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_FEBRUARY 1984

The Minority Publication of East Carolina University

By NEGRO ALMANAC
: _ Contributing Source

Few would quarrel with

Langston HughesT unof-
ficial designation as the
~~Negro poet laureateT of
our day. An established
poet and critic, Hughes
belongs in the ranks of the
major American writers of
the twentieth century.

Born in Joplin, Missouri

on February 1, 1902,

Hughes moved to Cleveland

at the age of 14. Having

graduated from Central.

High School, he spent a
year in Mexico before stu-
dying at Columbia Univer-
sity. After roaming the
world as a seaman and
writing some poetry as well,
Hughes returned to the
United States, winning the

Witter Bynner Prize for

undergraduate poetry while
~ attending Lincoln Universi-
ty, later his alma mater
(1928). Two years later, he
received the Harmon
Award and, in 1935, with
the help of.a Guggenheim
Fellowship, traveled to
Russia and Spain. The lon
and distinguished list of
HughesT prose works in-
cludes: Not Without

BLACK

~Taaghter (1930), a collec-

tion of short stories, and

The Big Sea (1940), his
autobiography. To this

must be added such collec-

tions of poetry as The
Weary Blues (1926); The
Dream Keeper (1932);
Shakespeare in Harlem
(1942); Fields of Wonder

(1947), and One Way Ticket ©

(1947).

Hughes was also an ac-

complished song _lyrist,
librettist, and mewspaper
columnist.
newspaper columns, he

created Jesse B. Simple, a

Harlem character who saw

life on the musical stage in

Simply Heavenly. _
Throughout the 1960Ts

Hughes edited several an-:

thologies in an attempt to

popularize and expose.

black authors and _ their
works. Some of these are:
An African Treasury (1960)
and Poems from. Black
Africsa (1963).

In tone and _ spirit,
Hughes remained a poet
with a twist of gray humor.
Sadness; rather than anger,
seemed his primary emo-
tion. Bees

Through his

Control of the 1984 Senate can be
ours. the time to prepare is now.
Every black student of legal voting
age should register in his or her
hometown as soon as possible. Your
Vote does make a difference!

Jesse Jackson, a few months after

his coup in damascus, Syria made a

_ request to speak to the body of the
General Seely. in SSrernVING
SiG:

The. a eontion needs senate ap-

proval before Jackson can speak for
_ 15 minutes before a joint session.

Every ~measure is beingT taken. to.

o~gllow jackson. a Shiai to: DEAK:
MEE ES aM ~

By RUBEN INGRAM

Features Editor

HISTORY MONTH

~~Behind every good man is a 5 ;

"good woman.TT Corretta Scott King,
Civil Rights Activist, is
history in the making. After her fm
husbandTs assassination, Mrs. King }

made a swift transition from the

seclusion of the domestic front to a '

dynamic civil rights and peace
crusader in her own right. Mrs. King

now carries the ideals of Dr. King

actively and publicly.

Born April 27,1927, Mrs. King is §

a native of Heiberger, Ala. It was

during the -depression that she
resolved to overcome adversity, seek @

black #@

treatment as an equal, struggle to jaa

achieve a sound education.

In 1945 she entered Antioch Col-
lege in Yellow Springs, Ohio, ma-
joring in musi education. She also
studied at the New England Conser-

vatory of Music in Boston, and was fae

the first black to teach in the public fa
Ohio. @

school of

Her meeting and marriage to (ee

Martin Luther King brought her a Gi
measure of rare self-realization, in- @
tense conviction.and concern for all

of humanity.

Completing her studies in 1945,

Mrs. King moved back south with 3

her husband, who became pastor of }
Drexel Avenue Baptist Church ing
Montgomery. Mrs. King was pre-|

sent during the Montgomery bus #@ :

boycott, which gave birth to a new
era of civil rights agitation.
By 1964 Mrs.

(born 1955); Martin Luther, Ill
(born 1957); Dexter Scott (born
1961); and Bernice Alberta (born
19635.

By 1964 Ms. King became ac-
custom to the limelight. It was more
than such exposure, however, that
gave her the strength, the courage,
and the determination to deal with
the assassination, and later, to

deliver the speeches he had drafted |

in: osrough form.
Her speech on Solidarity Day, "

- June 19,1968 is often identified as

an example of her emergence from
the shadow of her husbandTs

| memory.

King was the @ :
mother of four childern: Yolanda =a a & ;
In 1984, 16 years after her husbands

death, Mrs. King remain an elo-
quent and well-respected symbol of ©
black history and is a token of all
that King and others fought for
many years " ago.

IT's
phy

Lan | 0)

Stent

BLACKS WILL NOT SUFFER

By RUBEN INGRAM
Features Editor

Many black families:today are
different from families of the past.
However, the black family of today
attributes its achievements to the
black family of the past. There are

undeniable diferences between past .
and present black families. As black :
awareness of equal rights. and
freedom from discrimination pro- |

liferate, the black family will con-

. tinue to progress in all areas of life.

_ Many of the ideas people have of |
the black family are changing. The :
former rural pattern and the large .

extended family with close ties to

By RUBENINGRAM |
: Features Editor

American history characterized
her as being as strong as a man,
brave as a lion and cunning like a
fox; a woman who could command
an audience of people and start a
revolution that would change the
course of history.

Often called ~~A Pilgrim of
Freedom,�T
(1797-1885) began her life as Isabel.
although unable to read and write,
she traveled the south on her

Sojourner of Truth

~clatives ~of other households has

been modified in recent years.

The exodus of the black-american

family from a rural way of life in
the south into a city-oriented en-
vironment is due to less concern
with agricultural pursuits and ser-

vice work. Unlike black families:

during the years of slavery, oppres-
sion and rash discrimination of the
1960Ts, the black family today close-
ly resembles other american
families. Today many black families
are fulfilling the goals that. were
represented in the songs of former
slaves and civil rights marchers.

Black.families today enjoy many of

oPilgrimage for GodTT in order to
free people from

Sojourner Truth began her mis-
sion in the spring of 1843. At a time

when oratory was a fine art, So- |

journer Truth through her strong
character and acid intelligence was

one of the most outspoken anti- «

slavery advocates of her time. She
was once received by Abraham Lin-
coln at the White House.

Throughout the unbelieving south

the sincerity of her speeches could
be heard. In her own words she

ALTHEA GIBSON:

-behaviorial

slavery.

the luxuries denied the black
families before the 1960Ts.

Over thirty years ago, approx-
imately three-fo urths of the black

population lived in southern rural

areas. Today three out of four live
in the city (as compared to 67 per-

- cent of whites) and only 52 percent

of the black-american families re-
main in the south

As black families evolved both in
rural and urban america old
patterns and old
associations were left behind, and a
new way.of doing things resulted.

Many black families today have -
relatively elevated incomes, higher

declared, ~I felt so tall within -I felt
as if the power of the nation was in

me.

perience.

Frequent efforts were made to
silence her. She Along with other
slaves of the time were beaten and
punished but nothing could stop
her. Sojourner wore across her chest
a satin banner bearing the words,

~o~Proclaim Liberty throughtout the

land unto all the inhabitants

thereof.T? Because of her daring .

masculine strength, many doubted
her. the mother of five childern, to

~~

levels of education, and economic |
security and find it easier to main-

tain their family integrity and pride.

The Black family today reside in "
great numbers in areas such as New
York, Washington, Philadelphia
and Boston, along with other suc-
cessful blacks in well-established
communities. The black family now
travels abroad, enjoys vactions and

hobbies, and send their childern to

prestigious colleges. In fact,
members of young black families
are closing the gap between blacks
and whites in educational ex-

~ be a woman. Her convictions for -

right were strong. Once while speak-
ing to an audience of black and
white slaves, a heckler dared her to
prove that she was really a woman,
Sojourner ripped her blouse to the
waist and declared that it was to his
shame, not hers, that such a ques- |
tion should be raised. Deeply com-
pelled by her dream for freedom
and equality, Sojourner lived up to
~her name, staying in one place only
long enough to proclaim the truth |
and - move . on.

BLACK WOMEN TENNIS PLAYER

By DAVID THEROITH
: Sond coven ~
The list: of black

American women who have
contributed strongly to the
causes for the advancement
- of black people is endless.
However, one woman who
stands head and shoulders
above the crowd is Mary
McLeod Bethune.

_ She was born on July 10,
1875 and grew up on a farm
in Mayesville, South

Carolina. She had a special
insight to the problems of
the black youth, stemming
from the experiences of the
early childhood. She
studied to be a missionary
seven years at - Scotia
Seminary in North Carolina
and also at the Moody Bible
Institute in Chicago.

However: once her study
was over she decided to turn

to teaching.

Herbert Hoover used

Mrs. BethuneTs talents in
1930 when he brought her
to the White House Con-
ference on Child Health
and Protection. She also
served on the Advisory
Committee of the National

Youth Administration |

under: Franklin Roosevelt.
In 1935 Roosevelt asked her
to set up an office of
Minority Affairs, with her
as administrator, because
her work was so good. It

~ was the first post of its kind

ever to be held by an

~American black woman.

With more Congressional
money for NYA pouring in,
Mrs. BethuneTs title chang-
ed to Director of the Divi-
sion of Negro Affairs. She
granted funds to students

~who couldnTt otherwise

continue graduate study.
She was one of the top
figures in the undeclared

~~Black CabinetTT. She also

helped establish Bethune-
Cookman College, which is

a merge with the Daytona
_ Educational and Industrial

School and the Cookman
Institute.

Mrs. Bethune died in.
1955 at age 80. Her best
achievement was not the

-awards she received but in
-. the human

interest and
dedication she showed to
the youth of our nation.

MILITARY HERO:BENJAMIN O. DAVIS, JR.

By DAVID THEROITH
Sports Editor -

It-is the dawn of a new
day for the military. Maybe
it is because President
Reagan has dimmed many
opportunities for todays
black person. For whatever
reason, minorities are join-
ing the military at a rapid
rate and for those who
~aspire to achieve more than
~the basic three and get
outT? then retired Lieute-

nected,

nant General Benjamin O.

_ Tavis, Jr. can be an inspira-

tion.

General Davis was the
highest ranking black ever
in the history of the U.S.
military. The great black

_ king Hannibal would have

been proud.

Davis was born in
Washington in 1912 and
went to school in Alabama.
His father was Army con-
teaching military

science at the prestigious
Tuskegee Institute. Davis
graduated in Cleveland as
president of his class and
with one of the highest

academic averages in his ©

class. Good things were
bound to happen.

Davis went to Western
Reserve University and then
to the University of
Chicago before his big

. break came, appointment ".
to the U.S. Military ©

Academy in 1932. Though
he received the silent treat-
ment,
35th in a class of 276.

He served in the infantry
for five years, then went to
Advanced Army Flying
School, where he graduated
in 1942.

Davis distinguished
himself with 60 missions in
224 combat hours as com-
mander of the orth Fighter

(eg at om eae AF. a Feo See oe

he - still graduated.

ae is

332nd Fighter Group (all

- black). The silver star was

among the medals he won.

Davis made lieutenant
general in 1965 and retired
after becoming deputy com-
mander of the U.S. Strike

~Command at McDill Air

Force Base
Florida.

in. tampa,

~By SHIRLEY WILLIAMS
Z Arts Editor

February is the month to
remember our forefathers--those
Blacks who worked assiduously to
excell in their particular fields of
study and those who struggled con-
stantly to help improve the lives of

LUCIUS MILLINDER, born
August 8, 1900 in Anniston,
Alabama, played an important role
in jazz. In 1934, he became leader of

others. The following Blacks did
reach a level of excellence in their
work and should, therefore, be
respected and remembered for their |
jobs well done.

Madame Sul-te-wan

MADAME SU-TE-WAN was
born on September 12, 1873, in |
Louisville, Kentucky. Being the
first Black character actress, she
signed her first movie contract in
1913. An outstanding actress,
Madame Su-te-wan appeared in mo- .
tion pictures for over 40 years.
Even though she portrayed
numerous characters during her "
career, she is remembered for her
performance in her last major film,
~*~Carmen JonesTT..

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a Sn dee
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° (areas
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rg el
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aa)
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V//a
My 4
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que \
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1 Hal

Ws

nr vipat UY Sy

NU
Oe

oi,

the MillsT Blue Rhythm Band, the
house band at the Savoy Ballroom
in Harlem. In 1937, he organized his
own jazz group. His biggest hit was
( Lucius
Millinder became known as one of
the greatest jazz leaders in history.

~*Ride, Red RideTT.

- He was

February 5, 1947-John L.
Howard became the first
Black in almost a hundred

years to graduate from ©
Princeton University...

Howard entered the Navy

thru the V-12 program while "

taking a pre-medical course
at Columbia Univeresity.
transferred to
Princeton under the pro-
gram he received a full
scholarship at Princeton
until graduation. Dr.
Howard then entered Cor-
nell University Medical
School and intered at Great

Lakes Naval Hospital,

Great Lakes, Illinois.

DONALD REDMOND was born

ATR iocke

ALAIN LOCKE . is born in
Philadelphia on September 13, 1886.
In 1907, he became the first Black
Rhodes Scholar. He attended Har-
vard University where he was

elected to Phi Beta Kappa, a

honorary fraternity. He, later,
established Phi Beta Kappa at
Howard University. As one of
AmericaTs foremost Black scholars,
Dr. Locke taught at Howard

-University for 41 years. Dr. Locke is

remembered for his lasting con-
tribution to the develepmont of a
critical literature of BlacksTin art,
music, drama, and _ literature.

on July 29, 1900 in Piedmont, West
_ Virginia. He became famous for his
role as an outstanding musician.
Mr. Redmond was one of the first
jazz composers in the United States.
He was, also, a band leader and a
saxaphonists.
became the first Black orchestra
leader to have a sponsored radio
oS�,�Ties..

~Donald Redmond

Shirley Graham |

Nwvember ll,
1907-Shirley Graham,
author and composer, best
known for her. giograghies
of famousT Blacks which

were written for young peo-

ple, was born in Evansville, "

_Ind. HerT ~greatgrandfather

was freed from slavery by
his owner bvefore the Civil
War. An industrious
blacksmith, he -earned
money to buy a farm nbear
Evansville, Ind., where his

_farmhouse was used as a

station in the Underground
Railroad. In 1929 ShirleyTs
father, who was a
Methodist minister, was
made head of a mission
shcool in Liberia. She ac-
companied him across the
Atlantic but remained in

Paris, where for a year she

studied music composition
at the Sorbonne. After her
return to the U.S. in 1930,
she taught music at what is
now Morgan State Univer-
sity in Baltimore. After two

~years, she entered Oberlin

College and while there
wrote and composed a
musical. play, Tom-Tom.
The play was later built into
a 16-scene opera. dramatiz-
ing Black immigration from
African jungle and closed
witrh a s cene in Harlem.
All of its music was
developed from centuries-
old African themes and
rhythams. In 1951, Shirley
Graham married the late ~
Dr. W.E.B. DuBois. They ~

spent most of their years
together in Ghana where
Dr. DuBois died in 1963.

FREEDOM EQUALITY ANDJO BS

By Ruben fon

: The state of the black community |

is a reproach to the U.S. and its
- economic stability. The problem in
the black community has its beginn-
ing in the past; everybody blames
Ronald Reagan for accentuating the
problems that have existed among
blacks for years. 5

@For instance, blacks living
below the governmentTs official
~ poverty level is the highest since the
1960Ts and Black unemployment
reached 20.6 in the first two
_ quarters of 1983.

@To often the status of black- on

america is based on the
achievements of a few blacks. Our
Government calls this ~~black pro-
gressTT. It is impossible to judge the
whole on the achievements of a few
who manage to ~~overcome.TT
@Take a good look aroung you.
Blacks are dealing in prostitution, il-

_ legal drugs, are on welfare, and out
~number whites in many prison
- systems, because they have very lit-

tle hope for jobs and money. In my

research, a median black family in- |

come in 1982 was $13,000 or 55 per-

cent of the $24,000 median for white "
families. Now, do you understand
why tution, food cost, health cost:

and other cost are so high for
blacks? Can you begin to see why |

the cost of life for the average white
family is no problem? Surely, you
can see who has all the money.
@®The problem is this: black
unemployment. The unemployment
rate for black teen-agers, who have
the capacity to maintain a job was
42.7 percent last year; for white
teen-agers it was 18.3 percent.
@The point is this is, to show that
if something is not done the
economy of the U.S. will go to sup-
port blacks, who want to be produc-
tive but canTt without jobs. If no ac-

tion is taken to get blacks into the

work force crime, child mortality,
and welfare will increase.
@Solutions: We thought Jimmy
Carter would do it, and we hoped
Ronald Reagan would do it, since he
managed to get the presidency
-Reagan is the problem. The real
solution: presidential candidacy of
Jesse Jackson. This should increase
black-voter registration. Blacks
should become inspired by places
like Chicago, Washington, Atlanta,
Philadelphia and Boston, where the
black vote has already made an im-
pact. The 1984 senate could'very well
be ee ours.

"" PR AP-PA LE, I

COLLIS _PDPDDID DDD DID I ID DIT ITO SISO CELL LOLLLLEA

b z 3 ~~
Sco Mane g : \
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Oe. Muenihess 5 ff.

:
, a
By ALMA GILMORE
"Staff Writer
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity

was founded November 17,
1911 at Howard University in
Washington D. C. The
fraternity was funded by
_ three underclassmen. Oscar
-J. Cooper, Frank Coleman,
Edgar A. Love and Pro-
fessor Ernest E Just. These
young men had a special
friendship and they wanted
a special organization to
share this friendship and
thus produced Omega Psi
Phi Fraternity. This also
produced the matto of the
fraternity, ~~Friendship Is
-Essential to the Soul.~
The young men then
established Four Cordinal
Principles that would guide
every member of Omega to
come: Manhood, Scholar-
~ship, Perserverance and
Uplift.

The Omega Psi Fraterni-

was concieved to enrich the

DODO ORaERO ROO ORREOZLE SA AAA SA COLELLO OLE

tainment and of the same

ty, like most fraternities,

social and _ intellectual
aspect of college life. The
constitution proveded that
the fraternity was to be
composed of men of like at-

ideals of felowship, scholar-
ship, and manhood.

The name given to the
first chapter of Omega Psi
Phi was Alpha Chapter at
Howard. Later came Beta
Chapater at Lincoln Univ,
Gamma Chapter at Boston
Univ, and Delta Chapter at
Meharry Medical College.
Omega Psi Phi was well on
its way.

Today Omega Psi Phi has
widened its
through four national pro-
grams: Achievement Week,
Talent Hunt, Scholarship
Fund and Social Action.
These programs have

benifited many people

young and old in so many

ways. These programs en-_

compass service to mankind
a quality that has placed sO.
many Omega men in Negro
and national history.

By ALMA GILMORE

Staff Writer

prespective

ase

The Zeta Phi Beta Sority
was founded January 16,
1920 on the .

- Howard University. The
founding sisters, Arizona
Cleaver, Viola Tyler, Myr-
tle Tyler, Pearl Neal, and.
Fannie Pettie stood for
scholarship,
- womanhood, and _ sisterly
love.
become a kvown tradition
of

On our campus there ex-
ist the Lambda Mu Chapter
of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority.
Its Members include An- |
nette Kornegay,
Kornegay, Deborah Nunn,
Camille Pighet,
=p and LaTonya Tem-
ple.

_ Chartered members are few
in number,
complishments prove that

+Phi�

principles:

By S. L. CHERRY
Staff Writer

oThe founder of our

~ wondrous band in numbers,

thoT were three, taught
ideals high which soon
became. a part of every
Brothers Taylor,
Morse, and Brown chose to

be pioneers of what is now

well-noted as the Phi Beta
Sigma Fraternity Inc. Since
the beginning of 1914, there
have been collegiate men
who _ have been striving to
uphold distinctive qualities
that promote service
towards all of mankind.
The objectives
highlight this fraternity are
well-defined in producing
some of the best in helping
society, and the individual
who is a menber of this
brother hood. Important to
any functioning body is itsT

been crystallized into three
Brotherhood,

campus of

finer

These ideals have

Zetas.

Martha
Deborah
Although the first

their ac-

that -

philosophy or belief in what |
it stands for. The ideals of ©
-Phi Beta Sigma Inc. have

Service, and Scholarship.

~ Brotherhood as it applies

here is real, with tested and

_ abiding fellowship. Service

is a cornerstone in all ac-

~ tivities. A fruitful life is one

that is spent for the bless-
ings of others. The Xi: Nu
Chapter of PBS inc. ex-

emplify this in a wide spec- _
trum. Finally, scholarshipis .

highly estemed in acquiring

~ a superior mind as well as
character. The chapter on

this campus as it will and is
being represented, will con-
tinue to hold fast to what
this fraterenity has been

founded on. The chapter on

this campus, Xi Nu, is pro-
ud to have fourteen select
young men who pride
themselves. in
associated with this frater-
nity and its greatness. From
place to place and until the
victory has been won, the
Brotherhood of Phi Beta

SigmaT will thunder along

the line. ~~Our Cause speeds
on _ its way.TT

there is strength in unity.
The organization is ac-
tively working on national,
state and local projets.
Some of the national pro- |
jects include: the SNIP Pro-
fect in conjunction with the
March of Dimes;
Registration; and the Hai-
tian Project. Locally, the
sority has worked with the -
Department of Social Ser-
vices with youth programs
within the churches.
Zetas are also working to
raise money for their.
Regional Meeting at Hamp- ©
ton
The Zeta Phi Beta Sority
has been extremely suc-
cessful in their endeavors.
And they would like to
thank everyone for their
support. Zeta Phi Beta, we
salute you. You have shown
that. aed goes a: Lita way.

Voter

The

~Institute.

being

Delta Sigma Theta Sorority,
Inc. was founded in 1913 at

~Howard University by 22

dedicated young women. Since
this time Delta Sigma Theta

- Sorority has grown into the -

largest black. Greek letter
Organization and the largest
organization of black women
in the United States with over
125,000 members. Delta
Sigma Theta is a_ service
oriented sorority whose major
five point program thrusts are
in the areas of: educational
development, economic "
development, political
awareness and involvement,
physical and mental health
and international awareness
and involvement. rie
Delta has members who are
active in both the political and

entertainment scene such as:

Lena Horne, Leontye Price,
Natalie Cole, Leslie Uggams,
Osceola McAdams, Nicki
Giovanni, Betty Shabazz,
Patricia Harris, Barbara Jor-
dan, and Shirley Chislom.
While itTs nice to have in-

dividuals who have achieved a_.

level of fame in different
areas, it is more important to
instill in our members the will
to succeed and to obtain their

- goals and aspirations. For suc-

cess is not measured on fame
service to the community but
service to our members as
well.

The Kappa Sigma Chapter
was the first black sorority on
ECUTs campus. We have con-
tinuously strived to fulfill our
commitment to the communi-
ty by our service work. Some |

of our activities include: work
with Sunshine GirlTs Club, rest

home visits, s ponsoring of
needy families, work with
Cornerstone Missionary Bap-
tist Church, establishment of a
Scholarship Fund, an annual ©
fashion show to benefit chari-

- ty, Culture center dances to

benefit charity, absentee ballot
voting boots and participants
in the MotherTs March of
Dimes. We believe that the
quantity alone si not indicative
of the results, but rather the

quality of the work done. Our

public image has generally re-
mained the same over the
years; friendly and willing to
lend a helping hand.

On this occassion we would
like to challenge all of the
minorities to put aside their
petty jealousies and prejudices
and strive to fulfill the goals of
those whoTve paved the way "
for us. The time-is well past
for unity. Why put it off, letTs
start today! "

Susan Moss.

By RUBEN INGRAM

Staff Interviewer

Students were asked, ~~What they

thought of month of Feburary being

Black History Month,TTand what it

meant. to them?TT

RICHARD PEARCE -Senior,

Biochemistry ~~I think its a good

idea that Feburary is Black History -

month. Also, the celebration of
black history should be intergrated

oSTUDENT OPINION

~body gets

as much as possible that way ever-
to celebrate the

occasion.TT

DEVON MURPHY -Junior,
Computer Science ~~I think the
celebration is a milestone in black
his tory. This month should be a
month for all poeple to come
together to celebrate the
achievements of all races.T

SUSAN MOSS -Freshman, ~o~I
wasnTt aware that Feburary was

_. Black History Month, but I think it

should be recognized throughout
campus. that way more people like
myself could be aware of it,�

-CONYERS DEWAYNE
-Freshman, Commerical Art
think Black History month.

special. Actually, I look foward to it
and getting involved in the events.
that come with it. The celebration
shouldnTt be limited to this month

alone.TT

Photo By Neil Johnson

Ss]
is

Dwayne Conyers.

One of the most crucial
polictical elections of this
era will occur for the selec-
tion of the presidentTs chair
in 1984. With it comes a

huge white house that has -

the biggest back yard in
world-The United States,
which takes more than a
handy man to keep the

grass trim and the falling

leaves from piling up dto
the point where they have to
be burned. What makes
this election much more
distinct than the? In one of
the selective parties that will
run for the candidacy of the
_ president, there exists both
the best known black and

the most: gifted: orator::in
American polictics,who has |

every possibility of becom-

ing the first black to attain
credibility and political im-
pact as a genuine presiden-
tial calender. The

Reverend Jesse Jackson is.

this man. Founder of
Operation- Push (People
United in Service to
Humanity), the Reverend
Jesse Jackson began his ser-
vice with a commitment he
made to the Civil Rights
Movement in the mid. 60Ts
while in college of North
Carolina A&T in
Greensboro. It was then
that he was drawn into the

orbit of the Rev. Martin
Luther King, Jr... Their |
relationship-King as mentor _

and, Jackson as star pupil.
The Rev. Martin Luther
King and the Southern
Christain Leadership Con-
ference had established a
program called .Operation |
Breadbasket to. pressure
Atlanta business to end
discriminatory hiring prac-
tices. When Rev. King ex-
panded the campaign to
Chicago in 1966, he picked
Jesse Jackson to run the
local operation. It was a
few years later thatg
Jackson had _ difficulties
with the Atlanta black
establishment and
transformed Operation "
~Breadbasket into his own

~

THE BLACK VOTE IN 84T

independent organization,
Operation Push. Jesse
JacksonTs candidacy for the
presidency of the United
States is singularly one of
the most far reaching and
significant events of this
century. The covenant that
he seeks with the

Democratic Party is one
that provides full parity for "

blacks: and other elements
of his rainbow coalition. If

~this sounds like Jacksox .

should run as an indepen-
dent, he canTt because this
would almost guarantee
ReaganTs re-election. But

can Jesse put together a
Rainbow Coalition?) :: If ':

Jesse Jackson can register

millions of Blacks,

Hispanics, Native
Americans, women = and
poor Whites to vote, it
would be a_ remarkable
acheivement that would
change the face style and
ground work of the

Democratic Party.

~HISTORY OF THE BLACK PEOPLE

Mme. CJ. Walker

Dec. 23, 1869-Madame
C.J. Walker, one of the
first American women of
any race to become a
milionaire, was born in
Delta, La. In 1910, she went
to Indianapolis to begin the
manufacture of hair
preparations, later adding a
complete line of toiletries
and cosmetics to her pro-
ducts. Before she died in
1919, Madame Walker was

well-known for here philan-.

thropic activities.

Crispus Attucks

March 5, 1770-Crispus
Attucks, a fugitive slave
who worked for 20 years as
a merchant seaman, was the
first man to be killed for

AmericaTs freedom in what

is knnown as the Boston
Massacre, The event ignited
the. American Revolu-
tionary War. Samuel

Adams, prominent colonial -

leader of the struggle aginst
British tr4oops guarding
ythe customs commis-
sioners at the docks.
Crispus Attucks was among
those who responded to the
plea. When the confronta-
tion took place, Attucks
was the first of five to be
shot fatally by the British
guards. Adams used the in-
cident to incite the colonists
to further rebellion. There
now stands a Crispus Attuc-
cks Monument in the
Boston Common, which
was dedicated in 1888 to
honor the five victims of
the Boston Massacre.

LIT

cae,

~January 18, 1841-James J. [

Spelman, Reconstruction .
politician,was born in Nor-
wich, Conn. He was active
in recruiting black men to
fight for the Union Army in
the Civil War. In 1868 , he
went to Mississippi to set up
programs for the
FreedmenTs Bureau.
Spelman served as a
member of the Mississippi
House of Representatives
for six years. He was ap-
pointed a member of the
board of trustees - and
elected secretary, for

Alcorn University in 1871,
when the
established.

school was

Martin Luther King Jr.

Dec.10, 1964-Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr., was
awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize, at ceremonied in

_ Oslo, Norway, for leading

the Black struggle for
equality in the United States
through non-violent means.
Dr. King, the youngest reci-
pient, donated his award
money, $54,000, to the civil
rights movement.

Bessie Smith

September 26,1894-Bessie
Smith, blues singer, was.
born
Tenn. Raised in poverty,
- she was discovered at the
age of 13 by Ma Rainey, the
first nationally famus Black
blues singer, who persuaded
Ms. Smith to go on tour
with her minstrel show. At
age 17, she was singing in
Selma, Ala., where Frank
Walker, head of Columbia
Records, heard her. Back in

associate to find Ms. Smith.
and convince her to record
for Columbia. In February
of 1923, she cut her first
disc, Downhearted Blues,
which sold over 2 million
copies during its first year
of release and skyrocked
Bessie Smith to fame. She
became the _ higest-paid
Black entertainer during her
first year with Columbia
earning as much as $1,500 a
week. She recorded her
most famus song Nobody
Knows You When You're

Down and Out in 1929. She

N

in Chattanooga,

New York, Walker sent an .

bled to death outside a
segregated Missippi
hospital that refused to
treat injuries she sustined in
an automobile accident in
1937...

aniel Hale Williams

"January 18, 1865-Dr.

Daniel. Hale Williams, first
doctor to perform a suc-

cessful heart operation, was -

born in Pennsylvania. Dr.
Williams was the surgeon
who helped found Provi-

dent Hospital in Chicago. "

He received his college
education in Pennsylvania
and Wisconsin, and entered
the Chicago Medical
School, where he earned his
medical degree in 1883. Dr.
Williams established the
countryTs first interracial

hospital in 1891. In 1893, he.

o performed a heart opera-

tion formerly thought im-.

possible, and his fame and
skill as a surgeon became
widely known. Williams
was called to Washington
~to re-organize' the
FreedmenTs Hospital of

-as dean of the college. He

- Southern in 1938, at.the age

March 6, 1857-The Dred

Scott Decision of the U.S.
Supreme Court was
rendered. Dred Scott, a
Black man Born of slave
parents, sued for his
freedom in 1848 on the
grounds that he dad been c

arried by his master from

the slave state Missouri into
the free sttes of Illinois and
Minnesota. The U.S.
Supreme Court held that he
was not a citizen and not

entitled to any standing in~

court. It further declared
that the Missouri Com-
promise was unconstitu-
tional, that Congress could
not prohibit a citizen from
carryingt slaves or other

_ property into any territory

in the United States.

Howard University in 1894.

- He assembled a staff of 20
specialists and organized

the medical college into
departments. The first nurs-
ing school was created at
FreedmenTs under his
leadership.

Felton Clark

October 3, 1903-Felton G.
Clark, educator, was born
in Baton Rouge, La. Dr.
Clark recieved his first col-
lege degree from Southern
University in 1922, eight
years after his father found-
ed it with seven faculty
members with an annual
budget of $10,000. After
reciving his Ph.D. from
Columbia University in
1925, he taught at Southern
became president of
of 35, serving until his
retirement in 1969.

oDML

LIP LILD LP PAP 1

By "_ S.W. BELL
. Associated Press

On May 1, 1975, Jean
Nguyen, her mother, two
brothers and three sisters sat
-facing her father. On his lap
he held an armed Claymore
mine. Miss Nguyen, who was
12 then, remembers crying.

But .Miss Nguyen and her
family did not die, either at
her fatherTs desperate hand or

- at the hand fo the Communist

forces that had just taken over

" Vietnam.

Perhaps the most stirring
aspect of the familyTs death-
defying story is that Miss
Nguyen, daughter of a South
Vietnamese army colonel and
provincial leader, expects to
graduate almost 10 years later
to the day with the Class of
1985 as a second lieutenant
from the United States

Military Academy here.

It was with the help of a
family friend,Maj. Herbert
Lloyd, who met her father in
Vietnam, that Miss Nguyen
applied to West Point

On Dec. 26, 1980, she
received her appointment .
from former Congressman
Allen Ertel, but needed some
fast work for her father to
become an American citizen-
so she could meet the
academyTs citizenship
requirement-which he did on
March 2, 1981. On July 1,
1981, she entered West Point.

Her grades were
top-notch,and she ran track,
played field hockey and lifted
weights. ~~All the guys stared
at me,TT Miss Nguyen said.
~~What are you doing here?
ItTs the wrong place for you,TT
she quotes them as saying. ~~I
could not do on pull-up.�T

Asked why she went to West
Point, Miss Nguyen replied
that when their ship arrived in
the philippines, the South
Vietnamese flag was lowered
for what her family knew
would be the last time for
them. :

**When the flag went down
jon that ship I wanted to do
something....I know a lot of
Americans died for the Viet-
namese in war. I wanted to do
something for their families.TT

THE J OURNEY TO ADULTHOOD

By OTI BOSSAR

Contributing Writer

From a flagellation by
the hide to a flagellation by
the conscience. an endless
scourge--and that was
TomTs dilemma.

. With difficulty, Tom
swerved his swollen eyes
through 180 degrees in
search of a glimpse of his
back. It was not easy. But

he had to. This would help |

him to measure in his mind
the severity of the whipping
- and beating that had
_ befallen his back and the
extent of the damage to his
body. The strips of protrud-
ed flesh beamed their.
bloodshot sparkles at his
strained pupils. The long
wound, inflicting hide had
done its merciless duty once
again. This was the third
time this week alone. The

stroy is the same every

week.

Tom had shed too many
tears over the tears that
tears hardly came again as
tears meant nothing.
Screaming was useless

because no person can ~

_ rescue him from his abusive "

"MOVEMENT ~ OR

CARMICHAEL By DEREK -tionist newspaper called

Staff Writer

The history . of Black

Americans is: both varied
and detailed with several
high points throughout the
years. 1619 marked the year
that blacks were first
brough to the English col-

onies as slaves. At the time _ ,
there were only 20 but by

-the late 1600Ts slaves were
being brought to the col-
onies each year. Slavery
continued to grow with the

invention of the cotten gin ©

and more than ever labor
was needed. Slavery also
brought with it a share of
grave consequences such as
revolts by the slaves. Sme of
the leaders at this time in-
cluded Sojourner truth, a
freed slave who made talks
in New. England and the
_ West. Frederick Douglass,
by publishing an _ aboli-

neighbor.

~cease, yes,
- summed up courage.

father, not even the good
For Tom one
thing was certain and that
was one day he would grow
to be like his dad. And that
day, these beatings would
forever. Tom

o*One day, some day, my.
height will level his; my
muscles will broaden out
and I will no longer be
treated that way.TT All the

thought and feelings gave
Tom hope for the future

but the journey seems
tough. Tom raised his eyes

tothe summer sky. " |
The purplw rays of the.

setting sun smiled back at
him. Looking round him,
he suddenly realized that his
only companion was
solitude. The park had

always been a refuge place

for him. The only music in
the park was that of little

insects. The gentle lapping |

of the wavelets of the little
stream in front of him add-
ed colour and friendliness
to his solitary state. At this

point only one thing wor-
ried him, the quiet environ-
- ment, the setting sun.

The North Star. Harriet

- Tubman, who had earlier

escaped from slavery,
returned to the south to free
other slaves.

man had helped about 300

blacks escape to freedom.
On January 1, 1863,

President Lincoln issued an

- Emancipation Proclama-T

tion. It didnTt actually free
any slaves because at the

time it only applied to the

Confederate States. In 1865
the 13th ammendment was
adopted and all the slaves
were freed.

During the time of
reconstruction, two black

-men by the names of Hiram

R. Revels and Blanch K.

~ Bruce were. elected to the

U.S. Senate.
The period of reconstruc-
tion saw ass continued fight

During the
- time of slavery Harriet Tub-

~*Tomorrow by this time,
the sun will be setting
again,TT Tom _ imagined.
~~Vife continues! As the sun
rises in the East and sets in
the West. It rolls days into
weeks into months and

months into years.TT It gives
~ Tom mouth confidence that

his age would not be static.
Fifteen years ago when

- Tom was born his father

had dreamed of a son. A
healthy, handsome boy. He
must train to work hard.

Put him on the right track .

of life. Infantile excesses
and child-like rascalities
must not go unpunished.
Tom was a victim of an
abusive father. His mother
has no say. If she talks
TomTs father will always
reply, ~~keep to yourself,

. woman, and donTt dictate
~ to me on how to bring up

my own son.�T

~For Tom this long-term .

tribulation with the resul-
tant insensitivity to correc-
ting and dicipline was mak-
ing him tougher every
minute and his lust for
adulthood and _in-

dependence stronger every

CIVIL

for equal rights which at the

end of the 19th century and

entering of a new century
brought itTs share of impor-
tant leaders. |

Booker T. Washington

became an outstanding

leader and educator during -
~the late 1800Ts and early.
-1900Ts. In 1881 he founded |

the Tuskegee Institute in
Tuskegee, Alabama.
W.E.B. DuBois, the first

black to receive a Ph.D |

from Harvard, led in the
struggle for civil rights and

helped found the organiza-.

tion the National Associa-
tion for the Advancement
of Colored People
(NAACP).

Throughout the years
Black Americans had

achieved remarkable ac- |

complishments. In 1928
Oscar DePriest became the
first Northern black elected

'

moment:

Tom was sad again. The
future looked distant again.
He had suffered another
terrible beating from the
mother. But then, he recall-
ed his experience at the

-. park. That setting sun. He

resolved to strive through
the. odds with the strong
conviction that he would
get there.

Tom had just finished his
final grade when one day
the father tried to beat him
and he went out of the
fatherTs sight with tough

- resistance. The father rain-

ed abuse on him. |
To Tom, things had
taken a glorious turn. His

_ journey into adulthood and
freedom was nearing com-

pletion. As he.stepped out
of the house he called Jule,
the girlfriend, to meet him
at the near by shop. Within

- a minute Jule was there.

From there to the park they

talked until the night was

long. The stars glittered
_ Silently in the heavens and

the: half-moon gave the

darkness a gloomy and

amorous tough. For the

RIGHTS

to Congress. Writers such

-Paul Roveson and Bill ~

as Richard Wright and
Langston Hughes were
reecognized. Entertainers

Robinson dazzled the na-
tion with: their talents.
While. in the area of sports

- Joe Lewis had become the
first black heavyweight |
champion

since Jack
Johnson and Jackie Robin-
son became the first black

to play major league

baseball. The 1960Ts saw

the development of the civil
rights:movement and such
distinguished names as Roy
Wilkins, Whitney Young

and James Farmer emerg-- "
_ black Miss

ed. The most influencial
leader of the civil rights

- movement was Dr. Martin
- Luther King: 7

The 1970Ts marked such

political gains as Keneth

Gibson of Newark, New

_ SEND HELP)

first. time, Tom could read -
in JuleTs eyes messages he
never read before in his life.
He recalled the troubled
period when solitude was
his best friend. He
remembered the gentleness
of the setting sun. Today, it

_ had gone home and the gen-

tle darkness has fallen on
him. Beside him is lovely
Jule, to stimulate the rising
waves Of adulthood in him.
~DonTt let us go too far,�
cautioned Jule.

~~Come on Jule; weTre no
longer kids. This is our

time. LetTs enjoy it to the

fullest. AFter all, we have
nothing to lose. If your
really in love with my, why
die in hypocrisy, deceit or in
silence?�T |
The romanctic and hyp-
notic look from his eyes
melted her fear. She hugged
him, giving him. the needed
passport for the flight. So
the plane took off, and the

- entry into the garden gates

was enjoyable and estatic.
Tom was much alive, hav-
ing a feeling he had never
had before in life.

& Jersey and Thomas Bradley |
of Los Angles were elected
first black mayors of their

cities. While in 1975 George
L. Brown of Colorado and
Melvyn Dymally of Califor-
nia the first black lieutenant
governors of their states
since reconstruction. -

The 1980Ts will be record-

- ed. with such historical

events as the decade that the
first black man went up into ~
space and _ Harold
Washington. becoming the
first black mayor of
Chicago. While on the
lighter note the decade wil
be remembered for seeing |
the crowning of the first
| America,.
Vanessa Williams. As we
move onward and current
events become history, we
see new accomplishments
and advancement for our .
people. We can look back
and be proud.

a

JENNIFER LEWIS

While itTs was cold out-
side on February 1, it was

surely ~~hotTT? in Hendrix

Theatre. The East Carolina

University Minority Arts "

Committee presented Jen-
nifer Lewis in ~~From Billie

to Lena with Jenny�T for the ©

1984 Black Arts Festival.

-Jennifer Lewis. recently
appeared in Bette MidlerTs
~(De Tour T83TT and has
returned to New York City
and: performed, ~~Hot!TT,
her outstanding one-woman
show. In a review of her
nightclub act, the New
York .Times wrote that

~*She already has the aura,

and the confidence and the
projection of a star. She is
the very essence of show
business--a singer with a
dazzling voice, a_ high-
kicking dancer, a lusty c

omedienne, a coiled spring .

of _ energy.TT

Prior to working with
Bette Midler, Miss Lewis
appeared on Broadway as
Diana Ross and Donna
Sumner in ~~Rock nT Roll:
The First 5,000 YearsTT and
her other appearances in-

clude roles in ~~EubieTT,
~~CominT
~~Baggy Pants and Com-
pany.T Off Broadway, she
appeared in both ~o~El
BravoTT...at. the the
Entermedia Theatre, and
~~Sister AimeeTT on Theatre
Row while last season she
performed the title role in

~MahaliaT? (based on the

life of Mahalia Jackson) to
outstanding notice on its
pre-Broadway tryout at the

Hartman Theatre. For her

performance as Nell in

_ AinTt MisbehavinTT, pro-
duced by the Pennsylvania

Stage Company, Miss
Lewis again received critical
acclaim for her stellar ren-
ditions of ~~Honeysuckle

~ RoseTT and ~~Cash for Your
fash?

Miss Lewis created roles
in ~~Once in a Lifetime,�T

~and ~~A Midsummer

NightTs DreamTT at the

Loretto-Hilton Repertory |

Theatre. She is a graduate
of Webster College, where

- she was the recipient of the

Irene Ryan Award for ex-
cellence in performance.

Uptown,�T and ~

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