration.)

a] this portio of t t l

hor i
1 Au
ypical.
> stem i
ey } ) i o I
In

imerw oc

Wood from tr

nd 5 Vv S shov 4 Ss “ 4 of grain.
irregularity o
r 0 r ri : irregulé
i sharacteristi¢
t soil, showing chara
€@ growing 1 very wet § ’ worl
ia ; (Author's illustration.)
(A

yY PINE WOOD.
PES OF LOBLOLLY PIN
TYPES

 
 

ses AEST
- - stn

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 51

turpentine) of loblolly pine is closely allied in all of its proper-
hat of the longleaf pine, but the volatile oil evaporates trom 11
rapidly and consequently it is difficult to collect the material, as
of it remains in the solid condition on the scarified face 0! the
lhe relative proportions of volatile oil and resin are practically
in this material as in that of the longleaf pine, but the total
season is much less from the loblolly or North Carolina pine.

ra
vv.

commercial value of this tree for turpentine is discussed on page

DEFECTS.

f grain,

uniformity of texture, and large knots; pitch streaks and small

rl . a 0 ¢ j f
pockets, which, however, affect the grade of less than one-half of

In g Per cent of the boards and are largely limited to butt logs; while
enh 1e open stands in old fields,

The ‘ ; "i
ion ‘€ most common defects in the wood are extreme coarseness 0
c Ck of

md growth trees, especially those from tl

- hei ‘ 7
wh The wood is seldom affected

by Dy: large resinous, but tight knots.
of fh sushake or hollows. Redheart occurs in less than five per cent
is g te larger logs* and affects less than one per cent of the lumber which
> Sawed The propor-
Clon of
hig

from second growth trees less than 50 years old.

tedheart gradually increases with the age of the tree and is
er in : ;

trees grown on poor than on good quality sites.
wood .

4 decays rapidly on exposure or in contact with the soil.
kiln-dried or even thoroughly air-dried, the coarse grained and
Porous sapwood is readily impregnated with preservatives. lhe

ese Common methods are creosoting under pressure and impreg-

tabs, bichloride of zine. The wood is attacked by parorel said
: estroying fungi when it is exposed to suitable moisture cond1
» the sapwood being especially susceptible to such attacks. The
Prevalent and destructive of these fungi are Schizophyllum com-
and the brown root, Lenzites sepiaria, which causes the rapid

t damp undried wood and is particularly destructive to ties,

& ete. Merulius lacrimans and Coniophora cerebella are reported

destructive to large factory timbers, and Polyporus vaporws

Vv Bh -ye Hlooring near the ground. — Various species of dnachassgipeatn
. exing ‘the sugar and starch in the cells of the sapwood, cause
undried lumber. While bluing does not affect the strength of
at lessens the value of sap lumber, which otherwise could be

‘Hnish in natural grain. Immersion of the lumber in a solution

‘rbonate of soda in water prevent bluing, but it has been aban-

Coy rel: : Ato mL: Slee

nmercially where tried in favor of kiln drying.
large
K bark pj

hating
of

de Cay

y

*The

blac}

Proportion of he pocoson or

redheart logs which are cut in certain swamps is from t
ne,

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

USES.

Loblolly pine lumber under the trade name of North Carolina pine
is used for finishing, packing boxes and construction purposes. If
sawn into boards the lumber is generally kiln dried and graded, a large
part being reworked at the mills into finished products. The clearer
grades are used for flooring, especially when rift sawn (6 to 12 annual
layers to the inch particularly suitable) for which use it is especially
adapted on account of the fact that it slivers less than most of the pines,
for ceiling, interior woodwork, styles and panels of doors, for blinds,
sashes, weather boarding and trimmings, and the lower grades for box
stock, framing and scantling, bridge, factory,* and heavy construction
work. It has extensively taken the place of white pine or has supple-
mented it for structural uses, being found in all markets from Pittsburg
ahd North Tonawanda to Boston and certain perts in Maine. The ex-
ports have likewise been steadily increasing, going chiefly to English
and German ports.

It enters extensively into car construction, particularly for siding and
roofing, and into ship, boat and barge construction. A large amount
of medium and low grade stock is used for box-making, slack cooperage,
and headings, and it is now one of the best recognized woods in the box
and slack cooperage trades. Slabs are resawn into lath and copper
sticks for smelter use, and cut on a horizontal band saw into heading and
crate stock. A small though constantly increasing amount is used both
treated and untreated for mine timbers, chiefly in the anthracite fields
of eastern Pennsylvania. Mine timber is sold by the ton, from 4 to 5
tons of green timber being required to produce 1,000 board feet log
scale. The price per ton, green at Norfolk, depending upon the size of
the timber, varies from $1.50 to $3: It is also cut into veneers, the
lower grades being used for fruit and vegetable crates, barrel and keg
stock, drawer bottoms, and the backs of cheap furniture. It is be-
ing used to a limited extent for chemical paper pulp stock, and this
is doubtless one of the most important undeveloped uses for the wood.
On account of the resin it cannot be used for ground fiber pulp and for
this reason cannot compete successfully with spruce in the manufacture
of newspaper and cheap book paper. On account of its great weight,
however, unbleached papers can be successfully made. The wood fibers
are very long, strong, thickwalled and tough which permits the manufac-
ture of very superior wrapping, kraft and imitation Manila papers
which are stronger than the real Manilas. The wood can be treated by

*Dense wood to meet the proposed yellow pine grading rules for factory structural timber must
have between the third and fourth inches from the pith one-fourth of the volume summer wood if
there are eight rings to the inch; one-third if there are six or seven rings to the inch; and one-half if
the wood averages four rings to the inch. The wood shown in Plate VII, A and B meets these
specifications. Such wood is produced on the best class of flatwoods soils. (See Loblolly pine on long-
leaf pine flat lands). The Panama Canal requires only six rings to the inch between the third and

fourth inches. The Georgia-Florida Sawmill Association requires a minimum of six rings to the inch
between the third and fourth inches and one-third summer wood.

of about

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

. ‘ sulphate processes to effect the destruction or partial destruc-
ie the resin and disintegration of the fiber; or after being chipped
‘Ji can be distilled off. There is a loss in weight by these processes
50 per cent; consequently a cord (128 feet) of peeled wood
about 3,000 pounds will make only about 1,500 pounds of
an. 4 At present comparative prices of kraft paper and ar 4 port
ty age een a ’ ‘ " .
ee grade timber is more profitably converted into paper t ae 7
; Since the very knotty tops can be utilized by the chemical pu P
gen A mill at Roanoke Rapids is now employing such a process
While oe acture of kraft paper for wrapping ag peaae fips
= ae the wood of loblolly pine is less suitable than t iat pn ha
: ’ Manufacture of composition board on account of the great los:

BET eat | 1 on Ns rons lose
li veteht resulting from the necessity of using a chemical proce 38 {
bei erat ' ereat weight,

the

Weighing
Paper,

» the fibers, it is, on account of its cheapness and
ture Oper) employed for this purpose. A plant for ni ere
“iy Composition board is also in operation at Roanoke Rapids. oF
Sees also being used for the production of wood er fe 2 a
for aa distilled after which the alcohol 18 produced. Ss pute
been A Production of wood aleohol from sawdust and be i
the erected at Georgetown, 8. C. The waste can also be “ ‘wil

Production of , recent process the employ
one of which ower to be obtained from
mill waste

North el

ir _ ~arolina pine is extensively used for cross arms
poles and for light railroad ties, being well suited for

1 i f its softness
treatment with preservatives. On account of its soft
a tie for heavy

eptibility of abrasion it can not be used as £ at
sae the timber is extensively
n length being

being

producer gas. This is ¢
will enable a large amount of }

in excess of the requirements of the sawmill plant. ;
for electric

these

Susce
traffic
used

OGe;

: , tie plate. Near the coast .
Bt Piling; sticks of timber exceeding 100 feet 1 ;
halen required for this use. Treated with ee
8 used for street paving blocks, the heavy types of wood with no
‘an:8 ? It is very extensively used

1S

less :
hei rings to the inch being required. ; sind
do Sj0ut the coastal plain for fuel for manufacturing as wel’ :

ner ag) Near towns such mill
Waste ;¢
Wood.

as

use, and to some extent. for charcoal.

i #2 * . " i is a * .
‘S 1s otherwise unusable is converted into fuel billets and kindling

COMMERCIAL VALUE FOR TURPENTINE.*

The : Snares
hols pine exudes an oleoresin when wounded, which is occu
a rule the yield of

Slons eee te
ag fairly remunerative quantities, but as ¢ pcb
(the con Pentine is so much less than from the longleat et : A ee
tapping hated commercial sources of crude turpentine) that no §

Ty} Ng of this tree is practiced. ae
However enn exudes from the wounded tree as clear ste
80 that crystallization of the dissolved acids takes place ira a} és y

much of the material remains sticking upon the scarifie d surface

*This se,

sion has been prepared by Dr. Chas. H. Herty, of the University of North Carolina.

 
54 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

of the tree as “scrape.” This unusually rapid crystallization of the
mass leads to the consequent rapid evaporation of its content of spirits
of turpentine. Analysis of the perfectly fresh oleoresin shows a normal
amount of spirits of turpentine, but the collected gum, after standing
several weeks in the receptacles, as in ordinary practice, shows a much
lower per cent of volatile oil. For this reason it seems quite probable
that if this pine is ever to be utilized on any large scale as a source of
crude turpentine the usual methods employed in gathering must be
materially modified.

An analysis of the crude turpentine from the first four weeks of chip-
ping in July showed. 17.58 per cent of spirits of turpentine, the collec-
tion at the end of four more weeks of chipping showed only 14.11 per
cent. The spirits of turpentine thus obtained was found to have proper-
ties identical with those of commercial spirits of turpentine. The oleo-
résin is characterized by an unusually small amount, 4.2 per cent, of
unsaponifiable matter. The rosin left after distillation of the spirits of
turpentine resembles closely commercial rosin and has an acid number
of 172.

GROWTH.

The growth of loblolly varies considerably with the character of soil.
In accordance with the rapidity of growth there may be recognized three
quality classes which are determined by the character of the soil or site.
The maximum* figures of growth and yield are those for better condi-
tions than Quality Site I, and the minimum for poorer conditions than
Quality Site ITI. Both the maximum and minimum figures, however,
are averages of stands both better and poorer than the figures indicate.
The figures of growth which are given for any quality site are averages
which embrace stands having a considerable range both above and below
these figures, the limit of range being approximately one-half the in-
terval between a given Quality class and those next to it.+

Quality Class I. This class includes stands of loblolly pine that
make rapid growth and produce very heavy yields per acre. These are
found on loams, sandy loams, and clay loams (particularly those desig-

*Details of several of the best stands are given below:

One-fourth acre had a stand 120 years old the yield of which was at the tate of 12,760 cubic feet of
stem wood without bark, and 71,600 board feet mill cut + inch kerf. The total number of trees per
acre was at the rat of 216; basal area including bark, 284 square feet; average diameter of the trees
15.5 inch; and average height of dominant trees 115 feet. (Lenoir County.)

Another excellent stand which had an ave;age age of not more than 69 years, had a cubic volume of
9,900 feet of stem wood without bark per acre, 54,200 board feet mill cut, } inch kerf: basal area out-
side of bark of 233 square feet; and contained 180 trees 6 inches and over, which had an average
diameter of 16.6inches. The dominant trees were 120 feet high. (Washington County.)

The best young stand, 29 years old, was in an old field stand on a moist site in Pitt County. The
total cubic volume per acre was 7,480 feet of stem wood without bark; the board measure volume 4
inch kerf, 37,277 feet; and basal area outside of the bark 249 square feet. There were 320 trees per acre
having an average diameter of 11.9inches. The average height of dominant trees was nearly 80 feet.

{The figures which are given for number of trees per acre, height of stand of dominant trees, vol-
ume in board feet or cubic feet, and basal area per acre for stands on different quality sites at differ-
ent ages, are averages which would embrace stands having a considerable range both above and be-

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.
Nated ac : ; ; » Qo‘ta of the U.8.
ot as the Portsmouth soil series of the Bureau of Soils of thé U
‘par F 1 4 . ; 7 ¢ 1 ge sinks
epartment of Agriculture) in which the water table seldom sinks

more than 19 Pecier Telcos the surface during the growing season, ye
which on

; ‘ 2 Be aie ieee xd for
account of surface drainage or porosity are never flooded ‘]
yr y ° i : : a 22 WI) £ y sous
Prolonged periods; alluvial lands, particularly those with loamy s

low tt stands of different

is average
spade! : a (tf)

ages, whic
Stands wk
(Tt).

1 “ ae aor : slow in a list of
The wide limits of such variations are shown below in a list o , cue

: ‘ r-stock
h were referred to Quality II. A (*) indicates stands which seemed to be under

: pote on thinned are indicated by
ich seemed to be excessively crowded; stands which have been per * i breasthigh of
© “Asie fers to the area of the cross section (inside or outside of bark) at breasthig
all trees ©n an acre

ae .TE /OLUME, BASAL
8, SHowina RanGp or VARIATION IN AVERAGE DIAMETER, IN V

“ Tp spa Pr - oe.
AREA AND NuMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ny ou) Oe a

Average Volume per acre
Age of Height of Diameter Number ot Basal area
Stand dominant breasthigh trees 3’’ and per acre
trees over :
Years rees ¢ Cubic feet, Board feet, eh Square fee
Feet and over wood only 1-7": kerf Per acre

Inches

oN bo

yNONNN

ON He

Nie BN

‘ ; feet i yn by a com-
3, and average diameter to yield in board feet is shown . ° 8
© Ss ‘ > 7 2 stands give as
<-year old stands and the 60 and 62 year old stands. Some of the sta he pan
®Pproach Quality I The second 38-year old stand closets

s Quality 111 others approach Quality III.

The 80-year old stands approach Quality 1.

 
 

i. are
‘ GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

56 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

which are subject to flooding for only a few days at a time; moist peaty
soils, where the peat is in process of humification and along the margin
of swamps.

Norma! IIT Quality IL IL Maximum I
water

table

during

grow ing

season

10 ft.

40 ft

Fig. 5. Relation between loblolly pine quality sites and depth of water table in soils of
different texture. (Author’s illustration.)

Quality Class II. This class embraces the stands of medium growth
on the great body of the upland soils of eastern North Carolina. The
soils of this quality class include the greater portion of the flat woods
(consisting of the more level tracts of Norfolk fine sands, loams, and
silts, as designated by the Bureau of Soils) the Selma silt and Selma
loam, with the water table usually about 20 feet below the surface,
formerly largely occupied by the longleaf pine; compact clays occupied
by hardwood swamps; the rolling loams and clay loams of the Norfolk
series, largely north of the Roanoke River and in Chowan, Gates, and
Northampton counties, formerly partly occupied by shortleaf pine.
The usual depth of the water table in these soils is from 20 to 25 feet
below the surface. It is lowest for this quality in the fine grained sands
and loams.

Quality Class III. This includes loblolly pine stands of very slow
growth. The soils characteristic of these are the better drained parts

' of the flat woods, particularly the areas with compact clay soils (char-
acterized by roundleaf blackjack oak and post oak); the rolling piney
lands and the Piedmont uplands; the savannas, edges of pocosons, sand
hills, and swamps subject to prolonged overflow, or difficult to drain.
The upland soils as a rule have the water table during the growing
season from 20 to 45 feet below the surface. The soils of some of the
poorly drained areas (very level clays, silts and peats are frequently satu- rea
rated for long periods during the growing season, alternating in the hickory aud eee Ave years old, Quality II, in old field on upland of
ease of clays with periods of semi-drought on account of the large he elagaicn

ale ti

good quality

The density is good; the growth, however, is be

Stand would be much benefited by a thinning Author

 
vi
INE.
TA PI
SAROLIN 4
Y OR NORTH CAR
L
LOBLOL

amount

for plan
Old

i available
> clays which is not

ie water held by heavy cla; sae is :
of hygroscopic ‘ ea k oe
t growth. The old field sora tae eae cars (Cal z
Field Stands. sour on the fee agi ous yt
Clay uplands, crndpnipean A the most part rt mg eat ae
Serieg) when young fall fc leclines pg cc aes ee nay fa
but their rate of growth : pare nt ‘ ‘ey om
times before the on Pye palsy
Into Quality ITT,
of the
Supply.
tivated
trate it

ee railable

e limits of iy yt

ae ming yland clays ae roots Tre¢ vy years this
Moreover, on the scaler iat the 3 ape
enue ss ies Pat carrying capacit,

» and has a high moi:
becomes
This ¢

itv declines.
acity ¢ ;
gore scends
. ve ‘Tying c Ai
Sanelbaese “as re the sales reser
2 anc f si, Ai r ot :
4 re compact al “al roots and ¢ pegiales
Th s h of the latera fron
PERO Y “
pak. atthe layer which ha
broken a
Into the un

»clines.
} > tree de
the rate of growth of the

deeper
plow

fs) riven
Ty SITES. ta give
. JALITY § rees at ¢é EES
INATION OF QU: f dominant tre¢ scertaiming
ETERMINAT i) ( as . a
eee » the height o yethod of 2 It is de
: ‘rowth or t ready 1 13); +}
tate of height gro is the most 1 1} xy (Table 1: height with
sy . - ® »y° > “
itch : ‘rroups 1s ing timber ‘relate heign
in fully stocked “i is growing t nds to correls ht, relation of
ra The 1ere ls stands a} oh sHe-
quality site when ti aped or old a elative hei Taal espe
wx se of middle-ag Table 35), relative roung sté
Slrable in the Vase 4 r acre ( Pable he case of a
sal area per ; t i
Volume and basal are ; ET bis 15); aR
. 4 1] 0 it «
diameter to total he 1g {

sites all of
Clally on dry upland sites al
Ing the

Plemented ;
table,

be exay

Abund

ict-
Ss g for redic
rs for Pp
Factors io
5 inreliable tac A ath ‘a ‘an
hese are 1 1s ihe aus .
sus in old stanas ¢ 5
i susta
; » soil to sl 5
capacity of the ‘

f water
h ot
: 1 dept +» should
: » goil anc ain sh¢
ture of the s¢ of it pan ible 1.
aa “ » tex - : a ions ith é
y ascertaining the where care compare ie a .
OE ‘orest type ; and to ee this ex ni
The original fore . action ts eral guide a ‘ohly favor
: : ine the is a general | site highh
lined to determine t lershrubs is a & licates a ws! stricta) <n
' particular under: ‘a) imdice -istida shich
ance of particular (Llex glabra) yyass (Ariste . sites ana"
Faas srry apie. - wire grass P icates § sh
* rank growth of cova of the pine; wi rellum) indict n fetter bus
able for the rapid growth (Vaccinium ter ind evergree eee,
low bush black huckleberr, hagnam eH ons becoming lifferent abies
ino lry; spnag 7 Thich a » in dl 2 which
adh Ale itida) sites Ww ar table ‘oure 3 W
Pe nitida) s : » wate ti iguy oa
(Andromeda or Px ay the height of the is shown in baw genie
: ee z i eis § rte ee Yr
“PProximate relation “t for loblolly pin f these 1mpo nger ages i
of soi] to the quality’ site liminary study 0 height at he ‘presented th
i ; i a preli ; , yon 5 ich is , RRL y
ves the ie spdligs " nding solely me tand vars height ent
la al . “ye Soe 4 pe 5 . 1e sté Rie ielg > 1
The ‘M possibility of cr A illustrated in " liameter an ‘ing the fitt
interpreting quality site is i ‘ The rapid « ; llowed durit , rupt eul-
Ss aaah =. *a LIC r ab .
a1 , ¢ 2 imn 1 js IC yially ¢
Tables 14,18 and 20, 7 early decades 1 d by an a the growth *
, : ‘ing the e: " *< raflecte ‘ ‘ 5 ar
2 this stand during ine which is refle he other han¢ but sustaimec
decade by an abrupt decline stand. On the 7g a slower D
tion in the volume of the sts tables shows
: > same té
. in the sé
Sin column 1

ater
sh late
£ il a muc
‘in until ¢
begin
ine does not
| hile the decline de
TOW Ww
Tate of hei rht growth,
Period,

are bee

Ming

 
58 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

Since loblolly pine normally grows in a large part of its range in pure

even-aged stands or groups, the re is given not only the rate of growth of

trees as individual specimens but also the growth and development of the

average tree in even-aged stands, and the growth of the average tree of
each of the different crown classes,

pr essed.*

dominant, intermediate, and sup-

GROWTH IN HEIGHT.
Loblolly ee attains on an average a he ight of about only two feet
during the first two to four years. After that it at once be gins to grow
rapidly in height. The stage of chica growth lasts until the thirtieth or

fortieth year on best a and until the fiftieth or even sixtiet

th year on
inferior sites. Table

13 gives the heights of the different crown classes
in fully stocked unthinned stands at different ages on different quality

sttes and the periodic annual growth. The periodic annual growth
which is the annual growth during five-year periods shows that after
the fiftieth year the growth in height is less than one foot a year.

*The dominant trees in a stand are such as ove rtop, even slightly, all others and whose large crown3
are in full sunlight; intermediate trees are lower in height than the dominant

and have slender stems
and narrow, compressed crowns which receive only

a scant amount of direct sunlight;
are entirely overtopped and receive only such sunlight as filters through tl

Dominant trees are making most rapid growth both in he ight

suppressed trees
1e foliage of the taller tree’
and diameter; inte-mediate trees are

yet making rapid height growth, but their diameter growth has fallen behind; suppressed trees are

making very little growth either in height or diameter.

SrocKEp STanps or Lo.

IN Fuuy

ESSED TREES Six INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMETI

ALL DoMINANT, INTERMEDIATE, AND SUE

H®IGHTS OF

13.

LE

AND

JUALITY SITES;

PINE ON DIFFERENT ¢

Quality II

Quality I

LOBLOLLY

NORTH

C

AROLINA

PINE.

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

Table 14 gives the height of trees in fully stocked stands for differ- TasBLe 14.—Herianr Growrs or Loptouity Pine ON DIFFERENT SITEs.

ent diameters on different site classes. Papas : a
: : . : F Quality
On best sites in pure stands height growth reaches its maximum a

rate between the seventh and fifteenth years. Dominant trees in such UI II iI "

groups during this period will often make a growth of four feet a year é 6)
for several years, while the average rate of height growth during this 4 (1) (2) Se eld Dry silt | Mixed with
‘ ‘ 5 5 5 Mixed with | Best moist, Longleaf Oldfie sand flats cypress

hardwoods. loamy, al- | and pocoson, on & long- “Stand
Re . 3 Moist, stiff luvial soil. pine flat leaf pine fairly open swamps.
a year. During the second decade the growth averages three feet | clay soil. Stand lands. oe Lae Stand

) | Stand fairly open Stand Stan 4 crowded
On crowded ; | fairly open crowdec

in deep

period on all sites of the first quality is nearly three and one-half feet

a year. On poorer sites the rate of height growth culminates later.

sites of Quality III, culmination does not take place until between

the eighteenth and thirtieth years. OE shite
Single trees and small groups of trees growing among hardwoods on

stiff clay soils attain the maximum rate of growth very late, between

the thirtieth and fortieth years, and the same is true of some groups

2 bo

growing on the most unfavorable sites (Table 14, columns 1 and 6).
The growth on old fields on the uplands is rapid at first but decreases
after the fortieth year; such old field stands, therefore, if old, have an
average rate of growth characteristic of slow growing stands. This

aIwanren

is well illustrated by the growth of loblolly pine on cultivated soil on a
very sandy, well drained knoll in the midst of a longleaf pine forest
(Table 14, column 4). Thus, the average annual growth in height
during the first decade was 2.1 feet, during the second decade 2.7 feet,
the third decade 2.4 feet, the fourth decade 1.0 feet, and the fifth decade
3 feet.

The growth on very wet sites, as may be seen from the growth of the
loblolly pine in mixture with cypress and black gum of the same age;
is slow. (Table 14, column 6.) The pine, however, had slightly out-
grown in height the black gum and the cypress. The soil is a loamy
sand, covered with one or two feet of flowing water during most of the
winter and spring and often for a few days at a time during the growing
season.

The growth of the pine on the best alluvial soil in even-aged groups
where the competition for the light is keen is very rapid (Table 14,
column 2).

The growth given in Table 14 is the average growth of suppressed, in-
termediate and dominant trees. Single dominant trees therefore have @
much better growth, while intermediate and suppressed trees have 4
much slower growth than that of the average tree,

Table 15 gives the relation of diameter to height, the merchantable
length of trees of different diameters on different quality sites, and the
per cent of merchantable length to total height. Top diameters of mer-
chantable length are given in Tables 24 to 31.

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

GROWTH IN DIAMETER.
Cable 16 shows the average erowth in diameter at breast height of all
S (6 inches and over), the diameter growth of dominant trees 1m
lly Stocked unthinned stands, the diameter growth of dominant trees
pen stands, and the number. of years required to grow one inch in
meter,
\l the

v1 as : 3 ; “eee, ea he
were taken at a uniform height of 4 feet 6 inches from thi

“

29 Tad . é : ” . . , " £ 2 side
called breastheight. Breasthigh measurements made outs1

i . : ‘ 138 srwise
diameter measurements of standing trees, unless other

yar . ; ats Seta j if ster
bark are a better guide for determining the growth in diamet

‘

heigl oe measurements, as in this way the variations due to the
~ Bat of : i rae

: ot the stump and butt swellings are eliminated. e
ls often desirable to convert diameter at stump height inside 0
This relation 1s

MERCHANTABLE LenGru or LopLouiy Pre.

) dlameter at breastheight outside of bark.

1 in Table 17. It can be used in obtaining the breasthigh diameter
on cut-over land. (Also, see Table 8.)
culmination of the diameter erowth often takes place as early
“uring the first decade and seldom later than in the fourth decade.
@ ge M18 18 ¢ = eos 18 shows the diame ter growth on stumps by decades tor typical
on different sites. Column 1 shows the diameter growth eh
Stroup of loblolly pines mixed with hardwoods on moist stiff

Soil. The growth in diameter does not culminate until between
thirtiet] at the

of 139
rate of a

Stand o: ; : amy
: £lven in collimn. 8oashieh shows.4 group of trees on loose loam}

so ;
caeat edge of a pond, near Howard, Bertie County. n osha
-  mple of persistent and rapid diameter growth, the increas

ee es Ney the eightieth and ninetieth years amounting to —: =
obtained foe stump. Similar, if not better, results ean pro jah il

rom all stands of Quality I, provided they are property

hinned. (Plate Ix B.)

Quality IT

1 and fortieth years; the growth is so persistent that he
‘ ‘ S44 ai : seade 1e

years 1t amounts to nearly 1.5 inches for the decade.

‘ameter growth, however, is much less than that of the open

betwe
DANS

2
b»
&
a

oO
Zz
&

QA
Z
D

=
a

P|
Zz
<

HH
jen)

a

a

2)
Zz

15.—RELATION BETWE

TABLE

 
 

 

4 TO LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TasBLe 16 —GrowTH IN DIAMETER, ON DIFFERENT QUALITY Sires, or ALL TREES Stx INcHES AN?
Over, AND OF DoMINANT TREES Srtx INcHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER IN FuLLY. StockEp STANDS!
oF DoMINANT TREES IN OPEN STANDS; AND THE NUMBER OF YEARS REQUIRED TO Grow AN INCH

Tar
pa read 5 - Pine AND THE CORRESPOND-
‘.—DIAMETER BreAstTuicH OvTsipE THE BARK OF LOBLOLLY PINE AND THE C

ING Stump DIAMETER INSIDE THE BARK.
Fully stocked stands Diamet , Difference between the
Open stands outed reasthigh Average height of Stump diameter stump and breasthigh
i Dominant trees Heside bark stump inside of bark diameter
All trees Dominant trees Inches

Feet Inches Inches Inches
Diameter No. of years Diameter No. of years Diameter No. of yeal®

to grow an to grow an to grow an
Inches inch Inches inch Inches inch

 

Quality I

 

Quality

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
9
2
9
2
2
2
2
9
9
9

Bp see Se Se ee

yaa ef. »

Column q,
old field oy

: . Rul ‘e sti in an
lable 18, shows the diameter growth of a pure stand in ¢

9
Was &

© ow

: ; re : * in ¢ n 3
soil quite similar to that on which the group 1 ber .
‘OWing : : poate The culmi-
nati srowing, except that the soil was previously cultivated. a ~°
atlon in di . irst decade, with a
lameter < ace ¢: > @ f the first decade,
Srowth fo» nete1 took place at the end of t ot uae
in or the decade of nearly 8 inches; but the subsequent de ]
gr r i ¥ . : 26 1 ‘ 4
Quality III 4 at bra 18 SO rapid, that between the fifth and sixth dec age it hn en!
ality 406 an j oe ate, : , sctia of the dry ole
gas | ak y f oat 2 neh, 7 ¢ _ TOUT ; characteristic 0 e é
fields. rhis manner of growth is cha

 

3 At i , rleaf ¢ 20son
6. : 3. g . Che rate of diameter growth of trees on longl af and pocos
7.3 ‘ Pine fla 5

/ . * these species on
8 t lands (column 3), like the height growth of these species M
4 Se a gj : 3 4 i! anar e
ame site, is slow but persistent. As the trees stand well apart, th

‘ i CTowns ay . axl ‘or
a 7 ; Ns are well developed and the diameter growth is at a maximum f
4 dition.

the

this con
14. ¢

15. 4

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE 18.—D1amMeTer GrowTH or LoBLOLLY Pine on DirFreREnT Sires Insipn THE BARK ON

Stumps Asout Two Freer Hiau.

Quality

II II

Age of stand 1) (2) 3) 4) 5 (8)

on the stump In hard- On loose On long- Old field On dry silt | Mixed with
z woods on moist, loamy leaf and

Vears moist, stiff soil on pocoson pine
clay soils edge of flat land.
Stand pond. Stand and
crowded fairly open | fairly open

on a long- sand flats cypress
leaf pine following in deep
sand hill. longleaf swamps.
Stand pine. Stand Stand
open crowded

Inches

ore Oo ee
20D aC

cont

GROWTH IN VOLUME.

Cubic Feet.

As both height and diameter growth of loblolly pine are most rapid in
early youth, the greatest per cent of volume increment is made during
this period. The contents in cubic feet of the stem of a tree without
bark or branches, at different ages, is the best index of the rate of growth
in total volume. The growth of the stem of the trees of loblolly pine in
cubic feet in different quality classes is given in Table 19. The growth
in cubic feet of trees in stands on different sites is given in Table 20.

Board Feet.

The volume in board feet increases at a more rapid rate than the

c

volume in cubic feet on account of the greater proportion of convertible

material in timber of large diameter than in small. The volume 1

board feet of the dominant trees in stands at different ages is given 12

Table 21 by Doyle-Scribner rule, and on the basis of actual mill cut
1-7 inch saw kerf band-sawed. The volume of trees on different sites
at given ages is given in Table 22. It is probable that the rapid increas

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

lr ee rs . 28
* merchantable volume shown by the fairly open stand on the best,
Moist, all ’

Q uvial soil can be secured from a large portion of stands «
Yualiv . *
ity J by proper thinning

5:

: . nee >ELED) AND IN
~““ROWTH OF LoBLouiy Pinw In Cusic Fret (MERCHANTABLE STEMWOOD PEELE

Cc ‘ aa 33x INCHES AND OVER IN
ae (StEmwoop PEELED AND Spiir) AvERAGE or ALL TreEs Srx INCHES AND

TAMETER apes : ry SITES

TETER IN FULLY Srox KED STANDS ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES.

Age of Stand Height Diameter breast- Volume Volume

high
20 : ay am Long cords
ears Feet aii Cubic feet aa

Quality I

Quality IT

Quality

NN aAkH ow

o

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TREES Six

Volume
Board Feet

> DOMINANT

Ru

AND AVERAGE OF ALL TREES IN OPEN STANDS
All Trees—Open Stands

TABLE 20.—Growr ; r PIN
t TH OF LOBLOLLY PINE On DIFFERENT SITEs

In Votume (Cusic Fr —
or aie, mn 3 J EET) Exciusivi
or Stump, Top, anp Bark ) Exciust

Diameter
Inches

‘ScRIBNER

Quality

III Il Ilr Ul

DoyLE

(1) (2) ‘
Age of stand Groups of a (3) (4) (5) (6)
. trees in On loose On long- Old field On dry 4 -
Years hardwoods | ™0ist, loamy| leaf and on long sandy flats Mixed with
on moist soil on pocoson pine! leaf tay following cypress 10
stiff clay edge of flat lands, sendy IL longleaf. |deep swamp
soil. Stand | Pond. Stand Stand Stand 5 pine. always wet.
crowded open fairly open crown Stand Stand
fairly open fairly open

AND ON
Open Stands
Volume

Board Feet

<ERF
, WasTE OR BREAKAGE IN Le

TANDS,
nant Trees

Ne
>
4

Cubic feet

=7
IN OPEN

Diameter
Inches
Quality I

TE

o ALLOWANCE

N

OF DOMINANT
-Crowded Stands

SITEs.
Volume
Board Feet

nant Trees

ameter

Inches

ON DIFFERENT QUALITY
Di

_GrowTu 1n Boarp Foor Votume, Basep on ActuaL Mitzi Cur Wiru |
INCHES AND OVER IN CROWDED STANDS;

21.
Age of Stand
Years

TABLE

 
0 hei, rapaernameainame

"ST pus FI SelqBL Ul UdATS Sv SdnoiZ jo S19}9UIVTp pus syqsIeH,

020‘ oot
089 ‘T OFT
ooe‘t | 8 4 §
oie 001
OL 06
org 08

Lze OL
Z61 09
£6 o¢
1Z OF
0€
02

sa hain OAM en ti A PO NEC SE A

CAROLINA PINE

90} pivog

NORTH

IBUqLIIg rouqLiog rouqiiog

qreuqiIag Ss yioy ,,L-T -2j40q ya0y ,,J-T -oj40q]

Hey LE | “dog | Fel nt CE. | PPA wll | aréoq Hoy ,,L-1

qauqiog

140d S1B9

ah

OR

purys
jo aay

uedo Ajitey puvyg
[Tey FE g pepMols pueyg

uedo Ajirey puvyg IMOID PUBIG Airey pusyg uedo puvyg

*10}WM ZUIMOP u99jo =
eM. : ‘autd yeorsuo] Zur ‘TTtq pues *pury yey ‘TIos ANTS ‘Tlos Avo ys
I} S}ByY puvs 1d j uo] 8 uO md uosov0d puv A ySTIO UI sIOUL UC SpOOMpIBY
ap uo sdnoiry y plo ul puvyg [2u0] uo puvyg oy} UO pueyes UI S001} sdnoiy
¢) (3) (1)

LOBLOLLY

II Aa7en® III Avyen® IT AvTenO III Av I Aqen® I Aten

‘SaDY INGUGAI4IGQ: LY SNOLLIANC di J, YOA—SALIG INA

 

‘DNIDDOT NI GOVUVAUG YO ALSVM ‘“LOAATCG] YOA AONVMOTTY ON
-Udd4IQ] NO ANIQ XTIOIMO'T 40 SANVLG UO SANOUL) NI SATU], AIONIG 40 ‘ATOY UANAIYOG-ATAOG Am AATVOG ANV ‘AYA ,,l-[ “AWNATOA Lood-auvog— Zz ATAV I,

¥
e°
L’
Z
0"
z"

an

09€
S0€
SG
621
Ser

rL

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE

99 5 IB
Poy pivog 902,7 prvog

qoUqt P soyouy pie ieee
~9[Aogd at {HOS HOY ,,L-1 Per qauqtiog y ‘4 | seyouy
IOZOUIBIGT oq ne -sA0q OL LT 400,7
- OUIBT 2 |
oes a ppuviq | t. sIBO
é : : Sool], 5

OmCL oun
InJOA yavuraod UBIG JO aF
ouNny]oA Jo 14a puryig jo ody

spuvyg uad, “4
is Ss O—S829L], ITV spunyg uedQ—sooly, yuvurmoc

Spueyg pepMorp—sooly, uvuTMOg

 

“‘panuyuoj— Zz @1avy,

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

VOLUME TABLES,

Table 23 gives the volumes of both upper and lower logs of different
diameters, measured inside the bark at the small end of the log, in (1)
cubic feet ; (2) by Doyle-Scribner rule; (3) band-sawed 1-7 inch kerf;
(4) circular-sawed 1-4 inch kerf; and (5) the number of board feet ob-
tainable per cubic foot of solid wood, mill factor,

The saw gain of logs from the upper part of the tree over logs from
the lower part of the tree is noteworthy. This is due to the greatet
actual volume in cubic feet of the top logs on account of their taper, the
volume being calculated on the basis of the average diameter at the
small end. The number of board feet per cubie foot shows that evel
in converting a tree 14 inches in diameter breasthigh with a band saW
1-7 inch kerf, more than one-half of the volume of wood in the logs is
lost in kerf, shrinkage, and slabs. Even in a tree with a diameter of 30
inches, the average diameter of logs being 18 inches, this loss exceeds
one-third of the volume of the cubic contents of the logs.

Tables 24 to 31 give the merchantable volumes in board feet of trees
of different diameters and heights in actual mill tallies and in Scribner
Decimal C, Doyle-Scribner, and Tiemann log rules. The volume tables
based on the actual mill cut are both for logs band-sawed with seven cuts
to the inch and for logs sawed with a circular saw with four cuts to the
inch. Trees less than 50 years old will yield less than the volumes
given in Tables 24, 26, 28 and 30; in stands 40 to 45 years old about
10 per cent less; in stands 30 to 40 years old about 15 per cent less
The actual volume of trees in a 45 year old stand is shown in a footnote
to Table 26. This is the actual cut at the mill.

The volume as given in Tables 24 to 31, inclusive of Table 30a, i8
based on straight logs or crooked logs in which the crook amounts 1
less than 2 inches in a 16-foot log. The rule is to scale down into a2
inch lower diameter class logs which have about this degree of crooked-
ness. In about 30 per cent of the logs cut, the crook amounts to more
than 2 inches. There is little loss in the cut from crook, however, until
the crook amounts to more than one-fourth of the diameter of the log;
which will seldom occur in trees more than 12 inches in diameter. N?
allowance is made in these tables, or in the tables based thereon, fo?
crooks which exceed 2 inches, for waste, which is often 5 per cent (seé
footnote to Table 26), or for breakage. In ordinary calculation of
volume, estimating, or of yleld a deduction, which will vary with the
class of timber and the locality, should be made for losses from thes?
sources. On poor sites the deduction for crook may amount to 6 p&
cent (Plate XII); on good sites it may not exceed 2 per cent. with
careful felling and cutting the loss from breakage should be less than
one-half of one per cent. A comparison of Table 26 with the table i#
the footnote shows that in an average operation a deduction of 25 per
cent should be allowed from the mil] cut volumes given for 6, 7, and &

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

. P g or ce for 12-
inch trees, 15 per cent for 9, 10 and 11-inch trees, and 5 per cent

Ineh
is

eakage. No allowance
‘trees to cover excessive crook, waste and breakage. N or
An average deduction 0

In

"equired for trees of larger diameters. tands
B nda ies ti cept very young stands.
Per cent consequently is sufficient for all except very a ‘ cae scale
‘ . ‘ x Dig: Hi s woods scé
2 this loss is covered by the deductions made in the

$ ‘ever in estimating and
crook and breakage. It should be allowed however in estir g
Volume

appraisal. iameter at
rT, ‘ : . 2 - and the diameter ¢
Pable 32 gives the number of logs 16 feet long, and

rage yap iameters and heights
small end of the top log for trees of different diameters a

fs) = ‘ ee
1 which the volume tables of the trees are based. ble stemwood
eit , . sah ¢ s
Pable: as’ us : ; in cubic feet of merchantable
€ 09 gives the volume in cubic

the

% ‘ j 3, less than 75
(without bark) in trees of different diameters and heights, le

gives the comparative volumes with and mat ete ‘a
and cords, number of trees to a cord and ay Abn old
ifferent diameters and heights in stands ae wees Ae me ie

“uality IT, which may be assumed to be an average site and pitt «i
for Cordwood stock. The volumes would be less for younger stands

Which the trees have the same diameters and heights.

 
oe aA

satay

tein
a amem a ch L TEED BONER MNT IRR ei NET TPES A SO OTH

NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

OR

4 UT f-T IM Four g- 18 ‘joy U J- spit = ssouyory t -] SI a3 YS 10} DOUBMOTIS OY], “OABYULIYS pue sqvyis ‘joy MVS UI ySO'T {1
jr9y YO q P J10¥ YOU! J-] YPM SpIvOd Your-|[ 10 Yory} UI YOUr gI-] SI osVYULIYS IO; 3: II 1 3 1 1
. ~ * be on

*sZO] J US 9Y} 10} 19918] UVd Jod g 0} ¢ WIOIJ GIB JOJOUIVIP BUIBS OY} sZo] soddn jo yao} orqnad ul saumnjo
I 0. I a 8 a IAS a F 43 Jo | 40 J Le : 10 Ase
*UNLIGAO OU JO 97797 9194} soqyoUT 9AOQE SIOJOUIBI » OBIVI 10] {SBO] YOOJ-Q] 10] UPATIZ JV. BAO 4ua_ Jad Cc] 04 JUNOUIY ABUI BsBaIOUT
yy 9 *eqy »q
4 fs 00J-9] 103 I 1
T § OI 9AOQ® S19JOUIBIT T q
a c) ‘0 4 T 1} 1

LOBLOLLY

ba IF- ie qT 81 urel ‘3 AT[BT00dsa “poomM OF DIC ad. Joq UIT IMCS JO PVA r. BS B SI Alay} SPO] 107.1048 YIM)
1 ) 9 349 c daqu J, O pjaré JazIVv] A[Z GAIT
94} 83/0 300j-F Uy *(seqd' 0} F) Pp [[Buis 10J AT[eroeds JO 400} o1qno sad 1 I Pi 2. PJ ri

2 7
38-IB [NG O1J UOISIOAUOD 10J 10308} OY, t
! aquIn] paMes-pueq 0} ‘HOIy} YUL g-[ [ SprvOq J19yY YOUr F-] ‘JOQUIN] paMUS-IU[NoITD WIOIJ TOTS. amg na ttre
3 ‘ , —j i AVeS-PUB yor T § : dices : strait -
Be ns Re eee ‘ese ‘mvs a4} UO Zulenbs Aq urery “Fo] Jed seyour Z uy} a10UI SOT 191] '

3 val 3 11 19d,
‘do] sad soyour Z uvyy ssay A]jensn seyoUI GE] UY} ssa7 SFO] JO JJaUIvIP UI Jade],

 

‘yews ‘Mes oy} UO Zurenbs Aq urex

a)
a

1)
es)
oo
~

u

S
aa
6

oD

2
I
a
oO od

S 6 u
S23
4 1S oS
an

ir)
oe

or
“nN

p+
le+
g¢+
6+
ogi+
oog+
ures

(a1) (11)

4ue0 10g

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

490} pivog

soqouy

: | OT renee
a] BOs ‘ 2 tyore . - eae)
oTss J10¥ ,, 1-1 J10¥ ,,1- HLTH 8-1 T | HOLT ,,9I-T T | {91g ,,8-1 T TG ,, 91-1 T

pue

Jouquog 4 | so] Jey ,,1- sso] addy) | sZo] 1oMorT sprv0q sprvoqg S30] TT@uus 42

-a]A0q JI9AO TOMO] ut SZOT|
‘MBS IBTNO pezyyn IOMOT I9AO
11D ‘sZOy OU poo jo | sZo] 19ddn
JOMOT JO wory10do1g

SSO] JO Ulery

Spivo0q Sprv0q bd bins

‘HOY ,,-1 ‘HOY, ,,L-1 ‘HOY FT | ‘HOY ,,L-1 eaart JOMOT Jo SHO] JO
(sono te) MGs JUMOIT | AS puvg | AEs IvTNOIID| Avs pug pte oe, auInjoA qoyourerp
ih orqni

she a WBBIIAY
dod 4903 pi 30q =o 3. ¢
jo requinyy {s#o] eddy) 830] JOMOTT

“SUALANVIC] LNAUTIAT AO DNO'T aay Nawixig INI { XTIOTOT 40 SNOT 40 LAT O1aND aNV TIT CUVOg NI SAWATOA—‘¢z aIAaV]

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE 23a—Loa RULE FoR LoBLOLLY Prine. Actua Miu Cor,

Crrcuar Saw, \4-Incu Kerr, Loos
Wits Less THAN

Two IncuEs Crook.

Average
diameter
inside
bark at
small end

Length of log—Feet

12

Inches Volume in board feet

bye em
6O BD GO bo OO mH

SSeS k

ere

Table 23a gives a proposed log rule for lob]
on actual mill cut, circular saw, 1

olly pine. It is based
4 1nch saw kerf. This may be used for
calculating the amount of lumber which may be cut from logs of differ
ent diameters and lengths.

Tables 24 to 31, inclusive, were made f
merchantable length in log lengths to 4
were 16.3 feet long whenever possible,
and 10.3 feet long to avoid waste.
foot for trees 6 to 16 inches
trees 17 to 25 inches.

‘rom taper curves by scaling the
he top diameters shown. Logs
with some 14.3 feet, 12.3 feet,

The assumed stump height was }
in diameter breasthigh, and 1.5 feet fo!

 

Taniy 24.—Vorr

Dirrery NT
Wasrr, Wuic

Incy Trexs;

Diameter
-Teast-
high

Inches

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

a eee
ME IN Boarp Fret, BAND-SAWED 1-7 Inco Kerr, oF TREES — meonarp™ a we
DIAMETERS AND Heicuts. No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, career pp ‘ 10
"H AMOUNT To 25 Per Cent ror 7 AND 8 INcH TREES; 15 Por CENT FOR 9 AN
AND 5 Per Cenv ror 12 Incu TREES.

Trees Less:THAN 75 YEARS OLD.

Height of tree—Feet Diameter
inside

9 bark of
70 80 90 100 110 120 top
Inches
Volume—Board feet

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

LOBLOLLY OR

NORTH CAROLINA PINE,
Tasry 26.— *Vorume

OF Dir FE
W ASTR

IN Boarp Freer (Crrcutar-sawep 1-4 Inch Kerr) or Trees or Lopioiiy Pine
No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, ExcEesstvE CROOK OR

RENT DIAMETERS AND Herre
FOR 7 AND 8 IncH TreEsS; 15 Per CENT FoR 9 AND 10

Waren / Per Cer

5 Pp ‘
5 Per Cent ror 12 Incn.

Trees UNprER 75 Years Op.

Height of tree—Feet Diameter
inside
bark of

110 hel

70 80 90 100

Inches

Volume—Board feet

ad , On r - 2 - 7. ” ¢ 4
TABLE 25.—Vo.tuME IN Boarp F ET, BAND-SAWED 1-7 INcH Kerr, or Treps or LOBLOLLY PINE OF
DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND Heicuts. No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, EXcessivE
Crook oR Wastp.

Trees Over 75 Years Op.

Height of tree—Feet

Diameter
breast-
high

Inches

to & bs pw
Om Co

mbwnww
SaOWS

110

Volume—Board feet in tens

24
29
33
38
43
49

Diameter
inside

bark of
top

120

Inches

*
An op ;
ere : 1
Qging 4s 2 ralsee in Gates County, North
Yelisce years old (Quality site I)
1es in board feet ( i ;

> the lower yield,

Age 45 years
Top dia-

mete:
= Actual

Heig
eight mill cut |

of tree

Used

Inches length

Basis
Board

Feet fest
eet

Feet

208

221

owe : could have
chiefly cut in 16 foot lengths.
middle of the
Of 11 linear feet of so
addition

Log.

This
al volume,

Height
of tree

Feet

logs and the loss in slabbing reduced.
: £ » le

und stem, 5 inches and over in diameter at the small end left in

entirely box and cull, amounted to about 7 board feet (circular-

Carolina, yielded at the mill from two stands, one aver~
and one averaging 60 years old (Quality site II to III), the following
circular saw 1-4 inch kerf). As was to be expected, the younger trees, although

Age 60 years

Actual

Used mill cut

length Basis
Board

Feet feet

been considerably lessened by a better disposition of log

]
By cutting more shorter logs fewer crooks would
In this operation there

 
 

 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

Tan
LB. 28.—Vo777 = ya 7. alert rER-
8.—Voxr ME ScaLep By Dorie-Scrisner RuLE or TREES oF LoBLouiy Pine or DirFrer

ENT DIAMETERS AND Heicuts. No ALLOWANCE FOR ExcessIvVE CROOK.

Trees Luss THAN 75 YEars OLD.

Height of tree—Feet Diameter

inside

bark of
70 80 90 top

Inches
Volume—Board feet

-—Votume tn Boarp Freer (Circutar-sawep 1-4 Incu Ke

RF) OF TREES or LoBLoLl®
Pine or Dirrerent DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS.

No ALLOWANCE FoR Excessive
Crook, Waste or BREAK AGE.

Trees Over 75 Yuars Oxp.

120
‘ -| ¢ 120 130 150
me ; Height of tree—Feet Diameter : 5¢ g 150 170 180
iameter + pape oe 99)
: inside . : ‘ 190 210 220
a 110 120 : bark of | z 340 960 970
: ‘ 4 top D 280 310 330
Inches sh 339 360 390
Volume—Bos ae Inches 33 36 3¢
olume oard feet 390 420 450
> | 450 490 520
238 } 520 560 600
282 —

 

326 ' Ls : § 29 ‘ %

poe © 29.—Vo7,. a im a
373 ~----- - ‘ OLUME Scaiep BY Doyuu-Scrisner RuLE or TREES or LoBLOLLY Pinb OF DIFFERENT
431 : ¢ Diameters AND Hericuts. No ALLOWANCE FoR ExcesstveE CROOK.

484 ; : g

537
581 ;
651 Height of tree—Feet Approximate
799 at diameter
722 ( : | inside
810 38 110 120 bark of
880 968 85 . top

959

Pad 5) ; Volume—Board feet in tens Inches
1,126

1,214 434 : F 3 15
1,320 26 53 Q | 20
1,417 v g 21 | 24
1,514 i 5 ‘ 2 |. “9
1,610 I ‘ 3 34
1,716 8:

{ ‘ 35 } 39
1,822 g 2,068 5

1,918 2,068 2,200

Trees Over 75 Years Op.

a aD mm OO bo te
RRSRASSESIRBSERA

 
 

 

 

83
82 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH

:; TORT CAROLINA PINE.
oe ee LOBLOLLY OR NORTH 2

Tan 3

’ ABLE 3

TABLE 30.—VotumeE Scatep By Scrisner Decrmat C Rue or Trees or Losiouty Prive or Dif
FERENT DIAMETERS AND Heiauts. No ALLow ANCE FOR Excessive CROOK,

" r » TrEES or LOBLOLLY
1.—Vo ume Scauep By Tiemann Loa Rute (1-8 Inco Saw Kerr) or TRE

‘ y »SSIV E CRGOK.
Pine or Dn FERENT DIAMETERS AND HeraHTs. No ALLOWANCE FOR Exces'

TREEs Luss T 75 Y Trees Less THAN 75 YEARS OLD.
Trees Luss Tuan 75 Yuars Oxp. 7 ‘ ress I

\ ‘ imate
Height of tree—Feet : Height of tree—Feet gay nee
eig -—F'og . £
i iame whieh inside
Diameter Diameter fens. ; inside
breast- inside : 70 80 90 100 110 120 bark of
high 70 80 90 100 bark of l

top
top .
Inches

. Inches
f shes [ »—Board feet in tens
Volume—Board feet Inche Volume—Boarc I

nie Co RD

onary e

TaBLE 30a.—VOLUME ScaLep By ScrisNeR DecimaL C RULE o

F Trees or LoBLouiy Pine or Dif Taniy
FERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS.

3la,
No ALLOWANCE For Ext ESSIVE CROOK.

i saw K F ‘) 93 OF LOBLOLLY
-VoLumMeE ScaLep BY TipMann Loa Rute (1-8 Inca Saw Kerr) or TRE!

Pgh : se Tx CRS: B CROOK.
PINE or Dirrerenr D1 AMETERS AND HurauTs. No ALLOWANCE FOR Excessive (
Trees OvEeR 75 Yrars Oxp.

Trees Over 75 Ywars OLD. a
Height of tree—Feet
Diameter —— ' . Sune. Diameter
breast-
high 110 120

 

" roximate
: sig f tree—Feet Approxima

ree Dis 7 Height of tree SE etar

inside Meter 1

reas inside
bark of reast- ; inside
om high 110 120 ‘ mace ot

top
Inches

Inche.
Volume—Board feet in tens Inches 8

7 ; Inches
Volume—Board feet in tens

26
31

35
41
47
53
60
68

bo

76

83

P Ot we CO bt

why hy ww

oy

 
#1
eal
$1

"e
&

el

“El

a

“I

5 TT

9IT

6°0I

KE e‘It
we 8 ‘Or
eg Z01

A Ad

WD AD wD »

1D 19 19

io ip

ot Nt
i)
wD 19 19 19

ee Nate
ne ARENA EP: AI Nt A EN ABEL AE ANE SS et: " as

wane

1 39 19 10

NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

OR

 

 

I

a

T
“Ul Jezourel

Oh
do4
q eprs
“ON
Iq
91
JO "ON

)

doy

do4
q 9pis

y1eq eps

“ur Jo

ta
91
ie
at
¢
°

q prs
soyouy
SULVICT

doy
ToPOUIBICT

yreq opis

eo

JOULBVICT
JOUIBICT
YIVq opis

Bq Opis
JoyourVI Cy

¥8 yi

-Ul I9qyoUrt
yreq opis

“ul Jo

S30] JO ‘on

yAvq eps
SSO] Jo

qe

LOBLOLLY
Ur

SBO] JO "ON
S830] JO ‘ON
78 Yar

qe
-ul

830] jo*ON
SSO] JO ‘ON

qe

UOT 4993

ye yar

-ul JTopoUIBICT
830] jO ‘ON
78 ye

“UT Joy9UIeT

3uo0y 99293 $ "OT
-UT JoyoUrY
Buoy 4923 g ‘OT
Buoy 4995 ¢ “gy

4%
-Ul JoJOUrE

“UT JOj0UNt
Buoy 999} 8 "OT
| BuO] yoo #9

SIO] jc

Bh:
Buoy 7093 ¢*

3

Buol 4993

SIqISveIq 104

>
S
*

06

—~y

409,J—S901} JO JYSIOFT

"10 SUVA X Of XIAO

 

“panu1zuo,7- aTavy

u

0 28 O69 00 oo
Saad

0

«“

aa

Aw
Onrnnrnvca

~~
HN

aN oo
Aaa
aaa

Seno

oO
Voss SSH,

Om
Ce -) a
At NET Ne Nea a
ANNAA SA
ANNA

~

 

|

1
Td
a
1s

1

Buoy 4093 g°9T

do4

48 req opts

-ul 19}JOUIVICT
9 OT

°
9 prs
gis
> OT
doy
38 yreq opis
> OT
cr
Caf

do4

yreq opis

‘ON

q apts

yOUIvICT
q ep

48 yar
-ul 1949UIt
seqouy

TyysBeIq IOyOUrt

OULBI

yieq op
S30 JO "ON

SSO] JO ‘ON
S80] jo ‘ON
IT 9903 ¢

850] Jo

€

-Ul 190}90UI%
78 YrVeq opts
“UI J9j0UIt
830] jo ‘ON
830/ jo ‘ON
850] Jo ‘o
S30] jo ‘ON
830] Jo ‘ON
S30] JO ‘ON

48 yar

Bu:
u
“ur 12

48 yreq
-UI Jejourt

suo] 4993 € OT
BUC] 3993 E “9T
Buoy 4003 g gy
Buoy 4995 g ‘gy
-UT 1949UI%

Zuo] 40
Ul J
qe

3
BuO] 4093 ¢ ‘gy

BUOT 4095 ¢

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

>
oa)
>
C=)
So
~

ya

499,J—s001} Jo 4yF10F7

“d1Q SUVA X ¢, UTaNQ

‘DOT dO], HL 40 UTLAWVIG, dO], ANY ‘SLHDIG] ANV suaLaWvICl INGUGIGIG 10 ANIG ATIOIAOT 40 Saau], NI DNO'T Lag ¢-9T SOT 40 UtaWAN— ze atavy

 
 

a 87
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

“TERS AN IGHTS, QUAL-
24 : te *FERENT DIAMETERS AND HE
* $4.—Votume or Trees or Lopioniy Pine or DirFrerent |
ITy II

y 7t BARK; NUMBER OF
AGE 35 To 45, In Cusic Fert, AND IN Corps, WITH AND Wirnovut Bark

ke #3 : 3 IncHES. (FOR
Pw 2 ; é yHoUT Stump or Top Betow 3 ID
2ES TO 4 ( ORD, AND PROPORTION OF BarRK, WITHOUT STU

4HTS SEE Tas e 13.)

: Range Or Hei

With bark
Without bark utd

 

Volume Volume \
Per tree Number ye of trees Volume—| of trees
of trees Per rosie Cords to a

toa cent of Cords 7 f 160 cord of
. , : : Cc Cords || ‘cord of bark | qy. ft of 128 oe fee tt. 160 ft.
Stem Woop* Wirnout Stump or BARK OF vu. ft. | of 160 { ear f ed

ft 160 ft. ft.
FERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. c

Number Number

TABLE 33.—VoLUME IN Cusic Fert or MERCHANTABLE
Trees or LOBLOLLY PINE or Dir

Ace Less THAN 75 YEARs,

Height—Feet
Diameter |-
breast- Pe . . i
high 60 70 80

mom

Inches
Merchantable cubic feet

> to 69 co om
Hr PPP wWwRANE S

va > niled ecordwood varies
er cent of solid wood to a cubic foot of pil d cordw

é

: ‘ ; - 5 foot lengths.
1e diameter of the tree when the wood is cut in 4 or 5 7 - 9
r : # a . . a6 1Y eA ba rees i ’
9.2 ; i trees below 7 inches in diameter it is 63 per cent; t : ire

; Nehae "sya ‘ PE RR ER
pie 0 zig S, 10 1s 69 per cent: trees 10 inches and over, if the larger ie : : ‘
65. SPht, is 3. bc . in daa : 38 and 9, Lab
7 99 2 1818 72 per cent. By combining this with columns Sragen
3. 23, 9 fan n Ne 4 ard feet per long
81.5 | 86. of "8 factor is obtained showing the number of board feet } 1 f led

. ) 7 ~ L. . p : e| ) yee wh
¢ 96. i¢ 3 4) : : - ante " 1 r i ord ¢
rhe ; ae nh gives a yield of 616 board feet from a < r, y
100.0 | 106. Wood fron. 6 hae a 1 about 750 board feet pet
110.5, | 117. Cord of m ‘inch trees eut in 4-foot bolts; and a i ood is in pieces
195. 135. k a of Wood from trees 10 inches in diameter. When woo hoy :
137.0 | 150.0 ee) ene . . ' is somewhat less than 1s
os Ke iB than 5 feet the per cent of solid wood is som

Siven
160. 175.0
172.0 | 188.0
184.2 201.0
197. 214.5 {
211.0 | 229.0 Loblolly

Which

1D
m=)

cr & ¢

te

Hr tr iH

and the number of board feet per cord somewhat smaller.

YIELD OF PURE EVEN-AGED STANDS.

: ae 4 ‘oo areas pure stand:
Pine characteristically forms over large areas ie? bund
ar . r1.: ag : g 1 7

a 8 “re to a great extent even-aged. While it also grows it am
ae ; Lape ee Siete ure even-aget
and about 5 inches in trees 14 and pure uneven-aged stands, its occurrence 1n J

* Tops included to a diameter of 3
inches and over. If no knotty
diameter, of from 5 to 10 per

inches in small trees,
top-wood is to be included,

’ ‘ A 2 Stands ; . ‘i . : ra vield. the ease
a deduct a creasing with the “NAS ig 2 bs r large yield, . .
cent should be arse. deduction, increasin 8 of chief importance on account of their larg ‘

bi Which they are logged, and the simplicity of their management. Sa
diffe tt? basis of 90 plots laid off in stands of different vont ane ;
Stands of Ta itions of growth yield tables were ee aia siondts ae
Veloped a eth Se ee yt pr jones esate’ gon They
show eo " and stems. Yield tab es have + Redes n sg nth tnd
age Whe *Pproximate yield per acre which can be rahe They ales thow
the an n the quality site is known or can be determined. ns. : ory

€ at which a stand produces the largest amount of wood, and b

: elern inj : : rreatest
nine its ¢ . ‘ . . I} it has the oreate

f us p Pp ere > yle > Time when :

Value. * qu lity or grade yield, the t

 
 

ee ee

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, Pe ee ee eae
In Cubic Feet and Cords.

_Table 35 gives the yield in cubic feet of all trees 3 i

diameter in fully stocked unthi; od ste ie ioblol anta an aso
quality sites at different ages med stands of loblolly pine on different
Sees ad a ; PMc s. This embraces only the volume of stet
a diameter of 3 inches (see foot note to Table 33):

periods is given. The “har ae erat and: for am yen
-eross sections of all trees inside th, 1g In square feet the sum of the
Parr ede ees Inside the bark at breast height, is also givel:
pe ae ph Sele ands on very dry soils often declines after 30 years;
stands after tl] s é re a8 measured outside the bark it declines in all
am = Rs gah cs aie years old except those on the best sites”
Rare ct did “a ‘stem wood of trees 6 inches and over without
‘ gives the yield in eubie feet and cords of all merchantable

ees Inc sa d ) 1 r It st £ e t
, hes over ir d K€ )
ree 6 ameter w hor ur P; b 1 I 1 d 0

Minimum

R BREASTHIGH IN

we
The average annual inci

ER IN DIAM

; ANNUAL Inc

IncHES AND (

*While the basal area
: asal area af thé wood only i
more, the basal area measured psd pn th

side of bark increases i
- ; a eases in stands up to 100 y and
tional greater thickness of the bark in sma ede tothe

he bark soon begi
@ 1 begins to decli hic; -
ll trees than in art line. This is due to the propof

Aut Trees TH
NT QUALITY
Past 5
years

Square feet per acre

Quality

Cy
A)
S

a

<

si
Entire
period

easthigh

3reEM Woop IncLupING STUMP
Pa

Average
re
period
Basal area, wood only, at br

Enti
and over

> as for 6

Yrerp Per Acre 1n Cusic Freer or
.LY StockeD UNTHINNED STANDS OF L¢

5.—

 
90 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE 36.—Y1ELD Per Acre IN Cusic Fert or Stem Woop, Wirnoutr Bark, BuT INcLUDING STUMPS
AND Tops oF ALL Trees Srx INcHES AND Over Breastuien in Fuuty Stocxep UNTHINNE?
Sranps or LoBLouuy Prine at DIFFERENT AGEs On DirFeRent Qvatiry Sirzs.

Quality

II III

ioe Maximum Minimum

Cu. ft. Annual Annual Annual Cu. ft.
per acre Per cent of Per cent of Per cent of | per acre
Cu. ft. increase Cu. ft. increase Cu. ft. increase
per acre | in volume | per acre | in volume | per acre | in volume
preceding preceding preceding
5 years 5 years 5 years

Years

1,050
2,200 ‘ t 00042...
3,600 8. y 8 .f 1,270
‘ 4,900 a! 3,36 3. 1,980
6,650 5,790 a 5 4 |” 2,700
7,300 6,420 . 4,830 f 3,260
7,750 6,940 5,330 56 3,700
8,150 7,300 5,700 4,070
8,470 7,600 6,000 4,350
8,730 7,850 6,230 4,550
8,940 8,040 6,410 4,720
9,110 8,240 6,540 4,850
8,400 6,650 4,940
8,520 6,740 4,990
8,600 ~ a 6,810 5,050
8,650 6,870 5,070
9,660 8,700 Ns 6,920 5,100
9,730 8,730 5,120

Table 37 gives practically the materia] which would be available for
conversion into bolts, heading, staves, box boards, or for paper pulp stock.
The yield is given both in long cords of 160 cubic feet without bark and
in standard cords of 128 cubic feet with bark. The greatest average
annual yield in standard cords on Quality I is obtained by cutting the
stand at about the age of 30 years; or Quality IT at about 40 years; oF
Quality III at about 50 years. In old field stands on dry sites there 18
an actual decline in the volume of the stand between 40 and 60 years
of age, according to site. This is due to the rapid natural thinning 4
the trees become intolerant of shade or when the demands on soil moi*
ture increase above the available supply. Plate XVI shows Quality I
stand at the age of greatest average annual yield.

In Board Feet.

Table 38 gives the yield in board feet, 1-7 inch saw kerf, of all trees
6 inches and over in diameter breasthigh in fully stocked unthinned
stands of loblolly pine on different quality sites at different ages, oD
the basis of three to four logs to the large trees and of top diameters

29

given in Table 32. No allowance is made in this and following tables

for crooked logs in which the crookedness exceeds 2 inches for waste oF

Tasty

Wirroy

IN

of Stand

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

37 > a or Stem Woop
°(.—YIELD Par Acre In Cusic Frrr, AND IN Corps WiTH AND WITHOUT ag HES AND OVER
TS . Trees S1x INCHES .

° STUMP AND W ITHOUT Top BELow THREE INCHES OF ALL Laaee is DIFFERENT AGES
DiamereR IN Fuuty Srockep, UNTHINNED STANDS OF LOBLOLLY PINE AT a

PFERENT QUALITY Srrps,

Quality

Row

II Ill

: - bark, ¢ top to 3 inches
Cubic feet merchantable wood without stump, or bark, and toy

1,200
1,900
3,160
3,950

4,410

2,100
3,500

4,775
6,385

Average

Average Average annual yield
annual yield annual yield Me

7 Total Total

5 yield yield
Entire Past 10 2 Entire Past 10
period years period years

Entire | Past 10
period years

Standard cords, 128 cubic feet, with bark

sao et

~
oo to oo

Long cords, 160 ¢

) is the same as Table 38 except that the yield is
Table 40 gives the yield of all trees
ameter scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule and also the

increment. The largest average annual increment 1n

-d on Quality I by cutting the stand when 50 years

y II when between 50 and 60 years old; on Quality ITI

60 and 70 years old. : b,
and 41a give the yield in board feet band-sawed with 1-i
cutting to 9 and 11 inches in diameter, respectively. Ut
inches in diameter gives the yield of all trees which make

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

standard 7x7 inch ties. The sreatest average annual yield of tie til

ber is obtained on Quality I when the stand is about 40 years old; be
Quality II when about 50 years old; and on Quality III when about 5
years old. Cutting to 11 inches in diameter gives the yield of all tree
large enough for crate veneer stock. (Plate XIV shows a Quality ul
stand, culled, 60 years old, yielding about 30,000 feet per acre; Plate xv
an unthinned stand about 80 years old, yielding about 40,000 feet pet
acre. )

Table 42 gives the total number of trees 6 inches and over, the average
diameter of all trees and the annual rate of decrease in the number 0
trees with the increase in the age of the stand. This table is of value i#
showing which portion of the yield is contributed by the trees in be
dominant crown class. Tt shows the approximate number of trees which
would be removed in thinning unthinned stands by deducting the nul
ber of dominant trees from the total number of trees. (See page 159.)

Tables 43 and 44 show the number of trees

; q 11
9 inches and over and 1
inches and over per acre respectively and

; ; ae
their average diameters ;
different ages in fully stocked stands. By combining Table 42 wit
é i * mer ‘ i e oy
Tables 43 and 44 the number of trees over 6 inches in diameter left pé

° : : . : 1
acre after cutting to 9 and 11 inches in diameter breasthigh can |

obtained.

TABLE 38.—Y1ELp Per Acre IN Boarp Freer or ALL

ER
Trees Six Incues AND Over tn DIAMET
BREASTHIGH TO Top DIAMETER GIVEN IN Taste 32

7 1 T sps OF
»IN Furty Srockep Unrainnep STANDS
> a xcESs*
LoBLoLyy PINE at DIFFERENT AGEs ON DIFFERENT Quauity Sirrs. No ALLOWANCE FOR EXx¢
SIVE Crook, WASTE oR BREAKAGE,

Boarps 1 1-16 Incn Tuicx, BAND-SAWED, Kerr 1-7 Incn,

 

Quality

II b
/ . jnimu
Age Maximum | Minir

e | |_ Annual Annual | Annual Bd. ft:
Years Bd. ft. | Per cent of Per cent of Per cent of
per acre Bd. ft. increase Bd. ft. increase Bd. ft. increase
| per acre | in volume per acre | in volume | per acre | in volume

preceding preceding preceding
decade decade decade

: 16,000
40,100 34,000 21,850 |_
44,200 38,150 4 26,850 5.3 | 17,000
47,500 41,600 30,850 _..-| 20,400
50,300 44,500 6 33,900 |
E 0 46,850 36,300
48,750 i" 38,200
50,300 te 39,700
40,900 -
52,650 41,850 -| 30,150
,000 53,600 ; 42,650 ; 30,750
61,000 54,400 ent-~sce-..| 48,900 -| 31,000
62,000 b, of 43,700 a | 31,650
62,900 56, ey aay Eat YB;
63,750 56,700 ee | 44,500

23,000

 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

1 ¢ Pine, Six INcHES AND
ER AcRE In Boarp Fret or ALL TREES oF LOBLOLLY en ‘m Serge vom
DIAMETER BREAsTHIGH TO Top DramETER GIVEN IN TABLE wy pees See
J. ty Sir No ALLo a F
ED STANps AT Dirrerentr AGEs ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SIT c

ox sire o . idea: Mail SIRCULAR SAWED,
SSI V ER ( ROOK, WasTz or BREAKAGE. Boarps 1 1-8 Incuus Tuck, Cre
Krre 34 Toa u

NTHINN

Quality
Age of
Stand

II
Years

Board feet per acre

14,000
33,% 23,500 14,900
38,900 30,000 sie 100
42,600 33,400 ‘
45,100 35,800
46,900 37,300

am , FFERENT AGES ON
Stockep Sranps or Losuouty Pine at DirrEeREnt

7 sh ica  XCESSIVE
Tor Driamerers as IN TABLE 32. No ALLOWANCE FOR Excess
'E OR BREaxKagp,

Quality

Age II

Yes Average
Sarg Average Average ifn raven
T ¢ me © 7
, annual Volume _ annual otume increment
increment increment

Volume

Board feet per acre

1,310

6,824

16,419

23,716

28,130

30,568

32,201 Rbkea ng. steel 20,149

29 5 20,827
33,205 = 20,52

 
94 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TaBLe 41.—YreLtp Per Acre IN Boarp Feet or Aut Trees Ning Incues ANp Ov1 R IN DrameTs®

7 : : N

BREASTHIGH IN FuLLty Srockep Sranps oF LosLotiy Pine. at DIFFERENT Aces AND ®
DIFFERENT Qua.ity Sires. No ALLOWANCE FOR Excessive Crook, Waste oR BREAKAGE:

Boarps 1 1-16 Incu Turck, BAND-SAWED, 1-7 IncH KERF.
(To reduce to circular-sawed 1-4 inch kerf, divide by 1.144.)

Quality

Maximum E Minimum

II
Volume—Board feet

10,500 a

25,200 16,3

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

“—Tor,
AND Oy

Toray

AL NuMBER or LoBiouiy Pine Trees or ALL Crown Cuasses Per Acre Six INcHEs
ER IN ™ } se In N ;
1. IN Diamnery R, THEIR AVERAGE DIAMETER AND PER CENT OF DECREASE IN NUMBER,
‘NUMBER oF “ T E i THE iemae

ER oF Datiurans Trees Srx Incups AND Over, AND THEIR AVERAGE DIAMETER
3ES ON DirreREeNT Quauiry SIrTEs.

Trees of all crown classes Dominant trees
6 inches and over 6 inches and over

Average

34,500
40,000
44,100
47,500
50,300

26,600

32,200

41,400
44,500

TaBLeE 4la.—Y1eLp Por Acre 1In Boarp Fr

BREASTHIGH IN FuLLtY Srockep Sranps or LOBLOLLY PINE

FERENT QUALITY SIT

Boarps 1 1-16 INcuEs Tuck, BAND-SAWED,

(To reduce to circular-sawed, 1-4 inch kerf, divide by 1.144.)

Age

Years

5,450
16,500
25,300
31,800

43,500
46,200
48,600

56,000

56,700

No ALLowance For Ex

20,650

900
29,800
32,800
35,200
37,000
38,700

Quality

II

Volume—Board feet

12,250
19,400
24,400
28,300
31,400
34,150
36,450
38,500
40,200
41,600
42,700
43,500
44,200
44,700

19,400
20,800
22,000

30,100
30,800

on oTER
or Aut Trees 11 Incues anp Over tn D1AME a
av Dirrerent Aces anp oN D
7ESSIVE CRooK, WASTE OR BREAKAGE.

1-7 Incu Kerr.

1,400
7,750
12,700
16, 650
19,800
300

0
26,650
28 , 350
29,800
30,900

31,700

Number of
trees per
acre

Per cent
of decrease
in number

Average
diameter

Number of
trees per
acre

diameter

Inches

of trees Inches

Quality I

bo

we

~

i do bo

3
3
1

bo & be bo

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

Tasiy 44.—p

a ro sh , ‘- AND Tarr
TaBLe 43.—ToTaL Number or Trees Per Acre Nine INcHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER BREAST Pur
ABL

5 We sae : a
t ENT A DIAMETER IN DensE, UNTHINNED STANDS OF LoOBLOLLY PiNE AT DIFFER
HIGH AND THEIR AVERAGE DIAMETER IN Dense, UNTHINNED STANDS OF LOBLOLLY PINE 4 AC

+ Es . eh
SON Dirrerent Qua.iry Sirss.
DIFFERENT AGES ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES.

OTAL NuMBER oF TREES Per Acre ELEven IncHEs AND OVER IN DIAMETER BREASTHIGH
IR AVERAGE

Age of stand

| °
| Number of trees 11 inches
Number of trees 9 inches : - fears | in diameter and over
indi i Average diameter ars § :
in diameter and over Average

Age of stand Average diameter

 

 

Quality I
Quality I ried

a ie

a)

98

 

Quality
Quality II

Quality
Quality III

n

to Go i bo

x

 
N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

GRADED VOLUME TABLES,

Tables 45 to 54 give the actual amounts, values, and percentages of
the different grades of lumber sawed from logs of different grades and
from logs from different parts of the stem.

The results were secured by a large number of measurements of the
logs in the woods and their cut at the mill. The logs were carefully
measured as to diameter and length, and marked, those in each tree being
given a specific designation, which showed not only that they were
from the same tree, but indicated the relative position of each log in
the trunk of the tree, whether butt, second, third, or top. About 1,000
logs were sawed at a mill with a daily cut of 30,000 board feet by a
circular saw taking a 44-inch kerf. An exact tally was kept not only
of the number of feet but of the grade of each board which was sawed
from each log. These logs ranging in diameter at the small end from
5 inches to 20 inches were largely from second-growth stands between
40 and 70 years old. The utilization was close and the amount of mill
waste small; somewhat closer utilization would have been’ possible in
the tops, but at the expense of reducing the grades. About 1,000 other
logs ranging in diameter at the small end from 7 to 30 inches were
marked and numbered in the woods and were carefully graded. These
were sawed at three different mills and, with the exception of a small
number, were band-sawed. An exact tally was kept of the number of
board feet and the amount of each grade of lumber which was sawed
from the logs of different diameters in each grade of logs. These logs
were from trees in stands which varied in age between 45 and 250 years.
The cut of all logs was brought to a uniform basis as regards saw thick-
ness and allowance for shrinkage by the use of converting factors (see

note to table 23).

GRADING OF LOGS,

Six grades of logs were recognized as follows:
Grade 1. Logs smooth-barked, the centers not coarse-grained, and
entirely free from such surface indications of defects as knot signs or
red heart. While they are chiefly butt logs, second and even third logs
from large 5 and 6-logged trees, particularly those from intermediate
and suppressed trees, were included in this grade. Even butt logs of
this grade if less than 10 inches in diameter must as a rule come from
intermediate and suppressed trees. They have less taper than any other
grade of logs and consequently saw out less lumber above the log scale.
The f. o. b. value (first quarter 1913) of the lumber which is sawed from ss
Grade 1 logs at points which have the Norfolk, Virginia, price basis A.” hogs’ ohiene oh egies & aul ai dines BES inches, Tl
is from $22.46 per 1,000 board feet for lumber from 7-inch logs to $30 B. oo coming to the mills rages pac feet, D.-S
per 1,000 board feet for lumber from 30-inch logs. (Plate XII, C.) c walk ce ee ee 1895 and 1910. Average
Grade 2. Logs free from indications of red heart, smooth barked, G, 1, Size of the heartwood is noteworthy. (Author's illustration
but showing slight signs of knots on one side or quarter of the log. * Logs chiefly of Grades 1 and 2, diameters 12 to

DIFFERENT GRADES

24 inches Thes

36 inches These
, + Off) fon. D8
Which were sawed until 1895 Average log about 200 Te

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

III stands; some third and

SI
’ ich logs ptt
ieied, gs rie largely second logs in Quality
ourt AG Se van a ae : :
1 logs from large trees in first and second quality stands may,

gs from trees in young

10 Wey 5
ever, be vee

, be of this grade, or they may be butt le
ed and have coarse-

or ¢ 2

sawed from alg - . A he % “ie. at Norfolk of lumber which 18

from 7-inch isan A aes ak: cake $21.66 per 1,000 board feet for lumber
gs to $28.64 per 1,000 feet for lumber from 97-inch logs.

value of the lumber eut from this

It j
1s ey] 7
= ae > ‘ + ht P
dent from a comparison of the
upon the

rade
ade and Grade Ne : : .
value 7 Grade 1 logs that small defects have little influence
a of large logs. (Plate XII, B.)
trade 3 aare ne
small kn 3 Logs surface sound and free from large
ots ae . et
ts on one side or at one end of the log. In fore

just below the base of the crown,
tion of the stem.

le 3 logs is from

knots, but having
st-grown timber

Ogs of 3
pep ethies ae are chiefly cut from
The f. . . cere they may come from a lower por
$17.50 i ‘ ae of lumber which is sawed from Gra
lumber ta abe board feet for lumber from G-inch logs to $25 for
Grade i 30-inch logs. i Plate XII, A and B.)
below it a pte partly from the crown and partly
Ted heart. fd a or one side of the log free from very 1
om $15 per 1 jan ; ; uo value at Norfolk of lumber from Grade 4 logs
eet board vege ty " see ones lumber from 6-inch logs to $19 per 1,000
iia 7 | has umber from 99-inch logs. (Plate XH, A.)
diameter) ‘S cogs sound but having coarse knots (1 to 2 inches in
from Ci They lie entirely within the crown or come
- 0. b. value re Rca trees which have grown in open stands. The
Per 1,000 “sco pe i) c of lumber from Grade 5 logs is from $14 to $17
Ogs cut 95 eee eet, according to the diameter of the log. No. 5 grade
than 5 a Lie cent and over No. 4 grade and cull lumber and less
Ginase a all other grades. Top logs of trees under 25 inches in
BA atthe tk Arg are usually of this grade (see Table 55). Such logs
Red eee ; 1e ont yield no bark strips.
of the stems pA 28 come chiefly from the middle and upper parts
end of butt wae sys more than 100 years old, occasionally the lower
at Norfolk oe pages with red heart. The average f. 0. b. value
eet, the value tas 1 ging red heart logs is about $18 per 1,000 board
Proportion oy 7 st but little with the diameter because of the larger
+ Or by wales s aah in large logs than in small logs. The average
Cull logs were ogs 0 all grades is based on the price at Norfolk.
4 inches or sap coe These come chiefly from the tops of trees
MOWG th. Alucesias in diameter which have very large knots 3 inches and
Would add ‘ “ ~, and cut out 50 per cent or more cull lumber. They
the wees ms out +4 per cent to the volume of these trees. (The logs in
he efotbella a my Plate VII would be cull logs; also, see Plate XIX.)
top loge of tr Ker per cent of grades sawed from butt, second, third and
rees in two different stands are given in Tables 55 and 56.

from the stem
arge knots and

 
 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

GRADING OF LUMBER.

All lumber was graded according to the 1911 standard for the inspec-
tion of North Carolina pine. The basis of inspection is the best or
face side. Stock sizes below 12-inch are 6-inch, 8-inch and 10-inch
widths. Other widths are grouped as edge. A pin knot is not over 14
inch; a standard knot not over 1144 inches; a large knot is over 144
inches. Standard lengths of lumber are 8 to 16 feet, not to exceed 5
per cent 8 feet lengths; widths, other than bark strips 3 inches and
over. The following is a brief description of the grades of kiln-dried
lumber. Air dried lumber admits more stain than kiln-dried; 25 per
cent in No. 2; 50 per cent in No. 3; 75 per cent in No. 4. By stain is
meant blued sap wood. This does not affect the strength of the wood.

No. 1 Grade. This grade includes boards 8 inches and under in
width having one side clear of all defects, except 2 small defects such as
pitch streaks, and the other side grading up to a No. 2 board. Lum-
ber over 8 inches wide may have in addition one small pitch pocket,
sound pin knot, or other slight defect for each additional 2 inches of
width. (Plate XIII, A.)

No. 2 Grade.—This grade consists of boards with small tight knots
on the best side and less than one-sixth of the area of pitch streaks; the
other side grades up to No. 3 or better. Pieces 8 inches in width or
under may have 8 pin knots, or 3 small pitch pockets; pieces over 8
inches wide may have for each additional 2 inches of width one stand-
ard knot, 3 pin knots or 3 pitch pockets or small pitch streaks. (Plate
XIE, B.)

No. 3 Grade.—This grade consists of tight knotted boards below No.
2, one edge No. 2 or better on the best face, and not to exceed 15 per cent
of stain. Pieces 6 inches and over admit sound knots to a diameter of
not over 14 of the width of the piece, or other defects such as pin knots,

pitch pockets, or pitch streaks; pitchy boards which would otherwise

grade No. 1 or No. 2. No. 1 and No. 2 boards which are pitchy, No. 2,
allowing 33 per cent. No. 1, 50 per cent of pitch; No. 1 and No. 2
boards having 50 per cent stained surface or firm redheart not to exceed
20 per cent are admitted to this grade. (Plate XITT; C.)

No. 4. Grade (Box).—Box consists of sound lumber below the grade
of No. 3, containing pin, standard, and large reasonably sound knots,
and will admit other knots which do not seriously affect the strength
of the pieces; a larger amount of pitchy, stained, or redheart surface
than No. 3, or a greater aggregate of knots or pitch pockets than is ad-
missible in No. 8 boards. Plate XIII, D.)

No. 5 Grade (Culls).—Culls consist of lumber lower than No. 4
(excepting redheart or box strips), either knottier or with more pitch,
which can be used without a waste exceeding 25 per cent and may con-
tain 50 per cent of firm redheart.

 
N. GC. GEOLOGICAL AND

ECONOMIC

SURVEY.

 

es:

seo

Sine

PLATE

PLATE x a
1 XIII. Typical boards of important gra les of Nort!

Carolina pine lu!

I Photographs made

long. A to D, inclusive, are dressed boards; E ar
under direction of author.)
old, fine-grained heart tree of tl

No ere » 3
1 grade board, 16 inches wide, from a large,
f sapwood

is shown 0

ity ‘ a ‘
ty known as “‘slash pine A narrow margin 0

the board.
a small pin knot and a

growtl

No. 2 ere :
oO. 4 ade board, 12 inches wide The defects areé
stre: boat ¥

ak in the upper one-half of the board. Board from an old

tree, very largely heartwood.
No 3 rye :
sid grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a pitch pocket in the
four * "
MRE y SOWO DED knots near the middle of the board, a P teh streak at the
of 2 ar P ‘ = . a
the board, and a sliver in the coarse flat grain of its center Board

m-grail

the center and mediu

second-growth forest tree, coarse-gra See

edges.
Box or
or No. 4 grade board, 12 inches wide. Very knotty and coarse-grained

he old-field type and except a

bos ies
yard is from a rapid growth tree of t is all sapwood

narrow ribbon of heart down the cente!
This board would have graded as

Merchant:
erchantable red heart grade board, 10 inches wide
a ‘i 2 “ae RR,
a No. 3 but for the red heart which shows as the dark streaks in the heartwood
Box bar . 1

bark strip The bark edge shows along the uppe! right-hand edge of U strip; the
the piece.

bark he
k has been trimmed from the lower portion of

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 101

amount of firm redheart

(Plate XI I, E.)

Fir
m redhear ‘ ‘
wea redheart admits pieces coutexninee OF
N 1 can not be classed as No. 1, 2, 3, or 4
IV G8 ..% and > ste , ; > ; ° :
one sid , 2 bark strips consist of edging lumber faced with bark on

Slide and sh¢ : i : ;
end to a : shall not show less than 14 inch of wood on both edges from
enc ete vin ig at

of piece, and shall otherwise equal the grades of Nos. 1 and 2

lumber.
No.

f bark strips falling below

Box ark stra mse:
1 nh oa strip. This grade consists 0
No. 2 bark strip. (Plate XIII, F.)

TaBie 45 ae aye
G 4 ~ DirFeRENT GRADES OF NoRTH Carona PINE Lumper SAWED FROM
RADE ONE 18 ¥
% E OnE Loas or LoBLOLLY PINE OF DirreRENT DIAME
lower part of ste from knot signs, with
1 1-16 inch thick, band-sawed, kerf 1-7 inch.

m, free

I

40gs 16.3 f
3 fee
smo a long, perfect, sound, usually from the
4 oth bark and fine-grained centers. Boards

Diameter cE Sey
Inside
bark at
8mall end
| Red Bark aad
Tota

of log
: Box | heart and strips Nos.
| cull 1 and 2

Per cent of each grade

Inches

oo

om

oo &
i >

to
oo oo

tx bo bo 0

2 im im im tn bo bo bo &

OO 'RS 89-00. 00 00.08 t+ mt f Ft.Oo 8
> bo bo 0
os) oe

+ Ht bo bo bo bo fo be

perp tb PNY

on i im

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE 47.—Per Cent or DirreRENT Grapes oF NortH CAROLINA Pine Lumsper Sawep FRoM

ae Clper * oa Re ‘ - G = T 22 Logs or L oLLY Pine oF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS.
TaBLE 46.—PreR Cent OF DirFeERENT GRADES oF NortH Carouina Pine LUMBER SAWED FROM RADE THREE Loos or LoBLoLi
Grave Two Logs or Losiotiy Pine or Dirrerent DraMeETERS. Logs 16.3 feet long, slightly knotty, chiefly from the middle part of the stem. Boards 1 1-16 inch

Logs 16.3 feet long, slightly knotty, sound, usually from the lower part of stem, with smooth bark, thisk, ‘hend-sowed. tat 7 Se.

and moderately fine-grained centers. Boards 1 1-16 inch thick, band-sawed, kerf 1-7 i ‘ i |
, hick, band-sawed, kerf 1-7 inch. Diameter Per cent of each grade

Diameter aie rai inside | : ;
inside Per cent of each grade nen: uot a ‘ aa em
x £ - | ec a
Bes Rae! EER: of log ‘ va Jo. heart and | strips Nos. Total
of log j a Red Bark cull 1 and 2
No. . No. 3 Box heart and | strips Nos. Total

Inches cull 1 and 2

im
to
&
Noe
~
co
© mom
Ny bo &

~
in © 8

bo

oa

uy

or on

ANS
Shu aaninie
im to em bom

Nwaniro
or on me OO Oo tO

~

>to to ty te by

tS oo
28
oe
a1

oo

0
3
3
8
2
5
5.1
4

ari r our bv &
Ca)

tm 0
©

Ni
ee
bo to

Ss

NN w®i&iy ibe
to bo

im tom bo

> to

im to & &

S

DHYHYNHYNHY NH DY WD Wb bd

bo po
tS bo

sa Ly oe &

im to

a
=
ee a

bo tb to & w&
DwaNNoHRHo Gi

hm
q oo
awa eno bw

SHoOSOHH thw OD
bo
S

iets

©
to te tw we Ww
=—=— Se

NN&BW&BotdOR Dm
Soir au od

as
©

=)
ARLE REL E ERK E ROR EPR

to Go ik im im
posowaow

NouUdan
bo bo

o

to

Go
i
no
S

 
 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE
es LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TaBLe 48.—PreR Cent or Dirrerent Grapes or NortH Carouina Prine L

Grave 4 Loes or LoBLouiy Pine or Dirrerent DIAMETERS
THE Top Loa. “i

UMBER SAWED FROM
TuHEse ARE Locs From BELOW

Diameter 7 — TABLE 49.—Per Cent or DirreRENT GRADES OF NorTH CAROLINA Pine LumBer Sawep From

Beye mee tp B Rep Heart Logs or LoBLouiy Pine or DirFrERENT DIAMETERS.
O je 4 No. : Ox or B ark | ons
of Log No. 4 Cull poh es Total ip iia Pa PRY Pee
Inches inside bark | No. 1 No.2 | No.3 Box pie aesil pe Ea
at small end .

of log | i "=

Total

Per ce: a
Inches Per cent of each grade

37.
41.
46.
48.
48.
48 .9
48 .3
47.

~
16
in

aso

to bo im &
a
Go &

oo on
mie boo oO

to bo bo

an

aarwwwr @

nwworan

i bo to by bo to No ie
Sa im bo &

» or
ds & Xa bo to bo

44.
43.
41.$

n Go to i bo

i im O bo

a Ce a a

- PP wD dD Pt

or Bm co Oo Oo by LO

S)

on
2

2
9
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5

ee ee Oe)

or
on

 

Nuk bv wae
Nem NUN & bc

Lm we
~~ eee DDD ww Rho

to tn 2a im

Grade 5 logs, which are knotty top logs, yield at least 95 per cent
of No. 4 lumber and cull.

Cull logs, which are very knotty top logs from large trees and have
coarse knots, yield at least 50 per cent cull lumber. (Note the log
within the crown of tree in Plate VII.)

o~t

DrNnwwwew tk ® he Pew Crore sana

weed vl a 7 “
a> >

cmNynNnnwny pny
_

2
8

a o
bani a:

|

 
QL ST
L9° FI
9¢° €T
L¥ GI

€ t
0¢° OT
£2 6

(wa

 

60°£
183
Asa
oes

90°%

oc)

G0Z

LL Iv

os or
80°
80°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°0 $ 90°0 $

CAROLINA PINE.

NORTH

OR

"33 ‘Pa on[eA Pa enj[eA “43 “Pa onyeA “43 “Pa onyeA “43 “pa an[eA “43 Pa soyouy

" *73 Zo] Jo pus

B 2 BUIS JB Y1IBC

TP90.L suInjOA Z pue Tt yo pues xog Z ‘ON ee ats
1®99.L sdiys yivg qavoy pery tsut I

LOBLOLLY

anyea - —-- —

aNIGg ATVIOIMO'T 40 SNOT Z AAVAL) WOUK GAMVE ATAWA'T ANIG VNITOUVS)

AWVIC, INGuUaddIC] AO § aay
"q GNV SLNQORY—'[G ATAV J,

HLYON 40 aaqvuyy) LNAUaAdAIG] AHL AO sIsvg Solud eh *‘M10dUON FHL GAV]] HOIH|M 8 LNIOg LY (€I6I UALUVAD IS]) SADTVA a‘O

 

61 61 899 19°6
40° 8T 129 ZI'6
96° 9T 68¢ 19°8
west | ose ~e
62° FI €1¢ so
69° &T GLY 00°2
29° SI SEF SF 9
19° TT 10% 66°¢
£¢° OT F9E tS
86 L0E 26°F
8F'8 G66 It?
ae 096 88°
29°9 08% 182
8L G02 98°%
LLt 8&°%
a 98°T
TéI 29° 1
Ort Olt
16 06°
bl #9"
09 1s"
oF € | 6
¥E 8 &"
¥6 sr" he
61 10°
IT 90°0 $ 100 $

ann
=“ 4
|

On

 

CAROLINA PINE
monn
|

StH tt a

NORTH
oD 6D OD 6D OD WH oH
Ht ot

LOBLOLLY OR

one | “9 “Pa ‘3 Pa soyouy

| ‘Pa on[eA ‘HPA on[vA “Pa onyvA “3 Pa onjeA “PA |
onyeAa ecalpmost abies |
|

2407, | Zo] jo pue
TOL | sumo, Z purty [mo pue ][eurs 4e yreq

| 18901, sdiys yaeg qavey poy xog € ON 2 “ON OpIsUL 10}9UIBIG]
|

‘SUALANVIC] INAUAAAIC] AO SAMUT, ANIG ATVIOTAO'T AO SNOT | ACVUD) WOU GAMVY UAANO'T ANIG VNITOUVD
HLUON 40 SAGVUD INTUAMIIG AHL AO SISVG MoU “VA ‘WIOAUON AHL GAVE] HOIH\\ SENIOd LV (E16) ‘AILAVOH IST) SHNIVA “G ‘O “Af INV SLNQDOWY—"0¢ TIAV],

©
o
re

 

 
 

 

 

 

PINE.

CAROLINA

NORTH

OR

LOBLOLLY

NORTH CAROLINA PINE

OR

LOBLOLLY

anyea
1®9O.L

HLUON

69° 9T
09° ST

lai

$I
GP ZI
9¢° IT
ce" Or

onyea
12901,

HLUON 40 saavur

ony[eA “43 “Pa on[eA “43 “Pa ony[eA 43 “Pa

no puw
qavey per

auInfoA
1®90.L

pue |
sdiiys 42

‘SUALANVI(] LNIUGAAIC] AO SATU], ANIG ATIOTAO'T AO SHOT F AAVUD WOU GAMVS AAAWA'T ANT VNITOUV()
INGUAAMIG: 40 ‘SISVG DOUG “VA ‘MIOTUON AHL TAV]] HOIHM SENIOd LV ‘(E16] “WALA 1% LSJ) STATIVA “GT “OA ANV

a0 saavuy

09° T
SFT
9ST

699
619
Oss
CPS
F0S
COP
83F
168
see

LS¢

POE

“HPA on[vA

“43 “Pa onyvA “43 “Pa onye A

yjno pus
qivoy poy

suIN[OA
T®39.L

Z pus [

sdiys yreg a

“SUALANVIG INAUGMMIC AO SAINT, ANIG ATIOTAOT

‘Pa

 

40 §

“Pa

ony[eA

‘ON

 

any

on[vA

‘43 Pa

ony[eA

 

6 ON

DO'T § TAVuyH WOUd dAIMVG ATANA'T
INGTUAMGIG 40 ‘SISVG BUG “VA ‘WIOMUON GHL GAVE] HOIH\A SLNIOg LV (EG ‘AALUVAYH LST) SAQIVA “G "O “A ANY SLNQONWY—'Zg ATaV

QNI

‘3 Pa

TON

onyeA | “PE

d YNI1IOUVD

saqouy

Bo] Jo pue
[Tews 48 yreq
epIsul JoyouIviq]

SLNOOWY— '$¢ ATAV L,

6S

soyqouy

Zo] Jo pus
[[eus 48 yreq
OpIsUL JoJOUIVICT

 
2NT GRADES OF NORTH

23 OF DIFFERE

Red heart
and cull

Carona Prinz LumBer SAWED FROM Rep Heart Locs or LoBLouyiy Pine T

 

Diameter inside
bark at small
end of log

A
a
n
<

Py

fQ
%

P.

¥
4

>
°
H

2

a
2]
S
2]
>
<

=

9)

=

=
n
&
Zz
°

a
&
<

ea

S
4
a
=
6
<
p

ec
&
n

p—
n
a
2
=

>

[oa]

o)

fe
a
Z
<

n
&
Z
=)
°
=

<

ea
ws

a
|
aq
<

&

LOBLOLLY

OR

NORTH

 

CAROLINA PINE,

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 1a

Tables 55 and 55a give the per cent and amounts of the different
grades of lumber sawed with a circular saw with 14-inch kerf in logs
from different parts of the trunk of trees in fully stocked stands of lob-
lolly pine 45 years old, Quality I, and 65 years old between Qualities II
and III, respectively. These measurements were made at a mill in Gates
County, N. ©. They show the small per cent of upper grades in top
logs and indicate the necessity of forcing the length of clear stem of
trees in young stands since, at a given age, with equal diameters, the
longer the stem the greater is the proportion of upper grades.  ( Plates
IIT, XIV and XVII, also I and VII.) The larger proportion of upper
grades of lumber in the logs of the older stand is noteworthy as well as
the rapid increase in the amounts of these grades with diameter. This
also applies to Tables 56 and 57.

Table 56 gives the per cent of different grades of lumber in trees of
different diameters in fully stocked stands 40 to 50 years old on dif-
ferent quality sites, and Table 57, the same for stands 60 to 70 years old.
These tables show the per cent of grades which trees in stands on dif-
ferent quality sites can be expected to yield at 45 and 65 years.* By
interpolation the proportion can be ascertained for trees in stands of
intermediate ages, and the proportion can be approximated for trees in
Younger and older stands. Few commercial stands will be produced,
however, beyond the age of 60 years. This table used in connection
With value table (Table 58) enables the probable future value of a stand

*The average tree which was being cut in the 60-70 years old stand in Gates County had a mill
Volume of 142 board feet, and a corresponding breast-high diameter of 13.6 inches. The grade yield

of such a tree (between quality classes II and III) is obtained from Table 57 as consisting of

 

Pri 1000 ft. .
Grade Per cent of grade phyla 1912-13 Value

No. : $ 29.80
No, 2. 25 50
No. 3. 19.20
No, 15 .00
1 and 2 Bark Strip 19.00
Box Bark Strip 11.00

13.00

Value per 1,000 feet of
lumber in average tree.|......-------.----------|------------------------ $ 18.8

This gives an f. 0. b. Norfolk value of $18.87 per 1,000 bd. ft., which is within a few cents of the
figure obtainable from Tables 63 and 64. Since cutting in this stand was only to 8 inches in diameter
breasthigh, the average diameter is .6 inch larger than that obtained from Table 16.

The 45 year old stand, Quality I, also in Gates County, has an average diameter of 12.8 inches,
& volume of 106 board feet, and an average value per 1,000 board feet of its lumber of $16.72.

The average of these figures, $17.80, corresponds very closely to the Norfolk price that the output
of this operation brought when cut in the winter of 1912. The average tree cut in this operation was

13.7 inches in diameter breasthigh.

 
a

9L
62
08
18
18
18
18
28 ST
&8 6

a

aa
“
a

 

Anes
an

met oo

wo NN
oocoonwnet es
awoonnr

Zo, puosveg

C-)
en]

an

oo st

CAROLINA PINE.
N

HD

aA NAANN

oe)
mmr DONS

ANaAA

a
AQ

OR NORTH
a8
oo
= nN

a
1

sZo] FIN,

LOBLOLLY

“43 "Pq | yueo wg | “3} ‘PA | 9490 10g ‘43 "pa | yU90 Jeg | “9F "PA | FUSO JOT | “9J ‘pq | que sg | "9 "Pa | we Jeg | “HPA | weOIG “AY pa | vp ge
} eee BO
4 | yo doy
Gone qarvoy pel sdiys yreq sd1iys qzeq xog Io ¢°ON ‘ 4% qreq
PIL pus [nD xog Z pus yt FON Biss or
} ;

*‘duay HON f-T da MVS-uVTOOAID

*] ALITVADH ‘ATO
SUVA Cf SANVLG (SHHON] OM], NVHJ, S8a'J HOOUD) ANTI ATIOTAOT 40 sD0T dO], GNV ‘HIaaIp ‘LLOG WOU LAD SAaVUDH AO SLNAD AI_ INV SLINDOWY—"G¢ aTavy,

For

ides see pages 119 and follow-
ch the wood

re)
m
3
oO
3)
a
°
ws
=
pe
°
~
2)
oN

£
The values of trees in these stands are given in Tables 59 to 64.

innin

nds, formed of short-

é
ields, in wh

PINE.

ic
gely yield No. 4 lumber.

5

sr or open st

 

€

and old

NORTH CAROLINA

OR
ipply only to fully stocked stands on forest
ly to younge

‘

ictors influencing g1
57

é
and

ill not app

LOBLOLLY
bodied trees or to stands on dry upl

1 and knotty and which will lar

6,

)
e

D,
:

on of the f

grainec

oS

5

981
They w

arse

to be determined and the financial results of th
Tables

1 disc

112
ing.
is co

ba

 
 

oO

a

ANN

a

a

CAROLINA PINE

an

8I
1%
¥%

9%

 

NORTH
ow

6%
ce
LE

OR

sZo] yng

LOBLOLLY

‘43 ‘pq@ | yuecsg| “ay "pa | 3U90 Jeg | “43 “pa | que wg | ‘4 'pa | yue0 10g | “93 ‘PA | We 19g | “43 "PA | WoT) “IY ‘pa | queo seg | “43 ‘Pa “Si
_ 7 _ Boy
jo doy

 

ZO] Jo qyBey pol sdiu ys WIV sd1iys yreq xogq 10 i _ ye yreq

‘ween: pus TNO xg Z pue T ¥ ON bd Sant
a8 I9yourIviqT

“duay HON F-T da MVS—-dvV TOOTS)

‘TI ANV J] SHILITVAH NTAMLAG ‘a1 SYVaX OL OL
19 SANVLY ‘(SHHONT OMI, NVHJ, SSA HOOUD) ANIG ATIOIAOT 40 SHOT dO], ANY ‘ATAATH ‘LLOG WOUd LAD stavuy AO SINAD AIg ANV SLINQDOWY—"D¢g ATV,
! s L L VD) « .L if x rt x c

7 ne « *|[no pus
qivoy per Jo yueo sed ¢ ynoqe put OUT g MOTE SIsJOUI LIP UI d1y4s yarwq xoq jo yuo sod Zz ynoqe ydaoxa ‘apeia 7 ‘ON Aostyua seer} pesZo] ¢ puv *F *¢ ul S30] doy,

CAROLINA PINE.

NORTH

 

OR

16
16
48

LOBLOLLY

8001} posZo] ¢ pus fF UT Foy] do} 94} MOTEq s30T

43 “Pa 9 19g | “43 ‘P_ queso Jog | “43 ‘pq | queo sg | ‘43 "pq | qued seg) “‘34y "pa | queddeg) “33 "Pa | yUed Jeg | “4F “pa | wud IT | “HY aie hee

BO]
Boy jo = jo doy
ounyjoa qavey per sdriys yreq sdiys yreq xog 410 : 5 : qe yreq
1830. fem e ate & pus tT ¢ ON apisut
| 19yoUIVICT

‘panuyuoj—c¢ aAIAV J,

 

 
 

 

 

 

LOBLOLLY NORTH CAROLINA PINE. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 117

Tasie 56.—Per Cent or Grapes oF LuMBER IN TREES OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS GROWING IN

Fuuiy Stockep STANDS OF DirFERENT AGES AND ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES.

Bd. ft.

Sranps 40 ro 50 Ypars OLD.

Quality I

Per cent

Bark strips Cull

7 + + No. 4 and re Total
Height | No.1 | No. No.3 | or box net nad ee

of tree | land 2 Box

Diameter
breast-
high

Bd. ft.

Feet
Inches Per cent

Per cent

Box
bark strips

Bd. ft.
oar ¢

arnrwwnd

o

Per cent

on
two
mee rwon

Bd. ft.

_
So «

wpwpw bs wv

=

 

Per cent

4

Quality II

or Box

N

79
78
78
78
79
79
79
78

76

Bd. ft.

3
&
3

S

o
a
<

a

Per cent

Bd. ft.

bo bo b> bo bo tO & BO & OO
—

Per cent

Quality III

Bd. ft.

C=)

82
81
80
80
80

Per cent

Bd. ft.
cor co b&b bo

Top logs in 3, 4, and 5 logged trees entirely No. 4 grade, except about 2 per cent of box bark strip in diameters below 7 inches, and about 3 per cent of red heart
x oO

and cull, chiefly in diameters above 7 inches.

wSowonwnwn bw wor ons ©
ee ee

inside
bark at
top of
log
Inches
af. fF wh
o

oa

Diameter

 
118 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE

TaBLe 57.—Per Cent or Grapes or Lumber IN TREES OF DirFERENT DIAMETERS, IN FULLY
Srockep Stanps oF DIFFERENT AGES AND ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. ;

Sranps 60 ro 70 Yrars Oxp.

Quality I

Bark strips Cull

Diameter re 1 To. 2 ae No. 4
breast- oo res cain ied (apap es (Fede Aa | and red Total

high | 1 and 2 Box heart
Inches Feet ‘i
Per cent

 

bt tb by by
aQwonr

b te ty by wy

CO OMIAAA

_

to
~
% 9 8

OV nt
wy y vy by wb wy
oo [o-)

bo
Se

oo
ee eee ee ee
et

9.
28
25
26
2
2

r)

to
rx)
“I 0
_

bo bo

o
eee ee ee)

oo 02 Co eh Or

 

a)

S)

2 wnwenwynwbw bv wb bh
Deere eee ee Re ee

to

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Quality IIT

 

20
20
19
18
18
18
18
18

 

aman

= Co

Por
oo

>
co

rs
oo

HNN WWAWHOWRRAS

ee

~
N

 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

INCREASE IN VALUE OF TREES.

A tree increases in value by: (1) Increase in volume; (2) increase in

the width of the boards which ar
board the greater its price even in the s

e cut from the tree, since the wider the
ame grade; (3) increase in the
which are free from knots and

proportion of the higher priced grades,
and (5) closer

other defects; (4) increase in the price of stumpage;

utilization or lowering the specifications of grades of lumber. Ina fully

stocked stand the effects of these factors progressively increase with the

age of the stand and the size of the trees except in the case of price

Ss
which increase irregularly.

change in specifications and utilization,
proportion of the

Increase in volume (page 66) and increase in the
higher priced grades (page 101) have already been discussed. The
other factors which influence value will be considered below.

INCREASE IN QUALITY OF SAW TIMBER.

The prices which have been used for the different grades and widths
of lumber are figures based on actual sales (Weekly Sales Reports, N.
C. Pine Association), f. o. b. Norfolk, Virginia, during the first quarter
of 1913. They are shown in the following table:

bs | Grades of rough, kiln-dried lumber and price per 1,000 board feet, 4-4 stock
Width of
boards 2 _ - oe

No. 4 or Red heart and

Inches No. No. 2 No. 3 Box mill cull

Edge* $ 25.00 | $19.00 $ 15.00

6 25 .50 20.00 | 16.00
8 | | 26 .00 20.25 | 16.50
10 .00 | 21.00 17.50
12 00 21.00

Over 12

 

 

 

 

 

Bark strips Nos. 1 and 2...------------es0----e-cneen nnn en nnn $19.00 per 1,000 board feet.
11.00 per 1,000 board feet.

Box bark strips..------------------------------

*See page 100.

 
 

 

120 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

The average price of North Carolina pine lumber f. o. b. Norfolk,
Va., for first quarter 1913 was about $18 per 1,000 board feet. In
June, 1914, this average price had declined to about $16.50 per 1,000
board feet as shown by the following record of weekly sales, issued June
19, 1914:

| Grades of rough lumber and price per 1,000 board feet, kiln
Width of dried, 4-4 stock, f. o. b. Norfolk, Va.
boards

Inches No. 4 or Red heart and

box mill cull

$ 13.30
14.10
14.99
16.31
16 .99

 

 

Bark strips Nos. 1 and 2__..-.-.-.----

$18 .07
Box bark strips

This decline, which is probably only temporary, should be considered
in connection with all tables of average lumber prices or stumpage

values based thereon.

Table 58 shows the increase in value of boards of the same grade with
the increase in the diameter of the log from which they were cut. This
is due to a wide board having a higher price than a narrow board of
the same grade. These data were computed for upper as well as for
lower logs, and as the greatest difference in the value of any one grade
was found to be less than two per cent, the two sets of figures were
combined. By multiplying the amounts of different grades obtained
from logs and trees of different diameters (Tables 55, 56 and 57) by
the respective values of these grades (Table 58) the values of trees of
different diameters were obtained (Tables 59 to 64). It is possible to
obtain from this the value per 1,000 board feet of logs of different
diameters of each grade. Table 56 was obtained from data in Table 55,
which is derived from the mill cut.

The stands of the future, which will be managed for the production
of sawtimber, will as a rule be cut between the ages of 40 and 70 years.
On some of the best sites where thinnings are possible cutting may be
as early as 25 years. It is consequently necessary to give full informa-
tion in regard to composition, volume and value of such stands only.
This is contained in Tables 55, 56, 57 which have already been given and
in Tables 59 to 64.

Tables 59 to 61 give the comparative volumes on different quality
sites of trees of different diameters in 40 to 50-year old stands, band-

*See page 100.

i — 2
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 121

sawed 1-7-inch kerf, circular sawed 14-inch kerf and scaled by Doyle-
Scribner rule; the value f. 0. b. Norfolk, Virginia, of lumber sawed from
trees, and the stumpage value per tree under different costs of operation
calculated on the basis of actual contents and Doyle-Scribner rule.
Tables 62 to 64 give the same data for trees in stands 60 to 70 years
old. The salient feature in these tables is the value per 1,000 board feet
of the lumber from different sized trees and the value of their stumpage
as derived from the value of the lumber. Under a high cost of opera-
tion the stumpage value per 1,000 board feet more than doubles when
the diameter doubles. For a discussion of the three costs of operation

($11, $13, and $15), and the import of stumpage value under Doyle-
; or
die

Seribner scale and mill cut see page 1:
Tas ie 58.—Tue F, O. B. Vatun (Ist Quarter, 1913) Per 1,000 Boarp Fret, at Pornts WuHicH

oR S 1D F 38 or Dir-
Have rue Norro.k Price Basis, oF DirFFERENT GRADES OF LumBer SAwep From Logs or Dir
FERENT DIAMETERS.

Diameter Jo. 3 . Red heart

inside of No. 4 No. and cull
bark at small
end of log

Value per 1,000 board feet
Inches

 

$ 19.00 $ 15.
19 .00 15.
19.00 15.
19 .20 15.5
19.50 15
19.80 15.
20.20
20 .50 ie
20.80 17,
20.80 17.3
20.80 17.
20.80 17.
20 .80 17,
20 .90 17.
20 .90 17.
20.90 17.
20 .90 17.
20 .90 17.
20.90 17.

90 17.
20 .90 17.
20.90 |
20.90

bo
on

bo b> b& bo bo
on

to bo
aan

bo te

Agta

tw by b&w

mw bd wb bw bw
Go @ G CG

 
 

NORTH CAROLINA PINE

LOBLOLLY OR

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE

60 Lo
10° gg
ag" 0S

Hor | on
i M alt

panes | snes | ay
“119 puvg 000°T

od

394 | 03
avt 4

OMBS hed .
ponies pomes uy

ue | O00'T
HD I 19d

ayn
riauqiog
-sjA0g

ayn.
ouquog
-sjA0q

901} J9g

4203 000'T 10d ET$

jo ys00 Zurjyesedo Jopun onjea esedunyg

‘a1Q SUVAX IG OL Pf INVIG—NOILVUddO 40

¢8°6
OF 6
00° 6
L¥8

Le" ¢g

€s°T

rae |

86°

69°

L¥

0g"

6°

os

90° 20°

40° +0"

60° Z0°

10° 10°

10°0$ | 10°0$

+9 £0°0$ | £€0°0$

ayn
Iauqiuog
-sjA0q

SLSO-) INTND AI

eoF
00%
1¢é
c0E
09%
02%
OST

09° 06 668
12° 02 oot
0g" 61 60€
23° 8ST 892
9T 8T 622

v6r
PI LT 8ST
9° 9T

09°6
IZ 6
og 8
os
1) Ga
09°9
+19
9L°¢
ts
LV¢
se : 6° F

92T £o1
FF OT 96 601
LY 91 OL 08
GZ 6° ST ug
or 82° ST
iF 9 19° ST
10° F 8o° ST

£0' 0$ og" I$

= }19¥

uvt I-T j104
p2. MBS be yd

‘Tejno pemes “43 uvt

| pusg | 000'T pease
aeypno

“MO |

poaes
purg

a | |

‘y]0 10 N “5 Pa soqouy
Ph J ayn ws,
yoo} pis0q zauqulo| 3

. 3 ——— 000't 20d | “1 K0q

wequmy | ounjoa ue Yoord
499} 000'T 10d TI$ yo ont 1! ‘obeyeeiq 10J
Ee SOUBMOT[S [[N A)
901} 10d

suIn[oA Tenpy

420,

qa
-4sBolq
JoyouIviIqy

Oe Se qq sey

(qo9jep 1?39.L

 

TI A7BNH

v Kc SiC EC aatlv Gov. v 1—"(9 AIAV
HAAN) SUALANVIC LNTUAAAIC AO SATU, AO AATVA ADVAWAIS— "OY ct a P

FEL
ao9
28¢
61g
09F
FOF
ose
608
99%
606

9*9
PLS
aig
coy
SOF
9se

G8 IT
er OF IT
or 00° TT
er L¥ OT
8 g8"6
OL ST°6
96° ars
e's OL L
18'T 80°L
0a T LET og°9
68" 10°'T 20°9
ae cL ols
er 6 OF ¢
8° ce STs

E83" 2%
OF 2
00° 2
LY IG
¢8" 06
ST 06
cP 6T org
OL’ 8T 992
80° 8T £66
Po LT PSI
20° LT OFT 99T
02° 9T rag Ler
OF 9T 3 08 16
ST 9T g¢ 29
61° 1a" 26° ST 8 F
&T" 13 é8" ST 9% 0€
80° 60° : LST 0%
co 0$ | 90°0$ $9" SIS II &I

0L°8

69° T

 

wt | ox
peaes wT
zene ses

“119 purg

ayn
qeuqiog
-sjAoqd

921} 19g

399} 000'T 10d ¢Tg

“d1Q SUVAX 0G OL Pf GNVIG—NOILVUAdGO AO SLSOD INTUAAIICE

“y
000°T

JO 4s09 Zuyvsedo sapun onyea

ji0oy
abt

peaes
repno

“<D

jloy

ult

peaes “4y

puvg | 000'T
19g

qeuqog
-ofAogd

901} 19g

4995 000'T od eT1$

Hey ;
fri | Het

pomes | 4 t
reqno ee a

“119 purg

Jouqiiog
-ajA0q

901} 19g

992} 000'T 40d TT

eseduinyg

I Ajtyeng

“oy
000‘T
19g “BA
‘YJOJION
“q°0°J

qeej prvoqg

000‘T 40d
adaquiny

jo onye,

| FPA | -93 pg
HOY
hae eet ee

pemes | wer |
zepno peaes

UB |
=p |. F Bro

“Pa soyouy

oyna |
qeuquiog | | 943104
-9Aoq (qo0jop | [BIOL

euInjoA pue yooro |

| ‘aseyeoiq 10j |

baad boven bee an

9014 10
ouInjoa [enzoy |

qary
~4sve1q
roqoWIvICT

UAAN() SUALANVIG: LNANAIAIG] AO SATU], AO ANIVA ADVAWALQG—'G6¢ ATAV,],

 
 

JAROLINA PIN

Cc

NORTH

OR

LOBLOLLY

NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

OR

LOBLOLLY

JIUqIIog

tr
8°
Lv
or
90° 0$

ve
cr
or
90° 0$

#01 | roy
A L-1
omes | ed
Commo es
II) pur

eyni
rauqiiog
-ojA0q

901} 19g

409} GOO‘ T 10d cT¢

‘d1Q SUVAX OL OL 09 INVIG—NOILVUAIG AO

yoy
u¥t

peaes
reqno

sox 8

oyn4

et puvg

901} J9g

922} 000'T 40d eTg

“G10 SUVAX 0G OL Nf GNVIG—NOILVUAdG FO SLSO

jo 4so0o Surye19do depun

ee yioy
a! pa
ny rouqtiog | pemes pins

-af4 reyno 2
000'T od ad! 5 pug
oP i 4 bi

eqn

“45
000°
10g

9014 18g

422} 000 T sed g1$

cr ¢
L0°¢
tL b
ca F
¢3" ¢
0¢' I ogg
rie f Gag
66° 66°%
18° 18°S
L9°S
99%
LVS
20° 0$

199
Pe
pomes kT
zeqno | Pewee |
nig. | Pua |

ayn
qouqiiog ,
-~sjA0q 4

000‘T 000‘T

19g

901} Jog

922} QUO'T 10d ET$

jo ys00 Suryes0edo Jepun anyea osedunyg

O INgudadiq

81° 06
L¥ 61
18° 81
8° ST
96° 2
99° LT
92° LT

96° 91$

¢9°
or
83
02 0$

vO AAS ult

ra | pas | ap

110 pura | 000T
1D id

ayn
IeUqiiog
-ojA0q
"BA
‘¥JO}ION
“q'0°J
422} prvoqg
ote 000‘T 19d

; Jequiny{
4923 0O00'T 10d T1$ jo onyeA,

901} 19g

901} rod onjva ededuinyg

I Ayyengd

I

“T
a a ZL
96° Ll
gL’ 28° OT

ig "OT

or
0
LV
aa
60°
90°
£0° 0$

g ao" 9T
66°F | 66°ST
18 | 18ST
19°F | 29°ST
gob | 9g°sT
we | ust
ares | or SIs

193
pomes ht
aeyno Seo viee

“1p | Pued
|

eyn1
reuqiiog
| -ojAog

“43
000‘T
Jaq “BA
‘HIO}HON

“q “0°
yoo} prvoq
. 000‘T 10d

9995 000'T 40d 118 fog omens fl

901} J9g

 

IIT Avyened

1 PE | -ay pg

ji9y
ia!
pees
—— pueg

‘HPA

oun
rauqiog
~sjA0q
ouInjoA

qq seq
(joojop | 1B9OL,
pus yoolo
‘asvyvoiq 10J
soUBMOTIE TIN
9014 10d
auIN{OA [en~Yy
|

SISO) INIUTAAI(. UAAN() SUALAKVIG INTUAAAIG AO STAUT, AO-TATVA ADVAWALG—"G9 ATAV]L,

“3 Pa

HOY
ubt
pees
qepno

“1D

‘3 Pa
j10y

|
|} _ad-T
| pomes

| puvg

i 4

“Pa

eyn4
qeuquog

-ajAo0q
ouIn[oA

| aq
| 943104
(q0079p T830.L
pues yoolo
‘adeyvoiq 10}
| 9008 MOT[B Wa
| 9013 10d

} sUIN[OA [VNpOyY

 

UGGNY) SHILANVIG] INGUGIAIGG JO SATU], AO AN IVA ADVAWALG—']9 AIAV,,

~sBaiq
IoqourviqT

sayouy

yay
~4sBo1q
JozoUIvIC

 
 

NORTH CAROLINA PINE

OR

LOBLOLLY

Lv

pay
90° lv
£0° 60"
c0°'0$ | g0°0$

J10¥
ern rI HOF
Jeuquiog | poaes a L-T

pep contin poses “43
od | 781M | pueg | 000'T
“ID 19g

eyn4
qJeuqtiog

-sfAog

901} 19g

422} 000'T 10d oT

£8

29°

A

1¢
st 4
(4 tr
80° 60°
90°0$ | 90°0$

yoy 6
ae y tee

OMS eA
Cope peaes

-1I9) puvg
991} Jag

4223 000'T 10d gTg

OF OT
02° OL 0%" &%
00° OT 00° &%
0 : 08" 12
09° 12
SP 1d
ST IZ
£9° 02
£2° 0
89° 61
ST 61
9° ST
LV 81
L3°% 9° L8° LT
th F tPF LT
tlt 1a “¢ tT LI
18°¢ gr" 18°91
eos or’ F 29° 9T
OF S$ 60°0 $ g OF 9T$

0l°9

>
HOT | joy
OMe ult
vane pomes "43
te puvg | 000‘T
0) 0d

ern
‘ qouquiog
43 -a140q7
000‘T Lees BA
19, B /
d | ‘YJOJION
‘q ‘o's
| 399} prvoq
| 000‘, sed

4225 000'T 40d [I$ | jo cores

9014 ag

OSF
00F
098
org
OLE
022
08
OST
O@T

Ste
IIé
PLE
FFG
916
Z8T
OST
Ost
Sor
18
19
oF
1g
1%

Ai

45 Pa

}10y
uv
pemes
repno

‘PE | oat

apni

Jauqiiog

-sjAoqg |
euInjoA

(qo9jop
pus yoolo

‘43 Pa
}10y

ull
pemes

aoa seyouy
400,
qaiq
~4sBoiq
19}OUIBICT

43104
1®79.L

‘ade yBI1q 10F

soUBMOT[B 11@4)|
074 10d
QUINOA [BNqOY¥ |

|
!

JO 4800 Suryesedo iapun onyea esvdunyg

III A78n®

“d1Q SUVaX OL OL 09 GNVIG—NOILVUAdGO AO SLSOD INGUGIAIG AAAN/) SUALAWVICT IN@UgdsIq JO SAdUT AO ADTVA qoVdNaLg—'f9 ATAV T

cr 6
ge" 8
98° 2

g6° OT FIT | 6°21
OL OL 16°6 OL GT
Sv OL ; 91°8 SF SI
9F 9 8T Or , BL 8T GI
go"s 8° 6 08°9 Ss IT
98°F ’ 68°¢ oF IT
Ia F sr ST It
61% 09°¢ 8° 8 i cr 3° OT
96°S 16% 08° 8 69° 0g° OT
Zz 3 5 Aa 98° 2 80° 98° 6
I . ;
I

€8°€
63° €

T6'T SOL : We S36
6 I £9°9 61 £9°8
re z0°9 8rT 0'8
08° o's 0g
“iy go" ¢ go"

19° se" 19°F 19°9

re re F ¥E°9

£0" £0°F i £0°9

cL’ cLé ot cL c%

og" j ros | og 02 &%

NORTH CAROLINA PINE

‘Pa
HOt | 104
jomes | 21
vam | pas | a
11g | PUVA | 000'T
= Pie &

OR

FI joy “Pa
‘omeg | ert

Lecco pomes “ay
repno “ 3,
“119 pure | 000'T

19g

i>.

I o, jioy
pom ye eae
repo pose 8 45

purg | 000‘,
19d

eyns
TVIUqLOg

-ajAoq

ayn
IIUQTIOG

-9[A0g

rauqiog
-afAoqd

| Hex
pomes wll
4s poses
reqno 2
“ig | Pua

‘SA
‘YJOHION |
fe on

"Pa | g00q soqouy

201} 19g 1} 18g 9014 19g

LOBLOLLY

300} prvog
000‘T 10d
ar9quIny

jo anjeA

yay
~4sBo1q
s10}0UIBICL

reuqliog
-sjAoq |
auINfoA |

| 3qa10y
(qo9jop | [830
pue yoo
‘aBByBoIq 10}
dOUBAMOTTE [[Nq)
| 9013 13d |
| aUINOA [enPYy |

y291 0QO'T 40d eTg 309} 000'T 10d gTg 4925 000'T 49d T1$

jO 4s00 Zuryesedo sepun snyea sseduinyg

 

II AvenH

“a1O SUVA OL OL 09 GNVIG—NOILVUAdO AO SLSOD INAUAIMIG UAAGN() SUALANVICG, LNAUAAMIG, AO SAAUT, 4O TAIVA ADVAWALS—'gEg AAV

 

 
 

 

128 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

The increase in the proportion of the higher grades in the tree with
increased diameter is influenced by several conditions, the most impor-
tant of which are (1) the density of the stand, (2) the quality site, and
(3) the rate of growth and the age of stand.

Influence of Density of Stand.

The proportion of different grades in trees of different diameters as
given in Tables 55, 56 and 57 applies only to fully stocked stands on
forest soils or at least not to upland old fields. As the stands be-
come more open, more limbs and larger knots develop on the trees with
consequent increase in the proportion of lower grades in them. (Plates
III and IV.)

Influence of Quality Site.

The wood of trees of loblolly pine grown on poorer quality sites gen-
erally is worth more per 1,000 board feet than that from younger domi-
nant trees of the same diameter and height on a good quality site. This
is due to the more thorough cleaning of the stem, the smaller size of the
knots, and less taper; knots, however, are more. numerous in the upper
logs and there are fewer clear logs in the tree, since the length of mer-
chantable stem is shorter. This is shown by Table 65, which gives the
value per 1,000 board feet of the stumpage of trees growing on different
quality sites at different ages. By referring to Table 16 it is seen that
at the age of the same average diameter the stumpage of the stand on the
poorer quality site is more valuable. With a marked difference in the
heights of the trees of the same diameter, however, the shorter bodied
tree will have a larger proportion of crown and consequently a higher
proportion of the common grades and a lower average value for the

lumber. (Plates X, A and X, B.)

Influence of Rate of Growth and Age of Stand.

The clean bodied and slow growing intermediate and suppressed trees
of a given diameter in an old stand yield a larger proportion of the
higher grades of lumber than dominant trees of the same diameter and
height in younger stands on this same site. (Plates IX, A, and IX, B,
also Plates XVI and XVII.) Tables 59 to 64 show the value of
lumber sawed from trees of the same diameter and approximately the
same height on an average in 45 and 65-year old stands. The trees
above 14 inches in diameter in the 45-year old age stand (Quality I)
are dominant. Trees from 14 to 18 inches in diameter in the 65-year
old age stand (Quality I) are intermediate. There is a difference of
about $2 per 1,000 board feet in the value of the lumber at Norfolk.
Since the cost of operation is the same for producing lumber from trees
of the same size, this difference results in a higher stumpage for the older

 

+ ‘a 9
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 129

stand (Tables 62, 63, and 64). These tables also show a greater value
of the wood from old trees, the diameters and heights of the trees being
the same.

In old field stands on dry soils the trees are of very rapid growth,
Contain coarse knots, and most of them are dominant. (Plate ITI.)
For these reasons the yield of lower grades of lumber is also larger than
in the more crowded and usually somewhat slower growing stands on
forest soils. Kighty-five per cent of the lumber which is cut from stands
35 to-50 years old growing on the poorer old field sites is of box grade;
ten per cent, No. 3; and the balance, largely bark strips, cull, and No. 2.

ms: a ° . Pf
This does not apply, however, to dense old field stands on moist sites.

TABLE 65.—APPROXIMATE VALUE Pxr 1,000 Boarp Fzer F, O. B. Norro.k, Va., OF KiILN-DRIED*
LumBer SAWED FROM WELL StTockeD STanps or LOBLOLLY PINE OF DiFFERENT AGES GROWING
ON DirrrerEeNT Quauity Sirus; BAND-sAWED 1-7 Incn Kerr; First Quarter, 1913, Prices.{

Age of Value per 1,000 board feet, f. 0. b., Norfolk, Va., of lumber from quality site
stand

Years

20

30 5. 5.6

40 J 5.88 15.5
50 , 5E 15.90
60 8. 85 17.00
7 A 9.78 18 .45
80 22. 21. 19 .80

The average tree being cut in the Norfolk district is about 14 inches
in diameter, Quality Site II, cutting to 7-inch breasthigh diameter.
Such a tree (in the present open stands) would be about 55 years old
and in first quarter 1913 would have had a stumpage value under an
Operating cost of $14 per 1,000 board feet, of about $3.05 per 1,000
board feet mill cut or allowing for over run of 30 per cent above log
Seale, a stumpage value of $3.85 based on the Doyle-Scribner scale, which

was close to the general price for average stumpage in the Norfolk dis-
trict in the latter part of 1912 and first half of 1913.

*Air dried circular-sawed lumber would be about $1.00 per 1,000 board feet lower.
tJuly 1914 prices are about $1.50 per 1,000 board feet lower.

 
 

 

130 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE | LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE 66.—APPROXIMATE VALUE Per 1,000 Boarp Freer or Stumpaai
or DIFFERENT AGES AND ON DIFFERENT Quatiry Sirs, B

: Pa ae anie yy a rapid
a a een a smallest trees by overcrowding, and this 1s accompanied by I

| | ‘lls ont ean foo Memes ee increase in price which continues until all widths of boards and all
VaLues or LuMBER GIVEN IN TABLE 65 AND VALUED oN Mitt Cut BAND-SAWED 1-7 Inco Saw i

Kerr (Frrst QuarTER, 1913).

erades of lumber are represented in the stand, alter which the rate of
increase in price rapidly declines, although some increase In price con-

Quality site I Quality site II Quality site III tinues so long as diameter growth takes place and the trees remain

pee j j E ' loblolly
Table 67 gives the value per cubic foot of the wood of trees of loblolly
ab gives E

f

Value of stumpage per 1,000 board feet under operating costs of

pine of different diameters under different costs of operation in stands
45 to 65 years old. By the time the tree has attained a diameter ot

inches the period of most rapid increase 1n value has been passed.

1p _ a » Due
TABLE 67.—STUMPAGE VALUE Per Cusic Foot or STEMWOOD OF Trees oF LoBLouyy Pine or Du
iy : : a : Q x 7 , r + ,
FERENT DIAMETERS IN STANDS 45 TO 69 Years Op BASED ON VALUE FOR SAWTIMBER

Operating expenses per 1,000 board feet
Diameter
Breast- ae
high $ $13

While the stumpage values given in Table 66 for stands above 60 or:
years old, especially those on Quality Site I seem high, it is to be remem-
bered that they are for timber in fully stocked stands which at such
ages contain many long-bodied trees more than 25 inches in diameter, , _ 12
and which yield a much larger proportion of upper grades than average 2

Quality II*

$0 .015 $0.01 $0 .003
oo .003
012 .004
11 .022 .013 | 005
12 024 016 .007
These s age values are based : : roa : 7 he — 008

1ese stumpage values are based on mill-cut, band-sawed 1-7-inch kerf. 13 oa ox 008
.) € vey 1a y raver a aie y 1 ° : ise Br :
Stumpage is bought, however, on the basis of Doyle-Scribner log scale. 15 038 027 016
Consequently the value of commercial stumpage for any one

stands now being operated.

5 .031
18 056 045
age class

. % . 21 .07 pine
would be greater than that given by the amount of the mill overrun 25 079 Pai gk
above the Doyle-Scribner scale for the average tree in this a

058 054

ge class.
The mill overrun declines from about 40 per cent for stands in whicl , igher value than that of
ee aga coh, per ceny for stands in w hich *The wood of trees of Quality I except of small diameters has a slightly higher value tha 2
the average tree has a breasthigh diameter of 8 inches to 10 per cent Quality IT, and that of trees of Quality III a slightly lower value.
when the average tree becomes 17 ‘inches in diameter breasthigh : T oer
Si her 3 | B15 ni Che subsequent rate of increase in value is much slower. Young¢
Since there has been a decline of more than $1.50 per 1,000 board feet, aupaed . hie tl those given. In stands 20
1 k z : Ste ; have less values per cubie foot than those § . stands 4
mill run, in the value of lumber (July 1, 1914) after these computations stands have less values per cubic :

i i : eget ; wey sds + a $13 cost of operation, would have
were made in the first quarter of years old, an 8-inch tree under a 4 |

1913, their stumpage values must be
i , 2 ‘ ‘ € ee ; 20_vear old stand a value of

; : awe Po ’ O02 per ec , : a 30-year old stand a va

correspondingly reduced to adapt them to current lumber prices. a value, of about'$.003 per cubic fo0%; tp a

7

ee : ; neh : : ; ; . y pies tbe aroer trees ild increase in value pro-

With the same cost of operation if lumber is cut with a circular saw about $.005 per cubic foot. Larger trees acs
14-inch kerf the value of stumpage would be 15 per cent less than that portionately with the value given.
given in Table 66 if the cost of operation and the selling price of the

INCREASE IN STUMPAGE PRICE.
land were the same.

mm . - om 2p . : : rade take ace in a uniform manner with
[he figures in Table 66 show that at a certain stage in the develop- Increase in volume and grade take place in at

ment of a stand there is a very rapid increase in the value of its stump- growth. Increase in utilization is cia agrmes  der acy hmgengt oe
age, preceded by a period of slow increase and followed by a period of lowering of grades likewise meets peegtagsrhage : , aa while fixed
slow increase. So long as a number of sound trees in the stand con- as an investment factor. The heaping ‘aes 4 shit # EUSA, a
tinue to pass from nonmerchantable to merchantable diameters (Table by supply and demand and subject to bemnipORery PN Table 74 shows
42) the rate of increase in price of stumpage is retarded. As soon, CORSE although " progressively secngivetes decd by mills dur-
however, as all the trees have entered merchantable size, rapid increase the rate of increase in the value of stumpage a8 P o

* ‘ j AUS ign ae eS . probable increase in value during the
in average diameter begins to take place through the elimination of the Ing the past two decades, and the probabl ;

 
 

132 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

next two decades. While the table shows the actual increase in the
value of commercial stumpage, it by no means shows the increase in
the value of stumpage held as an investment, for the reason that the log-
ging standards have decreased.

In 1893 lumber from the present commercial tree was worth $11.45
per 1,000 board feet. In 19138, on the basis of the same utilization, it
was worth $20.81 per 1,000 board feet. With an operating cost of $11
in 1893, stumpage was worth 45 cents; with an operating cost of
$13.75 in 1918, stumpage of the same kind is worth $7.06 per 1,000
board feet.

The following list prices of the North Carolina Pine Association for
1899 to 1911 inclusive, and actual reported sales to the Association for
April and May, 1912, June, 1918, and June, 1914, of different orades
4/4. edge below 12 inches, f.o.b. Norfolk, Va.. show the general tendanss
towards higher prices of North Carolina Pine lumber during the past 25
years:

Prices f. 0. b., Norfolk, Va., of

No. 4 or box

1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914

SaAags

Pauubaabuds

ON

22e

aaa

ora)

tb tt ty ww Wd bw

Price list prices generally were from $0.50 to $1.50 higher than actual
sales, consequently the increase has actually been greater than the
upward trend ofthe figures would seem to indicate.

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

T'asrx 68.—Per Cent or INcREASP In UtinmaATION AND Per Cunt or INCREASE IN THE VALUE OF

Stumpacn py Dxecapss 1893 To 1903 AND 1913, or LOBLOLLY Prine Timper, NorFro.k DistRIcr.

(South of the Roanoke River the average log and tree are larger but freight rates are higher.)

Norfolk, Va., prices

1891-1893 1901-1903 1911-1913
Grades—Kiln-dried
Price Per Price Per Price Per
per cent per cent per cent
1,000 of 1,000 of 1,000 of
bd. ft. grades bd. ft. grades bd. ft. grades

No. 1 Edge under 12 inches...---------- $ 20.00 18 $ 26.00
No. 2 Edge under 12 inch 3.18 26 18 .00 18 23 .00
No. 3 Edge under 12 inch 13.25 21 17 .50
No. 4 Edge under 12 inches - 11.75 33 16 .50
Nos. 1 and 2 bark strips._..- A 9. 2 11 .00f 19 .00
Box bark stripst : 5 .00t 11.00

Cull and red heart§

3
8 .50t 4 14.50

 

(a) Value mill run f. o. b. Norfolk,
* per 1,000 board feet ............

Diameter of average tree 20 inches 18 inches 14 inches

Volume Doyle-Scribner according to present
utilization
Volume as actually utilized (common logs not
utilized)
(ec) Per cent of past utilization on basis of present

420 bd. ft. 250 bd. ft. 100 bd. ft.
360 bd. ft. 230 bd. ft. 100 bd. ft.

85.7 percent 90.4 per cent 100 per cent

utilization (d+c)
58 per cent

(f) Per cent of length of tree utilized 50 per cent 54 per cent

110 bd. ft. 70 bd. ft. 32 bd. ft.
$17.77

25

(g) Volume of average log

(a) Value f. 0. b., Norfolk, per 1,000 board feet---

(h) Per cent of increase in operating costs over 1892

(i) Operating costs per 1,000 board feet, including
profits and freight to establish Norfolk price
parity

(i) Stumpage value of utilized timber per 1,000
board feet (a—i)

(k) Stumpage value based on total content of tree

$13.75
4.02

4.02

(1) Annual rate increase in stumpage value based
on used portion of tree (j)

(m) Annual rate of increase in stumpage value
based on total content of tree (1)

(n) Decline in rate of increase between 1902 and
1912 (total content) _-

(0) Probable rate of increa
for the next 20 years_-.-

1892 to 1902 17 per cent; 1902 to 1912 6.3 per cent
1892 to 1902 18.4 per cent; 1902 to 1912 7 per cent
260 per cent

2.7 per cent a year.

(p)
$5.19 per 1,000 board feet

(q) Stumpage value 14-inch trees in 1933 b : ;
this rate of increase $6.78 per 1,000 board feet
However, if the current rate of increase during the past decade (7 per cent) shall continue for the

next 10 years, the price of stumpage in 1923 will be $7.65 per 1,000 board feet.

*Groups of three years taken to avoid abnormal fluctuations in prices.

tApproximate prices furnished by Mr. W. B. Roper, Secretary North

tBark strips were rarely saved prior to 1900.

§There was a large proportion of red heart and cull in the early period on
very large trees: being very defective. Small trees now being cut are seldom a
large proportion of red heart, and have few large knots. A large proportion of the red heart output

of some mills comes from the pocoson pine.

Carolina Pine Association.

account of many of the
i enough to have a

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

INCREASE IN UTILIZATION.

Table 68 shows (e) the per cent of increase in the utilization of the
tree during the past twenty years. There is still some additional utiliza-
tion possible, but largely at the expense of further reduction in grade.
Small trees are used very closely in the tops. The heavy limbed top
log of large trees is se dom used, however, on account of the numerous
and very large knots more than 2 inches in diameter and the high cost
of cutting off the large limbs. The use of clear slabs at the mills for
laths is general. There is the possibility of using knotty slabs by resaw-
ing on a horizontal band saw and cutting out between the knots for
heading or crate stock and such uses. There is also the possibility of
using very knotty tops and limbs for chemical wood pulp, but this can
be effected only at large, expensive and centrally located plants. Since
1906, when Mr. George W. Roper called the attention of the North
Carolina Pine Association to the waste in cutting all lumber in even
lengths 12 feet or over, there has been a beneficial change in this respect,
even lengths of 8 feet or more now being cut. It will be nece ssary, how-
ever, both to take odd lengths and to use pieces shorter than 8 feet in
sda to secure complete woods’ utilization of the stem and to further

reduce the mill waste.
MANAGEMENT,

So long as there was an unlimited supply of virgin forests, the pro-
tection of young or old timber and close utilization of forest were not
essential. At present, when approximately three-fourths of the annual
cut of loblolly pine is obtained from cut-over land and is either the
product of ‘young growth or of small trees which were left at the pre-
vious cutting, there is need for a change in the methods of handling the
forest.

In its present condition a great portion of the timberland is producing
less than one-half of the amount of timber that it should, and much less
than one-half of the net income of which it is capable. The stands
are not fully stocked. Much of the timber, moreover, is short-bodied
and knotty, and yields inferior grades of logs. With a lower yield
per acre, the cost of logging is increased. If railroad construction
amounts to 50 cents per thousand board feet with a stand of 3,000 feet
per acre, its cost will be only 25 cents per thousand by doubling the cut
per acre, while the costs of milling, felling, and loading decrease progres-
sively as the contents of the logs increase.

Well stocked loblolly pine stands are capable of producing annually
more than 300 board feet per acre. On the best soils the production on
large tracts should be 500 board feet per acre a year, and on the poorest
soils, not less than 150 feet. The maintenance costs, taxes, and interest
are practically as high on half-stocked woodland as on fully stocked,
while the net earning capacity is more than twice as great in the

Case of the fully stocked land. Moreover, the
the soil can be largely increased,
With slight additional cost. It is largely a question of
cutting, (2) adequate protection for
years after lumbering, and (3)

management and protection than the loblolly pine.

advantages:

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

earning capacity of
though not to the full possibilities,
(1) regulating
young growth from ia for fifteen

) closer utilization.

uicker returns under
F , erican trees offer better and q
ew eastern Am It has the following

in its youth.

(a) It is a tree of rapid growth, especially
age, making pos-

(b) It attains merchantable dimensions at an early
ible the realization of early financial returns. ere oS
(c) It seeds abundantly and at an early age; with proper ] cite
a 10" (
there is no difficulty in securing on most soils thorough regene

after logging.

(d) On account of the large use of small timber
ties, when logging with steam railroads, there is an exce sllent op ‘sagen
on large tracts for occasional improvement cutting at no cost, for better-
ing the condition of the forest and placing it on a hig

) of
It is also possible 1 in many places and in many types
since logs even of the smallest sizes
can be profitably used whe mn the cost

for fuel and for cross

her earning basis.
forest to make

. from 5 to 6
thinnings economically,

inches in diameter at the small end,
of Operation is not too high.
(e) This pine forms in many
make logging and administration inexpe nsive.
Under this caption the management of lobl

the most profitable age and size at which to cut, the
of cutting to secure natural restocking an¢

places pure even-aged forests, which

olly will be discussed as to
reduction of waste in

1 thin-

logging, the methods

g,
ning.
MOST PROFITABLE AGE AND SIZE AT WHICH TO CUT.
Mixed Stands.
1 which culling or
1ost profitable trees
lue.

In mixed stands of loblolly pine and hardwoods, 1

cutting to a diameter limit can be pre acticed, the n
yy the rate with which they increase in va

to cut e; » determined |
t can be det cent, the tree can

When the rate of increase in value declines to six per
is wever, a six per
be considered financially mature. This is not, ho i
the rate is not reckoned on the investment value
alue of on
of the property as a whole but merely on the ey vE a
; 3 Ce part O
tree. Since the rate of increase in value during the earher }

; ym there hon a
life is much higher than six per cent, and since in addition é

1e value of stumpage through the increase in
e during the two

cent investment as

constant appreciation in tl ;
the average rate of increase in valu

the rice of lumber,
cent. From this rate,

decades preceding cutting is higher than six per

deducted taxes, the cost of
the rate per cent of increase in

[ sites in culled hardwood

protection and admin-
however, are to be

istration charges. Table 69 gives
value of trees of loblolly pine on Quality

Swamps.

 
; N. ©. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC
136 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINK.

TasBie 69.—Rate Por Cent or IncREASE IN VALUE OF Dominant AND INTERMEDIATE TREES OF
Losiouiy Prinz 1n Mrxep Cutten Stanps on Goop Sires. (VaLur Basep on LUMBER BAND-
SAWED.)

Diameter Approximate time Approximate stumpage
ao a required to grow an value per tree under
high inch in diameter, a cost of operation
breasthigh—Years of $13 ~ 1,000 board
eet

Rate of
increase in value in
growing to next inch

Inches diameter class—Per cent

$ 0.22
34

52

SCOGAoaaasr -

Trees should be cut, therefore, when they are between 14 and 15
inches in diameter breasthigh, at which size their rate of increase in
value (neglecting increase in price) becomes equal to the current inter-
est rate. If held to a large diameter, the rate of increase declines below
the current rate at which the money invested in the tree could be loaned.

If the value is based on the contents by the Doyle-Scribner rule, the rate
of increase in value declines to six per cent at the same size. By cut-
ting at this diameter there will be about 14 logs to 1,000 board feet by
Doyle-Scribner rule and the average f. 0. b. Norfolk value of the log
run output will be about $20.50 per 1,000 board feet,

Pure Even-aged Stands for Saw Timber.

From the standpoint of the landowner the age at which loblolly pine

stands yield annually the highest net profits, or the largest average per

cent of profit on the investment is the most important consideration.

The determination of the net profits must take into consideration the

value of the soil, the interest on it for the period of the investment,

and the annual expenditures for taxes, supervision and protection of the

property, and the yearly compounded interest on these various items.

The sum of these expenses determines the cost of production. 50 to 60 years old: Quality : ;
In determining the value of standing timber at a given age it is fifteen years ago. This stand, conse ia por ap

assumed that the present grades of lumber will remain the same and the poor ager rene herrea kd

prices will not decline. However, since stumpage values are not abso- Seid 46 Me ae cae slaines +

lute, but vary with the cost of logging and the freight rates to the near- type of seed trees marked “8.” (Author's illustrat

est general market, it is necessary to base calculations on a reasonable

range of stumpage values. In applying the figures it is necessary, there-

fore, to select the table in which the elements of cost are nearest to the

actual conditions. Since Norfolk, Virginia, is the chief distributing

market for North Carolina pine lumber, all costs of operation are

figured in relation to the Norfolk prices, with a sufficient allowance to

counts fol

s time

produced at tl

more than 60 per

or

 
loblolly pine

nt
knotty
ago
ades

rmane
{ Gl

ailingly
) yea

on pe

rey

SURVEY

[I

are
illustration

tom

logs
30 per cent of lumber 0

Author's

upper

removal of the dominant trees 25 to

AND ECONOMI(

the

eats gad = ono

po amt cane

good size,
& stand will yield
“ug

marked

1. GEOLOGICAL
of

wn
L
Z

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 137

Cover the freight differential to establish Norfolk parity in price. The
cements of costs per 1,000 board feet in an actual operat ion are as
follows:

Logging, felling, bucking and swamping
Railroad construction

ing fund, and profits)
Freight differential to establish Norfolk price parity

Total cost of operation per 1,000 feet

Some of these items are paid for on the basis of the wood’s scale and
this must be.converted to the mill cut; while there is a credit in the
excess of the mill cut above the Doyle-Scribner wood’s scale which in the
Case of very small timber may materially affect the apparent cost of the
°perations. When all woods’ work is paid for by the day the stumpage
and other costs are based on the direct output of the mill using the band

Saw or circular saw table as the case may require.

le al _ . ° ° : 2
lhe cost of operation in this case would be regarded, in round figures,

4s $13 and stumpage values figured accordingly.

To provide for a wide range of conditions three costs of operation
have been used: a low cost at $11 per 1,000 feet; a medium cost at $13;
and a high cost at $15. The one must be selected which most nearly
Suits the conditions of each individual case.

Since some of the important factors of expense which enter into the
cost of growing timber are variable, it is impossible to make any one set
of ealeulations which will accurately determine the cost and profit in
Producing loblolly pine timber on cut-over lands, ‘at all places within
North Carolina where there is no cost of stocking. Consequently the cal-
Culations are made on the basis of what are assumed to be average con-
ditions. A soil value of $5 an acre is used, and a rate of interest of six
per cent compounded is allowed on the soil value. The increase in the
Soil value and the increase ng stumpage price will in part cover the cost
of protection and taxes. A deduction of one per cent from the rate of
Profit added to the increase in stumpage and soil values will undoubtedly
more than cover taxes, protection, and administration charges within a
Srowing period of fifty years. Since there is no cost of stocking other
than protection and leaving seed trees, the initial investment is practi-
Cally limited to the soil value. The growth of the seed trees, if they are

Carefully selected, should approximately cover the interest on their
initial value.

Table 70 shows on the basis of Doyle- Seribner rule the rate of

interest yielded by fully stocked unthinned stands of loblolly pine with
a soil value of $5 an acre, at different ages on different quality sites, and

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

TABLE 70.—VALUE Or FULLY STockED STANDS OF LosBLouiy Prye, as Scatep By Doyie-ScrIBNER
Rvu.e#, AT DIFFERENT AGES ON DIFFERENT Quatity Sires anp Unprer Dirrerent Costs OF
OPERATION; AND THE Per Cent or INTEREST ON AN INITIAL INVESTMENT OF $5 AN ACRE
REPRESENTED BY THIS VALUE.

Quality I

Rate of Rate of tate of
compound compound compound
Age of O a interest : interest interest
stand perating , on an Operating on an Operating on an
expenses investment expenses investment investment
$11 8 $13 of $5 an
acre acre

Years
Per cent Per cent

6.1
7.0
8.0
1 a0
6.5
6.1

Quality II

Quality III

with different costs of operation. The less favorable the quality site, the
later is the age at which the maximum interest rate is attained. Like-
wise, as the cost of operating increases and stumpage value decreases, the
period at which the stand attains its maximum interest rate is post-
poned and the rate of interest yielded is lower.

On Quality I site with operating costs of $11 per 1,000 feet, the maxi-
mum rate, 9 per cent, is obtained on the soil value of $5 an acre when
the stand is 30 years old; with costs of $13 per 1,000 feet, a maximum
rate of 8 per cent is obtained when the stand is 40 years old; with costs
of $15 per 1,000 feet, the maximum rate is 6 per cent and is attained
when the stand is 50 years old.

On Quality IT site the maximum interest rate on the soil value of $5

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

T ” , >. » Simo Sr 3 oF LOBLOLLY Pine at DirF-
laste 71.—Srumpace VaLur Per Acre or Fuity Srockep STANDS OF :
snp UnpER Various Costs OF OPERATION; AND

FERENT AGES ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES ;
BaSeD

, : 2 OF $5 AN ACRE.
THE Rates or Compound INTEREST YIELDED ON AN IniTIAL Sort VALUE OF $
On Miu Cor 1-7 Inco Saw Kerr.

Quality I

Operating expenses per 1,000 board feet at

$13 $15

$11

Gross rate

NFP TS, Gross rate ;
Gross rate of compound

of compound of compound

: rest
inetres i. * interest 4 = cee intere

Value of $v Value of ielded Value of yielded
enon 2) yielded and pace) stand $5
stand “wn 33 stanc on $5 on $i

er ce:
Per cent Per cent Per cent

14 $ 36 11

11 i 9
8

7
6
5

4

Quality II

40

77
120
185
276

345

Quality III

18
42
67
107
199
209

‘ | , c .
expenses of $11 per 1,000 feet; 6 per cent from a stand 50 years old
With operating expenses of $13 per 1,000 feet; and 5 per cent trom i
stand 60 years old when the operating expenses are $15 per 1,000 feet

an acre is 7 per cent obtained from a stand 40 years old with operating

On Quality IIT site the maximum interest rate on the soil value of

$5 an acre is 5 per cent obtained from a stand 50 years old when the
©perating expenses are $11 per 1,000 feet; 4.5 per cent from a stand ”
years old when the operating expenses are $13 per 1,000 feet; and 4 per
cent from a stand 70 years old when the operating expenses are $15

Per 1,000 feet. Table 71 is similar to Table 70, but is on the basis of

actual mill cut (1-7-inch saw kerf).

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

Pure Even-aged Stands for Cordwood.

Cordwood either with or without barl
wood, crate, stave and heading stock. There is little, if any, increase
in price with increase in size, if small trees less than 6 inches in diam-
eter breasthigh are excluded. In fixing, therefore, the most profitable
age for cutting cordwood only the volume of the stands and the cost of
producing it need be considered. Table 72 gives the age at which cord-
wood is most cheaply produced, assuming the value of the land at $5
an acre and an interest rate of six per cent with no expense for re-
stocking or protection. The cheapest cost of production on all quality
sites is when the stand is between 25 and 30 years old. The yields at
If cutting is done to a larger diameter
in the top or if knotty tops are excluded

k is chiefly used for fuel, pulp-

this age are given in Table 37.

, as shown in discussing this

table, a deduction must be made from the volume given in Table 37 and

a corresponding increase made in the cost of growing.

TaB Le 72.—Cost or Growing Corpwoog IN Futry Srocxep Sranps or LoBLo.iy Pi

FERENT AGES ON DirrerRENT Quauity SiTES on I
Srx Per Cenr.

INE AT DIF-
4AND VALUED AT $5 AN ACRE AND INTEREST AT

Stem Woop Onty From Trees Srx INcHEs AND Over 1n Diameter.

Cost of growing a cord of

Cost of growing a standard cord
160 cubic feet, peeled

Value of $5 of 128 cubic feet, bark included

compounded at
6% for the . 3
period, less Quality Quality
the initial
investment

Age of
stand

Years
II

$ 0.41
44

-78
1.05

If reasonably clear wood only is used the yields of tl
be reduced about 15 per cent and there would be an increase of about
15 per cent in the cost of growing the wood.

1e stands would

INANT TREES IN OPEN STANDS OF UNEVEN-AGED

eR CENT OF INCREASE IN VALUE OF Dc

ROW AN INCH, AND THE RATE

i

sD To C

GROUPS.

LOBLOLLY

Quality

OR

Rate
per cent

NORTH

CAROLINA

PINE.

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

Open Pure Uneven-aged Stands.

The per cent of increase in the value of the individual tree can also
be applied in fixing a diameter limit for cutting in open pure or slightly
mixed uneven-aged stands or groups in which the

openness is caused
by fires and unregulated cutting.

Table 73 gives the rate per cent of
increase in value for one inch increase in diameter of the dominant
trees in irregular open stands on different quality sites. The diameters
which correspond to a six per cent rate of

increase are 18 inches on
Quality I, 17 inches on Quality II, and 16 inches on Quality ITT.

DETERMINATION OF YIELD.

One of the most important problems in connection with the proper
management of loblolly pine lands is the determination of the yield
which could be secured from a tract within a definite period; or in the
case of larger tracts, it might be desirable to know the amount of timber
which could be felled yearly to supply a mill without lessening the
producing capacity of the forest during a subsequent period.

In the case of small tracts which are fully stocked, the quality site
can be ascertained and the yield determined from the yield tables for
the class of timber desired, and the age at which it would be necessary
to fell.

In the case of large tracts, not only will it be necessary to map and
determine the areas of the different forest types and quality sites, but to
indicate the age and condition of each stand. Waste and unproductive
land and young stands from which no yield can be expected within the
period to be considered should be eliminated. The productive lands
should be grouped according to their growing capacity, and the quantity
of the material into:

1. Very open, pure, even-aged stands in which the trees are somewhat
short-bodied. The yield of these stands can be obtained by means of
Table 73.

2. Pure, even-aged sapling and pole stands of good density. The
yields of these can be secured direct from the yield tables. (Tables
35 to 41.)

3. Pure and mixed old stands. Growth is practically stationary in
such stands, such increment as takes place in young trees being bal-
anced by the death or decay of old ones.

4. Mixed young and middle-aged stands; and pure, uneven-aged
stands, which usually have been culled, but the trees in which have
stems of nearly normal length. By means of Table 73 it is possible
to determine approximately the smallest sized dominant trees of loblolly
pine which will attain merchantable diameter by a designated year.

Trees of this diameter and larger can be tallied on a known percentage

2
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, 143

of the area by means of strips. After obtaining the average number of
trees of engh. didmetar per acre the proportion of the total area which is
Occupied by these trees can be ascertained by means of Table 14, which
which gives the crown space in per cent of an area required for the
growth of trees of different diameters. If these trees are separated into
diameter groups and the diameter of the average tree in each group
determined. the average age of the trees in each diameter group can be
Caleulated by means of Tables 42, 43, and 44. Knowing the quality site,
and the approximate age of the groups, and the Peer each group
contributes to the stocking, it is possible, by means of the yield tables vty
obtain the approximate yield from the subordinate as well as the domi-

nant crown classes at the period desired.

ys . _ TT -_ OL
Tasue 74 —Crown Space In Per Cent or Acre ReQuireD BY Dominant TREES OF LOBLOLLY
PINE oF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES

Diameter ‘
Breasthigh Quality I Quality II Quality III

Inches

0019 .0027 .0026
0024 0037 .0035
0031 .0048 0045
.0038 0058 .0055
.0046 0070 .0065
.0054 .0083 0080
.0064 0096 .0096
.0073 .0109 0109
-0084 .0122 .0122
0094 0135 0135
0104 0149 0149
0115 -0163 .0163
.0127 0179 0179
.0139 0195

.0151 0212

0168

0211

INCREASING THE REVENUE FROM TIMBERLAND.

Reducing Waste in Logging.

A considerable source of loss of timber is the cutting of extra long
logs. The usual length of allowance is four inches above the scale
length of the log. Logs are frequently cut, however, with 6 or 8 inches
extra length. If cutting is carefully done a 3-inch allowance 18 sut-
ficient for logs less than 14 inches in diameter and 4 inches for logs of
larger diameter. sue

Another source of loss is in cutting extra high stumps. dT his is sel-
dom done now, however, except by contractors, small mill men, or
unskilled farm laborers, hired during the winter months. As a rule,
stumps are cut as low in loblolly pine logging as is possible. One rea-

 
 

144 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

son for this is that the trees often grow on small hillocks or mounds,
which enables the sawyer to cut low without too much discomfort in
stooping. Some loggers require stumps of all trees less than 16 inches
in diameter to be less than a foot high. A reasonable height for
stumps is one equal to the diameter of the tree up to 18 inches. There
is no necessity, however, for increasing the height of the stump above
18 inches; even large trees can be sawn as low as that without making
the sawyer stoop. (Plate XXIII.)

TaBie 75.—Va.ur or Lumser, F. O. B., Norro.k, Va., ConTAINeD In ONE Foor or Sounp Srump.

Diameter breast- Diameter breasthigh
high of tree Value of lumber of tree

Value of lumber
f. o. b. Norfolk

f. o. b. Norfolk
Inches Inches

The loss from high stumps, as from long logs, although trifling for
each tree, in the aggregate amounts to a great deal at the end of a year
in large cuttings. The stump contains the very best quality of timber in
the tree, and every inch of it should be taken when possible.

Table 75 shows the loss in lumber in every linear foot of sound
stump which is left unused. These values are based.on the No. 1 grade
butt logs.

If an additional linear foot could be utilized from only one-fourth of
the trees cut in a year’s operation, it would add to the Norfolk value of
the output $360 for every million feet sawed. This is on the basis of a
13-inch tree, scaling 125 board feet Doyle-Scribner. By lowering the
height of the stumps and cutting the logs as short as possible, not only
an additional 2 feet of height may be obtained but the scale yield from
the tree may often be increased by throwing the logs in a larger diameter
class. By shortening the upper logs large knots will often be thrown
into the log above, which is usually of lower grade, and in this way
raise the grades of several boards sawed from the log below. (Page 106.)

Another source of loss in cutting is the injury done to small trees by
breaking them down. . This loss is not reflected in immediate operations
but it lessens the future yield, since it destroys trees which would prob-
ably have yielded several saw logs by the time of the second cut. (Plate

Ext)

One of the greatest wastes in logging and one which can be greatly
reduced, is using vigorous young trees of pine and other valuable spe-

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, 145

Cies for cross-ties in trams and logging roads. A tree large enough to
make such a cross-tie is from 8 to 12 inches in diameter on the stump,
and there are about 500 such trees used in laying one mile of tramway.
If the increment on these trees amounts to 2,850 feet, board measure,
a year until the time of the second cutting in ten years, there has been a
loss of 28,000 feet of timber from the 320 acres which was logged by
Means of this spur road. This loss amounts to 85 board feet per acre.
Some loggers, especially where the mill men own the timber, take up
the cross-ties and relay them several times. Others, however, never
use a tie the second time, after the spikes are drawn. The loss of this
young timber is an immense drain on the future yield of the forest and
Sees far toward keeping it in its depleted condition, as it destroys so
many trees which would be the largest trees at the time of the next
cutting. Over the greater portion of the pine land there is sufficient
scrubby hardwood to be used for ties. Where the track is temporary
and there is an abundant supply of small hardwood, owners of tim-
berland should specify in their sale contracts, or in logging contracts,
that all eross-ties and bridge timbers are to be cut from the cheaper
Class of hardwoods; black gum, oaks, and maples. Where there is
an insufficient supply of hardwood timber, the best portion of the
tops of medium grade pines which are cut for saw logs should be used,
or short bodied or defective pines which will not make good milling
trees by the next cutting, or trees thinned from dense groups of pine.
There is also some waste of timber in skidding, a considerable portion
of which should be avoided, by using for skidways and loading tables,
logs of a poor class of hardwoods, defective pines or trees from thick
Sroups of pines which need thinning. The same applies to the use of
timber for the construction of corduroy roads, small bridges, cribbing,
and trusses. ys
Another item in which there is great waste of young timber is fuel
for logging locomotives. The contractors or cutters, who supply fuel,
generally take out the clearest and straightest young trees on account of
the ease with which they can be split. Defective trees, whenever pos-
Sible, should be used for such fuel, and where the locomotive boiler
furnace is large enough to take round wood, the knotty part of the tops
Which can not be split, should be utilized in that way, together with
the limbs. Where all the fuel for the logging locomotives can not be
Supplied in this way, the rest of it should be cut from groups of young
trees which require thinning. In fact this offers, together with the use
of young trees for cross-ties, the best means of making, at no expense,
thinnings which will be of great benefit to the forest and largely improve
its condition, and incres Be, instead of decreasing, the yield at the time
of the next cutting. In logging over a large tract 20,000 to 50,000 acres,
nearly one cord of fuel is required for moving 10,000 feet of logs trom
the forest to the sawmill. If even one-half of this is young timber, it
means the removal of four 8-inch trees, or their equivalent, per acre for

10

 
 

146 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

locomotive fuel. If these trees are 8 inches in diameter, there is a loss
at the next cutting in ten years of 160 feet, board measure, per acre.
Large numbers of small trees are also needlessly broken down by saw-
yers; by careless felling, or are cut for bed trees,

Rules to Govern Logging.

Owners of timberland who wish to (1) prevent waste of their timber
and (2) cut to the most advantageous size for securing the greatest
present yields from the forest and maintain it on a producing basis
should require of loggers the observance of the following regulations:

(1) Rigid protection from fires must be afforded all cut-over lands
during re-stocking, since probably one-fifth of all the young timber,
except on wet soil, is destroyed or injured by fires.

(2) Sound young pines unless suppressed, must not be used for tram-
road cross-ties, for fuel for locomotives, corduroy roads, skidways, ete.,
unless it is impossible to obtain other timber.

(3) When no other timber is available for the above uses young
pines in dense groups and crooked, limby, short-bodied, or oppressed
trees which will not make clear merchantable logs of good size by the
next cutting must be used in preference to other trees.

(4) Large trees must not be thrown in clumps of young trees..

(5) No dominant or codominant trees less than 16 inches in diameter
breasthigh must be cut unless taken from a dense group.

(6) In ease of clean cutting seed trees must be left.

(7) Stumps must not be higher than the diameter in the case of trees
under 18 inches in diameter on the stump, and not more than 18 inches
in larger trees.

(8) Sound merchantable logs 6 inches or more in diameter used for
skidways and loading platforms must not be left in the woods.

Increase in Cost of Handling Small Timber.

The increase in the cost of handling and converting was found to be
about 3.3 per cent for each decrease of 10 board feet in the Doyle-Scrib-
ner scale of the log in the smaller diameters. The size of the mill-run
log between the years 1895 and 1900 was more than 80 feet. It is now
between 30 and 40 feet, Doyle-Scribner, in many of the larger mills
operating in the Norfolk district. If the cost of logging and milling
a 13-inch log, scaling 81 feet by the Doyle-Scribner rule, is regarded as
100 per cent, then the increase in the cost of logging and milling smaller
logs can be shown by the per cent of increase over the cost for this size
log. Table 76 shows the cost of logging and manufacture of legs of
different sizes allowing a 3.3 per cent increase in cost for every decrease
of 10 feet in the scale of the log.

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, 147

TaBue 76 —INCREASE IN THE Cost oF Manuracrurinc LumBerR WiTH DeEcREASE IN THE SizB OF
THE Loa.
Diameter of log Scale of log Cost of logging and milling

Inches Feet b. m. Per cent

It would cost 15 per cent more to manufacture lumber from 10-inch

logs than from 13-inch logs, consequently, disregarding the overrun, the

Pa: : s 5
“Arger logs might be regarded as 15 per cent more valuable than the

Small ones even if the value of the lumber per 1,000 feet were the same

from logs of both sizes.

RELATIVE VALUE OF TREES FOR DIFFERENT USES.

The wood of loblolly pine is commonly measured either as logs,
Scaled by Dovle-Seribner rule, or as cords of 128 cubic feet with the
bark on. or as cords of 160 cubic feet with the bark peeled. Piling is
now usually purchased on the same basis as logs for lumber—the diam-
Cter of the log being taken in the middle (the average of the two ends)
and the volume of the log scaled by a log rule. Since only the straightest
and longest bodied trees are used for piling, the stumpage value of tim-
selected for this use should be higher than that of the same size sold
milling purposes. Veneer is generally cut from logs 16 inches and
°ver in diameter. In smaller logs there is too large a proportion of
Waste in the wood which is left in the core. Small coarse grained and
“omewhat knotty stock can be used for erate veneers, but for panel veneer

fine grained timber, either free from knots or with only a few knots, is
desired

ber

fo r

- Pine veneer stock is purchased entirely by log seale, and its
Value, consequently, is that of the appropriate grades and sizes of logs
Which are purchased. (Tables 50 to 54.) (Plate XII, C shows excel-
lent veneer logs. )

Only small timber is purchased by the cord. Bolts for boxes and
‘rates, staves and headings are purchased by the cord with the bark on.
Pulpwood stock is purchased by the cord generally with the bark re-
Ooved or rossed. (For proportion of bark see Table 34.) The relative
Value of small trees of different sizes for cordwood, both rossed and
With the bark on and for sawtimber is shown in Table 77. Stumpage
values in the table are placed at $1.00 per thousand feet for lumber; at
1.00 a long cord for wood measured after it is rossed, dried and racked ;
nd at $1.00 a cord for wood measured with the bark on. To use this
table it is necessary to multiply the volumes which are given in the table

for trees of each diameter by the relation of the stumpage at $1.00 to the

 
; C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
148 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

actual stumpage price which is offered, using as a basal diameter the
diameter breasthigh of the average sized tree on the tract. For ex-
ample: If board measure stumpage were worth $1.50 per thousand feet,
the volume which is given for the average tree in the board measure
column should be multiplied by 1.50. If the cordwood stumpage meas-
ured after peeling were worth 50 cents a cord, the value given of the
average sized tree which is under this head should be multiplied by
.50. A comparison of the two resultant figures will show in which form
the timber could be marketed most profitably. Cords of 128 cubic feet
with bark on can be converted to cords of 160 cubic feet with bark on
by deducting one-fifth from the value per cord of 128 feet. The table
is based on all trees in stands 6 inches and over in diameter breasthigh.
Cordwood is cut to 3 inches inside the bark at the top for small ‘trees
and 6 inches for large trees. If knotty tops are not used the values of
the trees must be reduced about one-tenth.

TABLE 77.—CoMmPARATIVE VALUE OF TREES oF DiFF BRENT Sizes FoR Corpwoop WitTH THE BARK
oN, CorDwoop PEELED, AND FoR LUMBER (ScaALED BY Doy.LEe-ScrRIBNER RULE).

(Based on the average tree, Quality IT)

Diameter Cordwood, 128 cubic feet, Cordwood, 160 cubic feet, | Saw logs scaled by Doyle-

Breasthigh with the bark on at $1 measured after peeling, Scribner rule, at $1 a

Inches a cord at $1 a cord 1,000 board feet

-065 -036 $ .01
-08 -045 -013
-126 .07 | -023
95 -04
12 | .056
17 076
-205 10
25 | 122
.29 ! 156
34 -18
99

SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF CUTTING IN DIFFERENT TYPES.

The widely different conditions under which loblolly pine grows re-
quire different methods of cutting in order to obtain the most thorough
restocking. At times, however, it is not possible to adopt what is re-
garded as the most suitable system of restocking on account of the
method of logging which is employed, and there must be a compromise
in order to meet the logging requirements.
There are in common use three different methods of logging loblolly
pine. On wet land logging railroads are used with cable skidding, gen-
erally with overhead cable; or sometimes skidding is done by cable Stand 25 to 30 years old, Quality IT, befor: being tl ways oP askin
direct from the streams or canals dug for the purpose. On uplands log- rarer. Se pip rey Pag + Soc age
ging railroads are used, particularly on large tracts in extensive opera-
tions with slack cable skidding or drag skidding. This is frequently

 
SURVEY

AND ECONOMI(

4
4
5
6
io)
Z

ned first

coml

a

Stand shown in Plate XVI after

leaving t

cut

I

dominant trees have

nant

These, with
approxim

tr

intermediate

and

clear logs,

More than

el

which will saw out

d from

emove

W

et

3,000 feet D.-S

fe Author’s illustration

scaled less than 12

however,

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 149

supplemented with wheel logging. Wheels alone are use od | yy farmers in
logeing woodlots. They are also often used exclusively in logging suc sh
tracts as are near floating water, in which case the Fe is logged by
wheels to the water and then rafted to the mill.

Logging with railroad and overhead cable on wet land necessitates
either clear cutting or cutting in strips since the breakage of small trees
is very large. The cost of construction is comparatively heavy. Man-
agement consequently can not be intensive since relatively long intervé als
must elapse between cutting periods. Logging with railroad on upland
with ground cable skidding is not so expensive as swamp logging and
the breakage of small timber is not so great, consequently it can be re-
peated at more frequent intervals. (Plate X XI.) Logging with wheels
permits cutting at short intervals in very intensive operé tions. (Plates
XTV and XX.) In deciding on the method of cutting it 1s necessary
to take into consideration the method of logging. The object is to afford
the most frequent cutting periods, which are consistent with high earn-
ing power.

The following methods of cutting on different types of forests are
recommended.

(1) Upland Old Fields.

On dry soils loblolly pine forms pure stands only on old fields or on
longleaf pine or shortleaf pine land, which have been cut clean and

burned, and where the naked soil conditions resemble those of old fields.
Che small intermediate and suppressed trees in such stands recuperate
slowly after logging. Since the suppressed trees are invariably short-
bodied, a second cutting must be de ferred for a long time. This results
in the crowns of these trees becoming large and interfering with the
growth of the young stand which appet ars in the openings after the first
cut. For this reason clean cutting is preferab sle on all such sites. (Plate
[II.) The mature stand should be remov ed in one or two cuttings. In
Case two cuttings are made, the smaller and less promising trees, as well
as the knottiest trees, should be removed at the first cutting. The scat-
tered seed tree system of re production should be used; from, 3 to 6 trees
should be left per acre, unless there are near-by dominant trees in mature
stands which can be relied upon. The best formed trees should be re-
Served for seed trees. If the trees are wind-firm, isolated seed trees of
the dominant class may be lef Tf, as is frequently the case, on dry,
heav y clays of the Piedmont, or ges sand in the Coastal Plain is under-
lain by hardpan, the trees are not wind-firm (Fig. 3, a and b), seed trees
should be left only in groups. Tf these se ed trees have slender, clean

stems. they can be carried over until the succeeding stand is cut, when

their large diameters and clear timber will render them extreme sly valu-
able,

 
150 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

On the dry sandhills or Piedmont uplands loblolly pine reproduces
thoroughly only when its seed come in direct contact with mineral soil.
Stands on very sandy soil are frequently destitute of undergrowth, and
the leaf litter is extremely thin. (Plate III.) When 50 years old the
cover in such stands will often be so open that if the mineral soil is
exposed, dense mats of seedlings appear during wet periods. In the
Piedmont, where the undergrowth is heavy it may be necessary to cut
the small broadleaf trees which have appeared. (Plate VIII, A.) In
open stands the undergrowth is desirable for lessening the evaporation
of soil moisture both by sun and wind. When logging is carried on
during wet weather, particularly during the winter, enough mineral
soil may be brought to the surface to make a suitable mineral seed-
bed. On small tracts, a proper seedbed may be prepared by raking
up the leaf litter and using it for farm purposes, such as compost,
stable absorbent or mulch. This is frequently done, and while it. is
not intended for securing restocking, the latter follows as a natural
consequence. On such sites, where a suitable mineral seedbed is
found, reproduction of loblolly pine begins to take place by the time
the stands are forty or fifty years old, although most of the seedlings die
after a few years, since the shade of the old trees is still too dense. On
the other hand, where the leaf litter is deep and has not been disturbed,
young growth comes in slowly. This is well shown by stands at Grimes-
land, Pitt County, North Carolina, examined in the spring of 1909.
Loblolly pine had partially replaced longleaf pine on sandy-loam upland
(Norfolk loam). The tract, which was near a-dwelling, had been pro-
tected from fire, and hogs had been excluded from it for more than
twenty years. The leaf litter had accumulated to a depth of from six
to eight inches. Although there were large openings, and the surround-
ing loblolly pines bore seed abundantly, the stocking was not complete
on account of the dryness of the thick leaf litter. On the other hand
near-by open lands, on which the deep humus and litter had been de-
stroyed by fire and hogs, were well stocked. It may be desirable in the
case of farm forests to cut clean, cultivate the soil a few years until the
humus is partially exhausted, and then restock. In such a case if
there are no near-by seed trees it will be necessary to plant.

While the destruction of litter on this type is desirable for securing
restocking, it is not necessary as. a protective measure for old timber.
The ground cover rarely becomes sufficiently dense for a spring fire to
endanger the stand. It is undesirable to destroy the humus on the clay
soils of the Piedmont region for the reason that the water table is 30 to
45 feet from the surface during dry periods. During the autumn the
amount of available soil moisture in the fine-grained clay soils is small
on account of their high hygroscopicity. The humus covering, there-
fore, acts as a protection against evaporation of soil moisture and should
never be destroyed except when necessary to obtain natural reproduction.

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

“Natural’ Loblolly Pine Type.

On the so-called “natural” or permanent loblolly soils which occupy
Quality I sites and some of the best Quality 11 sites, loblolly pine
7 On such sites the pime 1s very
" recuperation

(2) Permanent or

forms pure even-aged groups or stands.
tolerant of shade (Plate IV) and has a greater power 0
B), and a thrifty young stan
lting from the successive removal of

1 / 1 is easily
from suppression (Plate VIII, ‘

obtained in the partial shade resu
trees in the old stand. The stand, tl
limit cutting. By such cutting the waste in cutting the slender peng
mediate trees (Plate XVII) is prevented and a greater profit in holding

; : Ene mee rales “natural” sites the
them for additional diameter growth is assured. On “natut il’’ sites

od bv oradual cutting in
mature stand may be removed by gradual cutting
The first removes the larger trees to a m

ierefore, lends itself to a diameter

two or more succes-
inimum diameter

Si ‘as i os.
ive fellings The second, made

of from 14 to 16 inches, according to the quality site.
from 10 to 20 years later, should remove the remaining t ab
‘ sufficient increment to justity hol«
If the stand is more

imber, unless

: . ling
the small trees will still show 5

them for a third cut, which will often be the case.

4 P ‘ . te ‘ =}
than 45 years old when the first felling 1s made, '
, issed the stage of most

the intermediate and

suppressed trees, since by that time they have ps rahe
rapid height growth, can gain very little in height after lum é ring. om
With logging operations costing $13 per 1,000 feet a ee
of interest (8 per cent) is obtained on Quality I site °y o : st
when the stand is 40 years old. The number of trees per heey “ wee -
and over in diameter breasthigh in a stand at this age is 273, , 7 stat"
age diameter 11.4 inches, the average volume 98 board ae, oh hea
yield 26,754 feet per acre by Doyle-Seribner rule; the geass rE pe 2
value per tree, 35 cents, or the total stumpage value per acre ba ie :
a normal stand at this age the average number of dontinan 8 >
about 123, having an average diameter breasthigh of ied a 86 f
average volume of 191 board feet, and an average log scale of 5: ; ee
If instead of cutting clean only the dominant trees are aed os
would be 23,400 board feet, having a Norfolk, Va., value ot $ a nd aad
1,000 feet, or a stumpage value of $77.49 per acre, ee bie ean
cost of $13 per 1,000 feet. The remaining portion of : 1 aca rtat
six inches in diameter, including the inftermediate and suppressed trees,
of $18.06 per acre. [his value is
ve volume of 54 board feet, an
stumpage value of

have an approximate stumpage value
made up of 150 trees, with an avera
high of 9.1 inches, and a

The examination of old cut
essed trees, because o1

of soil moisture,

average diameter breast
about 12 cents per tree.
in stands of Quality I the intermediate and suppr
the improved light conditions and greater amount

A Te ON ee
made available by the removal of the dominar
t trees

tings indicates that

trees, will make almost
of the same diameters.

as rapi -owth in diameter as dominan nf
is rapid growth in satin beastie

a ° ” J © € } £ € Ty Aran
In 15 years they may, therefore, attain an avers

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

of 12.5 inches, an average volume of 128 board feet, or a total yield per
acre of 19,200 board feet. Since, however, the value of the timber of
the intermediate trees will be greater than that of the dominant trees
of the same diameter, they will have an approximate value of $17.50 or
$18.00 per 1,000 board feet at Norfolk, and a stumpage value of 55
cents each, under an operating cost of $13, or a total stumpage value of
$82.50 per acre. This amount represents the accumulated compound in-
terest for 15 years on the trees left for growth, plus the original invest-
ment in these trees of $18.06. The original investment has thus yielded
10.7 per cent compound interest as against 8.6 which would have been
obtained by cutting clear at 40 years. Moreover, the average size log
under gradual felling is much larger. By cutting clean at 40 years the
average log is 34 feet. By making two fellings the average log of the
first cutting is 89 feet; that of the second felling 40 feet. The average
annual yield per acre by clean felling at 40 years is 669 board feet; by
removing the timber in two cuts it is 775 board feet. In this calculation
only the trees which were 6 inches and over in diameter at the time of
the first cutting are considered. In addition there are many suppressed
trees, which were less than 6 inches in diameter at the time of the first
cutting. Many of these will have diameters of from 7 to 9 inches at the
time of the second cut and will be merchantable in a third cutting.
Since the crown cover of the stand will be only about one-half complete,
even up to the time when the second felling is made, a thorough re-
stocking will have taken place. Within 15 years after the felling the
young stand which will have appeared should be from 30 to 50 feet in
height, the two age-classes resembling a two-storied stand. In the sec-
ond felling it is often possible to remove some of the largest trees in
the young stand—those with coarse knots. The second felling in the
old stand will have the same effect upon the young growth as that of a
heavy irregular thinning and improvement cutting.

The successive removal of the larger trees was in vogue in cutting
loblolly pine in eastern Virginia and North Carolina until after 1900.
It was customary up to that date to cut to a stump diameter of from 14
to 16 inches, which removed in the first cutting chiefly the dominant
trees. After 1900 this method was superseded either by clean cutting,
where the conditions justified itfor by reducing the diameter limit to 8
or 10 inch on the stump. Gradual felling under present market con-
ditions and methods of logging, seems best suited to pure stands of
loblolly pine on good sites. In place, however, of merely cutting
to a diameter limit or of removing only the dominant trees as was
the custom and as was the method used in the example, only large trees,
whose increment has begun to decline, should be removed in the first
cutting. The amount of the first cut should be so adjusted as to equalize
the two cuts, either in volume or in value, taking interest into consid-
eration. It should be possible to obtain at the second cutting a large

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, 153

J , : sind 2 ifor acing to secure
number of trees of relatively high grade. By uniform spacing

the fullest individual growth, trees of large diameters and yielding a

. Palio xe > Thile n without
valuable product could be obtained. (Table 78.) While not w1

i 1 of i ; me advantages in its favor.
drawbacks, this method of cutting has many advantages in 1t

The advantages and disadvantages of this method are as follows:
1. The cut per acre which can be made at one time by a logging
crew is less with two cuttings than with clean cutting.

fully compensated for by the larger size of the

 

This, however, 1s

logs, resulting 1m

cheaper logging and cheaper millwork.

2. Logging the old trees in young stands is somewhat more
roid or by the

costly

than cléan cutting. This, however, 1s again compensated f

cleaning and thinning of the young growth. ; Re
‘ 7 5 5 ken dow r fe xy the larger
3. Some of the young trees are broken down by felling t

7 ; Felli re is smé sine > old sup-
trees. With careful felling the damage is small, since the ‘ P
rather than wide-spread-

pressed and intermediate trees have very long,
ing, heavy crowns.

4, The reduction in the volume which is cut per acre also increases
the cost of railroad construction per 1,000 feet cut. This, however, 18
far more than met by the enhanced value of the produce
should be easy to determine whether the increased value per '
of the stand will be greater or less than the increased cost of production
per 1,000 feet.

Since too many trees in the old st

ae practice it
1.000 feet

and will retard the height growth

of near-by groups of young trees, the first eutting must be moderately
heavy. The retarding of the dominant trees In the young stand, how-
ever, is desirable since the trunk is freer of knots, the knots are smaller,
and the proportion of high grade lumber is greater In dominant trees,
particularly in the lower logs, when they are crowded. This syst
cutting is one which has been satisfactory to the lumbermen for ‘arn
years, and which helped to maintain the supply of loblolly pres in t .
Norfolk (Va.), Albemarle Sound, Plymouth (N. C.), and Washing-

ton (N. CG.) sections. It has further the advantage of affording heavy
therefore,

1s logging pos-

em of

cuttings at. intervals of not more than twenty years and,

should be practiced in place of clear cutting, which make
sible only at from 40 to 50 year intervals, and yields a lower grade of
logs, In following gradual felling, however, the suppressed trees which
are left for additional growth should not be relied upon for seed trees,
but these should be reserved from the dominant part of the stand. These
should be trees with the choicest stems and should be carried to large
diameters, if their rate of growth is satisfactory, to furnish high grade
veneer stock, or large size piling, or choice sawlogs which will yield 70
per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 lumber.

The form of forest sought should be large even-aged blocks. In log-
ging with railroad it is possible to thin one block when the adjoining
block is being cut for larger timber. This makes thinnings possible and

yet maintains the cut.

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

(3) Longleaf Pine Flat Lands.

The first step in connection with the management of these lands should
be to increase the density of the stands by protection against fire.
(Plate VI, A.) At present on account of the irregularity of the. stands
only selection culling or cutting clean in small groups is possible. The
diameter for cutting should be controlled as indicated in the discussion
of the method of cutting in open pure uneven-aged stands. The method
of cutting in large even-aged groups should be governed by the quality
site. On best sites cutting to a diameter limit may be followed. On
the dry sites'the stands should be thinned in the manner described under
thinnings, provided thinnings can be conducted without loss, the ob-
ject of thinning being to develop the best formed dominant and the
codominant trees, and the stands should be cut clean in one cutting or
in two cuttings at intervals of 10 to 15 years. Some of the best de-
veloped dominant trees should be left for seeding, unless mature and
heavy groups are near enough to assure thorough stocking. The ulti-
mate form of forest which should be sought should be large even-aged
groups or blocks, varying in age by 15 to 20 years, conforming to the
interval between cuttings. In many places there is already an excellent
basis for this form and the present distribution of age classes enables it
to be readily obtained. Seeding would take place from near-by mature
groups or seed trees could be left. Under good management these lands
are capable of yielding between 450 and 500 board feet a year. At
present the yield is much less, probably not over 300 feet a year.

On some of the medium dry sites with compact loamy, clayey, or silty
soils having a low humifying or oxidizing capacity, the pine straw and
leaf litter accumulates under heavy stands of timber to a depth of six
to eight inches. This litter dries out so thoroughly during the autumn
that seedlings, which were established on it during the damp spring, die.
Consequently, it is necessary when the mineral soil has not been brought
to the surface during lumbering or by hogs, to destroy the leaf litter
immediately after or during lumbering, in order to expose the mineral
soil sufficiently to secure restocking.

(4) Mixed With Hardwoods in Flat Swamps.

The present manner of cutting this type removes all of the pine and
the best trees of the more valuable hardwoods and leaves a large number
of old defective and small trees, chiefly water gum, sweet gum, and red
maples. Many of these are suppressed trees which fail to recuperate and
make additional height growth. They serve, however, largely as seed
trees. The resultant forest is a young, even-aged stand formed chiefly of
red maple, water gum, and sweet gum, but containing some pine over-
topped by the trees which were left at the first cutting. It is an unde-
sirable mixture on the whole, but a convenient form which permits con-

 

[A PINE 155
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

» . , » 4 ry se ction
version either into even-aged mixed stands or mto group sele

stands. Either of these is desirable. In the event of na aap aa
even-aged stands, the next eutting would be deferred until the young
age class was large enough to be cut, at which time all trees except wae
seed trees would be cut. These seed trees, three to tour to Jaa nerts we
remain uncut until the next felling period, when, 1 well selected, they
would have attained large diameters and be extremely valuable. Large
areas of even-aged stands, however, do not admit of thinnings, under
present conditions, and consequently the best individual development
of the tree is not obtained.

‘an be developed by felling the oldest age

f size. by the removal
class before the younger class reaches merchantable size, by the removs
an in groups as

: id : 4 rrowth, : cutting cle
fc) > a portion of the young growth, and g ;
Bed, P wie In this manner

much as possible in order to establish even-aged groups. '
each occupying groups

an acre in extent.

A group selection form

three or four age classes can be established,
which might consist of only a few trees or might be sagt
This is a very desirable form, since at the same time that the oldest age
class is felled thinnings and cleanings could be conducted aa huey ls
groups. This would enable the trees in each group to obtars 1 at
mum growth, and at the same time by means of cleanings to hs ec
gradually the inferior species. The forest should be managed for the
production of large sized oak, poplar, ash, and pine. — :

Since the soil conditions are not perfectly uniform im these sw amps,
certain areas, often less than one-fourth of an acre In extent, are better
adapted to the growth of some species than of others. So boo sole
economically possible an attempt should be made to localize t 1e wpe -
make the heaviest yield, by leaving near-by
The present complex mixture should ae -
converted into a more simple one by eliminating those species which “f
of least value, such as water gum, red maple, and beech. (Plate .)
valuable both silviculturally and for
in forming mixed stands

on the sites on which they
seed trees of these species.

The following species are the most
lumber, and preference should be given them “ C
: : : shes ak, yellow poplar,

on appropriate sites— loblolly pine, swamp chestnut oak, ye po}
Except sweet gum and elm, these

ash, sweet gum, water oak, and elm. elm, these
‘ and require plenty of light for

species are all rather intolerant of shade

seedling establishment.

(5) Loblolly Pine With Cypress in Deep Swamps.
k gum (Plate V., B) are
logging railroads by

These stands of mixed cypress, pine, and blac!

logved either from canals, from streams, or from

bt , : sable ways. Since there 18 a
means of steam skidders and overhead cable ways. ince th

7 i al is syste ‘ logging, 1t 18 recom-

large breakage of small timber with this system of logging

eft both of

mended that clear cutting be practiced and that seed trees be l ie
(Plate XXI.) The establishment of both species,

eypress and of pine.

 
156 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

however, takes place only during the drier seasons, consequently there
is no assurance that they will form a large part of the stand. Their
yield and value is so much greater than that of the gum and water ash
with which they are associated that management should look to eradi-
cating or reducing these species and supplanting them with cypress and
pine.

(6) Loblolly Pine With Pocoson Pine on Savannas.

The open stands of this type, which consists of scattered trees, require
that the density be increased in order to utilize fully the soil. (Plate
V,A.) Where the stands are open and the age classes are very irregular,
selection cutting (culling) must continue at present. The diameter for
cutting should be controlled as indicated in selection cutting in open
stands in Qualities II and III. Old even-aged groups should be cut
clean, leaving seed trees. There are numerous, though scattered, even-
aged groups of young trees, and with these as nuclei a group selection
form of forest should be developed. If the cutting interval is 20 years,
these can eventually be merged into definite even-aged blocks, the age
interval between them being 20 to 30 years. As these even-aged blocks
mature they should be cut clean, the immature blocks being thinned
during each cutting.

It is necessary to destroy moss during dry seasons since its accumula-
tion retards aération and renders the soil more acid, thus rendering it
less suitable for loblolly pine which has no visible mycorrhiza on its
roots. It also prevents the establishment of loblolly pine seedlings on
thick carpets of living sphagnum or on its raw humus, although the
pocoson pine can establish itself. Likewise the heavy sod of grasses and
herbaceous plants materially interferes at times with the establishment
of seedlings, although the presence of water on these lands during the

spring germinating period tends to limit their occupancy by loblolly
pine. The mixture on these sites should consist of longleaf, pocoson, and
loblolly pines. These lands are capable of yielding from 300 to 350
board feet a year in a rotation of 60 to 80 years, with cutting intervals
of 20 to 25 years. At present the annual yield is less than 200 feet.

(7) Loblolly Pine With Shortleaf Pine and Hardwoods-on Uplands.

The forests of this type should be managed as selection, preferably as
group selection stands. (Plate VII.) The loblolly pine should be cut
when it is about 16 inches in diameter breasthigh and when not more
than 70 years old. The trees will yield about 3 logs, the average log
scaling about 55 feet. Although loblolly pine makes more rapid growth
than shortleaf in this type it is not so desirable a tree as the latter on
account of its coarse, knotty wood, except on lower slopes, where the

moist soils are suited to its growth. The ideal mixture which should be

N.

C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

 

PLATE

 

XVIII

 
RVEY

SI

AND ECONOMIC

“a

 
GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SI

 
 

 

 

N, XXI

C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY.

 
 

 

N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

me A

i. ad anatt warn cmanetinn 4

pie

 
 

C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

 
 

 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 157

sine, yellow poplar, and south-
‘+ is necessary to bring the

1 afford plenty of light.

sought should be loblolly pine, shortleaf ]
ern re a i 5
mr d oak. In order to obtain restocking,
n ral soi ' ;
1ineral soil to the surface, to cut heavily, an¢
PROTECTION FROM FIRES.

The greate : : , , j i :
greatest destruction of young timber in the loblolly pineries 1s

being ioe a The tendency of the pine is to seek open places
‘ s full sunlight; these places are generally grassy, and if
a ground fire occurs before the pine is large enough to withstand it the

The frequent fires on the heavy

1 the pocoson pine
1s on such lands. (Plates

young growth is injured or destroyed.
sod on the longleaf pine flat land anc
responsible to a large extent for the open stant

is true of the grassy,

Vohe won cit Prawn
, A; V, B; VI, A; XX and XXII.) The same 1

lands in which grass and short-
lry out sufficiently to

savannas are

peaty lands, and the logged-over swamp

lived. shrubs ‘ . :
ved shrubs have secured a foothold and which <

burn.
[he difficulties of checking a forest fire in
seas the oe a . .
c) on, when it is under headway before a win
\ e force for fighting fire is limited; the areas are
diffe Ee gate 1 . ‘
ficult of access on account ot undergrowth in the swamps.

from forest fire is to prevent the fires

this region during a dry
1. are evident. The avail-
large and often
The most

reba sto way of reducing loss
om starting or from getting under headway.

While some fires undoubtedly originate from lig
ber start from one or

} htning, which can not
se ay : :

prevented, the greater num another otf the fol-
lowing sources:

1
(1 locomotives.

Locomotives, especially logging

y

9

3 ° vi
ring when new ground 18

)
(2) Logging erews or from logging camps.
(3) Farm laborers, especially in the sp
ines cleaned.
‘rom which the fire spreads

being cleared, brush burned, or fence |
(4) Burning dead grass on orazing land, f
to woodland, or burning the woodland for pasturage.
(5) Hunters and fishermen.
(6) Carelessness on the part of
The fires from all these causes can be ]
through using greater care in handling fi
he people to the losses
setting

yther persons.
yrevented or reduced in num

re in the forest, posting notices,
from fires.
fire to woodland,

ber

and general education of t
m - -~T : ‘
The law of North Carolina in regard to

eee :
brush land or grass land, reads as follows:

—If any person shall inten-

and, or woodland, except it be his
iving notice to all persons Own-

ection 8 of Chapter 243, Public Laws of 1915.-

Honaiy set fire to any grass land, brush 1
ie Page ye le in that case without first giv
takin pote rages adjoining the land intended to be fired, and also
extinguiall pioel ge ch such fire while burning and taking effectual care to
the lands so fired so befor e it shall reach any lands near to or adjoining
ne shall he is he shall for every such offense be guilty of a misdemeanor
imitaoned then not less than ten dollars, nor more than fifty dollars, or
Hacinaeds neha exceeding thirty days. This shall not prevent action for
ges sustained by the owner of any property from such fires.

 
 

158 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

In the portions of the State where this law has been publicly posted
and arrests and prosecutions made under its provisions, it has had the
effect of greatly lessening the number of fires from carelessness.

(7) In addition, owners should require persons ‘wishing to hunt,
especially to hunt at night with torch, to obtain a permit, with the
understanding that the services of the holder of the permit shall be
available for fighting fire without pay.

(8) No grazing should be permitted on land which was burned that
season.

The most satisfactory way to protect forest land from outside fires is
to burn in the fall, as soon as the leaves have fallen and are sufficiently
dry, a strip 100 feet wide around the area to be protected. Sometimes it
is sufficient to plow only several furrows around the area or two furrows
100 feet apart and burn the intervening strip. (Plate XVIII.)

It is essential to protect all young pine trees from fire until they ‘are
from 20 to 30 feet high and their stems are well cleaned for 10 or 15
feet. (Plate IV.) This means a period of from 10 to 15 years after
lumbering and restocking. Areas containing young growth should be
surrounded by fire lines, kept clear by annual burning during damp
weather. During very dry weather it is advisable to patrol large bodies
of well established young growth, if at all exposed to fire. Neighborhood
associations should be formed in sections of counties where the damage
from fire is great, and these associations assume the responsibility of
protection. The members can issue permits for grazing and night hunt-
ing on their lands, prohibiting during the year the use of areas which
have been burned for these purposes, appoint patrols during dry, windy
seasons and organize forces for fighting fires in case one starts.

BRUSH LOPPING.

Wherever clean cutting is practiced and seed trees left, or where cut-
ting is done to a diameter limit and only small trees are left, it is desir-
able that the branches be lopped from the tops in order to reduce the
danger from fire. The lopped branches lie close to the earth and soon
decay. Tops which are unlopped may remain a fire menace for many
years. (Plate XIX.) Lopping is not necessary on very wet lands or

where pine is mixed with hardwoods, unless cutting is clean and the
amount of slash is large. Lopping without burning is generally suf-
ficient; only in exceptional cases is it necessary to burn the slash.
Whether it should be piled before burning depends upon the conditions,
but piling is generally advisable. No slash should be left touching seed
trees or groups of young trees. Damp weather without wind should be
selected for burning. There should always be an ample force on hand

to look after the fire.

N

fo)

GEOLOGICAL

fe)

rown cover

AND ECONOMIC

}
of loblolly

ST

RVEY

 
N. GC. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

Crown cover of loblolly pin¢

isolation of the crowns 18
such a canop

characterist! Groups of seet

: s illustra
lish themselves under Author's illust

 
 

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

THINNINGS.
Is in order to concen-

I ings ar :
hinnings are made in crowded even-aged stan
accelerate their

f the soil in a few best trees,

tye > > " .
trate the productive power 0
for them to reach

iorten the time necessary
ller or defective large trees are removed,
rge well-developed trees. In
on of the weaker specimens
(Plates

growth, and in this way sl
maturity. Since only the sma
the mature stand eventually consists of la
iminati
opment of the stand.

light and food both the sup-
ling, how-

the natural process of thinning the el
takes place too slowly for the best devel

IV; XVII; XXVII.) In the struggle for

A certain amount of crow
1 of rapid height growth,
knots in the lower

yressed ; : 4
pressed and dominant trees suffer.

ever, is Meany ee ges ; ‘
, is necessary, particularly during the perio¢

ly free from
should be light during
rgely limited to

to develop long straight stems reasonal

if nl 1. r\Y rm, * . .
a (Plate XVII.) Thinnings, therefore,
the peri ape : ‘

e period of rapid growth in height, and should be la

lear length of stem,

After the ¢

15) thinnings should be heavy in order to
r of individual stems, the diame-
on the amount of

removing the knottiest trees. pare
has been developed (see Table
favor the rapid development in diamete

aed of the tree has an important influence; not only

material in it but also on the high value of the lumber which is ob-
tained from it. (See page 120, and Tables 59 to 64, and 71.) It is
commonly held that when the larger trees are removed as they come to

merchantable size, the smaller trees left will begin to grow fast. Such
benefit to the stand, but not to the same extent
by thinning the small trees not only a

cured.

a thinning may be of
as thinnings of the small trees;
larger amount, but a higher quality is s¢
It has already been noted (page 42) that lob
—* progressive ‘nerease in its light requirements and
decline in its capacity to endure crown compression. | Plates 1V; XL.)
Chis decline is especially marked on the dryer sites. (Plates III, and
XXV.) On good sites one effect of this characteristic 18 that in middle-
aged stands, 50 to 75 years, tl 1] intermediate trees and
even such codominant trees as have en crown compres-
to recover rapidly or
; this inertness of

es

lolly pine exhibits with

a corresponding

1e suppressed an¢
lured prolonged
even at all after their
classes

sion lose their capacity

rowns are freed; on dry sit the dominated

re which the domi-

The relative toleran¢
sites exhibit

1 on different quality
light, is shown numeri-
» suT-

extends to much younger trees.
nant trees of different diameters an
the demands of the crown for
e 78) whit
e surface of t
pO. hab TEV.)

shade the natural thin-

as expressed by
cally by the index of tolerance (Tabl
face of the crown space to the area of th
(Plates XXIV; XXV;

ive intolerance of

th is the ratio of the
he stem of the tree

inside the bark.
On account of its comparat

 
160 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

ning which takes place in stands is rapid as is shown by the decrease in
the number of trees per acre (Table 42). (Plates IV; XI; XV.)
Stands of loblolly pine consequently are less benefited by artificial thin-
ning than those of such species as endure more crowding and in which
the struggle of the individual trees for supremacy is more prolonged.
Stands of this species on good sites (moist soil) are most responsive to

thinning (Plate IV) ; those on dry sites aré less responsive (Plate IIT).

On very wet soils thinnings increase but little the growth of the remain-
ing trees and for this reason are hardly justifiable.

Since the power of recuperation of the intermediate and suppressed
trees decreases with the age of the stands and with the length of the
period of overcrowding, thinnings in old stands which have never been
previously thinned, must be entirely limited to the subordinate classes.
In young stands which are thinned when not more than 25 or 30 years
old, many dominant trees can be removed, since the codominant and
intermediate trees of these ages still retain great recuperative power
(Plate IX, A), have approximately the same height as dominant trees
and straighter, clearer, and better formed stems (Plate XVII). Such
a thinning constitutes a combined thinning and improvement cutting.
A thinning of the dominant trees at this age will remove stems with
coarse knots which would saw out a large amount of low grade lumber,
even after they attained large diameters. (Plate XVI.) It also has
the advantage of yielding some sawlog timber, thus making cutting at an
early age remunerative. On the poorer, and particularly, on the drier,
sites, subsequent thinnings should be made only with the object of fore-
ing the development in diameter of the largest and choicest of the treeg
in the stand. The smaller trees which are crowding the better trees,
which are to form the final stand, should be removed. Thinnings should
be repeated, dependent upon their severity, at intervals of from 5 to 15
years. Frequent and light thinnings are preferable to heavy ones made
at long intervals. The number of trees per acre on the different quality
sites decreases in natural stands at different rates in accordance with
the age of the stand (Table 42). This rate may serve as a guide in
making thinnings at any age. Thinnings are less effective when the
first one is deferred until the stand is 40 or more years old.

Artificial thinnings should be heavier than natural thinnings, but never
so heavy as to leave large openings on all sides of the best trees selected
for the final stand. The trees which are removed in older stands should
be in the intermediate and codominant crown classes. The openings
which are made by removals should be closed before the time of the next
thinning in order to secure some lateral crowding and the clearing of the
stems of branches before they become too stout and horizontal. Since the
development of knots 114 inches in diameter causes a reduction in grade,

N.

C.

GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC

Crown cover of loblolly pine,

Stand crowded,

illustration. )

in

urgen

SURVEY

nt need of thinnin

 
AND ECONOMI(

GEOLOGICAL

fe)

a

1al

Q

né

p

Crown cover of

loblolly

rapid individual

condition I¢

llent

Exce

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 161

sufficient density should be maintained to prevent the development of
limbs which would make knots of this size on the lower three logs on
Quality I and the lower two logs on Qualities IT and IIT. The sup-
pressed trees need not be removed. They make small demand upon soil
moisture, yet serve a very useful purpose on account of their low crowns
in shading the soil and lessening drying winds. This is particularly
applicable to very dry clay sites; less so to very sandy sites. When
the mature stand is fully developed, it can be removed in one cutting
or in several cuttings made at short intervals.

Notwithstanding that the pure even-aged stands of loblolly pine offer
unexcelled inducements for thinnings made for the purpose of acceler-
ating the growth of the individual tree, no adequate data are available,
either as the result of experience in commercial forests or in experi-
mental plots which show the preferable manner in which thinnings
should be executed, their cost or their effects upon the yield of the stand.
It is believed that by proper thinning the rate of diameter growth of
all trees in a stand can be stimulated well beyond that given in Table 71
for dominant trees. There would not be as many trees per acre on such
thinned stands as there are‘in the dominant class of crowded stands
(Table 42), but the larger volume per tree and the larger amount of
saw timber would more than compensate for the smaller number of
trees. A stand containing 6,000 cubic feet per acre in 60 trees, each of
which will yield 560 board feet (Tables 19 and 21) or 36,000 feet per
acre is far more valuable than one containing 6,000 cubic feet formed
of 100 trees, each containing 300 board feet and yielding 31,000 feet per
acre. Not only is the cost of operation less, there being 50 per cent
more logs to handle in the stand containing the larger number of trees,
but in addition to the larger yield per acre the stumpage of the larger
trees is intrinsically more valuable per unit on account of the larger
proportion of wide stock and high grades it will yield. (Pages 119
to 127.)

It is possible however to determine approximately the results upon
yield of very intensive thinnings by means of data obtained from fully
stocked unthinned stands. Certain trees in such stands on account of
the fact that they are less crowded and have more growing space have
outstripped all others both in height and diameter. These are the pre-
dominant trees which constitute in the normal unthinned fully stocked
stand from one-fifth to one-fourth of the number of dominant trees.

Not only have they larger diameters than the other dominant trees but

they are also taller. The wide range of diameters of trees in interme-
diate and dominant crown classes which enter into the crown cover

+s shown in Table 1. Had the density of the more crowded portions of
the stand been reduced so that the spacing of all the trees equaled that

of those of the favored predominant class there would have been fewer

li

 
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

trees in the stand but their individual growth should have equaled that
of the predominant trees, Careful measurements have been made to

determine the area of the optimum crown space required for the growth

of dominant trees of different diameters (
quality sites.

retarding accretion,

 

meter
breast-
high

Inches | SPace

Sq.
feet

82
108
137
167
200
235
279
329
366
409
453
501
553
605
659
733

920

Crown

Distance
between
trees

Feet

10
12
13
15
16
17

 

The trees which enter into the

Jrown
space

Index
of
toler-

Sq.
ance

feet

to

102
137
170
210
240
296
345
396
450
506

om b& bo

Go &

give each tree the optimum crown

the crown space is less than the
there are more trees per acre,
retarded ; if it «

VI, A.)

Table 79, to show yield of thinned
the average diameter of the pred
ages on different quality sites

Quality

II

Distance
between
trees

Feet

11
13
15
16
17
19
21

22

24

> bo tS
Say

Index
of
toler-
ance

crown cover can be

Crown
space
Sq.
feet

115
152
194
242

296

Distance
between
trees

Feet

12
14
16
18
19

and is understocked.

at different ages) on different
Table 78 gives the crown space of d
the distance between trees, while in Table 79
such trees of different diameters wl

ominant trees and
is given the number of
ich would occupy an acre without

Index
of
toler-
ance

11.1
11.3
11.4
11.7
11.9

so thinned as to
space required for that diameter: if
optimum (Plate XXVII), although
the accretion of the individual
xceeds the optimum the st

tree is

(Plate

stand and yield of thinnings, gives
ominant trees in stands of different

; the number of such trees which could

Occupy an acre as determined by the areas of their crown spaces: the
Pp’ ; ;

total yield of such stands, and the yield
ning; the full value of the entire stand at (

of the trees removed in thin-
lifferent ages, and the value of

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 163

the trees removed in thinnings. In fixing stumpage values id ston
in the younger stands a deduction has been made from im iar —
in Tables 59 to 64 to allow for the difference in “cul _ ¥ . — cai
ever, that the stumpage in thinned stands at all ee : i A : _
ning will be more valuable than that in alpen gin 0 by _—
age if, as recommended, the roughest dominant trees are removed in ;

i: i p i * avi as he basis for
i i i i or “ovement cutting leay Ing as t asis
»yreliminary thinning and impr¢ ve 5 ‘4

the ultimate mature stand the clean stemmed intermediate and ake
nant trees. (Plates XVI; XVII.) On account of the high si
‘ight thinnings the stumpage value of the eee — “J is
them has been placed at $2 per 1,000 board feet less than the s page

i i rj antire stand.
value of the timber in the entire sta

 
4
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 1¢

LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA
3y comparing the values of the thinned stands in a 79 ae one
given for unthinned stands in Table 71 it is seen that { unnings in wenee
the value of the stands on Qualities I and 1 EH he values of paca
III stands, however, are reduced. This shows as has aie eng vi
in a previous paper™ that “the chiet value of the Fg ay ble hes -
stands on dry soils is to save the tree which would be lost by dy a
There would be comparatively little accelerated growth on oe *
for natural thinning takes place so rapidly that there is ae pro ee
crowding to retard the diameter increment of the dominant trees.

inni . rreatly > value of the stands on good sites,
Thinnings, however, add greatly to the ve n g0 mig
; os is taken into con

at age of

stand give

and if the value of the material saved in the thinnin
i ¢ sites exce > very wet.
sideration they are probably profitable on all sites except the very v

Thinnings made

Amount

Table 79, last column.) pe Ge ba,
It should be understood, however, that the theoretical yields fox

: ee Ea. cet : ns
thinned stands which are given in Table 79 are obtainable only unde
, € ‘ wi, a . een CE . ainda es
ideal conditions of equal spacing which could not be realized in practic
deal e s al s § tcp NR sre
The crown space for each tree can not be progressively increased to meet
1e crown sp:

bly two such.
-year old stand; Quality ITI, is consequently thinned without profit.

its requirements; some trees or some sides of siete nag Sst
invariably be crowded; while reheat zp! sacs ( + im snp ng
ing crowns some other trees will have ‘a * aoks co Ranma Ave
esrb een ne rer oa ou co td real guide at all times
apace *< tag how heavily to thin must be the reciierspaty
of crowns (Plates XI, XIV, XV, XVI, XXV IT) and ve aad
ae trees must be removed here and there where the conditions allow i

: ia + aTrnw 20Ver.
1 | maki axtre , large openings in the crown cc
to be done without making extremely large oy

Plate X XIT.) SRE Rs
Mere thinnings can seldom be made on large tracts which are rps
mete ion ed: ill ti ‘equire the building of rail-
4 ion of saw timber and require the b g
, ysroduction of sawmill ' of rail
adtngs (Page 137.) - Loblolly pine occupies, how-

iC
&
2
z
=|
Z
4
=
z
a
=
>
°
EI
EI
pe |
[==]
=]
a
B
&
°
i
>
Z
<
aI
Z
°
=
<
a
Zz
<
2
Q
<
4
4

e per 1000
t., operat-
ing expenses $13
11.00
11.50

bd. f

Quality I
Quality II
Quality III

Yield per
an that of stand at same age. The 30

Board feet

eed the average of the dominant

eae tor . fi ‘ > logging.
roads for pro itable 465*5 ne : i ‘ok i
IVE i pure even-age d stands a la rge area of far m fore st in th ly
ev T, in ’ :

Volume
per tree (c)
and feet less th

be a y ae . - oJ | »Q Ty M4 . € s > ire
settled communities, either near towns or neal factories which asst
‘ dis ae .
en Such conditions not only render thin-

: i Ous é rke ) for cord wood. :

continuous ma at, : i sige é eS 4
iz 2S possible c nd yrofita le for their uence [ or 1€ de € loy ment

1 ss s ) I 1p l =] ve f

i é > I€ 1ancially pro tab € by
é ut 1n many cases . f ay ‘4
he mature s and, bu $ wl be

THINNED STanps or LOBLOLLY Pine av Dirrere

Number
of trees
ant trees slig

i yever, Cé rofitably apply intensive meth-
The farmer, however, can profi y appl

Sateen Under certain

: “4 384 arge tracts.
ods of management, which are impossible on large t acts : ;
, h S ‘ ste Ss managec
litions thinnings can undoubtedly. also be made in stands manag
conditions 2:

presuppose a prel

its of predor

Hi;

; P atay apate ¢s 6 My ie s ock:
f the production of timber for pulp, stave, crate, and headi g st c
or = Be. M cs re 2,
f tl production of timber for these uses 1n connection w ith the pro
or the 5

YIELD AND VALUE oF 1

va ral
duction of large sized timber for saw logs.
Felli f the larger trees in the even
The gradual felling of the larger tree !
tands whish has been recommended (pages 151 anc
stands s

es per acre are rounded off to the nearest dollar.

sumed stumpage value $2.00 per th

y interpolation in table.

aged loblolly pine
d following) as a

(a)The first thinnings

TABLE 79,
80
(b)The h

5 Soc Toreste 9 Page 97.
*M ent of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines, Proc. Soc. Am. Foresters, 1910, Page 9
Manageme a

 
TA PINE 167
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.
166 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA pie,

tentative method of cutting, tl
cutting, is not thinning.
which on certain sites

1at will result in larger

; bay : 2 a * drill. The

rt. A pound of seed is sufficient to plant 300 feet of dri
yields than clean apart. 4
It has the effect of freeing

cs in a few weeks and the seedlings should be from 8 7 °
the smaller trees seeds ye , the end of the first season, when they should be pare
are stimulated into accelerated growth, but the exes aye | If the bed is located on moist soil or gett te yey ya
ry different from those obtained by thinning. ca tel Gam as in a small clearing in ang tas Satie "St ‘
Under gradual felling the merchantable cauteel. On very dry soil it will he oe Ryan the seedbed.
medium diameter in order to obtain early cuttings. The object of thin- sereen made of slats or boughs on a frame 2 me should be dug around
nings is to obtain timber of large diameters ; Tf the bed is located in the sorent A pi paca it of moisture. A
stand consequently is deferred. it to prevent the sige . noeebagabrrry kalo ie eae weeks before

liberal application of as es tC Co er ae ore thrifty and stockier

ARTIFICIAL RESTOCKING, planting oa well worked in erspueebigg axel root system. The soil

Gathering of Seed, anid givet smn pany de gree this may lead to “damping wail

in § i of the seedbed must not # : This is a disease caused by a fungus

Seed should be collected in September or early in October before of the plants when very young. 11s 18 é
heavy frosts have opened the cones. (Plate IT.)
quently still green in September but if the seed
nate. Cones

ultimate results are ve

trees are removed while yet of

the removal of the main

*£ ‘ a are rer-crowded in
The cones are fre- which may attack and destroy the stem i any? rie loblolly pine.
are firm they will germi- seedbeds although so far it has not been known to ¢ ‘
san be sécured from trees which are being cut where lum-
bering is in progress, and should be taken fr

om dominant, thrifty, mid-
dle-aged, or older trees

‘ Piasitatsetia: ws » started
rather than from young trees or fr Loblolly pine reproduces only from rig gangs hom i cheaper
or suppressed ones, since not only is the percentage of sound seed higher whit i by young plants or by direct ee vi ec oars of the difi-
from such trees but it is genetically undesir and under most conditions is more sre re a hk Ali plants
poorest growth should be the source of seed. Not less than 50 per cent culty of transplanting the young pines. it 1s
of fresh seed from such trees should be germinable. ;

i 7 ings might be
land which is very foul and on which young seedlings mi;
: only on land which is very fc
sunning until they begin to open
barrels in a dry but we

Planting.
om codominant

able that the specimens of

The cones after

should be placed in sacks or loose

8 : sed i lace
e-y i seedling plants can be used in ple
py r-old wild see dling I

: 1 ; smothered. One-yea

Il ventilated building until they are fully

open, when the seed can be flailed out.
mildewing, the sacks or barrels should 1
cones can be stored in shallow trays
ting, the trays being on r:
tilation.

The seed are flattened, about 14 inch long, nearly black, and are
attached to a shining brown: w

/
cleaned seed to a pound.

; ‘ine late winter or
wn stock. “Planting should be done during = Moni
rsery grown s . *: : vet soils. is ot advisable.
, of Sey St . Fall planting, except on wet soils, is a :
To prevent the seed from sarly in the spring. all pls b two persons, one making the holes
: mis ‘ 5 scklv do yy twe sTsOns, ; ,
€ occasionally turned, or the Planting is most quickly weit oa ie plants in a box strapped over the
with bottoms of slats or with a mattock, the other carrying ight in the hole with one hand:
icks in an airy chamber left shoulder. The plant ge rh the earth is drawn up to the
; 4 anes 7 1e other ; é ' : 5
cme? lal Sa tects essed around it on both sides with the
4 ys » foot anc rmiy pressed ¢ ; of the plants
lant with the : aken to prevent the roots of the pls
ing 34 inch long. There are about 20,000 ct Every precaution must whens 0 * therefore, be kept all the
1 : : by Pp neti ving © ; they 8s 5) ? :
The price per pound usually varies from $1.50 in the box from drying out Pe rig oe preferable to puddle the roots
: Ro KH : d . ick wet cloth. . , , .
when bought directly from collectors, to $2.50 if bought from dealers. time covered with a thick ee ( lbed by dipping them in a thick mud,
: 3 . ane ae 2 seed det i 5 '
The collection of seed should be profitable. It is estimated that two on lifting the plants from ee On the better soils planting can well be
P : : “ouchly. n ) . ‘ we :
bushels of unopened cones will yield a pound of seed. so as to coat them thoroughl; & bv B feet. When the condition of
Dad one > poorer, » DY « A .
ade 6 by 6 feet; on the j “ae Ber ee aa e
made a 2 armit it, furrows can be laid off Ww) yee
Seedbeds. the surface will permi can plant in these furrows without
: fh fe apart, and one man Cé . : é seld
: , sired distance apart, a Se BERT 9 Scale it would seldom
oamy, or mellow soil, prefer- di arses On account of the rapidity of its growth it
; : 7 Pica ; ‘ assistance. é
ably on a rather moist site. 17 he soil is best prepared by cultivating assist
several times during the y

1 488 "y é savy clay soils.
to cultivate a plantation unless on dry and heav, ;
3 . cessary to ¢ ate
year preceding planting. The weed abld nace i ane
be killed by burning the soil as is done in preparing tobacco beds,

are usually made 4 or 5 feet wide, the rows
bed. The seed should be planted in February
coast, early in autumn, about 1,

wire net-
so as to secure ven-

Seedbeds should be prepared in fertile, |

Beds Direct Seeding.
being located across the
or March, or, near the

3 hes i rs 8 » ease of germina-
t . © f sound seed, the ease o {
j > large proportion 0
On accoun of the le £
in h d ep in thin rows about 8 ae sa

. _ 5 sig < ; ° tig
tlon an ] r i 1ess and rapidity of erowth 0 the young plant, dir t
: 9 1 |} > narainess ¢é € e aki b . - "O¢ »¢ sowing
see tin ' t : ds remarka )] Vv well. T his can be either br oadc ast so
2C ing succeeds € be . C.

or by seed spot planting.

 
168 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

Broadcast sowing should be made early in March. If the surface is
very foul with weeds or brush, the larger brush should be cut with axes
or brush hooks in strips early in winter and piled in windrows against
living brush. In early spring, when thoroughly dry, it should be
burned clean and the seed sown after the first rain. From three to four
pounds of seed per acre are required for direct seeding without covering.
If there is a heavy sod, it can be burnt and the ground harrowed with
a disk or tooth harrow before seeding and the seed covered with a
weeder after seeding two or three pounds of seed per acre. On plowed
ground seed should be broadcast at the rate of 1144 to 2 pounds to the
acre and covered with a weeder. It js desirable to mix the seed with
one-half bushel of slacked ashes or earth, as is done with turnip seed, in
order to secure a uniform distribution.

Seed spot sowing requires less seed than broadcast. Droppings can be
done either like corn or peas at places 4 by 4 feet, or furrows can be
laid off four feet apart, the seed dropped at distances of 4 feet in the
furrows and lightly covered 14 to Y% inch with earth. The soil can be
either plowed or unplowed. Plowing is seldom justified. On smooth,
clean, sandy land where there are few bushes, stumps, or little sod, it is
possible to plant with a horse corn or pea-planter, such as the Cole com-
bination planter, A plate with one small hole can be used which will
drop several seed every 4 feet. The seed should be thoroughly mixed
with dry ashes. It is necessary to adjust plow point and coverer so that
the seed are covered the necessary depth. On rough soil a hand corn-
planter can be used, adjusted for the small pine seed. If planting is
done by hand the soil should be loosened with a mattock for 6 inches
square and to a depth of 3 to 5 inches and from 10 to 15 seed should
be dropped in each spot and covered not more than one-half inch.
From one to two pounds of seed is ample for seed spot planting. On
most portions of the sandy longleaf pine lands the conditions permit the
use of a planter. Since from 3 to 6 acres of land can be planted in
a day by this means, the planting of these lands in loblolly pine, at a
total cost of planting of $2 to $3 an acre, would be, with adequate pro-
tection from fire, advisable from an investment standpoint. Tt is nec-
essary in all plantations to furnish absolute protection against fire.

Advisability of Loblolly Pine Planting.

At the present prices of pine stumpage it is possible to grow loblolly
pine in plantations profitably in places where land of good growing
capacity can be purchased cheaply. Plantations should never be made
on land which naturally stocks in pine, since in such a ease the cost of
planting adds unnecessary expense. Neither should it be undertaken on
land which has a value greater than $10 an acre. If the land has a
value of $10 an acre and a producing capacity equal to that of upland
old fields of good quality, about Quality Site IT, and the cost of seed spot

vA PIN 169
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

1 and labor, does not exceed $3 an acre, een
, : ; hs vats] ne per
feet of timber under an interest rate of 6 f
Table 80.

planting, including seec
of growing 1,000 board fen te
t i Sté 3 aS §
¢ a year, in an unthinned stand, 1s a
cent a year, In ¢

pee y PINE IN PLANTATIONS.
1,000 Boarp Frnt or Growrne LOBLOLLY PINE I

‘neon Da ;

Taste 80.—Cosr Pxr 1,

Qvauiry II. :

Value (Jan. 1913)"per
1,000 feet B. M., of

age based on

i s age per 1,000, stumpage basec

Tels fend mm pea et eh Quality II, operating
board feet ,0ard cost $13 per 1,000

Accumulated costs on an Mba rane
Age of initial investment of $13
stand an acre, interest at 6 per
cent a year, less the
Years value of the land

6,000
$ 64.62 16,

89 .84
123 .77

168 .88

Ss > S é 38 en ( f
é le CC nsequen ly wl h an init al investm )
Plan ations can be made

plo € acre wit > eC ) ) ttl € PAST ¢ cent, Ccom-
L g ea ) v€ a) co
i ) ctation ot nett 5
$1 > an acre wl h he xpe pence 3
=) yrovide are 1s an increase I ¢ 1. I 1, ) ke t eye t .
I ounde iF ] r 1 le d he € a Hie $

: ne” ha ens
, > eh stand at 35 years; : en
price of stumpage In a st $9.25 in a stand at 45 years.

an increase of $2.25
stand at 40 years old, and an in¢ rease ee ie ee
TI f $1.50 in 35 years 1s less than %4 - Aegon
m ° a "eg se oO ¢ at oe : : c 7 ed mf - “ 3
gegen og page per 1,000 feet. The of ind
an spe ge agate 1 by means of Table 38.
a I lity sites can be easily calculated by un pan vA sal
ler quailty 8 € ‘ ware? wu ables 5! .
oe : value of stumpage can be approximate t fr F :
ping ie epg st of growing is affected as shown
‘ 5 i

64. Tn case stands are thinned the ec
in Table 79.

 
PUBLICATIONS
OF THE

NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY

BULLETINS.
1. Iron Ores of North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze, 1893. 8°, 239 pp., 20

pl., and map. Out of print.

2. Building and Ornamental Stones in North Carolina, by T. L. Watson and
F. B. Laney in collaboration with George P. Merrill, 1906. 8°, 283 pp., 32 pl.,
2 figs. Postage 25 cents. Cloth-bound copy 80 cents extra.

3. Gold Deposits in North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze and George B.
Hanna, 1896. 8°, 196 pp., 14 pl. and map. Out of print

4, Road Material and Road Construction in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes
and William Cain, 1893. 8°, 88 pp. Out of print.

5. The Forests, Forest Lands and Forest Products of Eastern North Caro-
lina, by W. W. Ashe, 1894. 8°, 128 pp., 5 pl. Postage 5 cents.

6. The Timber Trees of North Carolina, by Gifford Pinchot and W. W. Ashe,
1897. 8°, 227 pp., 22 pl. Out of print.

7. Forest Fires: Their Destructive Work, Causes and Prevention, by W. W.
Ashe, 1895. 8°, 66 pp., 1 pl. Postage 5 cents.

8. Water-powers in North Carolina, by George F. Swain, Joseph A. Holmes
and BE. W. Myers, 1899. 8°, 362 Dp., 16 pl. Postage 16 cents.

9. Monazite and Monazite Deposits in North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze,
1895. 8°, 47 pp. 5 pl. Out of print.

10. Gold Mining in North Carolina and other Appalachian States, by Henry
B. C. Nitze and A. J. Wilkins, 1897. 8°, 164 pp., 10 pl. Out of print.

11. Corundum and: the Basic Magnesian Rocks of Western North Carolina,
by J. Volney Lewis, 1895. 8°, 107 pp., 6 pl. Out of print,

12. History of the Gems Found in North Carolina, by George Frederick
Kunz, 1907. 8°, 60 pp., 15 pl. Postage 8 cents. Cloth-bound copy 380 cents
extra.

13. Clay Deposits and Clay Industries in North Carolina, by Heinrich Ries,
1897. 8°, 157 pp., 12 pl. Postage 10 cents.

14. The Cultivation of the Diamond-back Terrapin, by R. E. Coker, 1906.
8°, 67 pp., 23 pl., 2 figs. Out of print.

15. Experiments in Oyster Culture in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, by
Robert E. Coker, 1907. 8°, 74 pp., 17 pl., 11 figs. Postage 6 cents.

16. Shade Trees for North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe, 1908. 8°, 74 pp., 10 pl.
16 figs. Postage 6 cents.

17. Terracing of Farm Lands, by W. W. Ashe, 1908. 8°, 38 pp., 6 pl., 2 figs.
Postage 4 cents.

18. Bibliography of North Carolina Geology, Mineralogy and Geography,
with a list of Maps, by Francis Baker Laney and Katherine Hill Wood, 1909.
8°, 428 pp. Postage 25 cents. Cloth-bound copy 80 cents extra.

19. The Tin Deposits of the Carolinas, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and Douglas
B. Sterrett, 1905. 8°, 64 pp., 8 figs. Postage 4 cents.

20. Water-powers of North Carolina: An Appendix to Bulletin 8, 1919. 8°,
383 pp. Postage 25 cents.

21. The Gold Hill Mining District of North Carolina, by Francis Baker
Laney, 1910. 8°, 137 pp., 23 pl., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents.

22, A Report on the Cid Mining District, Davidson County, N. C., by J. E.
Pogue, Jr., 1911. 8°, 144 pp., 22 pl., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents.

23. Forest Conditions in Western North Carolina, by J. S. Holmes 1911.
8°, 115 pp., 8 pl. Postage 15 cents.

 
172 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

24. Loblolly or North Carolina P
Forest Service (and former Forester of the North ©
Economie Survey). Pepared in Coépe
Department of Agriculture, 1914,
10 cents.

ine, by W. W. Ashe, F\

ECONOMIC PAPERS,
1. The Maple sugar Industry in W

estern North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe
1897. 8°, 34 pp. Postage 2 cents.

2. Recent Road Legislation in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes.
print.

2

- Tale and Pyrophyllite Deposits in North

Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt;
8°, 29 pp., 2 maps. Postage 2 cents.

4. The Minin
Pratt, 1901.

Takes up in some detail Occurrences of Gol 1, Silver,
ese, Corundum, Granite, Mica, Tale, Pyrophyllite, Gr
Tungsten, Building Stones, and

5. Road Laws of North Carolin
6. The Mining Industry in N
Pratt, 1902. 8°, 102 pp. Postage 4 cents.
Gives a List of Minerals found in North Carolina
Gold Ores, giving ]
and Ore Knob districts; gives Occurrence and Uses of Corundum;
ing Localities; the Occurrence, Associated Minerals, Uses and Localities of Mica; the
rence of North Carolina Feldspar, with Analyses; an extended descri
Gems and Gem Minerals; Occurrences of Monazite, Barytes, Ocher;
currences of Graphite and Coal; de ibes and gives Occurrence
Limestone; describes and gives U for the various forms of
“Other Economic Minerals,” describes and gives Occurrences of C

7. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1902

Lead and Zine, Copper
aphite, Kaolin, Gem

a, by J. A. Holmes. Out of print.

8S of Building Stones,

8. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1903, by Joseph Hyde
Pratt, 1904. 8°, 74 pp. Postage 4 cents.
Gives descriptions of Mines work

J ed for Gold in 1903; descriptions of Properties worked for
Copper during 1903, together with assay of ore from Twin-Edwards Mine; Analyses of Limon-

ite ore from Wilson Mine; the Occurrence of Tin; in some detail the Occurrences of Abrasives;
Occurrences of Monazite and Zircon; Occurrences and Varieties of Graphite, giving Methods

of Cleaning; Occurrences of Marble and other forms of Limestone; Analyses of Kaolin from
Barber Creek, Jackson County, North Carolina.

9. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1904, by Joseph Hyde
Pratt, 1905. 8°, 95 pp. Postage 4 cents.

Gives Mines Producing Gold and Silver during 1903 and 1904 and Sources: of the Gold
Produced during 1904; describes t i

E he mineral Chromite, giving Analyses of Selected Samples
of Chromite from Mines in Yancey County; describes Commercial Varieties of Mica, giving the

manner in which it occurs in North Carolina, Percentage of Mica in the Dikes, Methods of
Mining, Associated Minerals, Localities, Uses; describes the mineral Barytes, giving Method of
Cleaning and Preparing Barytes for Market; describes the use of Monazite as used in connec-
tion with the Preparation of the Bunsen Burner, and goes into the use of Zircon in connection
with the Nernst Lamp, giving a List of the Principal Yttrium Minerals; describes the minerals

containing Corundum Gems, Hiddenite and Other Gem Minerals, and gives New Occurrences
of these Gems; describes the mineral Graphite and gives new Uses for same.

10. Oyster Culture in North Carolina, by Robert E. Coker, 1905. 8°, 39 pp.
Out of print.

11. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1905, by Joseph Hyde
Pratt, 1906. 8°, 95 pp. Postage 4 cents,

Describes the mineral Cobalt and the principal minerals that contain Cobalt; Corundum
Localities; Monazite and Zircon in considerable detail, giving Analyses of Thorianite; describes
Tantalum Minerals and gives description of the Tantalum Lamp; gives brief description of
Peat Deposits; the manufacture of Sand-lime Brick; Operations of Concentrating Plant in
Black Sand Investigations; ¢ es, Coal Mines, Mining, Mineral Inter-
est in Land, Phosphate Rock, Marl Beds.

; gives Laws Relating to Min
12. Investigations Relative to the Shad Fisheries of North
John N. Cobb, 1906. 8°, 74 pp., 8 maps. Postage 6 cents.

13. Report of Committee on Fisherie
Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1906. 8°, 78 pp.
14. The Mining Industry in
Pratt, 1907. 8°, 144 pp., 20 pl.,

_Under the head of “Recent Chan
mining, describing Log Washers

Carolina, by

s in North Carolina. Compiled by
Out of print.

North Carolina During 1906, by Joseph Hyde
Postage 10 cents.

ges in Gold Mining in North

Carolina,” gives methods of
» Square Sets, Cyanide Pl

ants, etc., and detailed descriptions

orest Inspector, U. S.
arolina Geological and
ration with the Forest Service, U. S.
9 LO DD. (27 plates, 5 figs. Postage

Out of

r, Iron Mangan-
’ i 3 Minerals, Monazite,
Coal in North Carolina.

orth Carolina During 1901, by Joseph Hyde

: describes the Treatment of Sulphuret

ocalities; takes up the Occurrence of Copper in the Virgilina, Gold Hill,
a List of Garnets. describ-

Occur-
ription of North Carolina
describes and gives Oc-
Including
Clay; and under the head of
thromite, Asbestos and Zircon,

2, by Joseph Hyde Pratt,
1903. 8°, 27 pp. Out of print.:

[A PINE 173
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

i re described; Mica
its Swain County are described; }

i ‘nok § iven; Copper Deposits of Swa c Rinpenl Ghasicaen,
of Gold Daorms eat ra Careline one Sencribed, Cera Sees ee at Ana Sora
Yeposits of wester ni tle ssociated Minerals, Mining 2 iT eB yan Pa soar
General pe ny id Sainuen of Poca of hb mines ; Menseate te Sapam be in smeeret ae
asvto Location. nd Oveurrence Geology, ene oP icanaciée tn Origen Matrix.
an. to Loeenen ini d Cleaning description B az ;

=} d Mining an g, : 5 a 3 3 ae
ve ees * ing Industry in North Carolina he lye 4 coe by Joseph Hy
15 ining stry i inh ae a i
at ‘008, athe biaigt nthgi sp Ne ips rict; a description of the Uses
ae ‘ i } yer of the Gold Hill Copper DANONE | wl Hiddenite, and
Takes up in detail eho Cont Mir srals; descriptions of Ruby Sat Si aol Gecties of
of Monazite and its Associa ‘led description with Analyses of the ane gh nner hm ee a
Amethyst Localities ; he mrcony of the Peat hn ger yl abe, or ek ched tr ine Walled
ak peter My Trg: 2s of Peat and the Results of an Experi lina,
filled % eet a no Rleague from Elizabeth City, North on gna aenrnee nn
States Geological y de a ih ie sti
i 3 y Governor R. B. : <> ge Mor
nvention called by ;  Yeaenh Hevae Pett, sts
a a re i in North Carolina, compiled by Josep
Fishing Indus : pein : .
pie encarta: end i New Bern, North Carolina,
> a lings of Drainage Convention held at - af “x Grou Ove ee
” roree € h “ '
oe : ok 1908 Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, ,
September 9, 5 |
hy i 4 i eld at New Bern,
age 1 Drainage Convention h a
OC pe RS cond Annua. é 2 4 ph Hyde Pratt,
bet gh ine teatro 11 and 12, 1909, een Py ot of aniat
pb Daintag Worth Carolina Drainage Law, 1909. “ ae Soh
; " i i ) Cc 5 5
per oe Fires in North Carolina During 1909, by J. S. ’
19. Forest Fir ae
aw ee Oe i rR r E. Simmons, under
ee samaobeias of North Carolina, by Bea ge a on 6
© T -1¢ oiyae :
mae haber dears | J. S. Holmes and H. 8S. Sackett, ,
the directi ee: < 3 ,
Pewess rai rention, held under
OTP 3 ceding Of the nies egy peer atk ths North Carolina
21. Proce rainage Associa +f 1 Care
dice ee Jorth Carolina Drain et neh Ii. 8°, OF Ba.
ny pn era tte Compiled by Joseph Hy de Pratt, Fs
Drainage Law ‘ ‘

vai ag i y J. S. Holmes, Forester,

pipet he in North Carolina During 1910, by J.S8 ;
22. Fores

, iad | a
°, 48 pp. Out of prin ‘ > 09, and ‘10, by Joseph
1911. 8 _ sheet in North Carolina During 1908, De aa 30, by ae
ode carry d Miss H. M. Berry, 1911. 8°, 134 pp., ¥
Hyde Pratt an % ‘
rnonts E javalt Virginia, by F. B. Laney;
< ton Virgiline Copper Dieris Carolina, Kany wero toony & Sterrett; De ailed report
Gives report or ye aati its of North Carolina, by) hg ee rte by ‘Doulas 3. Ster-
Detailed report on Lay ny Dee rats’. Reports on various Cg ney RIB... pee ©: wanes
on Monazite, bd Douglas B. ses concerning oq) Beene motes on the Peat Industry, by
ett; Information and Analy sep River Coal Fields; Some ni Re Mactahain die bie®
Hever ph sory Pag te gg ahve A ‘from report of Arthur Keith on the
Professor Charles A. Davis; ©

5 3and-lime Brick.
Description of the manufacture of Sand-lime
es

9 j j try f rth ¢ rolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1911 374
24, Fishing Industr yo North Caro a, DY p y . 4
4 ist I °

cose i ‘arolina For-
“haga ee s of Second Annual Con vention of the Nor h A. I
25. Proceedings i= 4 t ¢ oO

ry 2 2. Forest
i r Narolina, February 21, 1912. ”
mie at Raleigh, North Caro a ee ee ae
estry eee cnasue Gains 1911. Suggested ye ——
ped by a8 Holmes Saha gene Or ve ntion, held at Hlizabeth
” ve rainage Conve . a 0 a
7 Pourth Annual Drainag' . ‘ z. svas
“2 een de 15 and 16, gn aa by Joseph
ity, Nor Oar i e! . o
Pratt ‘stato ee gpeetan est he tee? ara ing a Statistical Report of
“ ‘Hi hway Work in North arty er gy er yar cee git
27. ighway V h Hyde i
Jork 1 by Joseph 7 oe
Road W ork sable Manger ty § 8°, 145 pp., 11 figs. Postage hte bee
ag yes Ss ‘all Bridges for Country Roads in Nor a ~ oon Bod
onda "F. Hickerson, 1912. 8°, 56 pp., 14 figs., :
Cc. R. Thomas i ie

}.. December
meh aige t of the Fisheries Convention held at New Bern, N. C., Dec
29, Repor

b J e T 30 gis 1er with ¢
13 911, co iled S 4 ¥: State Ge logist, toget rae he
pi f oseph Hyde P att, ie “om “4 : 1 .
Cor per dium of the ‘oteneaveubia Notes of the Meetings Held on .

k by the Legislative Fish Committee Appointed by the General As-
trips taken

 
174 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

sembly of 1909, and the Legislation Recommended by this Committee, 1912.
8°, 302 pp. Postage 15 cents.

30. Proceedin i North Carolina Good
Roads Association held at Charlotte, N. C., August 1 and 2, 1912 in Codépera-

tion with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. Compiled

by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary,
1912. 8°, 109 pp. Postage 10 cents.

31. Proceedings of Fifth Annual Drainage Convention held at Raleigh,
N. C., November 26 and 27, 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State
Geologist. 8°, 56 pp., 6 pl. Postage 5 cents,

32. Public Roads are Public Necessities, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State
Geologist, 1913. 8°, 62 pp. Postage 5 cents.

33. Forest Fires in North Carolina during 1912 and National and Associa-

tion Codperative Fire Control, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1913. 8°, 63 pp.
Postage 5 cents.

34. Mining Industry in North Carolina during 1911-12, by Joseph Hyde
Pratt, State Geologist, 1914. 8°, 314 pp., 23 pl., 12 figs. Postage 30 cents.

Gives detailed report on Gold Mining in various counties with special report on Metal-
lurgical Processes used at the Iola Mine, by Claud Hafer; description of a Cyanide Mill,
by Percy Barbour; The new Milling Process for treating North Carolina Siliceous Gold Ores
at the Montgomery Mine, including a description of the Uwarrie Mining Company’s Plant;
notes on the Carter Mine, Montgomery County, by Claud Hafer; also a description of the
Howie Mine and its mill; a detailed report on the Coggins (Appalachian) Gold Mine, by
Joseph Hyde Pratt; a list of gems and gem minerals occurring in the United States: special
descriptions of Localities where the Amethyst, Beryl, Emerald, and Quartz Gems Occur as
taken from United States Geological Survey Report by Douglas B. Sterrett; a report on the
Dan River Coal Field, by R. W. Stone, as reprinted from Bulletin 471-B of the United States
Geological Survey; a special report on Graphite, by Edson §, Bastin and reprinted from Min-
eral Resources of United States for 1912; a special report on Asbestos describing both the
Amphibole and Chrysotile varieties; a report on the Mount Airy Granite Quarry; special report
on Sand and Gravel, giving Uses, Definitions of Various Sands, etc.; the portion of a Bulletin
on Feldspar and Kaolin of the United States Bureau of Mines, which relates to North Carolina,
and which takes up in detail Occurrences, Methods of Mining, and Descriptions of Localities
of Feldspar and Kaolin mines in North Carolina, prepared by Mr. A. S. Watts. In this Eco-
nomic Paper are also given the names and addresses of Producers of the various minerals
during the years covered by the report.

35. Good Roads Days, November 5th and 6th, 1918, compiled by Joseph
Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 102 pp.,
11 pl. Postage 10 cents.

36. Proceedings of the North Carolina Good Roads Association, held at
Morehead City, N. C., July 31st and August 1st, 1913. In Coéperation with the
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey.—Statistical Report of
Highway Work in North Carolina during 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde
Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 127 pp., 7 figs.
Postage 10 cents.

37. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1913 and a Summary of State

Forest Fire Prevention in the United States, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1914,
8°, 82 pp. Postage 8 cents.

38. Forms covering the Organization of Drainage Districts under the North
Carolina Drainage Law, Chapter 442, Public Laws of 1909, and Amendments.
And Forms for Minutes of Board of Drainage Commissioners covering the
Organization of the Board up to and Including the Issuing of the Drainage
Bonds. Compiled by Geo. R. Boyd, Drainage Engineer, 1914. 8°, 183 pp.
Postage 10 cents.

39. Proceedings of the Good Roads Institute held at the University of North
Carolina, March 17-19, 1914. Held under the auspices of the Departments of
Civil and Highway Engineering of the University of North Carolina and
The North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1914. 8°, 117 pp.,
15 figs.,-4 pl. Postage 10 cents.

VOLUMES.

Vol. I. Corundum and the Basic Magnesian Rocks in Western North Caro-
lina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and J. Volney Lewis, 1905. 8°, 464 pp., 44 pl.
35 figs. Postage 32 cents. Cloth-bound copy 30 cents extra.

Vol. II. Fishes of North Carolina, by H. M. Smith, 1907. 8°, 453 pp., 21
pl., 188 figs. Postage 80 cents.

 

DLINA PIN 175
LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE.

i y Willi Bullock
ste i sits of North Carolina, by William !
— gers ing meg oti B. L. Johnson and Horatio N.
62 Postage 35 cents.

Vol. III. ee
k, Benjamin L.
wert 1912. 8°, 509 pp., 62 pl., 21 figs.

Pt. I.—The siog and Geology of ¢
+k Clark, Benjamin L. Miller, and L. W. St
Bullock Olemie Water Resources of the Coastal Pl

enson and B. L. Johnson.

Vol. IV. Birds of North Carolina. In press.

slog y a x zy sta a t r arolina, by Wm.
Physiography and Geology of the Coastal Plain o North Carolina, t
Ly 810g"

f ee Herth Carolina, by L. W. Steph-

BIENNIAL REPORTS. Sa
First Biennial Report, 1891-1892, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 7 ‘
‘irs ’

” DP.» ye Pl., ° ~ sibs Sypris of the Survey; Investigations of

sat sec rganization : a ive ele
Administrative report, Biving Object and rea aetal Plain Region, including supplies o
> ogice

r +" . A y sts 4 ‘orest Products, Coal and Marble,
da ane a Rg tg Bn ‘counties, Report on Forests and Fo t oduc
nking waters eas a '
ev. rt 18 ane a & Holmes State Geologist, 1894. 8° 15 pp.
’
Biennial Report 1893- y ue .

Postage 1 cent.

Biennial Report, 1895-1896 J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1896. 8°, 17 pp.
ien : » Jd.

Postage 1 cent.

Biennial Report, 1897-1898 J. A. Holmes, State Geologst, 1898. 8°, 28 pp.
ienni . ,

Postage 2 cents.

stenntel Baniee ieee t0he J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1900. 8°, 20 pp.
iennie > ,

Postage 2 cents.

Biennial Report 1901-1902 J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1902. 8°, 15 pp.
ienn ve,

Postage 1 cent.

Biennial Report, 1903-1904, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1905. 8°, 82 pp.
31en > ’

Postage 2 cents.
Administrative report.

e is 07. 8°, 60
Biennial Report, 1905-1906, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1907
pp. Postage 3 cents.

inistrative report; ) ain swa
wea also gives certain magnetic observations

ist, 1908. 8°,
Biennial Report, 1907-1908, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologis

a at ee ac rt on an examination of the Sand Banks

ini iv eared Jontains Special Repo y i Jnited States Forest Serv-
Administrative report. avy by Jay F. Bond, Forest Assistant, bo _petegt eo Rh al
along the North Carolina rena Rh A North Carolina stations; Results o

a Ce iitation, 3, Enders of Purdue University.
Rel Rvp ning; wer Aeartwnly by Howard E. Enders of  : sng cn an mt hen a
ge Report 1909-1910, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State G :

mage 10 cones for épere in Statistical Work, and
152 DD: ost wi rt, and contains Agreements for coe tates, Geological Survey; Forest
pographical a1 1 ‘Praverse poigg pene the pe ew erg (Forest Service); List of T bs 3
Topographica and ire ete Department of Agricu i ¥ oe vographically mapped; de
graphic maps 0 ‘North Carolina and yt a yy Med YRoad nets ation; list of Drainage
graphic maps of Nor a} ash in North Carolina; suggested iets Satake reports relating to
scription of special tts of ‘Third Annual Drainage ambi er Dooea? wartele Waawanede:
Connolly Tract, Buncombe Coanty end YOR teak tat the Woodlands of the Salem Acad-
Jonnolly Tract, sal

a f Out-over and Abandoned rete “ial Regeneration of Longleaf Pine at Pine-
Reforestation of ations for the Artificial e

: i aridis ants and Standards
emy and Getiete; Beceamenne’ and for the ezovewins of Meridien, Menqmients, and, Ste dards
hurst; Act regulating os ers y seats of North Carolina; s Magn  Declinations at the
county en, Fan ore i002 eter oe Nort RSerelina Ael % hi oho resanalen of the Survey
Reher et dng the pepeisions been Fone get or hong payne et N fishing in Albemarle
Fisheries relating to “ish Commission referring to dutc D d:net fishing in Albemarle
and eng canis and, hogan eat ae © a Ch inte Geological Surveys, with
and Croatan rey; Historical Sketch of the several North Carolina .

Geodetic Survey; § F
list of publications of each.

' r ne
Bi ial Report, 1911-1912, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1913. S°,
ienn : ,
118 pp. Postage 7? cents.

construction and estimate of cost
ins repor m method of construc mets na
inistrative report, and contains reports. on met ry 7+ report on road conditions
Administrative a Sg rr eon ge Township, Wilson Qounty Rate ng Ja Paleo dh Highwan
of road moxorenen ig na nres ie te ad Seation Of. Bpartanbure
ry rs SENOS: © 2 )
Lee County; repo

bs r c y ands be i ) state y W. W.
i ands belonging to _the State, by V
eport on certain swamp N c Jarolina stations.

 
 

176 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE,

between Tryon and Tuxedo; report of road work done by U. S. Office of Public Roads during
biennial period; experiments with glutrin on the sand-clay road; report on Central Highway,
giving Act establishing and report of trip over this Highway; suggested road legislation ;
report on the Asheville City watershed; report on the Struan property at Arden, Buncombe
County; report on the woodlands on the farm of Dr. J. W. Kilgore, Iredell County; report on
examination of the woodlands on the Berry place, Orange County; report on the forest prop-
erty of Miss Julia A, Thorne, Asheboro, Randolph County; report on the examination of the
forest lands of the Butters Lumber Company, Columbus County; proposed forestry legislation ;
Swamp lands and drainage, giving drainage districts; suggested drainage legislation; proposed

Fisheries Commission bill.
Biennial Report, 1913-1914, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1915. ey
190 pp. Postage 14 cents.

Samples of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the office of the
Geological and Economic Survey for identification, and the Same will be clas-
sified free of charge. It must be understood, however, that No ASSAYS OR
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS WILL BE MADE. Samples should be in a lump
form if possible, and marked plainly on outside of package with name of
sender, postoflfice address, etc.; a letter should accompany sample and stamp
should be enclosed for reply.
 

 

 
FOR REFERENCE

Do Not Take From This Room

TT

0372 0032 7850 1