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North Carolina Libraries

Spring 2001
N Research and Librarianship

... research should be
regarded not as

something separate from

our normal public or
technical service tasks, but rather as an integral part of those duties.

" Stefanie DuBose and David Durant
page 4.

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Volume 99, Number 1
ISSN 0029-2540

Spring 2001
mums «= RESEARCH & LIBRARIANSHIP

Margaret Foote, Guest Editor

4 Research and Practice in Academic Libraries: A Case Study, Stefanie DuBose and
David Durant

10. The Current State of Public Library Research in Select Peer-Reviewed Journals:
1996-2000, Julie Hersberger and Christopher Demas

15 From Research to Action in School Library Media Programs, Gail K. Dickinson

20 Collaborative Authorship in North Carolina Libraries: Past, Present, and Future,
Margaret Foote

25 Publications and Sinners: Research from the Church Library Perspective

pmmmememcecrman [901 0 CCS RARE RE ET

2 From the President
26 NCLA Candidates 2001-2003
29 Wired to the World: Bluetooth, Ralph Lee Scott
29 About the Authors

30 _Lagniappe: North CarolinaTs Department of Public InstructionTs Jolly Good Fellows,
Angela Leeper

32 North Carolina Books

|
4O_ In View Of... Shelley Mueller Pew Learning Center - Martha Ellison Library, and
Fairview Branch Library of the Asheville-Buncombe Library System |

43 NCLA Minutes

Advertisers: Broadfoot's, 45 * Serials librarians please note: North Carolina Libraries is moving to a 3 issue/year
pan a cycle in 2001: Spring 2001, Summer 2001, Fall 2001.
Cumeantheitons, 17 There were 2 issues in 2000: Spring/Summer 2000, Fall 2000.
Davidson Titles, 31
Ebsco, 35

Mumford Books, 19
Parkway Publishers, 24
Quality Books, 36
SIRS, front cover
Brodart, back cover

Cover: Clock Tower, Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. Photo copyrighted
and owned by East Carolina University.

North Carolina Libraries is the official publication of the North Carolina Library Association.
Art direction and design by Pat Weathersbee of TeamMedia, Greenville, NC.

AAR LR RO NT

Milestones in

ews of what's happening in North CarolinaTs libraries is impressive! Read on
to find out what your colleagues are doing to bring library services to the
citizens of North Carolina!
Griffin Motor Company of Monroe and the Public Library of Charlotte &
Mecklenburg County have forged a unique partnership to help benefit the
NOVELLO Jr. program and other PLCMC programming for youth. Griffin Motor Com-
pany has donated a 2001 Pontiac Sunfire as the prize in a raffle. Raffle tickets went on
sale Tuesday, September 12th at the Main Library and the twenty-two branch libraries
throughout Mecklenburg County. The winning ticket was drawn at the Main Library at
2:00 p.m. on Friday, December 15th! Sharing the belief of his grandfather and Griffin
Motor Company founder, oPop� Griffin, General Manager Macon Griffin
said, oWe are proud to support the efforts of the public library in promoting
the importance of books and reading among children.�
To celebrate the first decade of the NOVELLO Festival of Reading, one of
the premiere literary festivals in the country, the Public Library of Charlotte
& Mecklenburg County announced the publication of NOVELLO: Ten Years

N O rth G aro / i na of Great American Writing. This literary anthology will sell at library branches

and area bookstores for $16.95. All proceeds will benefit the PLCMC.
Ann Viles, Coordinator of Reference Instruction at Appalachian State

Li br ar. i ans hi P / / / University, is the new editor of oFast Facts,� a one-page factsheet feature

that appears on the last page of each issue of College & Research Libraries
News. Academic librarians, get your cool facts and figures to Ann and you,

2. " Spring 2001

too, might find your name in print!

In fall 2000, North Carolina State UniversityTs main library began
supporting the concept of onomadic computing,� in cooperation with the
universityTs Information Technology Division. Individuals may now bring
their own laptop computers into the library and gain access to the Internet

and campus network. The NCSU LibrariesT popular Laptop Lending service, launched in
fall 1999, now offers three laptop configurations. Wireless network access is available in
the main and branch libraries. All of these services are offered as a complement to the
universityTs open-source strategy.

The Carnegie Library of Livingstone College held an open house on September 16,
2001, to introduce its new automated system from Endeavor. The Hickory Public Library
and the Lenoir-Rhyne College Visiting Writers Series presented author Pat Conroy on
September 21, 2000. Dr. James Billington, Librarian of Congress, will be the Reynolds
Lecturer at Davidson College on April 19, 2001.

Union County plans to spend more than $4 million on new libraries and renovations
to old ones over the next several years. For more expansion news, visit the Union County
Public Library Web site at http://www.union.lib.nc.us.

Poet Ruth Moose, a lecturer in the Creative Writing Department at the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, donated 488 volumes of poetry, poetry criticism, antholo-
gies, and biographies of poets to the Corriher-Linn-Black Library at Catawba College. The
Catawba College Library is the depository for the works of the members of the North
Carolina Poetry Council as well as the minutes of the organization. On Saturday, October
21, 2000, the library reading room of the Catawba College Library was dedicated in
honor of Frances Decker Wentz on the occasion of her 95th birthday and in memory of
her husband, Dr. Bruce Wentz, library retiree and current volunteer, a Catawba professor
until his death in 1969.

The State Library of North Carolina has awarded over $800,000 in School Library
Collection Development Grants to 153 North Carolina schools. Since these grants require
matching funds from the local school, this means that these 153 school libraries will buy
more than $1.6 million worth of new books for their students. The State Library also
received the Citizen Involvement award from the Raleigh MayorTs Committee for Persons
with Disabilities for its support of a project resulting in public access PCs with adaptive

North Carolina Libraries

North Carolina Libraries

technology that improve access to NC LIVE for North Carolina citizens with disabilities.

On a more somber note, it is my solemn duty to record for posterity the deaths on
October 11, 2000, of Vernelle G. Palmer of Salisbury, NCLA President (1957-59) and
school librarian in Rowan County, and Mildred S$. Councill of Mount Olive, NCLA
President (1967-69), Librarian Emerita of Mount Olive College, and 1985 Life Member of
NCLA. Gifts to the NCLA Endowment in their, honor are welcomed. Your gifts will be
acknowledged and the families of Mrs. Palmer and Mrs. Councill will be informed.

The North Carolina State University Libraries FOCUS newsletter has been in print
since 1964. On October 13th a Web-based version of FOCUS was launched. Check it out
at http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/administration/publications/focusonline/index.html.

Two North Carolina universities have received gifts to strengthen their libraries.
Duke University has received a $171,000 grant from the National Endowment for the
Humanities to preserve and provide wider access to the archives of the John W. Hartman
Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing History. The archives is the repository for
the documents of many advertising agencies, including the official records of the
Outdoor Advertising Association of America, dating from the nineteenth century, and
several related collections of slide, photographs, original artwork for billboards, and
correspondence. The School of Information and Library Science at the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill received a $120,000 gift from Cisco Systems Inc. and the
Cisco Systems Foundation to honor the universityTs late chancellor. The newly estab-
lished Michael Hooker Graduate Fellowship in Applied Networking will help pay tuition
and expenses for a graduate student who is studying development and management of
networked information systems.

Sandra Cooper and Frannie Ashburn of the State Library of North Carolina are both
contributors to The Functions and Roles of State Library Agencies, a new publication from
the American Library Association. Ron Jones, a State Library recent retiree, was a featured
participant in the Wake County Storytelling Festival held in Raleigh on September 29-30,
2000; Ron was profiled in an article in the Raleigh News and Observer on September 29,
2000.

The Public Library of Charlotte & Mecklenburg County has been ranked as one of
the top ten American public libraries serving a population of over 500,000 in the most
recent HennenTs American Public Library Rating (HAPLR) Index. The HAPLR rating is
based on factors such as circulation, staffing, materials, periodicals, reference service,
and funding levels. PLCMC was the only North Carolina library ranked in the top ten in
any population category.

The Asheville-Buncombe Library SystemTs West Asheville Branch Library is one of
ten more public libraries selected to receive a grant of $1,000 to host the new LetTs Talk
About It: The Next Generation of Reading and Discussion Programs for Libraries series
awarded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the American Library
AssociationTs Public Programs Office.

The New Hanover County Public Library in Wilmington is one of fourteen addi-
tional libraries selected nationwide to participate in the Prime Time Family Reading Time
reading, discussion, and storytelling series offered by the Louisiana Endowment for the
Humanities in partnership with the American Library AssociationTs Public Programs
Office. The project is funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humani-
ties. Prime Time, based on illustrated childrenTs books, is designed specifically to help
underserved families with children bond around the act of reading and learning to-
gether. The series teaches parents and children to read and discuss humanities topics,
and aids them in selecting books and becoming active public library users.

In a joint press conference held on December 14, 2000, the ChildrenTs Theatre of
Charlotte and the Public Library of Charlotte & Mecklenburg County announced that
land has been secured for a new ChildrenTs Learning Center, which will be named in
honor of Joseph B. Martin III, a longtime Charlotte civic leader. The announcement took
place at the future site of the facility in the heart of CharlotteTs uptown Cultural District.
Groundbreaking will take place in fall 2001, with the Center scheduled to open in late
2003. The ChildrenTs Learning Center will be a 113,000-square foot interactive learning
environment, combining library resources, performance spaces, and the latest in educa-
tional technology.

Keep up the good work you all are doing to put the national spotlight on North
Carolina libraries and the creative services they are providing to North Carolina citizens!

Spring 2001 "

Research and Practice in Academic Libraries:

n recent decades, as academic li-
brarians have achieved tenure-
track or even special faculty sta-
tus, a growing professional con-
sensus has emerged that they
should uphold this status by ac-
tively engaging in research and pub-
lication. Beginning in 1971, with the en-
actment of ACRLTs faculty status stan-
dards for research librarians, scholarship
has been officially recognized as an im-
portant duty for academic librarians.
The 1992 revised version of the stan-
dards confirmed this view by stating
that olibrarians add to the sum of knowl-
edge through their research into the in-
formation process and other areas of
study.�' ACRL continues to emphasize
the importance of this issue to the
present day. In its most recent Statement
on Professional Development, approved
on July 8, 2000, ACRL expresses the
opinion that:

Academic and research librarians
have a responsibility to share
what they have learned through
writing, speaking, mentoring
and modeling, in order to
facilitate the learning of their
colleagues and the advancement
of the profession.�

In addition to the official position
of organizations such as ACRL, a grow-
ing body of literature discusses the direct
and indirect benefit to librarians of re-
search and writing. In an article in the
September 1986 issue of College & Re-

4 " Spring 2001

A Case Study

by Stefanie DuBose and David Durant

search Libraries, Dale S. Montanelli and
Patricia F. Stenstrom refer to three ben-
efits that librarians derive from engaging
in scholarship. The first of these is that
research promotes advancement. As they
put it, ostudy after study indicates that
successful librarians, as measured by pro-
fessional advancement, publish more
than their less successful counterparts.�
The second benefit cited by Montanelli
and Stenstrom is that research oprovides
recognition when advancement is not
possible.� Research provides both an al-
ternative means of gaining recognition,
and a way for librarians to exercise au-
tonomy and creativity, pursue challenge,
and engage in professional learning. Fi-
nally, research enables librarians to de-
velop the skills and analytical abilities
necessary to cope in an environment of
constant change.

Yet, in spite of these potential ben-
efits, many academic librarians continue
to regard research as a necessary evil at
best. For a large number of librarians, the
prospect of engaging in re-
search is daunting. It requires
a major commitment of time,
effort, and thought, one that
many librarians are reluctant
to make. Possibly the biggest
obstacle to persuading aca-
demic librarians of the impor-
tance of pursuing research is
the way in which they per-
ceive research relative to their
other duties. It is regarded as a
burden of time and effort, a

distraction from their normal duty of
serving their users, a distasteful necessity
imposed by the demands of tenure. Yet
research can be much more than a way
to satisfy tenure requirements or an eso-
teric pursuit apart from professional
practice. It can also be an excellent way
to gain understanding of issues and
problems that confront us on a daily
basis and to further our growth and de-
velopment as librarians.

For academic librarians, research
should be regarded not as something
separate from our normal public or tech-
nical service tasks, but rather as an inte-
gral part of those duties. In the words of
William K. Black and Joan M. Leysen,
othere should be a real continuity be-
tween professional practice, research,
and service, and we need to appreciate
the benefits inherent in this relation-
ship.�* Through engaging in the re-
search process and accompanying litera-
ture search, academic librarians can gain
a deeper understanding of an issue or

... research enables librarians

to develop the skills and

analytical abilities necessary
to cope in an environment of

constant change.

North Carolina Libraries

problem related to their work routines.
As Black and Leysen put it, oscholarly
projects should come ... from the daily
work of the librarian who is involved in
planning and developing services and
programs and in making decisions re-
lated to them.� For example, a reference
librarian doing a research study on the
reference interview can use that research
as a means to improve his or her ability
to work with patrons at the reference
desk. By having this research published
as a journal article or in some other for-
mat, he or she then allows other librar-
ians to benefit from it. As Rebecca
Watson-Boone describes it, this is the
model of the academic librarian as oprac-
titioner-researcher,� who is able not only
to use research as a means of improving
professional practice, but also to incor-
porate research methods into their daily
work habits and problem-solving skills.°

Currently, the authors, who work at
Joyner Library, East Carolina University,
are engaged in a research project analyz-
ing free scholarly electronic journals. We
feel that this project provides a case
study as to how academic librarians can
integrate research into their overall pro-
fessional duties, and in particular use
research as a tool for gaining insights
into issues of major importance for the
library profession. This study arose di-
rectly from a project to create a search-
able database of all e-journals available
to Joyner LibraryTs user community. As
part of this project, we compiled a list of
free e-journals and e-zines. During this
fairly straightforward collection evalua-
tion and development task, a number of
interesting issues regarding these e-jour-
nals became apparent, issues of direct
relevance to academic libraries. This re-
alization proved the starting point for
our research. By collecting a much larger
sample of free scholarly e-journals and
doing a detailed analysis of them, ad-
dressing questions such as who pub-
lishes these journals, what subject areas
are most represented, and how many are
still being actively updated, we hope to
gain some understanding of the viabil-
ity and duration of these journals. In
particular, we wish to see if free e-jour-
nals are indeed emerging as a legitimate,
alternative form of scholarly communi-
cation. Once our research is completed,
therefore, we will both have collected
additional free e-journals that we can
make accessible to our users, and have a
more thorough understanding of the
above issues. Having arisen from our
professional practice, this research
project will hopefully enable us to im-
prove that practice. In this way, research

North Carolina Libraries

hr

and professional practice are not oppo-
sites, but rather mutually reinforcing el-
ements of a single process.

Origins of the Project

Like most academic libraries, Joyner Li-
brary has been deeply impacted by the
exponential growth of electronic jour-
nals. Currently, Joyner Library provides
full text, electronic access to well over
8,000 magazines, journals, and newspa-
pers. Providing access to these titles has
been a problem, as until now there has
been no single place where a user can
search to see if we have full text, elec-
tronic access to a particular journal, and
if so, where it can be found. Therefore,
in June 2000, the authors were among a
project team that began work on an E-
Journal Locator http://www.lib.ecu.edu/
locator/, which would provide users
with oone stop shopping� in terms of
finding e-journals available through
Joyner Library.

For this project, it was decided to
include those publications that provide
free, full-text access to most or all of
their content, going back at least one
year. For example, a user looking for
Time in the E-Journal Locator would find
links both to full text aggregators such as
ProQuest that include Time, and to
time.com, which has complete full text
coverage of the magazine from January
1994 to the present, except for the cur-
rent issue. We decided to include free
electronic journals in this project for sev-
eral reasons. For publications such as
Time, available both for free and through
subscription databases, linking to the
free Web site gives users an alternate
means of access. This is especially impor-
tant for those users having problems
with remote authentication through our
proxy server. This is the only way to
make our users aware of free electronic
journals, unavailable through any other
means, and provide them with access.

In June, one of the authors began
compiling a list of electronic magazines
and journals meeting these criteria. He
collected seventy-six titles, which were
then added to our overall e-journal da-
tabase. Of these seventy-six electronic
publications, fifty could be classified as
scholarly e-journals. We defined free
scholarly e-journals as oEnglish language
scholarly journals that make most or all
of their content freely available via the
World Wide Web, without requiring reg-
istration or imposing other barriers to
access.� These items varied greatly in
terms of currency, publication schedule,
formatting of articles (HTML or PDF),
frequency of publication, and other fac-

tors. Thus, even a seemingly routine,
mundane, task was able to spark some
interesting research questions.

Background Issues

Simply analyzing a relatively small
sample of scholarly e-journals raised a
number of interesting issues, and the
authors felt that attempting a more thor-
ough study of these publications prom-
ised to yield some useful insights.
Among the issues raised were the nature
of publishing in the Web environment,
the stability of that environment, the
economic viability of free e-journals, the
publisher, the potential for using links
and multimedia content, and finally, the
question of whether free e-journals can
provide an alternative to the current
commercially-driven scholarly publish-
ing system.

Most of the e-journals we found,
even newer electronic-only ones, con-
form to the traditional model of the
scholarly journal. That is to say, collec-
tions of articles were published periodi-
cally as separate issues and/or volumes.
There were several, however, that pub-
lished articles as they came in, and did
not organize their articles into issues or
volumes. Even among those journals
that did use the traditional model, many
published new issues on an infrequent
basis. This raised the question of
whether, in an electronic environment,
the traditional model of journal publish-
ing is still necessary.

Closely related to this issue is that of
new versus preexisting journals. Many of
the e-journals we found are new, Web-
only publications, such as the Journal of
Mundane Behavior.T Others, however, like
the British Medical Journal, are both pub-
lished in print and made available for
free via the Web.® Finally, a third cat-
egory of journals, those that have mi-
grated from print to free electronic-only
access, was also discovered. Essays in His-
tory, from the University of VirginiaTs
History Department, is an example of
such a omigratory� journal.?

Another issue that arose while gath-
ering free e-journals for the locator data-
base is the question of the differences
between Web-based and print content.
As we all know, one of the great advan-
tages of Web pages is that they are active
documents that can be easily altered
when necessary. Unfortunately, this can
also be a disadvantage in terms of the
consistency and reliability of the infor-
mation offered. Some of the e-journals
we found attempted to address this
problem by presenting articles in Por-
table Document Format (PDF). In addi-

Spring 2001 " vy)

tion, Web-based publishing allows the
use of a variety of audio, visual, and
other interactive and multimedia con-
tent not available to print journals. Most
of the journals we found included only
text articles. Some, however, did offer
links to related resources,
and several even featured
multimedia content. This
raised the issue of how
widespread the use of
non-text content is
among free e-journals.

The issue of arch-
iving Web-only publica-
tions is also a concern.
What if the e-journal
should cease publication
and stop maintaining its
Web site? History Reviews
Online is an example of a
free e-journal that liter-
ally disappeared from the
Web overnight. A related
issue is whether free e-
journals can be economi-
cally viable. As will be discussed below,
these are questions we sought to pursue
in our literature search on this topic.

Another interesting question that
arose is who is producing free scholarly
e-journals. Not surprisingly, scholarly so-
cieties or academic institutions created
almost all of the ones we found. Only
two or three were maintained by com-
mercial publishers or other for-profit or-
ganizations.

The issue of the authorship of free e-
journals led us to arguably the most im-
portant issue that arose during this pro-
cess: the current crisis in scholarly com-
munication and the possible role of free
e-journals in helping provide a solution.
Scholarly communication refers to the
process by which researchers and schol-
ars share ideas and research findings
with each other. The traditional schol-
arly journal has been the primary ve-
hicle for communicating such informa-
tion in many academic fields, and is
therefore an integral part of academic
and research library collections. In the
last several decades, however, two major
developments have brought this system
into crisis.

The first of these developments is
the rapid growth in the number of schol-
arly journals. Since the mid-1980s, the
number of journals published worldwide
has approximately doubled. A major
part of this proliferation of academic
journals has been the entry of commer-
cial publishers such as Elsevier into the
realm of scholarly publishing, often cre-
ating oniche� and orapid communica-

6 " Spring 2001

Unfortunately, the
hope of many
that electronic
journals would
provide a solution
to the scholarly
communication
crisis has proven
to be forlorn....

tions� journals, especially in the sci-
ences, with high impact factors and, not
surprisingly, high prices. Ironically
enough, the goal of the rapid communi-
cations titles is to make research findings
more readily available to researchers
worldwide. The fi-
nancial burden of
maintaining these
subscriptions, how-
ever, weighs heavily
on academic librar-
ies, as these publish-
ers have found
scholarly communi-
cation to be ex-
tremely profitable,
earning profit mar-
gins of up to 40%.1°

This situation
has led to the sec-
ond major element
of the scholarly

communication cri-
sis: the dramatic in-
crease in serials sub-
scription costs. Dur-
ing the period 1986-
1999, serial costs in-
creased by an an-
nual average of 9%,
well beyond the rate
of inflation. This
has resulted in a
situation where ARL libraries are spend-
ing 2.7 times more on serials than in
1985-86, while actually subscribing to
6% fewer titles. Thus the cruel paradox
at the heart of the serials crisis: while
more journals are available than ever be-
fore, libraries are subscribing to fewer
and fewer.!!

Unfortunately, the hope of many
that electronic journals would provide a
solution to the scholarly communica-
tion crisis has proven to be forlorn. Aca-
demic libraries are spending just as
much money, if not more, maintaining
subscriptions to both print and elec-
tronic journals. In most cases, electronic
access to a fee-based title is contingent
upon maintaining the print subscrip-
tion; predominantly among the sci-
ences, obtaining electronic-only access
is, in fact, more expensive than main-
taining the print subscription alone. Fi-
nally, acquiring access to full text article
aggregators such as ProQuest or
EBSCOhost has merely added to the
budgetary burden. In short, the crisis in
scholarly communication has stretched
academic library acquisition budgets to

... fand] has
stretched academic
library acquisition
budgets to the
breaking point.

the breaking point.

This has definitely been the case at
Joyner Library. New print journal sub-
scriptions have been frozen for several
years now, with departments forced to
exchange current titles for new ones on
a one-to-one dollar basis. As with many
other libraries, Joyner is beginning to
examine critically its serials and elec-
tronic resources budget while simulta-
neously engaging in serious evaluation
of print journal holdings and electronic
databases using various quantitative
methodologies. At Joyner, as at most
academic libraries, the fiscal effects of
the scholarly communication crisis are
felt on an almost daily basis.

As we gathered free e-journals for
our locator project, the issue of such
journals providing an alternate form of
scholarly communication, free from the
control of commercial giants such as
Elsevier, arose almost immediately. Sev-
eral free scholarly e-jour-
nals, such as the Elec-
tronic Journal of Sociology,
have as their explicit ob-
jective taking back con-
trol of the scholarly
communication process
from the commercial
publishing houses. !2
By analyzing a larger
sample of free e-journals
to see how many have
been actively main-
tained, and how many
new ones have been started, we can
hope to determine whether these publi-
cations are indeed emerging as a possible
alternative means of disseminating
scholarly research, or if they are merely
a brief experiment destined for failure.

In light of the issues discussed
above, free e-journals were clearly a re-
search topic worthy of further explora-
tion. We decided, therefore, not only to
continue collecting additional journals,
but to expand the process from a prac-
tical, collection development project to
one also incorporating a research com-
ponent. Thus, we were able to success-
fully integrate research with practice.
The next step was to decide on our re-
search methodology and begin the ac-
tual research process.

Methodology

Our first task was to define the phrase
ofree e-journal.� At the University of
HoustonTs Web site, we found a very de-
tailed set of selection criteria that de-
scribed our phrase.!4 We further refined
our definition after examining the
Sociocite/ICAAP Journals Database and

North Carolina Libraries

Distribution Centre criteria.!4 Our final
definition encompassed the following
criteria: Most of the title in question
must be offered on the Web; the journal
must be peer-reviewed; the majority of
the articles must be in English; the title
must be published regularly rather than
existing as a solitary publishing exploit;
and finally, no fees or registration are re-
quired to access the articles published
within. This formed the basis of our defi-
nition; however, we were to find that
some of these criteria lent themselves to
further investigation. We also discover-
ed other criteria to include for further
research, as discussed below.

Previously, one of the article authors
had compiled a list of free e-journals fall-
ing into various subject categories for
the ECU E-Journal Locator project. In
order to gather a more substantial
amount of data for this project, we in-
vestigated various Web sites that proved
invaluable for extending our initial set of
titles. Among these sites are the Univer-
sity of HoustonTs Scholarly Journals Dis-
tributed Via the WWW,,'5 the Interna-
tional Consortium for Alternative Aca-
demic Publication (ICAAP),!° the Direc-
tory of Electronic Health Sciences Journals
at Monash University of Australia,'�
AcqWebTs Directory of Journals, Newslet-
ters and Electronic Discussion Archives,}®
Internet Free-Press Journals,'° and finally,
titles discovered through other resources
or via serendipitous Web browsing. Of
these titles, we eliminated all that were
described as offering free full-text access
for a limited time, the logical conclusion
being that the titles would then transi-
tion to a fee-based format.

Another issue of some concern was
_ that of registration. Many medical titles
are currently offered via Medscape, an
online medical community that requires
user registration for access to the free
content within. While this does pose a
barrier to access, the material within re-
mains peer-reviewed as well as timely. It
was felt that for undergraduates this
would indeed become an obstacle, but
the targeted community would simply
take the registration in stride. This belief
was confirmed through anecdotal evi-
dence in our discussion of the topic with
some residents and physicians affiliated
with the nearby teaching hospital.
While these titles will most likely be
added to the locator database, it remains
undecidéd whether to include these
titles in our formal study.

Due to the increasing number of
titles to investigate, it was necessary to
divide the research process between the
authors. The logical division was by

North Carolina Libraries

broad subject categories since our titles
fell within the social sciences and sci-
ences. The subject librarian with respon-
sibilities in the social sciences evaluated
the social science and humanities titles,
while the librarian with science respon-
sibilities assessed those titles.

At this time, we engaged in a litera-
ture review to investigate various facets
of our topic, including the evolving na-
ture of scholarly communication in an
increasingly digital academic society and
the eventual economic impact of free e-
journals upon the publishing industry.
Another issue we investigated was the
stability of Web-based serial publica-
tions, one related to the concern of ar-
chival access. This issue is of utmost con-
cern to the academic community at
large, for if a title offers unique and valu-
able information, yet provides no archi-
val assurance and ultimately disappears,
so, obviously, does the content. This is-
sue underscores the oftentimes ephem-
eral nature of Web publishing, a subject
that causes information professionals to
proceed with caution as we move toward
formally selecting free materials for our
user communities.

We also searched for articles discuss-
ing the research process itself and the
necessity of publishing as a form of
scholarly communication among aca-
demic librarians. Our search comprised
database searching (Library Literature and
EBSCOhostTs MasterFILE Premier), as well
as browsing various Internet sites. Using
the latter approach, we found a great
deal of information at the Harrassowitz
Web site, Electronic Journals: A Selected
Resource Guide. This site included valu-
able information regarding locating elec-
tronic journals, lists and directories, elec-
tronic journal providers, definitions and
a history of electronic journals, usage
studies of electronic journals, standards,
legal and academic issues, archiving, ref-
erence linking and pre-print servers, and
current awareness information on the
issues surrounding electronic journals.

Another key source was the Journal
of Electronic Publishing,�! itself a Web-
based publication, and the University of
HoustonTs Scholarly Electronic Publishing
Bibliography,� as well as various discus-
sion threads on the Serialst listserv. The
discussions from the listserv mostly fo-
cused on the economic impact of e-jour-
nals on the publishing industry, al-
though a few were directed at the use of
multimedia within the e-journals. All of
these sources inspired a number of
thought-provoking brainstorming ses-
sions that gave our project impetus for
future directions.

For the purposes of the initial
project, however we decided to focus on
basic quantifiable data, and thus gath-
ered the following: number of journals
by discipline; number and percentage of
Web-only journals versus electronic ver-
sions of print publications; number and
percentage of journals offering multime-
dia content (streaming audio and video);
number and percentage of journals offer-
ing interactive access (allowing readers
to comment on articles either as a sepa-
rate component or via an interactive
message board); statistical breakdown by
type of publisher (university, profes-
sional society or for-profit); and a statis-
tical breakdown by frequency and regu-
larity of publication.

With respect to our actual research
processes, the description by Rebecca
Watson-Boone of opractitioner-research-
ers� is especially apt as othey approach
projects and problems in ways that yield
(1) solutions, (2) an enlarged under-
standing of their actual field of work "
their practice " and (3) improvements
in that practice.�* The research in
which we are currently engaged is action
research; as Watson-Boone points out,
this type of research opresupposes that
something will be changed as a result of
applying this method to a problem and
that those affected by the problem must
be involved in the research effort.��* Our
project is dynamic when viewed in these
terms insofar that we are examining an
issue increasingly integral to our daily
professional activities as a reference li-
brarian and a serials collection develop-
ment librarian. This research will modify
our understanding of free e-journals and
the concomitant issues of selection, ac-
cess, and impact on our fee-based serials
collection. Accompanying these changes
will be an enhanced knowledge of the
free e-journal phenomenon and im-
proved access to these titles.

Interestingly enough, each author
had a different approach in collecting
the data, based upon his or her daily ex-
periences in public and technical ser-
vices. One made general notes includ-
ing the title, URL, ISSN, publisher, fre-
quency, archive dates, whether the title
was electronic only or had a pre-exist-
ing print version, extra software require-
ments, and any special utilization of its
Web format (links, searching, etc.). As a
reference librarian with a humanities/
social science background, his primary
concern was with end-user access. His
approach to the research and evaluation
process was more intuitive and less
quantitative than that of his colleague.

The other librarian noted the same

Spring 2001 " %

information and developed an Excel file
in order to track the above data and ma-
nipulate extra data. Because the second
author was (1) responsible for examining
the science and medical titles and (2) a
technical services librarian, different is-
sues came to the forefront of her re-
search. These included the presence of a
distinct ISSN for the electronic title;
whether the title was indexed and
where; the availability of TOC notifica-
tion; the need for registration; the
amount and type of advertisement (i.e.,
Java or Shockwave banners) within the
journal; the availability of continuing
medical education credits; and the avail-
ability of MARC records for the titles for
future inclusion in the online catalog.
Our differing methodologies are a
reflection of our vantage points (public
services and technical services) within
the library profession. This project is an
excellent example of the value of col-
laboration between librarians in two
very distinct areas of the field. The tech-
nical services librarian focused on issues
particular to providing access to the
materials and their resulting impact on
the rest of the collection. For example, if
it were decided to include these titles in
the online catalog, the catalogers would
profit greatly from the availability of
MARC records. If MARC records were
not available, then a decision would
need to be made regarding original cata-
loging. This would, in turn, be based on
the amount of time the original catalog-
ers would have available to dedicate to
this project, the cost of uploading the
records to OCLC, and the potential im-
pact such OCLC inclusion would have
on the interlibrary loan workload.
Another example is analyzing the
effect of free titles on the remainder of
the serials collection. Again, if it were
determined that stable, free e-journal
titles should be considered valid mate-
rials and formally added to the collec-
tion, we must incorporate these new
tools into our methodologies for collec-
tion evaluation. This brings up the
question of the impact of free scholarly
e-journals on the use of our fee-based
serials collection, especially if these
journals begin to have an impact on
scholarly communication and hence,
an economic impact on the publishing
industry. A number of methods, in com-
bination, could give librarians an idea
of this impact, including tracking hits
through the local OPAC and via any
Web-based mode of access; examining
the impact of the titles on scholarly
publication through citation analysis;
and evaluating the relevance of the

& " Spring 2001

titles to the institutionTs educational
goals by assigning LC subject headings.

The public services librarian, on the
other hand, approached this project
from the perspective of the end-user,
a view shaped by working directly
with students and faculty at the refer-
ence desk, in library instruction ses-
sions, and as a subject specialist. He
emphasized, for example, the issue of
whether articles were provided in
HTML or PDF and the impact this
would have on end-users in terms of
required hardware and software. Also,
the question of barriers to user access
was one he approached from a different
perspective than his colleague. Re-
quired registration, for example, is
much more likely to deter under-
graduates or general users from a Web
site than the medical specialists with
whom his colleague is more familiar.

This divergence of background and
outlook between the two authors has
not been a problem or obstacle to
progress. On the contrary, it has proven
to be a tremendous advantage in terms
of broadening the scope and under-
standing of the issues associated with
this project. Both librarians have been
exposed to a much wider understanding
of the free e-journal question and its im-
plications than had they pursued this
research on their own or with a col-
league of similar background.

In spite of their different service per-
spectives, both librarians share an over-
riding concern with access. Michael
Fosmire and ElizabethYoungTs essay in
the most recent issue of College & Re-
search Libraries? analyzed the amount of
access ARL libraries provide to free schol-
arly e-journals and brings to the fore-
front of our professional discourse the
overriding issue of access. Each library
must struggle with the question of how
best to support the needs of its user com-
munity by providing them the means of
finding information. Many libraries use
multiple methods to provide this infor-
mation by using both the local online
catalog and the libraryTs Web site. This
raises the issue of selection and selection
guidelines, however, as well as inventory
control, as the URLs must be checked at
all points of access on a regular basis to
ensure stability of access.

The final stage of the research pro-
cess will involve interpreting the data we
have gathered and publishing our con-
clusions in an article. As we move to-
ward the final process of analyzing our
results, several trends are becoming ap-
parent. We expect to find that the sci-
ences are more inclined to use the Web

as a method for scholarly communica-
tion. It appears that the medical sciences
are particularly engaged in using the
Web for communication. While medical
journals are not the most expensive,
with the average 2000 cost at $663.21
(in comparison with chemistry and
physics titles at $1,302.79),2° it will be
interesting to see what their impact will
be on serial costs and, hence, library ac-
quisition budgets.

Many medical journals, such as the
British Medical Journal, American Family
Physician, Canadian Journal of Rural Medi-
cine, and Annals of Medicine, offer free
access to their electronic content while
maintaining the alternative of a fee-
based print subscription. Furthermore,
99% of the titles checked are indexed in
Medline or EMBASE, thus increasing the
potential for free scholarly and profes-
sional communication. In conjunction
with the recent NLM venture into free
scholarly communication via PubMed,
we begin to see a change looming on the
publishing horizon. With the advent of
the Cross-Ref endeavor, fairly diverse
types of journals will become more inte-
grated with one another.

The evolving picture reveals the po-
tential for both fee-based and free e-jour-
nals being indexed in major A+I re-
sources, and linking to one another as
well, taking greater advantage of the
WebTs unique nature and thus improv-
ing the possibility for ovirtual� scholarly
communication. Among the primary
influences on this potential scenario will
be the researchers themselves as they
choose where to publish their academic
contributions. If such a model of aca-
demic communication prevails, the fu-
ture ramifications will be in the scientific
rapid communications journals and will
subsequently have a financial impact
upon commercial publishers. Unfortu-
nately, according to Fosmire and YoungTs
recent findings, libraries are not provid-
ing access to free e-journals commensu-
rate with the notification provided by
indexing services.� In order to effect any
change in the prevailing scheme of aca-
demic communication, libraries will
need to reexamine their selection crite-
ria to include these free titles.

Conclusion

Research can become a natural exten-
sion of daily professional activities;
seemingly mundane subjects can lead to
informative research topics through the
research process itself. Librarians espe-
cially can take advantage of being prac-
titioners as the burgeoning nature of
information technology affects both

North Carolina Libraries

public and technical services. Whether
teaching clients to locate and evaluate
information from numerous diverse re-
sources successfully, realigning budget
expenditures, or selecting and provid-
ing controlled, standardized access to
discrete bits of information in the cata-
log or at the Web site, all librarians must
work at an almost frantic pace to main-
tain a working knowledge of resources,
modes of access, publishing trends, and
evaluation methods. It is possible, how-
ever, to realign our professional
workflow to engage in scholarly commu-
nication through the research process.

The current project, which origi-
nated from selecting free e-journals for
JoynerTs E-Journal Locator database, con-
tained a number of these diverse issues
of interest to the library community: the
economic impact of free e-journals on li-
brary budgets, the mechanisms provid-
ing access to information, the constantly
evolving nature of scholarly communi-
cation, and collection evaluation meth-
odologies. Ultimately, as Watson-Boone
notes, ocontinuous learning is seen as a
particularly attractive part of being
members of a chosen profession.��8 Li-
brarians constantly engage in continu-
ing education by virtue of the inherently
mutable nature of information structure
and access. Such a profession lends itself
effortlessly to the integration of research
and practice.

As a result of this experience, here
are some lessons learned that may be ap-
plicable to other librarians wishing to
engage in research, and to integrate re-
search into their overall professional
practice:

¢ Pick a topic arising from daily profes-
sional practice. For example, if you
are having difficulty finding a suitable
research topic, you can possibly find
a topic in a practical project or study
currently underway or already com-
pleted. The most effective and inter-
esting research is often that which is
tied directly to daily practice.

° Collaborate with colleagues possess-
ing a different background and/or
service perspective. This will yield
both a broader perspective on the
topic at hand, and give insight
regarding how librarians in other
fields approach their work.

¢ Find ways to integrate research into
your daily workflow. For example,
by pursuing projects offering both
research and practical benefits, you
can successfully integrate both
elements into a single workflow
process.

North Carolina Libraries

e Remember that research is a
dynamic process. During the course
of the research project, some issues
will fade in importance while newer
ones will become apparent.

Above all, as noted at the beginning
of this article, the best way to integrate
research into oneTs overall duties is con-
ceptually. Academic librarians must
think of research and publishing as an
integral part of their duties. Research
and practice are best seen as two essen-
tial, synergistic elements of an overall
work process, and not as polar opposites.
By adopting such a view, librarians will
find that their professional practice ben-
efits, not suffers.

References

1 Association of College and Research
Libraries, oStandards for Faculty Status
for College and University Librarians,�
January 1992. http://www.ala.org/acrl/
guides/guifacst.html (November 29,
2000).

2 Association of College and Research
Libraries, oACRL Statement on Profes-
sional Development,� July 8, 2000.
http://www.ala.org/acrl/profdevlp.
html (November 29, 2000).

3 Dale S. Montanelli and Patricia F.
Stenstrom, oThe Benefits of Research for
Academic Librarians and the Institu-
tions They Serve,� College & Research Li-
braries 47 (September 1986): 282-85.

4 William K. Black and Joan M.
Leysen, oScholarship and the Academic
Librarian,� College & Research Libraries
55 (May 1994): 232.

SIDI Gs, Doubs

6 Rebecca Watson-Boone, oAcademic
Librarians as Practitioner-Researchers,�
Journal of Academic Librarianship 26
(March 2000): 85-93. MasterFILE Pre-
mier. EBSCOhost. File #3048506 (De-
cember 2, 2000).

7 Journal of Mundane Behavior. http:/
/www.mundanebehavior.org/ (Decem-
ber 3, 2000).

8 British Medical Journal. http://
www.bmj.com/ (December 3, 2000).

9 Essays in History. http://etext.lib.
virginia.edu/journals/EH/ (December
3, 2000).

10 oScholars Under Siege.� http://
www.createchange.org/librarians/is-
sues/silent.html (September 18, 2000).

11 oJournal Costs: Current Trends &
Future Scenarios for 2020,� ARL: A Bi-
monthly Report on Research Library Issues
and Actions from ARL, CNI, and SPARC
210 (June 2000): 10.

12 Sosteric, Mike. oElectronic Journals:
The Grand Information Future?� Elec-

tronic Journal of Sociology 2 (November
1996). http://www.sociology.org/con-
tent/vol002.002/sosteric.html (De-
cember 3, 2000).

13 oDetailed Journal Selection Crite-
ria,� in Scholarly Journals Distributed Via
the WWW: Detailed Journal Selection
Criteria. http://info.lib.uh.edu/wj/
selection.html (September 12, 2000).

14 International Consortium for Alter-
native Academic Publication, oThe
Sociocite/ICAAP Journals Database
and Distribution Centre.� http://
www.icaap.org/database/journals.html
(September 19, 2000).

1S oScholarly Journals Distributed Via
the WWW.� http://info.lib.uh.edu/wj/
selection.html (September 12, 2000).

16 International Consortium for Alter-
native Academic Publication, oThe
Sociocite/ICAAP Journals Database and
Distribution Centre.� http://www.
icaap.org/database/journals.htm1 (Sep-
tember 19, 2000).

17 oNirectory of Electronic Health Sci-
ences Journals.� http://wwwmed.med.
monash.edu.au/dehsj/ (December 2,
2000).

18 oAcqWebTs Directory of Journals,
Newsletters and Electronic Discus-
sion Archives.� http://acqWeb.library.
vanderbilt.edu/acqWeb.journals.html
#journals (December 2, 2000).

19 Internet Free-Press, oJournals.�
http://www.free-press.com/journals/
(December 2, 2000).

20 Harrassowitz, Booksellers and Sub-
scription Agents, oElectronic Journals: A
Selected Resource Guide,� May 4, 2000.
http://www.harrassowitz.de/
top_resources/ejresguide.html (De-
cember 2, 2000).

21 oJEP, The Journal of Electronic Pub-
lishing.� http://www.press.umich.edu/
jep/ (December 2, 2000).

22 Bailey, Charles W., Jr., oScholarly
Electronic Publishing Directory.� Ver-
sion 34 (12/1/2000). http://info.lib.
uh.edu/epb/sepb.html (December 2,
2000).

23 Watson-Boone, 85.

24 Tbid., 87.

25 Michael Fosmire and Elizabeth
Young, oFree Scholarly Electronic Jour-
nals: What Access do College and Uni-
versity Libraries Provide?� College and
Research Libraries 61 (November 2000):
500-508.

26 Barbara Albee and Brenda Dingley,
oU.S. Periodical Prices"2000.� American
Libraries 31, 5 (May 2000): 78.

27 Fosmire and Young, 507.

28 Watson-Boone, 86.

Spring 2001 " 9

The Current State of Public Library Research

in Select Peer-Reviewed Journals:

he purpose of this article is to

examine the current state of re-

search regarding public libraries

in the library and information

studies (LIS) literature over the past

five years of publication. Four char-

acteristics were examined: (1) fre-

quency of publication; (2) author pro-
files; (3) subject; and (4) methodology.

Previous researchers have studied
various aspects of public library issues.
Several articles comment on the lack of
motivation for public library practitio-
ners to publish. Chapman and Pike!
note three such barriers to practitioners
publishing: (1) publications are not con-
sidered as part of the librarianTs perfor-
mance evaluation, (2) publishing can be
considered as an inappropriate use of
professional time, and (3) practitioners
do not have the same access to research
materials that LIS faculty do (although
this has changed somewhat since this
article was published due to access to
electronic databases such as NC LIVE).
Woodrum acknowledges that oFew
public librarians receive any monetary
gain from writing, and there is no re-
quirement forcing us to publish to
keep our jobs or further our careers.�
Still she urges practitioners to conduct
and publish research as a professional
obligation.�

Other authors note a gap between
the research conducted by LIS educators
and what is useful to library practitio-
ners. Van Fleet and Durrance surveyed
23 public library leaders and found that
these practitioners viewed research as

10 " Spring 2001

1996-2000

needed, but that existing research was
onot relevant� and that olibrary schools
donTt understand what we need.� Prac-
titioners need more of the practical, ap-
plied or action type of research, i.e. the
ohow we done it good� type of article
which presents a problem and how the
local library solved it. Library educators,
on the other hand, are not rewarded for
doing this type of research in the ten-
ure process. Perspectives and standards
of researchers often result in the percep-
tion that such localized, single shot case
studies are lesser in quality due to less
rigorous research standards. Greiner
notes that while basic, theoretical re-
search has its place in the public library
area, oapplied research as a problem-
solving tool in public libraries is often
overlooked.�* The question then be-
comes how to bridge this gap. Van Fleet
and Durrance* recommend the re-pack-
aging of basic research articles for the
professional literature, in such publica-
tions as American Libraries and Library
Journal.

Other researchers of public library
research focused on either LIS faculty
or practitioners and their characteristics
and publishing habits. Tjoumas® stud-
ied the productivity of LIS professors
who appeared to specialize in public li-
brary research and found that they pub-
lished in journals they considered pres-
tigious, but that they produced less than
one article per year.

Chapman and PikeT produced an
excellent literature review of research
on author characteristics (position, in-

by Julie Hersberger and Christopher Demas

stitution type, gender, geographic loca-
tion, collaboration, and level of activ-
ity), and the reader is directed to this
article for further information.

Another Van Fleet article asserts
that there is evidence that LIS educa-
tors and public library practitioners
share an informal communication sys-
tem utilizing research and that they
share elements of a ocommunicative
and intellectual culture.�8 The bottom
line would appear to be that although a
gap between the needs and motivations
of LIS educators and public librarians
who publish exists, there are ways to
improve the situation.

Methodology

Our approach to the study can best be
described as quasi-scientific. The criteria
for considering that which constitutes a
research article was generously applied,
rather than rigidly considered. The pur-
pose of the article is to illustrate the cur-
rent status of public library research to a
mainly practitioner readership, so the
strategy was to be more inclusive than
exclusive in order to get a sense of the
big picture.

The researchers used a purposeful
sampling approach. We first limited the
study to articles on public librarianship
in the LIS literature. Although it would
be very interesting to examine public li-
brary research outside the main field of
library literature, time constraints did
not allow for this. The strategy devel-
oped was to begin with the Library Lit-
erature databaseTs peer-reviewed journals

North Carolina Libraries

list. Journals with a United States em-
phasis, as well as some national journals
with articles by Canadians of interest to
North Carolinians were selected. The
five-year period of 1996-2000 is some-
what arbitrary as it was predicted that
this strategy would yield a useful pool of
data for analysis and was manageable
given the time restraints of the project;
however, some of the December 2000
issues may not have been included in
this sample if they were not processed
at the time of the data collection. An-
other sampling constraint is that the
authors were limited to the journal
holdings of Jackson Library at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina Greensboro.
Library Trends is not part of the sample
because even though articles are peer
reviewed, they are more likely to be re-
ports of research in a synthesized form
rather than the research report itself.

Once a list had been made of the
national research journals in LIS (see
Appendix A) a quick review of the table
of contents from 1996-2000 identified
journals in which public library research
was published (see also Appendix A).
This strategy identified 11 journals con-
taining some form of public library ar-
ticles and two specialized public library
journals (Public Libraries and Public Li-
brary Quarterly). The next phase con-
sisted of examining the public library
articles in each journal run from 1996-
2000 to select those that were research-
based. Articles that were simply opin-
ion pieces were deselected, but articles
addressing the philosophical and theo-
retical underpinnings of public librar-
ies were included if they contained
some sort of a research question that
was answered. The line between re-
search and essay may be rather murky
in some of the selections, but again, the
aim was to be inclusive rather than rig-
idly exclusive.

The review process yielded a total
pool of 121 research articles from the
13 identified journals for the five-year
period. The simple frequency of public
library research publication was first ex-
amined. Then, articles were content
analyzed in several categories using ana-
lytical frameworks that were both de-
ductive and iterative in nature. Another
category addressed is authorship"
whether the authors were LIS educators,
practitioners, or other"and the num-
ber of authors per article. Next, the sub-
ject of the article was analyzed using an
emergent analytical framework. Re-
search methods were examined utiliz-
ing an analytical framework developed
by Powell,? which identified relevant LIS

North Carolina Libraries

ee

research methods. The study does not
attempt to evaluate the quality of the
research nor does the analysis differen-
tiate between public library-based re-
search or research which was simply
applied to public libraries.

Both authors analyzed each article,
which would imply some measure of
inter-coder reliability. A rigorous process
was not applied, with several iterations
of analysis being developed, nor were
outside coders used to enhance the
trustworthiness of results; thus the
oquasi-scientific� label has been applied
to this project.

Data analysis produced some ex-
pected research findings as to frequency,
authorship, subjects, and methods. In-
teresting issues and trends emerged
from the data which should be of inter-
est to public librarians and perhaps oth-
ers as well.

Findings

The original research design proposed
examining the articles to determine
where they fell on the basic " ap-
plied " action continuum. This strategy
was abandoned due to the difficulties
in operationalizing the terms. Still, the
impression left to the researchers is that
the vast majority of the articles either
applied theories to a large pool of pub-
lic libraries, using national surveys or
statewide surveys, or looked at a couple
of cases or even single-shot case stud-
ies. This would seem to support the call
for research that is more readable and
useful to public library practitioners. We
note, however, that public librarians
also read research on topics not solely
focused on public librarianship. Other
studies in the general research literature,
for example, generic studies of refer-
ence, collection management, technol-
ogy use, etc. may not be as practitioner-
friendly. Additionally, research con-
ducted on reference work in academic
libraries could have applicability in the
public library setting, so it would be
short-sighted to limit the range of top-
ics read by public library practitioners
to such a narrow, single focus.

Frequency

Readers will probably not be surprised
to learn that public library research con-
stitutes a small percentage of the total
number of research articles published in
all thirteen journals over the past five
years. Out of an estimated 1,707 articles
total, 121 or 7%, are public library ori-
ented. Also not surprisingly, the two
public library based journals, Public Li-
braries and Public Library Quarterly, pub-

lished public library research with the
most frequency. When these two jour-
nal totals are removed from the 13 jour-
nal sample, the percentage of public li-
brary to all research articles published in
the remaining 11 journals (1,547 total
articles to 57 public library articles) is
4%, Although we did not gather data to
analyze the distribution of research ar-
ticles by type of library subject, the
overall impression is that academic li-
brarians wrote the vast majority of ar-
ticles about academic libraries. Many
others are simply non-specific in na-
ture. The difference in numbers may be
generated by the requirement for aca-
demic librarians in tenure track posi-
tions to publish on a regular basis. Spe-
cific frequencies can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Publication Frequency





JELIS
RL 200
RQ, RUSQ 78
JLA 191
NCLibs 23
ITL

eee



a) WI RIL OO) OO

Total** 1547 57 4%
* See Appendix A for abbreviations.
** Total minus PL and PLQ totals.

Conclusions as to whether public
library research is sufficiently meeting
the needs of consumers cannot be dis-
cerned from the frequency chart. Li-
brary educators, public library practitio-
ners and other interested parties should
conduct more research as information
needs arise.

Conclusions as to whether public
library research is sufficiently meeting
the needs of consumers cannot be dis-
cerned from the frequency chart. Li-
brary educators, public library practitio-
ners and other interested parties should
conduct more research as information
needs arise.

Authorship

Article authorship was analyzed in re-
gard to the number of collaborative ef-
fort and as to the gender of the authors.
LIS educators appear to collaborate more
often than did public library practitio-

Spring 2001 " ie

ners. Some of the articles seem to have
evolved from class projects or research
conducted by faculty with multiple stu-
dents or graduate assistants. Other ar-
ticles appear to be the written reports
of masterTs thesis work. There were sev-
eral interesting collaborative efforts be-
tween LIS educators and practitioners,
and between practitioners and vendors
or consultants. Such innovative collabo-
rations would seem to heed the recom-
mendation of Van Fleet and Durrance!®
for more cooperative efforts between all
stakeholders in the interest of public li-
braries. Table 2. displays the distribution

of collaborative efforts:

Table 2: Collaborative Efforts

77 335) 6 3

Due to the cross-collaboration between
LIS educators, public library practitio-
ners, and other interested parties, we
decided not to try to document the
number of occurrences since the results
were more confusing than edifying.

Authorship was further analyzed by
gender and career position with the re-
sults shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Authorship by Gender and
Career Position

LIS Educators 106 Total

60 female

area that could benefit from more
encouragement either as single au-
thors or in collaboration with LIS
educators and/or public librarians.

Some authors published several
articles in the five-year period exam-
ined, but most contributed only one.

Subject

While there exists some evidence of
patterns of subject preference by cer-
tain authors, a closer examination of
the research topics of the 121 articles
revealed some interesting trends and
issues.

Subject categories emerged from
the data in an iterative process. For
some articles the journals provided
keyword terms which were used for
the analysis. For the rest of the ar-
ticles, subjects were derived from ab-
stracts, where provided, or from a scan
of the entire article. The range of sub-
jects addressed in the research articles
is displayed in Table 4.

The fact that management studies
constitute the majority of research stud-
ied is not surprising. Much of the ac-
tion research represented was aimed at
gathering data to resolve specific prob-
lems or to make better man-
agement decisions. Also not
surprising is the fact that
technology studies comprise

LIS Practitioners | 52 Total

28 female

the second most frequent

Other 20 Total

8 female

subject researched. The in-
flux of new technologies into

Total 178 Total

Results show that there are more
female than male authors both in the
educator and practitioner categories, but
marginally more males than females in
the oother� category. Some names were
difficult to distinguish as to gender, such
as Pat, Lee, Alex, Leslie, etc., so where
clues were not available, a obest guess�
was made. Comparisons to the distri-
bution of gender, for example the ratio
of male to female LIS educators nation-
ally, and the public library practitioner
population would be interesting to
make if this information is readily avail-
able in a usable form. We were not able
to quickly locate such information for
this article.

Twenty of 178 total authors (11%)
were not currently employed in LIS
educational programs or as public li-
brarians. This oother� category con-
sisted of an interesting mix of library
consultants, vendors, library users,
and even the Librarian of Congress.
The issue of oothers� conducting pub-
lic library research is an interesting

12 " Spring 2001

96 female

public libraries should lead to
studies evaluating the infor-
mation technology needs of library us-
ers, how they are using these technolo-
gies and the information gathered, and
how satisfied users are with this infor-
mation technology. We predict many
more research projects concerning in-
formation technology in the next five
years.

Management studies, reference
studies, and collection management
studies comprise three of the four core
class areas we typically require of all stu-
dents in an LIS curriculum. Interest-
ingly, there is a dearth of technical ser-
vices, or cataloging, research repre-
sented in the sample. A quick review of
technical services-specific journals re-
vealed that most of these studies are ei-
ther generic in terms of type of library
or aimed at academic libraries.

We could conflate the two catego-
ries of children and YA services with the
more generic user studies, which would
then represent 23 of 133 total subjects
studied, or 17%. From this result, it is
difficult to report whether this repre-

Table 4. Subject Areas

Management Studies

Technology Studies

Reference Studies

Collection Management Studies

Children and Young Adult Studies

User Studies

Intellectual Freedom

Theory, Philosophical

Gay Oriented Materials Studies

Community Studies

Risk Management

Library/Librarian Image Studies

Geospatial/Geosystems Studies

Reader's Advisory Studies

Other

*Articles had multiple subject headings as-
signed to them.

sents a significant percentage, and thus
we cannot tell, without comparison fig-
ures, if there is a trend towards more
user-centered research or not.

The five studies included in the
oother� category include one article on
a 1951 reading conference, one article
on McCarthyism and film, one article
on library development, one examining
library standards, and one gauging pub-
lic opinion.

More studies need to be conducted
in all of these categories, and more, in-
novative topics, will most likely appear
in future work.

Methods

Methods used in the research articles
were analyzed utilizing the framework
Powell developed in his research.!! The
distribution of methods used is shown
in Figure 1.

Results show the three main re-
search methods used were case studies,
content analyses, and surveys, which
fits with the subjects being studied as
noted previously. Management studies
were generally case studies, often used
in combination with other methods
such as interviews and surveys. Content
analysis studies were used to examine
library collections, library policies, and
library documents.

It is interesting to note the 11 his-
torical studies. Understanding public li-
brary history is an important part of
understanding the present and predict-
ing the future, so we hope more such
studies will be conducted in the future.

The term ooperations research� was

North Carolina Libraries

a LS en TM ll

Figure 1. Methods

0 5 10

Number
6) 20 25 30

Case Study
Content Analysis
Survey :
Historical
Qualitative

Operations Research

Method

Single Shot Case Study
Statistical Analysis
Other

Theoretical |

Exploratory

Experimental

co-opted and adapted somewhat from
PowellTs definition to include the more
general library system analysis and not
just pertaining to technology systems.
Single-shot case studies were separated
from the general case study category
where multiple cases were the object of
study. Some of these studies came close
to edging away from research towards
more journalistic efforts. Care needs to
be taken to make case studies research
as rigorously scientific as possible. Li-
brary Journal, American Libraries, and
Public Libraries are good venues for these
more informal reports. Statistical stud-
ies were those which analyzed data such
as circulation statistics, national public
library statistics, etc. Other methods
used included geographic analyses,
checklist use, nominal record linkage,
and the development of a standard al-
gorithm.

The more common research meth-
ods will continue to be represented in
LIS research conducted by both library
educators and practitioners. In addition,
researchers in LIS are continually import-
ing new methods from other fields and
developing exciting new and innovative
methods. Public library research will
hopefully reflect these new trends, too.

Conclusion

It is clear from this review of the public
library research conducted in the past
five years that there is a solid, growing
body of knowledge being produced by
library educators, public library practi-
tioners, and interested other parties.
Public library research comprised 7% of

North Carolina Libraries

i

the total research published in the 13
journals sampled. Single authors wrote
the majority of these articles, but inter-
esting collaborative efforts were noted
between educators, practitioners and
other interested parties. Women authors
dominated in the educator and practi-
tioner categories, but more men than
women were represented in the oother�
category (60% men and 40% women).
None of the disparities were great. The
main subjects studied in these articles
were the core areas of librarianship com-
prising management, reference, and col-
lection management. Case studies, con-
tent analyses, and survey research meth-
ods were the most commonly used ap-
proaches in the majority of the studies.

We conclude by analyzing the re-
sults of our study in the context of the
five recommendations for improving
the utility of public library research of-
fered by Van Fleet and Durrance:!?

1. Make the research literature more
available to librarians.

Publishing in popular journals, pub-
lishing review articles on specific top-
ics and developing a oresearch digest�
are specific recommendations made
by Van Fleet and Durrance. Re-
packaging basic research for publica-
tion in professional journals may
need to be encouraged more. Just as
Woodrum!T urges practitioners to
publish as a professional obligation,
library educators may need to realize
that publishing for practitioners may
be their professional obligation, even
if academic administrators do not re-

ward them for such publications. Li-
brary Trends seems to be publishing
review articles, though not specifi-
cally for public library research. A
public library research digest could
be published as a service by a particu-
lar library school or might be ex-
tracted from a database and docu-
ment delivery service such as CARL
UnCover.

. Enhance public librarian/

researcher opportunities for inter-
action in library settings.

Specific recommendations made by
Van Fleet and Durrance�"� mention in-
volving more public libraries in the
research process, developing funding
for innovative collaborative efforts,
and encouraging practitioners to de-
velop research positions or agendas.
We would advocate further efforts as
simple as encouraging LIS educators
to frequent their local public library,
use local practitioners as guest speak-
ers in classes, and to serve, when re-
quested by public library directors, as
consultants. This general interaction
could lead to cooperative efforts and
research collaborations. Funding for
research is always an issue, but it
would seem intuitive that the wider
the range of researchers on a project,
the wider the funding pools.
WoodrumTs article! is a good ex-
ample of library administration en-
couraging staff development of re-
search positions and supporting these
research projects.

. Develop a framework for interac-

tion through association activities.

More specific recommendations from
Van Fleet and Durrance!* involve en-
couraging more activities between
the research sections of library pro-
fessional organizations, encouraging
research as part of the PLA action
agenda, including both educators
and librarians on committees, devot-
ing more attention to collaborative
continuing education efforts, and to
include library administrators in the
Association of Library and Informa-
tion Science Education (ALISE) re-
search activities.

We would like to see more inter-
action between educators and prac-
titioners at the state level as well, per-
haps at the North Carolina Library
Association (NCLA) biennial meet-
ings. According to their Web site,'�
NCLA does not have a research sec-
tion, and this may be an area of in-
terest to pursue in the future where
public, academic, and special librar-

Spring 2001 " 1

ians share their research efforts. Pub-
lic Library Association (PLA) confer-
ence programming is another area
where improvements could be made
to include more public library re-
search sessions. Based on the confer-
ence program, few sessions at the
2000 Public Library Association meet-
ing held in Charlotte!® were research-
based, most being single-shot case
studies.

4. Emphasize state library and other
cooperative research ventures.

Recommendations include the sup-
port of cooperative research efforts
by the state library and the support
of state library research efforts
through consultation. Van Fleet and
DurranceTT go on to note that many
M.L.I.S. students and librarians are
unaware of the role that state librar-
ies play in the research process. The
State Library of North Carolina�?
takes a supportive role in the dissemi-
nation of some research. Several
studies conducted by the N.C. State
Library Commission, such as one on
oChildren, Teens, and Libraries� and
another on the impact of school me-
dia centers, is available on their Web
site. Better communication between
the State Library, library schools in
the state, and the public library prac-
titioners, is desirable. From the Web
site it appears that while funding for
public library research is not readily
available from the State Library, it
can facilitate research efforts through
the excellent statistics accessible via
their Web site.

5. Develop a research perspective at
the M.L.LS. level.

Van Fleet and DurranceTs?! recom-
mendations include integrating re-
search literature and methodology
into appropriate courses in the
M.L.I.S. curriculum, encouraging in-
dependent study and research for
credit, involving students at the
M.L.LS. level in faculty research, and
establishing extracurricular activities
such as forums and presentations
with a research emphasis. All of these
are very important recommenda-
tions, and some have already been in-
tegrated into the University of North
Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG)
M.L.I.S. curriculum. We would fur-
ther like to note that this article is
the collaboration of an LIS faculty
member and a graduate student.
Throughout the process of conduct-
ing the research, time and effort was
spent in the educational process of

14 " Spring 2001

learning how to do a solid piece of
research.

In conclusion, the current state of
public library research would appear to
be fairly healthy. But as the focus of
many library schools evolves from em-
phasizing the study of types of libraries
toward a more general orientation, or
towards the even more general informa-
tion science track, it is possible that pub-
lic library research will appear with even
less frequency in the future. Practitio-
ners will need to publish more, heed-
ing WoodrumTs call to this professional
obligation, and the public library com-
munity will need to actively lobby LIS
educators to conduct more public li-
brary research. As has been noted by
almost all the researchers who have ad-
dressed the ogap� between what re-
search is published and what practitio-
ners need to know, more and better
communication is the resolution to the
problem. The five recommendations
made by Van Fleet and Durrance need
to be revisited and actively advanced by
both LIS educators and public librarians.
The public library world is an exciting
one of excellent services and programs.
This excellence needs to be documented
and disseminated through more, not
less research.

Appendix A

Peer reviewed journals that did not
contain public library research, 1996-
2000
Behavioral and Social Sciences Librarian
Cataloging and Classification Quarterly
Catholic Library World
Collection Building
Collection Management
Current Studies in Librarianship
Government Information Quarterly
Information Processing and Management
Journal of Education for Librarianship
Library Acquisitions
Library Hi-Tech
Library Resources and Technical Services
Online and CD Rom Review
References Services Review
Serials Librarian
Serials Review
Technical Services Quarterly

Peer Reviewed Journals Containing
Public Library Research, 1996-2000
and Abbreviations Used

Information Technology and Libraries
(ITL)

Journal of the Association of Information
Science (JASIS)

Journal of Education in Library and In-
formation Science (JELIS)

Journal of Library Administration (JLA)

Journal of Youth Services in Libraries
(YSL)

Libraries and Culture (L&C)

Library Quarterly (LQ)

Library and Information Science Research
(LISR)

North Carolina Libraries (NCLibs)

Public Libraries (PL)

Public Library Quarterly (PLQ)

Reference Librarian (RF)

RQ or Reference and User Services Quar-

terly (RQ)

References

1 Karen Chapman and Lee E. Pike,
oPublic Librarians as Authors in the Li-
brary Science Periodical Literature: An
Examination and Profile,� Public Library
Quarterly 13(1993): 47-61.

2 Pat Woodrum, oPublish or Perish!
But not in the Public Library,� Public Li-
braries, 28(January/February, 1989): 28.

3 Connie Van Fleet and Joan C.
Durrance, oPublic Library Leaders and
Research: Mechanisms, Perceptions, and
Strategies,� Journal of Education for Li-
brary and Information Science 34 (Spring
1993): 137-152.

4 Joy Greiner (ed), Research Issues in
Public Librarianship: Trends for the Future.
(Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).

5 Van Fleet and Durrance , 146-148.

® Renee Tjoumas, oResearch Produc-
tivity and Perceived Prestige of Profes-
sional Journals: An Examination of
Faculty Specializing in Public Lib-
rarianship,� The Serials Librarian 25
(1994): 65-81.

7 Chapman and Pike, 47-49.

8 Connie Van Fleet, oEvidence of
Communicating among Public Librar-
ians and Library and Information Sci-
ence Educators in Public Library Journal
Literature,� Library and Information Sci-
ence Research 15 (1993): 257-274.

° Ronald H. Powell, oRecent Trends
in Research: A Methodological Essay,�
Library and Information Science Research
21 (1999): 91-119.

10 Van Fleet and Durrance, 148.

'l Powell, 92-93.

2 Van Fleet and Durrance, 147-148.

13 Woodrum, 28.

'4 Van Fleet and Durrance, 148.

15 Woodrum, 29.

16 Van Fleet and Durrance, 148-149.

7 http://nclaonline.org

'8 http://www.pla.org

!9 Van Fleet and Durrance,149.

0 http://statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us

21 Van Fleet and Durrance, 149.

North Carolina Libraries

From Research to Action

in School Library Media Programs

he research on the school li-

brary media center program has

been developed over a period of

decades. School library media re-

searchers over the years have used

different strategies to achieve the

goal of creating excellence in school

library media programs. The degree

to which that research has changed the

building-level program, however, is

questionable, and the amount of time

that passes between proven strategies

and implementation of those strategies
is frustrating.

Current research in the school li-
brary media area is combined with na-
tional guidelines built on improving aca-
demic achievement. This research on the
impact of school library media programs
on academic achievement does much to
outline the school library media pro-
gram needed for todayTs students, yet
the field is still struggling with issues
such as scheduling, limited resources,
and limited staffing " issues that have
been studied for decades.

The gap between the fully staffed
school library media center with a
wealth of technology and a neighboring
school library with no technology, no
budget, and minimal staffing makes one
wonder what we have learned from uni-
versity research. Journal articles and con-
ference programs are filled with evi-
dence of the value of the school library
media program to the education of our
children, but the research does not seem
to affect a significant level of change in
the way school libraries are structured,
Staffed, and administered.

This frustration is not unique to the
library field. John Tillotson, in a recent
article encouraging action research in

North Carolina Libraries

ts

by Gail K. Dickinson

the science classroom, noted that the
problems in science education stem from
an inability to take what is known about
science education and implement it in
the field.! Action research is a strategy
that could turn this frustration into en-
ergetic application, and merge the gap
between university-level research and
building-level practice.

History of School Library Media
Research

Over the decades, three basic types of
research into school library media pro-
grams have emerged. Model programs
research illustrates the implementation
of library media center roles and tasks in
real-life school settings. Research into
input measures study what inputs, usu-
ally budget, materials, and staffing, are
typical in a school library media center.
Most recently, research into output mea-
sures focuses on the impact that school
library media programs have on the edu-
cational process. Each of these three
types of school library media research
has had opportunities to come to the
forefront. Each has lent credibility to
school library media center program de-
sign; and each provides opportunities for
furthering that research at the building
level through action research.

Before the action research potential
for each of these areas, can be discussed,
the possibilities and problems of action
research is necessary.

Action Research

oYes, but,� oThat would never work
here,� oNot on our budget,� are discour-
aging phrases that can easily squelch
planned changes in schools and libraries,
even promising changes in terms of

achieving the mission of the school li-
brary media program. For instance, the
type and amount of student reading has
been positively linked to academic
achievement. Stephen KrashenTs book
The Power of Reading? is still a powerful
motivational tool for instigating change
in school library media programming to
encourage more reading in schools. Fur-
thermore, school library media research
is now being linked directly to school
library media programs, through the
work of Keith Curry Lance,? focusing on
the links between school library media
programs and academic achievement.

The question that school library
media specialists may have is why this
increasingly recognized research is not
making a difference in their daily work
with students and teachers. Flexible
scheduling is another example of an is-
sue that has been studied for years, yet
school library media specialists still
struggle to convince principals and
teachers of the benefits to student learn-
ing that the change would bring.

The answer lies in the research lit-
erature of change, especially school
change. Robert Evans, in his book The
Human Side of School Change, notes not
only the difficulties of change, but also
the benefits of resistance to change. Re-
sistance to change ensures that there is
stability in the organization, and that
whims and fads will pass before imple-
mentation occurs. Accepting resistance
to change as a positive factor in the
school setting does not mean that
change cannot occur, only that there
must first be a reason to change. He
notes, oPeople must be sufficiently dis-
satisfied with the present state of af-
fairs " and their role in maintaining

Spring 2001 " 19

it " or they have no reason to endure
the losses and challenges of change.�*

The question for school library me-
dia specialists is not that others canTt see
why a proposed change would benefit
the school, or even that others do not
agree with the change. The question is
how to increase the dissatisfaction of
their teaching peers and school admin-
istration with the current state of affairs
in their own school. Flexible scheduling
is again a good example of this. It may
be fairly easy to convince classroom
teachers, principals, and parents of the
advantages of flexible scheduling; how-
ever, awareness, and even agreement
with the issues may not be enough.
Many times the school librarian is the
only person dissatisfied with the sched-
ule, while teachers, principals, students,
and parents are very satisfied. The plan
must not only be to make these stake-
holders intellectually aware of the ben-
efits of a reform such as flexible schedul-
ing, but must also go further to encour-
age the stakeholdersT personal dissatis-
faction with the current system, so that
they are willing to go through the
change process.

Action research is a strategy that can
achieve this goal. Action research can
turn the tide of negativity to a promising
opportunity for positive change by cre-
ating a research environment in which
talk of improving academic achievement
is brought to a localized reality in terms
of oour� students, oour� test scores, and
oour� teachers.

Definition of Action Research

Action research, sometimes also called
teacher-as-researcher, has been de-
scribed more often than defined. Glanz
described it as oapplying traditional re-
search approaches ... to real problems
or issues facing the practitioner.� Gay®
defines the purpose of action research as
solving practical problems through the
application of the scientific method.
CalhounTs more formal definition of
odisciplined inquiry (research) in the
context of focused efforts to improve
the quality of an organization and its
performance (action)�� can be com-
bined with the others, to achieve a defi-
nition that action research is simply
practitioners using research methods to
solve problems and answer questions
that they see in their everyday work in
their local setting.

Action research in the school library
media center is a method for systematic
evaluation of specific areas of the school
library media program. Action research,
when combined with nationally re-

16 " Spring 2001

ported research, can provide local con-
text for the data. Most researchers agree,
however, that action research cannot be
generalized beyond the local level, and
cannot substitute for systematic study by
trained researchers. The school-library-
media-specialist-as-researcher, however,
can add to that national body of re-
search by providing local context and
local tests of implementation strategies.

Steps in Action Research

School library media specialists conduct
research all the time. We have circula-
tion data, we keep schedules and lists,
and we talk to students, teachers, and
parents. This data, however, is rarely sys-
tematically collected and analyzed, and
even more rarely applied to a specific
problem. An action research agenda at
the school or district level can use data
already available to create change. The
four basic steps in conducting action re-
search are: selection of the research ques-
tion, data collection, data analysis, and
reporting of results.

Selection of the Problem

We may think we are surrounded by
problems in the school library, but
choosing an area for action research may
prove difficult. Commonly heard con-
cerns of school library media specialists
may be the following:

¢ I wish I had flexible scheduling.

e My budget is too low (or nonex-
istent).

e The teachers donTt have time to
collaborate.

A successful action research problem (or
question) is aligns with school goals,
increases student learning, or positively
impacts teaching strategies. A less suc-
cessful action research problem is one
that will only improve the efficiency of
program administration within the li-
brary media center. Choose an area of
greatest concern; then conduct a litera-
ture search to see what previously has
been studied in that area.

Data Collection
As with scientific research, two types of

action research data exist: quantitative
data (numbers and statistics), and quali-
tative (what is read, heard, or said). Li-
braries have always collected quantita-
tive data. Circulation statistics, budget
reports, and attendance totals have
been collected and reported for years.
Ironically, with the use of automated
catalogs, the availability of such data
may have decreased, since circulation
records may be deleted at the end of
each school year.

Test data may be available for the ac-

tion researcher. It may be possible to
compare aggragated reading test scores
with aggragated circulation records to
discover the effectiveness of a reading
initiative such as a book talking program
for 4th graders, or to remove checkout
limits for certain classes.

Qualitative data are also useful. In
scientific research, qualitative data are
comprised of interviews or observations.
The same concepts are true in action re-
search, except that gathering methods
may be more informal. To test the value
of a library orientation program for new
students, a high school library media
specialist may develop a student opinion
survey; however, the library media spe-
cialist may also observe classes doing re-
search in the library and make notes as
to research behaviors that the students
may have learned during orientation.
Overheard comments and informal dis-
cussions with students may be noted in
a journal. Library staff and classroom
teachers can be invaluable partners in
the gathering of qualitative data; the
data, however, must be systematically
gathered and written down for future
reference.

Data Analysis
Data analysis is not always statistical,
although in some cases this may be help-
ful. Remember that action research usu-
ally cannot be generalized, which means
that it cannot be applied beyond the lo-
cal school setting. Rather than being a
limitation, the lack of generalizability
can be a strength, and give even more
meaning to the results at the local level,
since statistics most meaningful to the
local school setting, such as to special
program area teachers or within class-
room special projects, can be used.
Data can be analyzed using a simple
spreadsheet chart, showing the differ-
ence in scores, numbers of items
checked out, or other numeric data.
Qualitative data can be analyzed using
numbers as well, by dividing the com-
ments or pieces of observations into cat-
egories, and then counting the times
each category is mentioned. Use of anec-
dotal comments based on the qualitative
data is helpful to draw a visual picture of
the use of the library media center.

Reporting of Results

Usually the results of action research are
used in a report directed to administra-
tion, or in a staff development program.
Publication of the results in a newsletter
or journal devoted to practical tips
should be encouraged. By using these
journals, practitioners are encouraged to
try action research themselves. A com-

North Carolina Libraries

posite picture of a typical class using the
library media center, for example, could
draw from observations, student sur-
veys, and teacher interviews to illustrate
the value of the school library program
in the teaching and learning processes of
the school.

These four basic steps " identifica-
tion of the research question, collection
of data, analysis of data, and reporting of
results " are repeated in a variety of ac-
tion research projects. The results are ap-
plicable only to the specific school; how-
ever, if enough action research is per-
formed at the local school setting and
reported regionally and nationally
through journal articles and conference
presentations, the resulting change will
have a resounding impact on the school
library media program development.

Collaborative action research, con-
ducted with several other partners
within the school, also strengthens the
meaning of the data. Since several per-
spectives are used at each step of the pro-
cess, the results are more easily seen as
fact rather than opinion. Collaborative
action research also can include several
schools gathering the same types of data.
Although still not generalizable beyond
these schools, the data tends to be seen
as having more legitmacy. Collaborative
action research programs also can be
conducted under the auspices of a uni-
versity research program. This type of
research can add controls to the program
to generate more general results.

Applying Action Research
Strategies to National Research

Initiatives

As described earlier, three types of school
library research that have been con-
ducted over the years involve the use of
model program, input measures, and
output measures. Action research can be
applied to each of these national re-
search trends.

Model Programs

The Knapp School Library Project,® in
the mid-1960s is seen as the first wide-
spread model program for school library
media centers. Model elementary and
secondary school libraries were devel-
oped at specific sites across the country,
and grants were used to encourage visi-
tation to these sites. Knapp funds also
were used in the training of school li-
brary media specialists, and with the Li-
brary Manpower Project, to delineate
the tasks and activities in the school li-
brary media center. Findings from the
Knapp Project were used to determine
appropriate staffing levels, collection
sizes, and activities for school library
programs. The Knapp project helped to
change the perception of a library as a
book collection to one that included a
variety of formats, was staffed profes-
sionally, and could function as the heart
of the school.

Library Power, from the Dewitt
Wallace ReaderTs Digest fund, is fre-
quently hailed as the modern version of
the Knapp School Library Project. Li-
brary Power funded programs of excel-
lence dependent on flexible scheduling,
staff development to encourage collabo-
rative teaching and learning, and money
for facilities and collections. Tastad and
Tallman? studied the impact of Library
Power on two schools over a period of
three years. They identified three goals
of Library Power: developing a stronger
curricular role for the school library
media specialist, developing learner-cen-
tered libraries, and developing a school
culture to sustain reform. Library Power
was most successful in school settings
where the school library media special-
ist became a partner with administrators
and teachers to achieve whole-school re-
form. A major investment in time and
money was placed in staff development
activities. Authentic assessment meth-
ods were strengthened, with the library

media center as a learning laboratory for
authentic, student-centered learning.
Teachers were encouraged to move from
traditional desk-bound instruction to
using a variety of instructional resources
and strategies.

These two examples of model pro-
gram research show how this research
places the school library media center
into whole school reform. The Knapp
School Library Project encouraged the
development of school libraries, and Li-
brary Power turned the participating
school library media programs into
learning laboratories for whole school
reform.

Model program research takes the
ideal of what a school library media pro-
gram can achieve and places it into a
real-life setting in an attempt to encour-
age replication of the structure and ac-
tivities. Visitation to the sites and publi-
cation of the findings of these activities
does much to encourage replication. Un-
fortunately, there is little in the literature
to show that visitors to these sites at-
tempt action research to duplicate re-
forms in their own schools. This would
add to our knowledge of the importance
of model programs, and strengthen the
knowledge of whether money, staff de-
velopment, or policy changes does most
to create the model programs.

Model programs action research re-
quires gathering a variety of data. Action
researchers should first select an area of
the model program for study, such as
collaboration with teachers. A baseline
should be established by describing the
present degree and amount of collabora-
tion. A survey to ascertain teacher atti-
tudes toward collaboration is helpful. A
review of research literature on collabo-
ration may suggest possible strategies,
including direct approach to teachers
through one-on-one discussion, staff
development presentations to grade lev-
els and department chairs, and whole

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Spring 2001 " 17

school approaches, including program
advocacy techniques such as newsletters
and whole school staff development.

As the collaborative effort unfolds,
careful recording of observations, per-
sonal reflections, and records of conver-
sations with teachers, parents, students,
and administrators are helpful. Do not
rely on your memory. A specific time
period, perhaps a semester or a complete
school year, must be established at the
beginning of the action research project,
so that the data collection period has a
definite beginning and end.

Each strategy implemented needs to
be documented and its success evalu-
ated. At the end of each time period,
data must be collated and categorized.
The reporting of this type of action re-
search is very appropriate for a journal
article. Action research personalizes
theoretical research, and the personal
reflections and issues, carefully docu-
mented and observed, are helpful in rep-
licating and implementing university
research, especially in the implementa-
tion of person-to-person reforms such as
collaborative instructional efforts.

Input Measures

In the 1970s, the publication of Media
Programs, District and School'® reflected
the high point of the use of input mea-
sures for school library media programs.
This publication offered qualitative goals
for the school library media program
and quantitative statements for the
number of items in school library media
collections. A specific number of books
and equipment per student was used as
an ideal, and although few schools
reached the numeric totals outlined in
Media Programs, the standards given
were helpful to school library media spe-
cialists building an integrated collection
of print and nonprint materials.

Another type of input measure is
Marilyn MillerTs research in conjunction
with other researchers on school library
budgets. The Miller studies, published
in School Library Journal beginning in
the early 1980s and continuing bienni-
ally,!1 give an overview of the budget
money school library media programs
were receiving, and the types and num-
bers of materials purchased with these
funds. These studies give the budding
action researcher valuable tools for as-
sessing their local school budgets.

A more recent input measures is the
National Center for Education Statistics
publication on School Library Media Cen-
ters, 1993-94.!2 The National School
and Staffing Survey (SASS) regularly
gathers data on public and private

18 " Spring 2001

schools. For the first time, the survey
gathered information on school library
media centers as well. This survey, avail-
able online and in print, gives informa-
tion on budget, collections, and library
media center activities.

The reliance on input measures is
still evident in guidelines such as South-
ern Association of Schools and Colleges
(SACS), and in state level guidelines as
well. Action research can give the
school library media specialist valuable
information for assessing local budget,
collections, and support for typical li-
brary media center activities such as
serving on planning teams and working
collaboratively with teachers.

Action research can easily be ap-
plied to input measures to bring na-
tional data to the school level. Using
the SASS data, or the latest Miller-
Shontz survey, school library media spe-
cialists can compare data such as bud-
get, or numbers of books purchased.
For comparison purposes, the same
types of data about your school and
your school library media center should
be gathered. Typical data comparison
points are the following:

e Enrollment " Use the official
enrollment figure reported to the
state education agency. The princi-
pal office staff should know or be
able to find this figure easily.

e Budget figures " How much was
spent during the previous school
year, and for what? Divide the total
amount spent on books by the
official enrollment figure to ascer-
tain the amount spent per pupil for
each category of spending.

¢ Materials purchased " The number
of materials purchased in each
category (books, periodical subscrip-
tions, software, etc.) should be
totaled. Dividing the number of
materials purchased in each cat-
egory produces the average price per
item, an important key to justifying
the numbers of items needed.

Once these figures are obtained, the
national data is reviewed to find schools
of similar size, similar diversity levels,
and similar levels. The data is compared,
and the results reported in chart or
graph form. Numbers alone are just
numbers, so the stories behind the
data " what it means to have an ad-
equate collection, budget, or staff "
should also be reported.

Output Measures

The more recent research into school li-
brary media programming parallels to

the changing role of the school library
media specialist, and general direction
of education. Accountability, more than
a buzzword, has become the aim unto
itself, with a strong reliance on stan-
dardized testing. The impact of school
library media center programs on aca-
demic achievement is the focus of more
recent school library media center re-
search.

This type of measure is the most
valuable to research at the local school
level. If school library media centers
were widely accepted as crucial to stu-
dent success, perhaps input measures
and model programs research would in-
crease as well.

Keith Curry Lance is by far the
strongest advocate of this type of re-
search. Lance began this research with
a Colorado study testing links between
elements of school library media pro-
grams and academic achievement, spe-
cifically student performance on a Colo-
rado achievement test. Lance discov-
ered that school library media center
funding and instructional activities of
the school library media specialist did
have a positive impact on student
achievement.!* Lance has tested this
research in different states, all with
strong positive results.!4

Action research applied to his stud-
ies can take the statewide results and
compare them with the local results.

This type of action research is more
difficult to do in the school, mainly be-
cause it involves people other than the
school library media specialist. Obtain-
ing student records, test scores, and
analysis of test question items may be
difficult for the school library media
specialist or, in some cases, be pre-
vented by school policy.

Still, cooperation of classroom
teachers will be extremely helpful, espe-
cially in the use of in-class assessments.
With output measures research, the
choice of a research question is critical.
What is the library media center pro-
gram trying to impact? Student achieve-
ment as a broad topic must be narrowed
to a specific subject area, specific grade
levels, or even a specific classroom. For
instance, when testing a reading en-
coutagement program and the effect on
reading scores, the library media spe-
cialist must know the average increase
of reading test scores from one test pe-
riod (end of year) to the next test period
for the same group of students. If stu-
dents in 4th grade generally improve
one grade level in reading to the end of
5th grade, the library media specialist
can then assess whether the implemen-

North Carolina Libraries

tation of a reading improvement pro-
gram can improve this.

Issues in Action Research

Despite the growing popularity of action
research in teacher education and train-
ing, many researchers dispute the effec-
tiveness and the wisdom of conducting
such research. Researchers claim that
action research, instead of assisting in
the implementation of research-based
change, may slow that implementation
by watering down the results with un-
controlled quasi-research efforts. Cer-
tainly there are issues with action re-
search that the beginning library media
specialist as researcher must consider.

Confidentiality

The legal ramifications of a breach of
confidentiality of student records must
be paramount in the action researcherTs
research design. Protecting the privacy
of individual students and of individual
teachers is an obvious need. Teacher
comments must be confidential. Student
comments, records, and other data
should be treated with extreme care and
within school district policy. Action re-
search involving students and teachers
should be approved by school district
authorities or in conjunction with a uni-
versity human subjects review board.

Before beginning any type of action
research, the researcher should develop
a proposal indicating research goals,
questions to be considered, data to be
collected, probability analysis, and how
results will be shared.

Generalizing Results

The validity of research depends on the
ability of the researcher to control the
environment. Control of variables that
may affect the research outcome, use of
sampling techniques to identify partici-
pants, and strict adherence to qualitative
research methods techniques are crucial
elements in research. These same ele-
ments will probably not be used in ac-



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tion research. The action researcher con-
centrates on the local school setting.
Convenience sampling is used to iden-
tify respondents, meaning that the
school library media specialists may
choose a grade level most likely to re-
spond, or with whom they have a previ-
ous relationship. Finally, most school li-
brary media specialists are not trained in
research techniques. For these reasons,
action research usually is not easy to
generalize because the results only apply
in the context of one school setting.

Conclusion

Notwithstanding the above cautions,
the value of action research to the school
library media profession cannot be over-
stated. The school library field has
reached a level of maturity based on
sound research findings underscoring
the value of the school library media
program in the educational process.
These findings are widely reported in the
school library media field. Action re-
search is a tool for the school library
media practitioner to give local school
context to those research findings, so
that school- and district-level decision-
makers place the school library media
center at the heart of the educational
process in our schools.

References

1 John W. Tillotson, oStudying the
Game: Action Research in Science Edu-
cation,� Clearing House 10 (September
2000): 31.

2 Stephen Krashen, The Power of
Reading; Insights from the Research
(Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited,
1993).

3 Keith Curry Lance, oThe Impact of
School Media Centers on Academic
Achievement,� School Library Media
Quarterly 22 (Spring 1994).

4 Robert Evans, The Human Side of
School Change; Reform, Resistance, and
the Real-Life Problems of Innovation, (San



Nothing like seeing
for yourself.�

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7847 Bayberry Road ¢ Jacksonville, Florida 32256

FAX: (904) 730-8913

MUMFORD

RELIABLE WHOLESALER SINCE 1977

North Carolina Representative " Phil May

Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), 57.

5 Jeffrey Glanz, oA Primer on Action
Research for the School Administra-
tor,� The Clearing House 72 (May-June,
1999): 301.

6 L. R. Gay, Educational Research:
Competencies for Analysis and Applica-
tion, (Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
iIDSsyy Aloe

7 Emily F. Calhoun, oAction Re-
search: Three Approaches,� Educational
Leadership 51 (October 1993): 62.

8 John T. Gillespie and Diane
Gillespie. Administering the School Li-
brary Media Center. (New York: Bowker,
1983), 12,74.

9 Shirley Tastad and Julie Tallman,
oLibrary Power: Vehicle for Change,�
Knowledge Quest 26 (Jan./Feb. 1998): 17-
Ze

10 American Association of School Li-
brarians, and Association for Educa-
tional Communications and Technol-
ogy, Media Programs, District and School
(Washington, DC: ALA/AECT) 1975.

11 For the latest reported survey, see
Marilyn L. Miller and Marilyn L. Shontz
oSmall Change: Expenditures for Re-
sources in School Library Media Cen-
ters: FY 1995-1996,� School Library Jour-
nal 43 (October 1997): 28-30.

12 National Center for Education Sta-
tistics, School Library Media Centers:
1993-94 (U.S. Department of Education,
Office of Educational Research and Im-
provement), August 1998.

13 Keith Curry Lance, Lynda Welborn,
and Christine Hamilton-Pennell, The
Impact of School Library Media Center on
Acamenic Achievement (Denver, CO:
Colorado State Department of Educa-
tion and the State Library and Adult
Education Office). ERIC Document Re-
production Service. 1990. ED353989.

14 Lance has continued his original
Colorado research and is replicating it
throughout the nation. For updated
studies on school library research, visit
his Web site at www.Irs.org.




1-800-367-3927

Spring 2001 " 19

Collaborative Authorship in

North Carolina Libraries:

Past, Present, and Future

n popular imagination, research
and creativity bring to mind the
efforts of the single individual

working passionately in a given
field, sharing the fruits of this la-
bor, and increasing our understand-
ing of the world. Many examples of
these individuals can be cited from
many disciplines. A major revolution in
physics began in 1905 with the publi-
cation of four research articles by Albert
Einstein in Annalen der Physik. Alone on
the shores of Lake Tanganyika, in Tan-
zania, Jane Goodall has spent decades
observing chimpanzee behavior and has
published several substantial books
about her study of these primates. Us-
ing paper, high-quality ink for his foun-
tain pen, and a blotter, Shelby Foote
penned his 1,650,000-word history, The
Civil War: A Narrative.

Yet we are also familiar with admi-
rable examples of creative collaboration.
Chemists Pierre and Marie Curie worked
closely together in their Parisian labo-
ratory to unravel the mysteries of ra-
dium. The teamwork of Wilbur and
Orville Wright resulted in the invention
of the airplane. The unlikely partnership
of a British physicist, Francis Crick, and
an American zoologist, Thomas Watson,
led to the discovery of the molecular
structure of DNA. Clearly, collaboration
between two or more individuals has re-
sulted in accomplishments of the high-
est degree of research and creativity.

Although practicing librarians are
not seeking out the secrets of radium or
of DNA, we can experience the satisfac-

20 " Spring 2001

by Margaret Foote

tion of working with others in pursu-
ing research. How much collaboration
takes place in library research? Do we
prefer to work alone and publish our
results singly, or does collaboration take
place more often than we realize? As will
be seen below, collaboration in library
research has itself been a topic of re-
search, but generally that study has been
confined to several of the core academic
journals within the field. Little atten-
tion has been given to collaborative ar-
ticles in state journals.

Thus the first purpose of this study
is to answer several questions about col-
laborative authorship within a state
journal, and the journal chosen for
study is North Carolina Libraries. First,
how many articles within a selected
number of volumes of North Carolina
Libraries are of sole authorship, and how
many are of multiple authorship? What
percentage of the total number of ar-
ticles is of sole authorship and what
percentage is of multiple authorship?
How do these percentages compare with
the results of research about collabora-
tion in academic journals? Second, what
can we learn about the collaborators?
Do academic librarians collaborate only
with other academic librarians, or does
collaboration exist between different
types of librarians? Do any of the col-
laborators work at the same library, or
do they work at different libraries?

This study has a second purpose as
well: to inform readers of North Caro-
lina Libraries about collaboration in re-
search and publication. What are the

benefits of collaboration? What are the
pitfalls? Finally, should collaboration be
encouraged among future authors sub-
mitting articles to North Carolina Librar-
ies and, by extension, other state and
regional journals?

Literature Review

WebsterTs Dictionary defines the verb
ocollaborate� to mean oto work to-
gether, especially in a joint intellectual
effort.�! Ann E. Austin and Roger G.
Baldwin, who have written about the
role of collaboration in research, schol-
arship, and teaching in higher educa-
tion, state that opeople who collaborate
work closely together and share mutual
responsibility for their joint endeavor.
According to this conceptualization,
collaboration not only involves coop-
erative action. It emerges from shared
goals and leads to outcomes that ben-
efit all partners.��

Alice Harrison Bahr and Mickey
Zemon note that for many decades in-
creases in coauthored and multi-
authored articles ohave been dramati-
cally transforming the literature� of
both the hard and the social sciences.?
Austin and Baldwin report that othe so-
called ~hardT sciences (chemistry, phys-
ics, for example) are at the high end of
the collaboration spectrum, the ~softT
sciences (like sociology and political sci-
ence) at the low end. Collaboration is
not widespread in the humanities.�4
The authors conclude that othe nature
and the frequency of collaboration vary
across disciplines. Contrary to conven-

North Carolina Libraries

tional wisdom, however, collaboration
occurs in virtually all fields of study.�®

How is collaboration perceived in
the field of librarianship? Edgar
Williamson and Josephine B.
Williamson are of the opinion that the
idea of collaboration has had a negative
connotation for librarians. oIronically,
librarianship, whose very reason for be-
ing is to communicate ideas and infor-
mation, comes late to an understand-
ing of the significance of collaboration
in its own field.�© They remark that
omany librarians seem to think that col-
laboration is a sign of poor scholarship,
that such authors are not clever enough
or dedicated enough to complete a
scholarly article on their own.�� Within
other disciplines, however, omany
analyses of multiple authorship center
on the idea that an increasing propor-
tion of such articles in a field is a posi-
tive sign for the scholarly growth of that
field.�® Bahr and Zemon write that oli-
brary science journals are just beginning
to note increases in co- and
multiauthored articles.�? They report
the continuing trend towards collabo-
ration in the scientific disciplines, and
state that othe same trends are now evi-
dent in library science.�!°

Some study of collaborative efforts
in library research has been made, espe-
cially as part of larger studies about au-
thorship in general. In her study of au-
thorship in library research, Lois Buttlar
analyzed 1,725 articles from sixteen li-
brary journals; she reports that approxi-
mately 27.9% of these articles are by two
or more authors.!! Peter Hernon, Allen
Smith, and Mary Bailey Croxen exam-
ined the accepted, rejected, and pub-
lished papers of College and Research Li-
braries from 1980 through 1991. They
found that omore than one-third
(35.1%) of the accepted papers had more
than one author.�!2 Weller, Hurd, and
Wiberley studied the publication pat-
terns of academic librarians from the
period 1993 to 1997, examining 3,624
peer-reviewed articles from thirty-two
library science journals. Among the
questions they asked about the publica-
tion patterns was the frequency of sole
authorship and coauthorship among
academic librarians.!? Their data reveal
that of the oarticles by academic librar-
ians, 869 (55%) were that of the single-
authored works.� The remaining 710
articles (45%) had two or more au-
thors.� !4 In another study, Peter Hernon
and Candy Schwartz reviewed the con-
tents of the first twenty volumes of Li-
brary and Information Science Research,
and found that oof the 353 articles which

North Carolina Libraries

have appeared in the journal, 238
(67.4%) were by one author, 82 (23.2%)
by two authors, 21 (6%) by three, 10
(2.8%) by four, and 2 (.6%) had five au-
thors.� !5 The total percentage of articles
by multiple authors comes to 32.6%.
Williamson and Williamson have
investigated multiple authorship within
state and regional journals. They exam-
ined articles from five southeastern jour-
nals: Southeastern Librarian, South Caro-
lina Librarian, North Carolina Libraries,
Georgia Librarian, and Tennessee Librar-
ian. The authors chose to investigate
volumes of these journals published be-
tween 1977 and 1986. The percentage
of multiple authorship was relatively
low within each journal: 19.4% (South
Carolina Librarian), 19% (Southeastern Li-
brarian), 14.3% (Tennessee Librarian),
12.6% (Georgia Librarian) and 10%
(North Carolina Libraries).'° The authors
speculate that the olower multiple au-
thorship, especially in state journals,
may be due to the fact that a greater
percentage of their authors are new au-
thors. They may not be established
enough to be collaborating, getting
grants or heading research efforts. At the
same time, many such authors may be
at small libraries, thus making the pos-
sibility of collaboration less likely.� 17

Methodology

North Carolina Libraries, the quarterly
journal of the North Carolina Library
Association, was selected for this study
of collaborative efforts within a state li-
brary journal. This journal oseeks to
publish articles, materials reviews, and
bibliographies of professional interest to
librarians in North Carolina. Articles
need not be necessarily of a scholarly
nature, but they should address profes-
sional concerns of the library commu-
nity in the state.�!* Each manuscript
submitted to North Carolina Libraries is
reviewed by the editor and two jurors
before a decision is made whether or not
to publish the submitted manuscript.
The articles within each issue of
North Carolina Libraries concentrate
upon a topic of importance to librarians
throughout the state. Themes of recent
issues illustrate many aspects of the field
that interest North Carolina librarians
in their daily work. Such themes include
leadership in libraries, young adult ser-
vices, security and safety concerns, in-
formation ethics, social issues in
librarianship, government information,
library telecommunication, resource
sharing, and outreach. Sometimes issues
focus upon libraries and their roles
within the stateTs culture, offering a

closer look at the preservation of popu-
lar culture, the community of the book,
and North Carolina writers. In several
issues North Carolina Libraries has turned
its attention to the profession itself, re-
viewing the history of libraries within
the state and remembering the innova-
tors within the stateTs libraries. Every
other year the fourth issue within a vol-
ume presents a series of reports about
the AssociationTs biennial conference.

Ten volumes of North Carolina Li-
braries were examined for data about
collaborative efforts within a state jour-
nal. The ten selected volumes (48-57)
were published from 1990 through
1999. Two issues were omitted from the
study. The first, volume 48, number 1
(Spring 1990), has as its theme oLibrary
Humor,� and consists of a delightful set
of short, humorous articles. The other,
volume 56, number 2 (Summer 1998),
presents a set of oral histories of North
Carolina librarianship. After excluding
these two issues, a total of thirty-eight
issues remain to be examined for the au-
thorship of its articles.

Within each issue the articles con-
cerning the theme of the issue were in-
cluded in the study, as were articles pub-
lished under the title oAnd In Edition.�
The theme articles, as well as oAnd In
Edition� articles, present researched in-
formation. Excluded from the study are
regularly featured columns, such as
oPoint,� oCounterpoint,� oWired to the
World,� and oLibrary Research in North
Carolina,� pictorial essays, bibliographic
essays, book reviews, columns by NCLA
presidents, letters to the editor, and con-
ference reports.

Results

Based on the criteria presented above, a
total of 227 articles appeared in North
Carolina Libraries between 1990 and
1999. The number of these articles by
single authors comes to 197; articles by
multiple authors comes to 30. The
percentage of articles by single authors
is 86.8%, that of multiple authors,
13.2%. Data about the articles by mul-
tiple authors can be broken down fur-
ther. The majority of these articles are
by two authors; in fact, twenty-eight ar-
ticles, or 93.4%, are coauthored. One
article (3.3%) is by three authors, and
one article (3.3%) is by five authors.
Who are the authors of the thirty
collaborative articles found in North
Carolina Libraries? The total number of
authors comes to sixty-four, and they
represent a wide range of librarians and
other professionals coming together to
present information to their colleagues

Spring 2001 " 21

in North Carolina. By far the largest
number of authors, twenty-six, are aca-
demic librarians, academic institutions
comprising, in this case, universities,
colleges, and community colleges. That
the largest group of authors should be
academic librarians is not surprising,
given that academic librarians must of-
ten establish a record of scholarly re-
search to achieve tenure and promotion.
The next largest group of authors are
public librarians, at fifteen. Seven me-
dia coordinators, five library school fac-
ulty, two corporate librarians, one state
librarian, and one library science stu-
dent coauthored articles. The occupa-
tion of oneT author was not given.

The six remaining authors are not
librarians. Four of these authors are as-
sociated with a state university: an asso-
ciate professor of a school of education,
an assistant to a vice chancellor for aca-
demic affairs, a director of an ergonom-
ics program, and an associate professor
from a division of physical therapy. The
remaining two authors are an architect
and a coordinator of television program-
ming at an educational center.

Eighteen articles, more than half
the total of coauthored articles under
investigation, are written by collabora-
tive partners within the same field of
librarianship. Both multiauthored ar-
ticles consist of authors from academic
libraries. There are six coauthored ar-
ticles as well by academic librarians, and
six coauthored articles by pairs of pub-
lic librarians. Two articles are each writ-
ten by a pair of media coordinators, and
one article is by the two corporate li-
brarians. The remaining twelve articles
show a variety of pairings. One article
is written by an academic librarian and
a media coordinator; another article is
by an academic librarian and a library
science student. One public librarian
and one state librarian coauthored an
article. Two library science school fac-
ulty members each coauthored articles
with public librarians; they also each
coauthored articles with an academic
librarian, a media specialist at an el-
ementary school, and an associate pro-
fessor from a school of education within
a university. Some pairings of coauthors
include one author as a librarian and
one as anon-librarian. This includes an
article written by an academic librarian
and an assistant to a vice chancellor for
academic affairs, an academic librarian
and an architect, a media coordinator
and a television coordinator. One article
is coauthored by specialists in the field
of ergonomics. A last article is by an
academic librarian and an author of

22 " Spring 2001

unidentified occupation.

Do the collaborators work at the
same organization? Eleven articles,
slightly more than one-third of the col-
laborative articles, are written by librar-
ians employed at the same institution.
Included in this group is the article writ-
ten by five academic librarians at one
university and the article written by
three academic librarians at another
university. Three other articles are writ-
ten by coauthors at an academic library,
two articles are by coauthors at the same
public library, three articles are by co-
authors working for a public school sys-
tem, and one article is by librarians of a
corporate library. Of the nineteen ar-
ticles written by coauthors from differ-
ent institutions, four include an author
who works at a public library, academic
library, or library science school from
out-of-state. Two articles in North Caro-
lina Libraries are co-authored by aca-
demic librarians from universities out-
side of the state.

Conclusions

Only one previous study has been made
of multiple authorship in North Caro-
lina Libraries. As noted earlier,
Williamson and Williamson investi-
gated four state periodicals and one re-
gional journal from the southeast; North
Carolina Libraries is one of the periodi-
cals they chose to examine. The authors
selected volumes 34-44 of North Caro-
lina Libraries, published from 1977
through 1986; they excluded one issue,
Summer 1982 (volume 40, number 2).
Their criteria for articles selected for
study were similar to the criteria for this
study with one exception; they included
annotated bibliographic essays in their
total. According to their findings, the
percentage of articles by single authors
in North Carolina Libraries comes to 90%;
the percentage of articles by multiple au-
thors is 10%.!° This study found that
out of 227 ar-
ticles published
between 1990
and 1999, 13.2%
are by multiple
authors. Thus,
the percentage of
multiple author-
ship between
1977 and 1986,
and 1990 and
1999 has risen by a very modest 3.2%.

The percentage of collaborative ar-
ticles within North Carolina Libraries from
1990 to 1999 is lower than the average
for academic journals. As noted earlier,
Buttlar found that 27.9% of the set of

... Collaborative author-
ship has proven to be
beneficial in research
and publication.

articles she surveyed were coauthored;
Hernon, Smith, and Croxen had a higher
figure of 35.1%; Weller, Hurd, and
Wiberley an even higher figure of 45%;
and Hernon and Schwartz offer the fig-
ure of 32.6% for multiple authorship. All
of these figures indicate that at least over
one-fourth and even one-third of aca-
demic journals consist of collaborative
authorship; in this selection of volumes
from North Carolina Libraries the percent-
age is between 10% and 15%.

The authorship of the coauthored
articles within the pages of North Caro-
lina Libraries does illustrate a diversity
of collaborative partnerships across
boundaries. Although there are aca-
demic librarians who collaborate with
other academic librarians, public librar-
ians who collaborate with public librar-
ians, and so forth, there are examples
of an author collaborating with another
author from a different branch of
librarianship: library science faculty
coauthoring with public librarians, an
academic librarian collaborating with a
media coordinator, librarians writing
with non-librarians. In collaborative
partnerships, it seems that North Caro-
lina librarians can step out of their niche
(academic, public, school, and special)
to collaborate with other librarians, as
well as with those outside the profes-
sion, to research a topic of value to the
entire state library community.

To Coilaborate or Not: That is

the Question
One possible reason for the low num-

ber of collaborative articles within North
Carolina Libraries is perhaps that some
librarians have never considered writ-
ing an article with another author or au-
thors. Collaboration may not be wel-
come at the library in which he or she
works. Perhaps the very fear of writing
an article prevents some from ventur-
ing forth into publication, much less
finding someone
with whom to co-
author an article.
The next section
of this article pre-
sents some basic
information
about collabora-
tion. Although
many of the
sources are aca-
demic articles and monographs, the
principles are applicable to anyone con-
sidering collaboration.

For many authors in any discipline,
collaborative authorship has proven to
be beneficial in research and publica-

North Carolina Libraries

ee

tion. Joseph Moxley, in his book, Pub-
lish, DonTt Perish: The ScholarTs Guide to
Academic Writing and Publishing, states
that coauthorship can be a highly re-
warding experience. At its very best,
owe can develop ideas collectively that
are much stronger than any we could
develop on our own. Developing profes-
sional friendships, discussing possibili-
ties, seeing how others write, having
your manuscripts revised by a trusted
colleague, learning new research tech-
niques " these are some of the impor-
tant benefits of collaboration.��° Austin
and Baldwin present additional argu-
ments in favor of collaboration. oEl-
ementary social psychology explains
that individuals are more likely to fol-
low through on projects that involve
commitments to others than projects
with no external accountability. By
joining their resources and dividing la-
bor, academics can increase their pro-
ductivity and attain goals that would be
unreachable if they worked indepen-
dently.�*! Bahr and Zemon note an-
other important benefit of collabora-
tion: a greater chance at successful pub-
lication. oBecause journals are publish-
ing increasing numbers of collaborative
articles, these articles have a greater
chance of being accepted for publica-
tion. Studies indicate a relationship be-
tween these two factors, particularly in
fields where the majority of publica-
tions are multiauthored.��

Nonetheless, there is a flip side to
the collaborative coin. Moxley men-
tions several disadvantages of collabora-
tion. oColleagues can fail to fulfill their
obligations. If they are busy working on
other projects, if their professional work
isnTt all that significant to them, or if
they are going through some sort of life
crisis, they can miss deadlines or pro-
duce shoddy work, requiring extra ef-
fort on your part.��? Within higher edu-
cation, collaboration can present prob-
lems. oFair distribution of credit for co-
authored work is a significant concern
on some college campuses.... Adminis-
trators and faculty colleagues often
have difficulty evaluating the products
of collaborative research or teaching.��"�
Other problems with collaboration can
arise over the order of authorship list-
ing, assigned responsibilities, credit for
ideas, and initiating projects/writing. *
Finally, some authors simply do not
work well with others, or prefer to work
alone. The collaborative effort creates,
rather than appeases, the anxiety that
frequently accompanies the research
and publication process.

If one can avoid the pitfalls, how

North Carolina Libraries

does one author collaborate with an-
other? Surprisingly, odespite the increase
in coauthored articles, little in the litera-
ture advises prospective coauthors on
ways to work together successfully.�*° In
what remains one of the best articles on
the process of collaboration, Mary Frank
Fox and Catherine A. Faver make a num-
ber of recommendations for effective
collaborative efforts. oThe first step in
successful collaboration is to choose col-
laborative partner(s) wisely.��T Intellectu-
ally, the collaborators should match in
their strong interest in the research, their
otheoretical perspective and approach to
the topic,� and in their oskills and com-
petencies.�8 Personal factors play a role
as well in collaboration. Collaborative
partners should have a similar commit-
ment to the project, and omust assess,
and find a fit between, their personal
work habits.�*° Finally, the partners
should oconsider emotional tendencies and
habits, such as levels of anxiety, persis-
tence, and tolerance for risk.� The au-
thors suggest that at the outset the col-
laborative partners prepare an informal
contract that includes developing a rea-
sonable timetable for completion of the
work, determining the order of authorsT
names on the publication, and resolv-
ing similar issues that could impede
reaching the goal of a successful re-
search project.

Again, the literature on the topic of
collaboration emphasizes the scholarly
research conducted by university pro-
fessors and, by extension, university li-
brarians. Are there words of encourage-
ment for collaboration from librarians
who do not work in a university setting
or who are not faculty in a library sci-
ence program? Bahr and Zemon
strongly favor collaboration for college
and university librarians, but their state-
ment could apply to all librarians. oCol-
laborative contributions from librarians
and others at smaller institutions,� they
write, owould focus attention on issues
of particular significance to these insti-
tutions, broaden the literature, and help
to determine what, if any, difference
size has on services, collections, and
staffing.�?! Weller, Hurd, and Wiberley
make a more succinct statement: oPrac-
titioners can make important contribu-
tions to the scholarly publications in a
practice-based discipline.�** The authors
refer here to academic librarians, but
their idea could be, and should be, ex-
tended to public, school, and special li-
brarians. Librarians have much to offer
one another from their fields, and to
publish these results collaboratively will
benefit other librarians throughout the

state and region.

For Future Study

The subject of collaboration within state
journals remains a fruitful field for in-
vestigation. This study examined a small
set of data concerning collaboration
within North Carolina Libraries. An ad-
ditional study should be made of col-
laboration within the journal since its
beginnings. Do collaborative efforts
within North Carolina Libraries show a
pattern similar to academic journals, in
which collaborative articles increase
throughout the decades?

The study of collaboration within
four state journals and one regional
journal in the southeast, conducted by
Williamson and Williamson, should be
updated with an examination of the
same five journals covering the period
from 1987 through 2000. Results should
be compared with the Williamson study.
A major study of collaborative author-
ship in all state journals published in a
given region, such as the southeast, over
a particular period of time, would glean
even more information about collabo-
ration in state librarianship.

The gathering of data from the
pages of state journals represents one
approach to the study of collaboration;
another would be to survey authors in
North Carolina or elsewhere about the
collaborative experience. What are the
advantages of collaboration as seen
from the eyes of those who have writ-
ten collaboratively? What are the dis-
advantages? In this day of telephones,
electronic mail, and fax machines, are
collaborative efforts between librarians
located at different organizations easier?
Authors who have collaborated using
the latest technologies could answer
that last question.

A Final Word

In closing, the author, who has coau-
thored four articles in the last four years,
suggests that librarians across the state
consider the benefits of collaborative
authorship for librarians from all types
of libraries: academic, public, special,
and school. As noted above, collabora-
tive authorship can be an effective
means to conduct research that results
in an article of value. In particular, col-
laboration between different librar-
ians " academic and public, public and
special, or public and school " can fos-
ter a deeper understanding of the roles
these librarians play. Collaborative re-
search between librarians can inspire
confidence to research and then write
about particular problems and to distrib-

Spring 2001 " 23

a ee

ute in print (or, in the future, in e-jour-
nals or e-books) the results of that re-
search. As librarians, we all strive to
serve the needs of our users. Through
collaborative efforts in state publica-
tions, as well as in other publication
venues, we can share our knowledge
and further enhance the quality of our
service to our users throughout North
Carolina.

References

' Webster's II: New Riverside University
Dictionary (Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1995), s.v. ocollaborate.�

2 Ann E. Austin and Roger G. Baldwin,
Faculty Collaboration: Enhancing the Qual-
ity of Scholarship and Teaching, ASHE-



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about the horrors of war as wellas
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new novel so mature and so
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Historic general stories of Macon and surrounding
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Phone & Fax: (828) 265-3993

visit us at www.

ERIC Higher Education Report No. 7
(Washington, DC: George Washington
University, School of Education and Hu-
man Development, 1991), 4.

3 Alice Harrison Bahr and Mickey
Zemon, oCollaborative Authorship in
the Journal Literature: Perspectives for
Academic Librarians Who Wish to Pub-
lish,� College and Research Libraries 61
(September 2000): 411.

* Austin and Baldwin, Faculty Col-
laboration, 25.

5 Ibid., 27.

® Edgar Williamson and Josephine B.
Williamson, oMultiple Authorship in
the Southeast,� Southeastern Librarian 39
(Spring 1989): 13.

7 Ibid.

Mason Jars
in the Flood
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Gary Carden

2000, xii, 210 pp.,
ISBN: 1-887905-22-7.

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Meet Gary Carden, storyteller, folklorist,
playwright and author, and award-winning
English instructor, drama director and grants
writer for the Eastern Band of Cherokee
Indians. Two plays, oThe Raindrop Waltz�
and oLandTs End� have been recently
produced in Atlanta, Key West, and San
Francisco. His video, oBlow the Tannery
Whistle!� has been presented on PBS, and
is a perennial favorite with his storytelling
audiences.










Grandfather
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Photographs, Index.
ISBN: 1-887905-17-0.
Softcover; $14.95.
Grandfather Mountain: A
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this living entity, tracing its unique
development " geological,
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8 [bid.

9 Bahr and Zemon, oCollaborative
Authorship,� 411.

OWIb IG AND

"! Lois Buttlar, oAnalyzing the Library
Periodical Literature: Content and Au-
thorship,� College and Research Libraries
52 January 1991): 41.

12 Peter Hernon, Allen Smith, and
Mary Bailey Croxen, oPublication in
College and Research Libraries: Accepted,
Rejected, and Published Papers, 1980-
1991,� College and Research Libraries 54
July 1993): 311.

13 Ann C. Weller, Julia M. Hurd, and
Stephen E. Wiberley Jr., oPublication
Patterns of U.S. Academic Librarians
from 1993 to 1997,� College and Research
Libraries 60 (July 1999): 354.

14 Thid., 356-57.

'S Peter Hernon and Candy Schwartz,
oEditorial: Library and Information Sci-
ence Research " Marking the JournalTs
20th Anniversay,� Library and Informa-
tion Science Research 20, 4 (1998): 315.

16 Williamson and Williamson, oMul-
tiple Authorship,� 14.

17 Thid., 14-15.

18 oInstructions for the Preparation of
Manuscripts for North Carolina Librar-
ies,� North Carolina Libraries 56 (Sum-
mer 1998): 59.

1? Williamson and Williamson, oMul-
tiple Authorship,� 13-14.

20 Joseph M. Moxley, Publish, DonTt
Perish: The ScholarTs Guide to Academic
Writing and Publishing (Westport, CT:
Praeger, 1992), 18.

*1 Austin and Baldwin, Faculty Col-
laboration, 6-7.

22 Bahr and Zemon, oCollaborative
Authorship,� 412.

3 Moxley, Publish, DonTt Perish, 18-19.

4 Austin and Baldwin, Faculty Col-
laboration, 3.

2S Ralph E. Matkin and T. FE. Riggar, Per-
sist and Publish: Helpful Hints for Academic
Writing and Publishing (Niwot, CO.: Uni-
versity Press of Colorado, 1991), -52.

26 Bahr and Zemon, oCollaborative
Authorship,� 415.

27 Mary Frank Fox and Catherine A.
Faver, oThe Process of Collaboration in
Scholarly Research,� in Scholarly Writ-
ing and Publishing: Issues, Problems, and
Solutions, ed. Mary Frank Fox (Boulder:
Westview Press, 1985), 127.

28 Ibid., 128.

29 Thids 13d.

30 Tbid.

31 Bahr and Zemon, oCollaborative
Authorship,� 417.

32 Weller, Hurd, and Wiberley, oPub-
lication Patterns of U.S. Academic Li-
brarians,� 352.

North Carolina Libraries

Publications and Sinners:

Research from the Church Library Perspective

(King James Version)

Research
It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of
kings is to search out a matter. (Prov. 25:2)

And I gave my heart to seek and search out by wisdom
concerning all things that are done under heaven: this
sore travail hath God given to the sons of man to be
exercised therewith. (Eccles. 1:13)

Then shalt thou inquire, and make search, and ask diligently;
and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain, that such
abomination is wrought among you. (Deut. 13:14)

They search out iniquities; they accomplish a diligent search:
both the inward thought of every one of them, and the
heart, is deep. (Ps. 64:6)

By number and by weight of every one: and all the weight
was written at that time. (Ezra 8:34)

But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. (Matt. 10:30)

Scholarship
Ever learning, and never able to come to the knowledge of
the truth. (2 Tim. 3:7)

And I have heard of thee, that thou canst make interpreta-
tions, and dissolve doubts: now if thou canst read the
writing, and make known to me the interpretation thereof,
thou shalt be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold
about thy neck, and shalt be the third ruler in the king-
dom. (Dan. 5:16)

And withal they learn to be idle, wandering about from house
to house; and not only idle, but tattlers also and busybod-
ies, speaking things which they ought not. (1Tim. 5:13)

And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making
many books there is no end; and much study is a weari-
ness of.the flesh. (Eccles. 12:12)

For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and
with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you
again. (Matt. 7:2)

Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which
are, and the things which shall be hereafter. (Rev. 1:19)

North Carolina Libraries

That which is crooked cannot be made straight: and that
which is wanting cannot be numbered. (Eccles. 1:15)

Now the things which I write unto you, behold, before
God, I lie not. (Gal. 1:20)

How knoweth this man letters, having never learned? (John 7:15)

Acknowledgements

For we write none other things unto you, than what ye read
or acknowledge; and I trust ye shall acknowledge even
to the end. (2 Cor. 1:13)

Editing
He shall not search whether it be good or bad, neither shall
he change it: and if he change it at all, then both it and

the change thereof shall be holy; it shall not be re-
deemed. (Lev. 27:33)

For to this end also did I write, that I might know the proof
of you, whether ye be obedient in all things. (2 Cor. 2:9)

Publication

Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that
write grievousness which they have prescribed. (Isa.
LO)

I had many things to write, but I will not with ink and pen
write unto thee. (3 John 1:13)

Moreover the LORD said unto me, Take thee a great roll,
and write in it with a manTs pen concerning

Mahershalalhashbaz. (Isa. 8:1)

Now go, write it before them in a table, and note it ina
book, that it may be for the time to come for ever and
ever. (Isa. 30:8)

And the rest of the trees of his forest shall be few, that a
child may write them. (Isa. 10:19)

Marketing
And I wept much, because no man was found worthy to

open and to read the book, neither to look thereon.
(Rev. 5:4)

Spring 2001 " 29

aia a Aili 2 OE Aare hapa IDE gS Pie Sa Ee CP DME ils StS OE A CD EN Nin EA Reel Oe CC, BEE ENA lage Ben ean

NCLA | Candidates

North Carolina Library Association 200 1 2003

Candidates for President/Vice-President Elect ...

Pauletta Brown Bracy Joline R. Ezzell

Associate Professor, School of Library and Information Reference Librarian

Sciences, North Carolina Central University and Resource Special-

Education: B.A., Fisk University, Nashville; M.L.S., ist for Classical Studies,

University of Pittsburgh; Ph.D., University of Michigan Medieval and Renais-

Honors/Awards/Offices: ALA: Social Responsibilities sance Studies, and

Roundtable, Coretta Scott King Taskforce, Coretta Psychology, Duke

: Scott King Jury (chair); AASL: Task Force on Compe- University Library
tencies for Library Media Specialists in the Twenty-first Education: B.A.,
: Sie Century, NCATE Committee Co-chair, Nominating University of Maine;

Committee Chair, Intellectual Freedom Committee Chair, School Library Media M.A., UNC-Chapel
EducatorsT Section, Executive Board, and Nominating Committee Chair; Hill; M.S.L.S., UNC-Chapel Hill
Durham County Juvenile Crime Prevention Council Secretary, and Parliamentar- Awards/Honors/Offices: Doralyn J. Hickey
ian; Durham County Library Board of Trustees Vice President, and 1996 Award for article in North Carolina Libraries;
Planning Task Force Chair; Durham County Literacy Council; National Council NCLA: RASS, Vice-Chair; North Carolina Libraries
for Accreditation of Teacher Education (American Library Association-Appointed Editorial Board and Column Editor; LAMS, Treas.;
Representative) Chair; National Library Power Evaluation Project (Univ. of Publication Comm.; RTSS, Sec/Treas.; ALA: LAMA
Wisconsin-Madison) Regional Coordinator, 1994-1998; North Carolina Depart- Bd. of Directors; LAMA Fund Raising & Financial
ment of Public Instruction Information Skills Curriculum Writing Committee Development Sect., Chair; RTSD Serials Sect.,
1997-1999; NCLA AIDS Materials Awareness Committee 1990-1997, Literacy Chair; UNC-CH SILS Alumni Assn., Pres; Beta Phi
Committee; NCTE: Storytelling Committee of N.C. 1959-; State Library Mu, Epsilon Chap., Pres.; Phi Beta Kappa, Beta of
Commission, 1991-. Duke, Pres.; Phi Kappa Phi.

Candidates for Secretary ...

Bao-Chu Chang Martha Davis

Acting Division Chairperson, Library Services, Davidson County Community College
Assistant Head, Education: B.S., East Carolina University; M.S.L.S., UNC-Chapel Hill
and Principal T Honors/Awards/Offices: NCLA: Chair of Library Adminis-
Cataloger, i. tration and Management Section (LAMS) 1999-2001,

Cataloging mi Chair of Community and Junior College Library Section

Department, (CJCLS) 1997-1999, ALA Councilor 1993-1997, Conference

NCSU Libraries Registration Chairperson 1993, Community and Junior

Education: College Library Section Director 1991-1993; Acting

M.L.S., UNC- Treasurer of North Carolina Association of School Librarians

Chapel Hill; (NCASL) 1990-1991; Secretary-Treasurer of NCASL 1985-

M.Ed., NCSU. 1987; Community College Council of Library Administra-
tors (CCCLA) Secretary 1999-2000. Phi Kappa Phi, Delta
Kappa Gamma.

Candidates for Treasurer ...
Carl E. Keiper

Operation Services Division |
Manager, Cumberland
County Public Library and
Information Center
Education: A.A.S.,
Community College of the
Air Force (in Logistics
Management, and

Diane D. Kester

Associate Professor and Chair, Department
of Librarianship, Educational Technology
and Distance Instruction, School of
Education, East Carolina University
Education: BA, BS, Texas WomanTs
University; MA Ed., East Carolina Univer-
sity, Educational Media; MLS, East Carolina
Information Systems University, Library Science; Ed.S., East
Management); B.B.A., Carolina University, Educational Supervi-
Campbell University (Accounting); M.L.S.,North Carolina sion; Ph.D., UNC-Chapel Hill, Library Science.

Central University. Honors/Awards/Offices: Who's Who in American Women; Margaret
Honors/Awards/Offices: Beta Phi Mu. Ellen Kalp Fellowship Award, UNC-CH.

26 " Spring 2001 North Carolina Libraries

Candidates for Director ...

Robert L. Canida, Il
Assistant Librarian for
Electronic Resources/Access
Services, University of North
Carolina at Pembroke.
Education: B.A., Xavier
University; M.L.S., University
of Kentucky.

Honors/Awards/ Offices:
Certificate of Appreciation for

Teresa L. McManus

Associate Director for Collection Develop-
ment, Charles W. Chesnutt Library
Fayetteville State University;

North Carolina Central University School of
Library and Information Science, Adjunct
Faculty.

Education: B.A., The Evergreen State
College; M.A., New School for Social
Research, Graduate Faculty; M.L.S., Volunteer Service from
University of North Carolina at Greensboro. former North Carolina State
Honors/Awards/Offices: NCLA Resources Governor Hunt; Numerous Awards of Appreciation of
and Technical Services Section Chair; Finance Committee, Chair. service from the Robeson County Public School system.

Marc E. Pumphrey

Library Director, Polk County Public Library, Columbus, NC.

Education: B.A. University of Kentucky; M.S.L.S., University of Kentucky.

Honors/Awards/Offices: American Correctional Association Institution Libraries Committee, Chair 1987-
1989; ALA/ACA Joint Committee on Institutional Libraries, Co-Chair, 1987-89; ALA Bogle International
Travel Grant Recipient, 1989, to speak on panel at IFLA preconference on International Prison Library
Standards, Paris, France; Greater Columbia Literacy Council, (Columbia, SC) Vice-Chair, 1989-1991;
Technology Committee, South Carolina Governor's Task Force on Workplace Literacy, 1990; Peer
Reviewer, U.S. Department of Education Title VI Literacy Grants, 1990-1993; NC Literacy Association,
1993-1995; NCLA Literacy Committe; SELA Media Utilization Committee, Chair, 1998-2000; Kiwanis
Club of Tryon, President, 2000-present.

James V. (Jim) Carmichael, Jr.
Professor, Department of Library and Information Studies, School of Education, UNCG.
Education: B.A. Emory University; MLn. Emory University; Ph.D. UNC-Chapel Hill.
Honors/Awards/Offices: Beta Phi Mu; Recipient, Outstanding Young Men of America (Jaycees), 1980, 1981;
sisi Louis Round Wilson Fellowship, University of North Carolina, 1985; Louis Round Wilson Award, best article in The
OO Southeastern Librarian, 1986-88 biennium, SELA; Franklin M. Garrett Award, best article in Atlanta History: A
Journal of Georgia and the South, 1989-91 biennium, Atlanta Historical Society; Ray Moore Award, best article in
\ | o North Carolina Libraries, 1991-93 biennium, NCLA; Summer Research Excellence Award, UNCG, 1992; Ray Moore
os : Award, best article in North Carolina Libraries, 1993-95 biennium, NCLA; Standing Ovation Award, Department of
; Disabled Students, UNCG, 1996; Distinguished Alumnus Award, School of Information and Library Science,
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1997; Biography, Who's Who in the South and Southwest 1997-98; 1998-99; Who's Who in
America, 1999-2000, 2000-2001; Outstanding People of the Twentieth Century, [International: Cambridge, UK]; Dictionary of International
Biography, 28th ed. (March/April 2000); Outstanding Intellectuals of the Twentieth Century (UK), Fall, 2000.

Candidates for ALA Counselor ...

Vanessa Work Ramseur

Area Manager, Beatties Ford Road Branch, Public
Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County.
Education: B.S., Barber Scotia College; M.L.S.,
North Carolina Central University; M.B.A.,
Queens College; Certificate of Completion -
NCLA Leadership Institute.
Honors/Awards/Offices: Conference placement
chair for SELA; BCALA Literary Award Jury; Local
Arrangements Planning Committee for BCALA

Sherwin Rice

County Library Director, Bladen
County Public Library,
Elizabethtown, North Carolina.
Education: A.B., Bladen Techni-
cal College, Dublin, NC; B.A.,
Fayetteville State University;
M.L.S., North Carolina Central
University.
Honors/Awards/Offices: NCLA

Intellectual Freedom Conference; NCLA Public Library Section

Award,1993; NCLA Round Table for Ethnic Minority Director; Public Library Section Secretary; Chair

Concerns RoadbuildersT Award, 1995; E. Floyd Martin of the Roundtable for Ethnic Minority Concerns;

Achievement Award, 1997; Lumber River Workforce Newsletter Editor and Director of REMCo; NCLA Conference Planning
Development Board; Summer Works Supervisor of the Committee; NCLA Archives Committee Chair; Director of NCLA

Year, 1999; Snowbird Leadership Institute, Snowbird, UT, Executive Board; LAMA of NCLA; NCLA Leadership Institute Planning
1994; American Library Association; Publications: In Our Committee, Treasurer; 2000 Conference Program Chair for NCLA;
Own Voices: The Changing Face of Librarianship, Chapter: Planning Committee for the Charlemae Rollins Colloquium; NCCU
oNotes From A Sparrow,� (Scarecrow Press, 1996). Branch Institute Planning Committee.

North Carolina Libraries Spring 2001 " 27

te

Se
of the

NortuH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

One of the most significant milestones in the history of the North Carolina Library
Association occurred in 1999 when the NCLA Endowment Fund was established with the
North Carolina Community Foundation. The NCLA Endowment Fund recognized that
NCLA can now look beyond its membership dues as a sole means to underwrite special
projects, such as leadership institutes, scholarships, and continuing education programs, as
well as the NCLA journal, North Carolina Libraries, which serves as a medium of continuing
education and information for its members.

The organization appreciates the generosity of the following who have taken the lead in

contributing to the Endowment. These donors, as well as all who contribute by the end of
October 2001, will be Founding Members of the Endowment.

Elizabeth J. Laney, Chair
Endowment Committee of NCLA

Vth is gee tye On Sees a a a er Ae 4
| o\ |
| : | ] LA
| e I want to contribute to the NCLA Endowment. l Contributors to NC: Endowment
September 1999 " February 2001
| Name(s) | Benefactor:
| | Leland Park
Address | ;
Sustainer: Friend:
| l Theresa Coletta Michael Cotter
| Type of contribution: | Maureen Fiorello Betty Daniel
t Fl R E
L) Benefactor @ $1,000 Up L) Sustainer @ $100-$249 | es 2 wear
| | Charlesanna Fox Carol Freeman
L} Sponsor @ $500-$999 L) Friend @ $1-$99 . Elizabeth Laney Beverley Gass
; (1 patron @ $250-$499 LU other @ s NCSU Libraries Spr niaceson
| Mary Elizabeth Poole "_ Al Jones
) Corporate @ $ Jerry Thrasher Pattie McIntyre
| Company Name | Patrick Valentine Melissa Mills
| | Allegra Westbrooks Margaret Randall
l L) In Memory L) In Honor of: l Rashedine Wade Qiena
| | Carol Southerland
| Send form with payment to: NCLA Administrative Assistant | M
| NCLA Endowment | niet
| 4646 Mail Service Center |
| Raleigh, NC 27699-4646 | _ For more information call NCLA at (919) 893-6252
Gees Riese ey a Sas PARR TITOS prinnslS Siaiien ies 4

28 " Spring 2001

North Carolina Libraries

luetooth is a new wireless tech-
Bes that will be introduced

over the next year or so. It is
named after the 10th century Danish
Viking King, Harald Blatand, or Blue
tooth in English. It seems that Harald
had a special affinity for blueberries, and
without the power of baking soda, the
results of his eating became permanent.
Harald Blue tooth was a sort of 900s
Garibaldi, who unified and Christian-
ized Denmark. A contemporary inscrip-
tion reads, oHarald the King ordered this
monument to be raised in honor of
Gorm his father and Thyra his mother,
the Harald who won all Denmark and
Norway and made the Danes Chris-
tians.� Current day Bluetooth technol-
ogy hopes to unite a number of portable
cordless devices using small, portable,
microwave radio links.

The Bluetooth Consortium of com-
panies developed this wireless connec-
tion technology for portable computers,
cordless phones, headsets, PDAs, MP3
players, and digital cameras. The
Bluetooth Consortium consists of
Toshiba, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola,
Nokia, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, and 3COM.
Using the 2.4 Ghz unlicensed radio
band, Bluetooth works over about a 33-
foot range at speeds up to about 721
Kbps. It is not a replacement for USB or
traditional cables, but rather an addi-
tional method of communicating be-
tween devices. If you are tired of look-
ing at cable ends trying to find which
one goes where, the Bluetooth will make
yout life easier. Imagine walking around
your library being able to connect with
your local area network, answer the tele-
phone, or update your PDA, all at the
same time. A Bluetooth chip can be
mounted on a number of devices, includ-
ing a PCMIA LAN card, or a regular PC
Ethernet card, or in a cordless phone. A
small plastic antenna pokes out of the
card and a light emitting diode blinks
when the device is transmitting and re-
ceiving data.

The first Bluetooth PC wireless card

North Carolina Libraries

Bluetooth

to come out has recently been intro-
duced by Toshiba with the other mem-
bers of the consortium set to release vari-
ous products using the Bluetooth system
later through the year 2002. The Toshiba
card is inserted into the vacant PC slot,
and then one has the joy of trying to get
the software to work with the device.
Hopefully this part of the system will get
better with time. You of course need an-
other Bluetooth device to communicate
with. In a typical installation you would
place Bluetooth cards in your network
server, and any other devices (printers,
computers, PDAs), within a 33 feet range.
Bluetooth will not work as fast as tradi-
tional fiber optic technology, but has the
obvious advantage of being wireless.

A good source of information on
Bluetooth technology is the obluetooth
resource center� at www.palowireless.
com. This center has information on

ABOUT THE AUTHORS ...

Christopher Demas

by Ralph Lee Scott

publications, downloads, products, a
newsletter, training, tutorials, and vari-
ous FAQs. Bluetooth was originally de-
veloped by Ericsson and can be identi-
fied by a symbol (which I guess sort of
represents two teeth?). Manufacturers
hope that the cost of the chip will go
down to as low as $5, but currently avail-
able Bluetooth cards cost around $199.
This technology has important implica-
tions for libraries, both for staff and pa-
trons. Besides making cables oold fash-
ioned,� the technology will enable pa-
tron-owned devices to connect with re-
sources in the library. Patrons could
download handouts, articles, schedules,
and check for information online with
these devices. Bluetooth has the poten-
tial for revolutionizing the way librar-
ians and patrons use the Internet and
technology. All we need is the vision to
use this new technology.

Education: B.A., Western Carolina University; M.L.I.S., UNC at Greensboro

Position: Graduate Assistant, UNCG

Gail K. Dickinson

Education: B.S., Millersville University; M.S.L.S., UNC at Chapel Hill;

Ph.D., University of Virginia
Position: Assistant Professor, UNCG

Stefanie DuBose

Education: B.A., M.A., M.L.I.S., University of South Carolina
Position: Collection Development Librarian, Joyner Library, East Carolina University

David Durant

Education: A.B., M.S.I. (L.I.S.), University of Michigan; M.A., University of California,

Los Angeles

Position: Reference Librarian, Joyner Library, East Carolina University

Margaret Foote

Education: B.A., Mars Hill College; M.A., Ph.D., M.S.L.S., University of Kentucky
Position: Interim Associate Director, Joyner Library, East Carolina University

Julie Hersberger
Education: B.S., M.L.S., Ph.D., Indiana University
Position: Assistant Professor, UNCG

Angela Leeper

Education: B.A. College of William and Mary; M.L.I.S., University of Rhode Island
Position: Educational Consultant, Evaluation Services, NC Dept. of Public Instruction

Spring 2001 " 29

arin ae ae ee Rm 2, TM oC ee 2 eke ieee ic ea Ne iat Ms Ices tc ce a 9.02). SE Re ABS Cea, Tecan yale a

i

he aguiappe" North Caroliniana

*Lagniappe (lan-yapT, lanT yapT) n. An extra or unexpected gift or benefit. [Louisiana French]

compiled by Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.

North Carolina Department of

Public InstructionTs Jolly Good Fellows

dmit it. When you browse
through selection tools, have
you ever wanted to be one of the
reviewers who gets paid to evaluate a
novel or Web site? What about when you
receive the North Carolina Department
of Public InstructionTs (NCDPI) bi-
monthly publication, InfoTech, which
recommends materials for North Caro-
lina school libraries and supplemental
materials for classroom use? As you read
through it carefully at your school me-
dia center, school district central office,
or curriculum library, have you ever
wondered who reviews the print, audio-
visual materials, software programs, and
Web sites for North Carolina schools?
Each year since 1997, Evaluation
Services of NCDPI has hosted two train-
ing workshops for school library media
specialists, classroom teachers, curricu-
lum specialists, technology coordinators,
and other educators. These workshops
teach them how to evaluate print,
nonprint, and technology resources. The
spring training targets language arts, so-
cial studies, and art educators " called
Humanities Fellows " while the summer
training focuses on science and math-
ematics educators " called Eisenhower
Fellows. After receiving training, Hu-
manities and Eisenhower fellows may
begin reviewing resources for InfoTech.

When teachers become students

The training sessions are two-day work-
shops that take place at the Department
of Public InstructionTs Evaluation Ser-
vices in Raleigh. Set in the location
where InfoTech comes to life, the partici-
pants meet the Evaluation Services staff

70 " Spring 2001

by Angela Leeper

and see all of the materials that have
been recommended in the last two years,
as well as recently published and pro-
duced resources waiting for keen evalu-
ators.

Since books and videos are the most
familiar resources to educators, the first
day of training focuses on evaluating
these formats using Evaluation ServicesT
established criteria. Participants learn to
judge an itemTs accuracy, appropriate-
ness, scope, organization, and its appli-
cations to the North Carolina Standard
Course of Study. Even if a resource has
won numerous awards, if it does not
meet the North Carolina curriculum, it
is not recommended by Evaluation Ser-
vices. Of course, each format has its spe-
cial considerations. Participants study a
video's technical aspects and documen-
tation, for example, and take into ac-
count a bookTs layout and design. Espe-
cially important are picture booksT text
and illustrations, which work together
to send a message to young readers.

After an introduction to the review
process, participants begin to apply the
evaluation criteria to materials that have
already been reviewed favorably. They
usually discover " to their surprise "
that they have missed strengths and
weaknesses of some materials, and turn
to the next resource with sharper eyes
and a more in-depth analysis. Some dis-
agreement concerning appropriate grade
levels and applications usually arises.
Evaluation Services welcomes this dis-
cussion because it demonstrates that no
single resource is perfect for every edu-
cator and classroom and, therefore,
evaluations must show a range of grade

levels and instructional uses.

Upon completion of these exercises,
participants delve into the recently pub-
lished items. As they review materials on
their own, some participants find "

again, to their surprise " that simply re-

lying on an author's or publisherTs repu-
tation alone does not ensure a resourceTs
success in a school media center or class-
room. The need for an established evalu-
ation process becomes cleat.

The second day of training centers
on evaluating Web sites, both free and
subscription-based. Previous workshops
have given more emphasis to software
programs, but with recent technology
trends showing a drop in CD-ROM pro-
duction and a rise in the research and
development of online subscriptions,
training sessions now reflect this change.
Although electronic resources vary
greatly from print resources, participants
learn to apply similar evaluation crite-
ria, including accuracy, appropriateness,
scope, organization, and applications to
the North Carolina Standard Course of
Study. As would be expected, partici-
pants give technical aspects, such as
navigation and visual features, a more
thorough review. After reviewing free
and subscription-based Web sites as a
group, participants begin to evaluate
them individually.

| know how to review materials

The Humanities and Eisenhower Fel-
lowsT workshops may sound like they are
more applicable to novice educators;
however, participant ratings after the
trainings reveal that all educators ben-
efit from them. John Brim, Section Chief

North Carolina Libraries

of Evaluation Services, explains, oThe
format of the workshops provides even
experienced teachers a unique opportu-
nity to learn a new approach to evaluat-
ing a variety of instructional resources.�
Since the participants view an assort-
ment of resources in numerous formats,
they learn to integrate these various for-
mats into the curriculum.

The training also encourages edu-
cators to rethink how they are selecting
and using resources. Participants take
into account different student popula-
tions, such as at-risk or gifted and tal-
ented students, as well as various cur-
riculum uses. A book becomes more
than a research tool and Web sites no
longer rest alone in a computer center.
Participants consider uses such as
whole-class instruction, cooperative
learning, remediation, enrichment, in-
dependent study, leisure reading, or a
combination of these. Cindy Taylor, a
former Eisenhower Fellow and a media
coordinator at R.J. Reynolds High
School in Winston-Salem/Forsyth
County, attests, oThe requirement in the
review process to suggest a curriculum
use for the review item is the most chal-
lenging because it requires creative
thinking to imagine any and all possible
ways to highlight part of or all of the
material, and it has allowed me to use
items in ways I would not have thought
of before.�

What do educators gain from
the workshop?

In addition to professional development,
participants receive a myriad of benefits.
To allow educators to attend the work-
shop, Evaluation Services reimburses
them for their lodging, subsistence, and
even their substitutes. Upon completion
of the training, participants are awarded
a one-year subscription to InfoTech and
one CEU credit in technology.

Participants, as well as Evaluation
Services staff, have appreciated the net-
working opportunities the workshops
provide. Dan Sparlin, Technology Spe-
cialist and Webmaster for Evaluation
Services, facilitates the evaluation of
Web-based products, and finds that the
training creates an atmosphere oto es-
tablish relationships with other educa-
tors who come from different back-
grounds and working environments. The
interchange of ideas under these circum-
stances is valuable for enhancing profes-
sional development.�

Educators also enjoy the opportu-
nity to review the newest resources avail-
able. Media specialists in particular ap-
preciate the chance to see materials "

North Carolina Libraries

especially new fiction books " before
they purchase them. Cindy Taylor finds
the training a ogreat way to make class-
room teachers aware of the well-written
young adult fiction titles that are avail-
able and are of high interest to reluctant
readers.�

Perhaps the most rewarding part of
the workshop occurs after the training.
If participants successfully complete the
workshop, they may continue to review
resources for InfoTech for one year and
receive payment for their evaluations.
All FellowsT reviews conclude with ei-
ther the designation oA Humanities Fel-
low Review� or oAn Eisenhower Fellow
Review.�

After one year, many participants
find they have a knack for evaluating
and remain with Evaluation Services as
regular contractors. While on contract,
educators are encouraged to use the
materials with their students to obtain a
more accurate reflection of strengths and
weaknesses. oI have enjoyed contracting
reviews from DPI since my [Humanities]
training session and am constantly
amazed at the variety and timeliness of
the materials I am sent,� says Cindy
Barlowe, Media Coordinator at Hibriten
High School in Caldwell County.

What does Evaluation Services
gain?
For over 30 years, Evaluation Services has

maintained a rigorous set of criteria for
evaluating resources. With trained evalu-

ators who are objective and accurate,
they continue to publish reviews that are
consistently high-quality. InfoTech,
therefore, remains a reliable source for
collection development in North Caro-
lina school libraries and classrooms.

Sign me up!

The 2001 Humanities Fellows training
will take place March 29-30, 2001.* The
2001 Eisenhower Fellows training will be
held in the summer of 2001 (dates to be
determined). To be considered for a Hu-
manities or Eisenhower Fellows Training,
candidates must fill out an application
form. Application forms for the Humani-
ties training were mailed with the No-
vember 2000 InfoTech; applications for
the Eisenhower training will be mailed
with the March 2001 InfoTech. For the
first time, online applications are avail-
able in the oMedia/Technology Zone�
and the oTeacher Zone� at NC WISEOWL
www.ncwiseowlL.org. To attend, par-
ticipants also must have written permis-
sion from their principal, and must com-
plete a one-page essay that explains their
interest in attending the workshop.

For more information on the Hu-
manities and Eisenhower Fellows train-
ing, contact John Brim, Section Chief of
Evaluation Services, at 919-807-3288 or
by e-mail at jbrim@dpi.state.nc.us.

*Note: Due to state budget shortfall, NCDPI
Humanities Fellows training has been
postponed.

Dyiecon
Titles, Inc.

RY La Le OL

Books and Other Media

for Children & Adults

Davidson Titles, Inc.Ts exclusive products and various
publishers are presented to schools and libraries by sales
people throughout most of the United States. Most of our
sales personnel have professional and efficient access to
all of our titles and prices through laptop computers; they
can provide fast and convenient ordering.

¢ Distributor for over 100 publishers.

¢ Publisher of 4 creative and exciting childrenTs series:
The Illustrated Rules of the Game
The Dinosaur Dynasty
Extremely Weird
World Guides

¢ Customized ordering & processing.

Davidson Titles, Inc.

101 Executive Drive * P.O. Box 3538 + Jackson, TN 38303-3538
(800) 433-3903 » Fax: (800) 787-7935 * Email: dtitles@usit.net

Spring 2001 " 71

"" NORTH CAROLINA

Dorothy Hodder, Compiler

he June 1999 issue of USBanker magazine reported that North Carolina is at the top
of the ranking of states with the most banking assets. This is a far cry from 1804,
when the General Assembly of the Tar Heel state at last recognized the need to
establish banks within its borders. North Carolina was the last of the original states
of the Union to do so.

The Bank of Cape Fear of Wilmington, North Carolina tells the story of one of the earliest
banks in North Carolina. (The Bank of Newbern was technically chartered a few days after
that of Cape Fear, but was the first bank actually to do business in North Carolina. This bank
did not attain the status of Cape Fear, however, and was liquidated in 1835.) The Bank of Cape

Fear received its charter on December 17, 1804, and remained in
business 60 years, more than twice as long as any other antebel-

Robert S. Neale. lum bank in North Carolina.
For his research, photographer, numismatist, and amateur

The Bank of Cape Fear of historian Robert Neale relied heavily on books, manuscripts files,

and documents from the North Carolina Room of New Hanover

Wilming ton, North Carolina. County Public Library and the files of the Lower Cape Fear

eon ye ; Historical Society. The project is clearly an outgrowth of his
Wilmington, N.C.: Lower Cape Fear Historical Society, interest in collecting obsolete bank notes, a fascinating sub-

in association with the author, 1999. 130 pp. specialty within numismatics, which informs the history in
$15.00. ISBN 0-9673815-2-5. interesting ways. For example, he reports some unusual denomina-
tions such as three-, four-, six-, seven-, eight-, and nine-dollar
notes. Some color plates of the currencies are included, with
speculation on the reasons for their circulation.

Neale interweaves a rich sampling of local history and biography along with numismatic
lore and banking matters. Devastating fires and disease played a significant role in
WilmingtonTs history, due to the oclose proximity of wooden structures, open fires, and
relatively primitive medical practices.� The Bank of Cape Fear was touched by these events
throughout its history. Losses from an early morning fire in November 1819 approached $1
million, and included the estate of the BankTs third President, John London. In 1840 a blaze
that began in a dry goods store bridged the street and osubstantially damaged the bankTs
exterior.� Epidemics of yellow fever in 1821 and 1862 took the lives of many citizens in
Wilmington, affecting the local economy and many of the bankTs customers. A fascinating
story is that of Charles Jewkes Wright, the eldest son of the BankTs second President, Judge
Joshua Grainger Wright. Charles, a twenty-nine year old attorney, contracted the fever in 1821
during a brief trip into town to retrieve some papers from his law office, and died shortly after.
Nearly forty years later a ospiritualistic medium� came to Wilmington to give a series of
séances, and it is reported that Charles omade contact� with his nephew during one of these.

The date of the actual closing of the Bank of Cape Fear is unclear. Some evidence suggests
that regular operations ceased in 1866, with private debt settlement continuing into 1868.
This would be the end of the story but for the BankTs Salem Branch, which, through a series of
events recounted in this volume, ultimately became part of todayTs Wachovia Corporation.

The history of this important early bank also intersects with the histories of a number of
other North Carolina cities and towns. In addition to Wilmington, the Bank of Cape Fear
established agencies or branches at various times in Fayetteville, Raleigh, Salisbury, Hillsboro,
Salem, Washington (N.C.), Raleigh, Greensboro, and Asheville. Both the historical and
numismatic content of this slim volume make it a reasonable choice for academic and larger
public libraries.

" Bryna Coonin
East Carolina University

32 " Spring 2001 North Carolina Libraries

n the midst of the Cold War crisis of the 1960s, Americans who tuned in their
radios on Friday evenings expecting to catch the news or weather might
instead have heard oRadio Free Dixie,� a program produced in Fidel CastroTs
Cuba, featuring the voice of Robert F. Williams. Williams, a Black radical from
North Carolina and an active member of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee,

had fled the country in the midst of racial violence following attempts to carry out
peaceful demonstrations in Monroe.

TysonTs compelling central thesis, that Robert WilliamsTs oarmed self defense�
operated side by side and in uneasy partnership with legal efforts and nonviolent
protests on behalf of civil rights, adds a fresh perspective to studies of the era. Tyson
reveals the gun-wielding ex-Marine as an example of oan indigenous current of
militancy� among African Americans, willing to defend home and community by force
if necessary. When justice by white supremacist government failed African Americans,
Williams and others like him asserted othe American tradition of armed resistance to

tyranny.�

In practice Williams, one of the most notorious Black militants of his time, sought

Timothy B. Tyson.
Radio Free Dixie:

Robert F. Williams and

the Roots of Black Power.

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
416 pp. Cloth, $29.95. ISBN 0-8078-2502-6. Paper, $16.95.
ISBN 0-8078-4923-S.

Robert F,
|\Williams &
lthe Roots
jof Black
\Power

Timothy B.
Tyson

North Carolina Libraries

to perpetuate a strategy of nonviolent protest that was little
different from that of Martin Luther King, Jr. and other
liberal activists, and avoided outright bloodshed where
possible. His larger significance was giving hope and
courage to African Americans caught up in the arduous and
frequently violent process of reforming the SouthTs Jim
Crow tradition. Tyson sees this as laying the groundwork in
communities like Monroe for Black Power, which altered
and transformed the Black freedom movement after the
mid-1960s.

Tyson attempts to get outside the standard interpreta-
tions of the civil rights movement as having been won by
the nonviolent strategy of Martin Luther King, Jr. and his
supporters. In spite of its strengths and the literary quality
of its prose, his study does little to put the Robert Williams
story into the perspective of the victories won by liberal
civil rights leaders. Williams, who anticipated the approach
of later Black nationalists such as Stokely Carmichael,
Albert Cleage, and Louis Farrakhan, was not a black
Geronimo plotting bloody guerilla raids, but an authentic
American hero who asserted values consistent with the
American Revolution, drawing upon oviolence as a vehicle of libera-
tion� in response to White terrorism. It is a fact, however, that main-
stream figures such as King, Roy Wilkins, North CarolinaTs Kelly
Alexander, and a host of others openly opposed the militant from
Monroe and regarded him as a threat. Unfortunately, Tyson does little
to explain the reasons for this or to illuminate the true political role of
such figures as Jesse Helms, the stateTs right-wing nemesis.

TysonTs rhetoric will seem familiar to contemporary readers
steeped in recent criticism of the liberalism of the 1960s. King is de-
scribed as a Black oprince� out to suppress and discredit Robert Will-
iams; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. is a ocourt intellectual� for JFK; Gover-
nor Terry Sanford viewed Monroe as a otime bomb ticking� and called
out the state patrol to protect the Klan from WilliamsTs well-armed
forces. Cold War-era liberals, says Tyson, were guilty of helping to fos-
ter an ounquestioning acceptance of U.S. foreign policy.� It seems un-
fortunate that over 36 years after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, this book should provide so little perspective on the movement
that made it possible. Tyson snipes at 1960s liberals, while suggesting
that White extremism, imminent race war, Black nationalism, and
Black Power became the inevitable, central, and defining developments

of the civil rights age. Historians may hope for other books to complete the picture of
Williams, whom J. Edgar Hoover (as Tyson briefly acknowledges) regarded as a primary
tool to discredit his opponents. This book is appropriate for public and academic li-

braries.

"John L. Godwin
Wilmington, N.C.

Spring 2001 " ry)

eading Lynne HintonTs debut novel is like visiting with old friends. Set in Hope Springs,

North Carolina, Friendship Cake is a warm novel that combines womenTs friendships

and their recipes.

The story centers on five friends who decide to undertake a church cookbook to raise

funds for the Hope Springs Community Church, as well as to revive the WomenTs

Guild, which is dwindling away. The cast of colorful characters includes Charlotte
Stewart, freshman pastor, who experiences the joys and trials of a first congregation; no-nonsense
widow Margaret Peele; the sometimes acerbic Louise Fisher; Jessie Jenkins, the only African American
in an otherwise all-white church; and loyal but sometimes interfering Beatrice Newgarden.

Humor and touching moments run throughout the book. Each character is introduced in her
own chapter, with the recipe that she contributes. The lessons learned revolve around more than the
completion of the cookbook, as the women and church face contemporary issues of small town life

including biracial marriages, homosexuality, and the devastation of AlzheimerTs.
As these women assemble their cookbook, they also come together as they make

Lynne Hinton. sense of their past and present. The story reflects the solace, support, and
° ° strength that they find in their faith and friendships.
Fri en ds h Ip Cake. The recipes that open each chapter add authentic flavor to the story, with
New York: HarperCollins, 2000. delectable Southern foods, including sweet potato casserole, prune cake, pecan
210pp. $20 00. ISBN 0-688-171 47-8. pie, banana pudding, and corn relish. The book ends with the true ingredients

for Friendship Cake.
Author Lynne Hinton is the pastor of the First Congregational United
Church of Christ in Asheboro, North Carolina. Although this is HintonTs first
novel, she has written several other books about religion. A portion of the proceeds goes to Hospice of
Alamance-Caswell Counties.
Recommended for all collections where books by Jan Karon are popular.
" Joan Sherif
Northwestern Regional Library

n The Balm of Gilead Tree, Robert Morgan has gathered together seventeen short stories, tales of
people and place and circumstance that make the reader feel both kinship with and grateful
distance from the central characters. Arranged chronologically from the 16th century to the
present day, the ten new stories and seven earlier ones are integrated seamlessly into a whole
that tells of peopleTs relationship with those around them, friend and foe, and with their world.
oThe Tracks of Chief de Soto,� the opening title, is a young womanTs observation of the
coming of the White man to her isolated native village and of the gradual changes which followed; the
otracks� of the title refer not only to marks made on the earth. The closing story, oThe Balm of Gilead
Tree,� is a manTs observation of a terrible airplane crash and his actions and reactions among the
wreckage, the dead, and the Balm of Gilead trees. In between are
tales of the hopeful and the fallen, of soldiers in many wars and
their families, of peopleTs lives and deaths. oDark Corner� is the
story of a familyTs desperate trip home to North Carolina and the
unexpected help they receive from the people of the dangerous

The Balm of Gilead Tree: town of Chestnut Springs. oSleepy Gap,� set during Prohibition,

x describes one manTs crime, punishment, and rehabilitation as
New and Selected Stories. __seen by another prisoner.
Some of the stories are linked together by place, time, and
Frankfort, KY : Gnomon Press, 1999. character " stories building upon one another to present a fuller
344 pp. Paper, $17.95. ISBN 0-917788-73-7. picture of the events taking place. oA Brightness New & Welcom-
ing� is a soldierTs story of what could be called olife� in a Civil
War prison camp. Preceding it is oLittle Willie,� a story about the
fugitive slave boy a family saves and tragically loses. Following it
is oPisgah,� narrated by a boy who could be the child of the
prisoner of war in oBrightness.� Another trio of war stories is oMurals,� oThe Welcome,� and
oTailgunner,� which take place during World War II and show the progression of events from the draft,
to the homecoming of a prisoner of war, to the reminiscences of a veteran who was the lone survivor
of a plane crash.
Robert Morgan covers every imaginable scenario in this collection, writing in a way that invites
you to observe his characters and their lives and leaves you hoping for them and aware of the place
their story has in your own life.

Robert Morgan.

" Joan Ferguson
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

74 " Spring 2001 North Carolina Libraries

6é heyTd stuck a little pink Post-it note on my head: A Born Loser. Sarah and Hannah meant it
for a joke, to get the last word. But I couldnTt bear for them to think that, even for a joke.�
Titania Gentry believes that if she records her life story, her daughters will see her not
as a oborn loser� but as a person of character, adventure, and ideas. Although Titania never
writes a word in the account ledger purchased for this job, her attempt stirs memories of
her thirteenth year, the year she learned to twirl a fire baton. This reminiscence is the heart
of Heather Ross MillerTs novel Champeen.

Titania is the daughter of a beautiful, self-centered mother and an alcoholic, womanizing
father. At age thirteen she enters adolescence and forms a crush on Sebastian McSherry, an injured
war veteran living with his aging father. She also attends piano lessons insisted upon by her

mother. Though Jane wants Titania to achieve the celebrity she
never did, her daughterTs goal is as independent as the child herself:

Heather Ross Miller. Titania wants to become a champeen fire-baton twirler.

Cham p een. Heather Ross Miller presents a wonderful, realistic coming-of-age
novel that summons sympathy, embarrassment, and admiration for
Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1999. her heroine. Miller easily slips between TitaniaTs 13-year-old voice
285 pp. $19.95. ISBN 0-87074-446-1. and her 43-year-old voice. This technique allows a deeper under-
standing of the character and the effects her childhood had on her
adult life.

Set in MillerTs own hometown of Badin, North Carolina, the story reflects small-town life in
the 1940s. Most of the characters in the novel, including TitaniaTs friends Carol Jean Spence,
Erskine oSonny� Kelly, and the heroic oSabby� McSherry, are wonderfully engaging. Titania herself
is a remarkably rich character, and her determination and confidence are admirable and endearing.
TitaniaTs father Franklin, on the other hand, appears in the narrative only to have an affair or drink
copious amounts of whiskey, and the deeper side of his personality is not fully explored.

Miller currently teaches at Washington and Lee University and is the author of fourteen books
of poems, short stories, novels, and essays. Her experience is reflected in her elegantly constructed
prose and her effective use of first person narration. The work explores issues relevant to any reader
who has lived through adolescence and later reflected upon it. Though the book is aimed at older
readers, it is appropriate for high school and public libraries. Because of its setting and its detailed
portrait of BadinTs residents, the work is also suited for libraries interested in the collection of

southern literature.
" Laura Young Baxley

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

SELLA AT IE IEA LS TRO MOL SA OE AE LILI EEE EOE NEMEC

North Carolina Libraries Spring 2001 " 79

orth Carolina, 1860s: to fight for the Confederacy or the Union? North Carolinians felt
great reluctance to secede with the other Southern states, due to strong economic ties to the
North. Also, North Carolinians did not have strong class ties to the Southern plantation
and slave owners"most were poor white subsistence farmers. The state provided one-fourth
of the ConfederacyTs draftees, but because of public sentiment it saw the highest rate of
desertion of all Southern states.

Reluctance to fight for the Confederacy, desertion, and even changing of loyalty to the Union side
was exhibited by many North Carolinians like William McKesson Blalock, a.k.a. Keith Blalock. Rebels in
Blue, a biographical account of BlalockTs struggles to remain true to his Union feelings while protecting

his family from retribution by local Confederates, is a strong portrayal of
an individual who acted as a Unionist guerilla.
Blalock began the war by being forced away from his new wife, into a
Peter F. Stevens. Confederate uniform. But as Keith was a strong person, so was his wife,

| ° ; f Malinda Pritchard Blalock. She shaved her head and put on menTs cloth-
Rebe Sin BI ue. Th e S tor y oO ing to join her husband. Because of pressures from their mountaineer

° ° neighbors, they both put on Confederate uniforms against their Unionist
Kei th an d M al in da BI al ock s beliefs, but at the earliest possible moment they contrived ways to get
discharged. Returning to their mountain home, they began ferrying es-
caped Union prisoners over the mountains to safety. As the war contin-
ued, the two got further drawn into the Union cause, to the point where
Keith was commanding men who were raiding Confederate strongholds
in the North Carolina mountains.

Peter Stevens has done a good job of painting Keith Blalock as a man consumed with his family,
their Unionist leanings, and any slight brought against them. Keith is not a hero in any sense as he seeks
revenge against former neighbors and retribution for perceived slights. This work gives a sense of how
cruel and personal the Civil War was to North Carolinians. The author has done much research, using
letters and personal accounts from contemporary individuals. The extensive bibliography and the index
are two useful resources. One drawback is in the editing " on numerous occasions, errors in the citation
of a year break the readerTs stride .

This work would be good for any public or academic library, or any collection interested in Civil War
history and the history of North Carolina.

Dallas, TX: Taylor Publishing Co., 2000.
254 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-87833-166-2.

" Caroline Keizer
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

John Higgins, Sales Representative

P.O. Box 21011
Columbia SC 29221

1-800-222-9086
Fax: 803-731-0320

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ve QUALITY BOOKS INC.

76 " Spring 2001 North Carolina Libraries

n I-85/40, just east of Greensboro, is a sign directing travelers to the exit for the Charlotte
Hawkins Brown Memorial historic site. Who was she, you may wonder, and why does she
rate a historic site?

Charlotte Hawkins Brown and Palmer Memorial Institute answers those questions. Both
authors are well qualified on their subject. Charles Wadelington is the minority interpre-
tations specialist for the North Carolina Historic Sites Section and the acknowledged

authority on Brown. Richard Knapp, the SectionTs curator of research, has written several books on
North Carolina history topics.
Proceeding chronologically, the book begins with the birth of
Charlotte Hawkins Brown in 1883 in Henderson, NC, and ends with
the closing of Palmer Memorial Institute in 1971. In 1901 the eigh-

Charles W. Wadelington and Richard F. Knapp. teen-year-old Brown arrived in Sedalia, NC, on the train from Massa-

Charlotte Hawkins Brown and

chusetts, to teach at Bethany Institute (soon to become Palmer Memo-
rial Institute), run by the American Missionary Association (AMA).

p a Im er M emo ria | | n stitute; From that time forward she devoted her life to Palmer to such an

extent that the two became synonymous. This book, then, is at once a

Wh at O ne Yo un g Africa n- history of Palmer and a biography of Brown.

When the AMA decided to close Bethany a year after BrownTs

A merica n Wo man C ou Id Do. arrival, she inaugurated a lifelong fundraising venture that enabled her

to expand the school from one dilapidated classroom building to a

Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina campus of several buildings, while increasing enrollment from SO
Press, 1999. xvi, 303 pp. Cloth, $39.95. students to more than 200. She was by all accounts outstanding at
ISBN 0-8078-2514-X. Paper, $16.95. raising funds, first from wealthy white businessmen in the North and
ISBN 0-8078-4794-1. later from Greensboro residents and other Southerners, both Black and

White. Her persuasiveness and persistence were the keys to her success.
Brown held strong opinions about education for African Ameri-
cans. She believed that they should be taught classical and scientific subjects, and educated spiritu-
ally, morally, and mentally. She slowly changed the focus of her school, developing one of the finest
preparatory schools for African Americans in the nation amid the suspicions of Whites and African
Americans alike. By the late 1940s the student body consisted of Black youth from 31 states and four
foreign countries, many from the countryTs wealthiest families.

Wadelington and Knapp note that Brown believed God would guide her aright in realizing her
dream of providing an excellent education for African Americans. Her dignified and cultured mien
gained the respect of those whom she met. Frequently invited to lecture, she spoke in 47 states and
Washington, D.C., on racial uplift, character, and education. She wrote two books, the most famous
of which was The Correct Thing to Do"To Say"To Wear.

Two other full-length biographies of Brown exist. Diane Silcox-Jarrett wrote Charlotte Hawkins
Brown: One WomanTs Dream in 1995. Based on interviews with BrownTs friends and former students,
it is, as the author states, oa creative nonfiction piece, based on fact with the creative part coming
into the development of particular scenes.� The Lengthening Shadow of a Woman, by Constance Hill
Marteena, ois for young people, especially those who may be discouraged.� Written in 1977, it
focuses specifically on BrownTs life.

Charlotte Hawkins Brown was a remarkable woman whose accomplishments were astounding,
particularly during the Jim Crow era in the South. This well-researched, comprehensive book is
generously illustrated with photographs and includes a chronology, copious notes, a bibliography,
and index. It will be a welcome addition to public and academic libraries, strengthening their

holdings of biographies, North Carolina history, and materials on African Americans.
"Joline R. Ezzell

Duke University Library

Tired of making opermanent loans?�

Ralph M. Davis, Sales Representative
P.O. Box 144

Rockingham, NC 28379
1-800-545-2714

7 Ch ~ i TomorrowTs Technology for TodayTs Libraries�"�
le Ci (poin 550 Grove Road « P.O. Box 188 Thorofare, New Jersey 08086

North Carolina Libraries

(800) 257-5540 * TELEX: 84-5396 * FAX: (609) 848-0937

Spring 2001 " 37

OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST ...

Works of fiction include License My Roving Hands: Poems and
Stories by 85-year old Juanita Tobin of Blowing Rock. (2000;
Parkway Publishers, Inc., PO Box 3678, Boone, NC 28607; 57
pp.; paper, $10.00; ISBN 1-887905-26-X.)

Ruth Layng has turned the love affair between her mother-
in-law, a Zionville, North Carolina, mountain girl, and
father-in-law, an Irishman serving in the Canadian army in
World War I, into a novel called Letters From James: A High
Country Love Story. (2000; Parkway Publishers, Inc., PO Box
3678, Boone, NC 28607; 349 pp.; paper, $19.95; ISBN 1-
887905-23-5.)

Alyson Hagy describes life along the Outer Banks in Grave-
yard of the Atlantic, a collection of short stories. (2000;
Graywolf Press, 2402 University Ave, Suite
203, Saint Paul, MN 55114; 186 pp.; paper,
$14.00; ISBN 1-55597-301-9.)

Michael McFee follows his fine anthology
of North Carolina poetry, The Language
They Speak Is Things to Eat, published in
1994, with This Is Where We Live: Short
Stories by 25 North Carolina Writers. He has
featured stories by a orising generation� of
Tar Heels, giving the stateTs libraries a
number of new names to watch. (2000; The
University of North Carolina Press, PO Box
2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288; 278 pp.;
cloth, $29.95; ISBN 0-8078-2583-2; paper,
$16.95; ISBN 0-8078-4895-6.)

JUNE SPENCE, JENNIFER OFFILL, DALE RAY PHILLIPS, LAWRENCE NAUMOFF,

A young girl watches her uncle, a Presbyte-
rian minister, challenge old beliefs and
traditions in JobTs Corner, North Carolina,
during the Civil Rights movement in
Patricia SprinkleTs The Remember Box. (2000;
Zondervan Publishing House, 5249 Corpo-
rate Grove, SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49512; 412 pp.; paper,
$11.99; ISBN 0-310-22992-8.)

John Foster West, Emeritus Professor
of English at Appalachian State
University, won the Appalachian
Consortium Fiction Award for his
third novel, The Summer People. It
tells the story of a young widow who
spends a summer alone in Watauga
County, courted by two very differ-
ent men, and making the choice of a
new way Of life for herself. (2000;
Parkway Publishers, Inc., PO Box
3678, Boone, NC 28607; 243 pp.;
paper, $14.95; ISBN 1-887903-27-8.)

Sallie Bissell weaves a tale of suspense
and psychological terror In the Forest
of Harm. Mary Crow, tough young
prosecutor from Atlanta, goes hiking
in her native North Carolina moun-
tains with two close women friends.
A vengeful relative of one of her

78 " Spring 2001

~SHORT STORIES EY 25 CONTEMPORARY HORTH CAMOLINVA WRITERS. EDITED BY

PROHAKL MOTE. MICHAEL PARKER, HEATHER ROSE MULLEN, TONY ZAMLEY,

LUKE WHISHANT, JOHN HOLMAN, MANLY YOUMANS, MIELIRGA MALOUF,

IMAMARNE CINGHER, CANDACE FLYNT, SANAH DESSEN, JOE ASHBY PORTER,
DANIEL, WALLAGE, P. 8. PANAIB, PETER TUMCH, JOHN KESSEL, TOM MAWKING,

PHILIP CKRARD, PETER MAKUCK, ROM RASH, RUTH MOOSE, ELLYN BACHE

convicts is only one of the predators stalking the trio. Think
Deliverance. (2001; Bantam Books, 1540 Broadway, New York,
NY 10036; 305 pp.; cloth, $21.95; ISBN 0-553-80128-7.)

Amy Rogers, Robert Inman, and Frye Gaillard have edited
Novello: Ten Years of Great American Writing, an anthology of
essays and stories celebrating the 10th anniversary of
CharlotteTs well-known literary festival. Twenty-five authors
who have read at the festival are represented, including Pat
Conroy, Lee Smith, Charles Kuralt, and many other favor-
ites. Many of the selections appear here in print for the first
time. (2000; published by the Public Library of Charlotte &
Mecklenburg County in association with Down Home Press,
distributed by John F. Blair, Publisher, 1406 Plaza Drive,
Winston-Salem, NC 27103; 348 pp.; paper, $16.95; ISBN 1-
878086-87-1.)

Literary historians and critics will already be
aware of Thomas WolfeTs O Lost: A Story of
the Buried Life, published under the guidance
of Maxwell Perkins as Look Homeward, Angel.
The original text has been established and
restored by Arlyn and Matthew J. Bruccoli
for the centenary of WolfeTs birth. (2000,
University of South Carolina Press, 937
Assembly St., Carolina Plaza, 8th Floor,
Columbia, SC 29208; 736 pp.; cloth, $29.95;
ISBN 1-57003-369-2.)

Shedding further light on the career of
Thomas Wolfe, Matthew J. Bruccoli and Park
Bucker have edited To Loot My Life Clean:
The Thomas Wolfe-Maxwell Perkins Correspon-
dence. (2000; University of South Carolina
Press, 937 Assembly St., Carolina Plaza, 8th
Floor, Columbia, SC 29208; 340 pp.; cloth,
$29.95; ISBN 1-57003-355-2.)

Donald Davis, prolific and well-loved North

Carolina storyteller, gives us five more tales
about his mountain boyhood in Ride the Butterflies: Back to
School With Donald Davis. (2000; August House Publishers,
Inc., PO Box 3223, Little Rock, AR 72203; 94 pp.; paper,
$4.95; ISBN 0-87483-606-9.) Davis promotes the
value of story telling as a teaching tool in Writing
As a Second Language: From Experience to Story to
Prose (2000; August House Publishers, Inc., PO Box
3223, Little Rock, AR 72203; 139 pp.; paper,
$11.95; ISBN 0-87483-567-4.)

Two beautiful cookbooks: Robbin GourleyTs Sugar
Pie & Jelly Roll: Sweets from a Southern Kitchen,
features 65 dessert recipes from her rural North
Carolina childhood, illustrated with watercolor
sketches. (2000; Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill,
PO Box 2225, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2225; 128
pp.; cloth, $18.95; ISBN 1-56512-275-5.) Ben and
Karen Barker share over 125 recipes from their
Durham restaurant in Not Afraid of Flavor: Recipes
from Magnolia Grill, lavishly illustrated with color
photographs of their raw materials and finished
products. (2000; The University of North Carolina
Press, PO Box 2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288;
253 pp.; cloth, $29.95; ISBN 0-8078-2585-9.)

North Carolina Libraries

""""""""""""""""

Betty Leighton reviewed books for the Winston-Salem Journal
for 30 years. She picked 160 for Books Enough & Time: Selected
Reviews 1970-2000. The book is divided into sections on
prize winners, books that can be read at a sitting, mysteries,
first novels, excellence, world authors, Southern writers,
biographies of writers, and favorites. While it should be a
unique and useful tool for book clubs, librarians will wish for
an index. (2000; Wildwood Press, 2516 Village Trail, Win-
ston-Salem, NC 27106; 389 pp.; $25.00;
ISBN 0-9670974-1-X.)

For the outdoor types, C. Franklin Gold-
smith II], Shannon E. G. Hamrick, and H.
James Hamrick, Jr. have picked The Best
Hikes of Pisgah National Forest. The pocket-
sized guide is indexed, and includes small
maps. (2000; John F. Blair, Publisher, 1406
Plaza Drive, Winston-Salem, NC 27103; 264
pp.; paper, $14.95; ISBN 0-89587-190-4.)

Judie Lawson Wallace and Ken Putnam, Jr.
have mapped 56 Great Bike Rides In and
Around Winston-Salem, ranging from one to
70 miles in length. (2000; John F. Blair,
Publisher, 1406 Plaza Drive, Winston-Salem,
NC 27103; 268 pp.; paper, $12.95; ISBN O-
89587-198-X.)

Allen De Hart offers the first comprehensive
guide to Hiking North CarolinaTs Mountains-
to-Sea Trail, nearly 1000 miles of designated
and planned hiking trails and bicycle paths
connecting ClingmanTs Dome to JockeyTs Ridge. The detailed
guide includes a great deal of information about the sur-
rounding terrain and its history, making it a little heavy for
the pack. (2000; The University of North Carolina Press, PO
Box 2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288; 371 pp.; paper,
$18.95; ISBN 0-8078-4887-S.)

Stanley L. BentleyTs beautifully
photographed Native Orchids of
the Southern Appalachian Moun-
tains is the perfect excuse to hike
the mountains. The authoritative
guide includes charts on flower-
ing periods, range maps for each
flower, glossary, bibliography,
and index, all reflecting the
authorTs 25 years of studying
orchids. (2000; The University of
North Carolina Press, PO Box
2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-
2288; 235 pp.; cloth, $39.95;
ISBN 0-8078-2563-8; paper,
$24.95; ISBN 0-8078-4872-7.)

of the Southern
Appalachian Mountains

Frank Meacham covers over 100
Public [sic] Owned Campgrounds in
North Carolina, from the moun-
tains to the sea. (2000; Frank
Meacham, 5109 Forest Oaks
Drive, Greensboro, NC 27406;
220 pp.; paper, $18.95; ISBN O-
9673362-0-1.)

North Carolina Libraries

Ss,

The Secret Lives of Fishermen: More Outdoor Essays by Jim Dean
follows Dogs That Point, Fish That Bite. Dean writes a column
on oOur Natural Heritage� for Wildlife in North Carolina,
where 39 of these pieces originally appeared. (2000; The
University of North Carolina Press, PO Box 2288, Chapel
Hill, NC 27515-2288; 163 pp.; cloth, $24.95; ISBN 0-8078-
2580-8.)

Jamie Cox has answered a lot of car trip
questions in Talking Turkey: And Other
Stories of North CarolinaTs Oddly Named
Places. They are all listed in the Table of
Contents, but unfortunately for the
reference librarian, the book is not in-
dexed. (2000; Down Home Press, PO Box
4126, Asheboro, NC 27204; 183 pp.; paper,
$14.95; ISBN 1-878086-82-0.)

Daniel W. Patterson digs deep into North
Carolina folklore in A Tree Accurst: Bobby
McMillon and Stories of Frankie Silver.
McMillon is an Appalachian singer and
storyteller, one of many who have kept the
story of the Silver murder fresh for nearly
170 years. (2000; The University of North
Carolina Press, PO Box 2288, Chapel Hill,
NC 27515-2288; 240 pp.; cloth, $49.95;
ISBN 0-8078-2564-6; paper, $18.95; ISBN O-
8078-4873-5.)

Ralph E. Lentz II is the author of W.R.

Trivett, Appalachian Pictureman: Photographs
of a Bygone Time. Trivett was a farmer and a self-taught
professional photographer from Watauga County, living
between 1884 and 1966. Ninety of his photographs of othe
other Appalachia� are studied in this volume. (2001;
McFarland & Co., Box 611, Jefferson, NC 28640; 176 pp.;
paper, $35.00; ISBN 0-7864-0927-4.)

Ralph W. Johnson, a self-described Scotch-African
barber in Davidson, tells his lifeTs story in David Played
a Harp. Now in his 90s, Johnson made headlines
when Davidson College faculty and students de-
manded that he desegregate his shop in 1967. (2000;
Blackwell Ink, PO Box 434, Davidson, NC 28036; 450
pp.; $24.95; ISBN 0-9702713-0-1.)

C. Daniel Crews and Lisa D. Bailey are the editors of
the recently published Records of the Moravians in
North Carolina, Volume XIU, 1856-1866 (2000; North
Carolina Division of Archives and History, 109 E.
Jones St, Raleigh, NC 27601-2807; paginated 6212-
6765; cloth $40.00; ISBN 0-86526-290-X.)

Two new editions of useful legal guides are William A.
CampbellTs Notary Public Guidebook for North Carolina,
8th ed. (2000; Institute of Government, CB# 3330
Knapp Building, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-
3330; 106 pp.; paper, $12.00; ISBN 1-56011-382-0)
and David M. LawrenceTs Local Government Property
Transactions in North Carolina, 2nd ed. (2000; Institute
of Government, CB# 3330 Knapp Building, UNC-CH,
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3330; 225 pp.; paper, $26.00;
ISBN 1-56011-366-9.)

Spring 2001 " 79

The Shelley Mueller Pew Learning Center-Martha Ellison Library

of Warren Wilson College
was renovated and
expanded in 1999. The
expansion, on the left
side of the entrance,

provides a late-night
study area for students

that is accessible through

a separate door.

40 " Spring 2001 North Carolina Libraries

The new 7,500-square foot Fairview Branch Library of the Asheville-Buncombe Library
System opened in 1999. The library proper is on the left of the photo, with the main lobby in the middle,
and a community room with separate entrance on the right. The cost-efficient design of the library allows for
later expansion into the patio behind the building.

With the exception of the director's office, the library contains no interior walls. Changing
ceiling heights provide a separate childrenTs area, seen to the right in the photo below.

... i - , a

Thanks to Farrell + Hargrove, the architectural firm that designed both of these projects, for the above photographs. If you have
suggestions for photographs of library buildings or activities that could be shared with others through this column, please contact

Joline Ezzell at (919) 660-5925 or joline.ezzell@duke.edu.

North Carolina Libraries Spring 2001 " 41]
BM A ge eR cS SA a PN a Ne SR a RE aR ce ANN ea se aed SS

The magnificence of the public library
is something that never stales with age.
But the complex task of organizing all
of the services you offer is not an easy
one. Baker & Taylor eases the load by
sending your order processed, cataloged,

and ready for shelving and circulation.

Before you place an order with

Baker & Taylor, a Basic Profile is
established, where you designate your
fundamental choices in an area such as
cataloging, which provides various

classification options and standards.

Processing your order can also be an
intricate undertaking. Baker & Taylor
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42 " Spring 2001 North Carolina Libraries

NortTuH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
MINUTES OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

January 26, 2001
Durham Public Library

Attending: Al Jones, Ross Holt, Sue Cody, Diane Kester, Philip Banks, Phil Barton, Theron Bell, Pauletta Bracy,
Terry Brandsma, Ann Burlingame, Robert Canida, Bao-Chu Chang, Dale Cousins, Martha Davis, Joline Ezzell,
Dave Fergusson, Carol Freeman, Paula Hinton, Elizabeth Laney, Teresa McManus, Carrie Nichols, Peggy Quinn,
Patrick Valentine, Laura Weigand, Bobby Wynn, John Zika, and Maureen Costello.

Welcome and Call to Order: President
Al Jones called the meeting to order
at 10:15.

Approval Of Minutes: The minutes of
the October 20, 2000 meeting were

- approved as written. The minutes can

be found at http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/nclaoct.pdf.

PresidentTs Report:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/pres2001.pdf.

Al Jones expressed his thanks for the sup-
port he received from the membership
during his recent ocardiac adventure.� His
surgery went well, and he is recuperating
slowly but surely. He reported that the
revitalization of the school librariansT sec-
tion has not yet come about. No one has
come forward to take chair or vice chair
positions, but we will wait to see if some-
one comes forward later. The money in
the NCASL account will remain there for
now. Al received a note from the officers
of the new North Carolina School Library
Media Association and has corresponded
with Karen Gavigan and Jackie Pierson
about continuing to collaborate on the
North Carolina ChildrenTs Book Award.
The Endowment Committee is coming
together for aggressive fundraising for the
endowment. Al is working to revitalize the
Library Paraprofessional Association.
Meralyn Meadows, the associationTs first
chair, has agreed to work with the section,
including assisting with programming for
the biennial conference. Finally, Al re-
ported that Floyd relief continues. It will
take years for affected libraries to recover.

TreasurerTs Report:

Computer problems prevented a printed
report, but the TreasurerTs Report will

North Carolina Libraries

appear on the webpage as soon as data
can be restored.

Section/Roundtable Reports

ChildrenTs Services Section:

Full report: http:/.www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/CSS.htm.

Chair Ann Burlingame thanked Diane
Kester for assistance in preparing the
sectionTs webpage, and the online version
of the Chapbook. The program,
oStorytelling and Beyond, Incorporating
the Arts into Programming,� was a great
success, with a total registration of 78.

College and University Section:

Chair Bobby Wynn reported that the sec-
tion is negotiating for speakers for the
biennial conference. Al Jones noted that
if sections have potential speakers, but
lack funds for speakersT fees, contact
Vanessa Ramseur, program chair for con-
ference. It may be possible to add the
speaker to the all-conference program.

Community and Junior College Librar-
ies Section:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/cjcs.htm.

Chair Carol Freeman reported on confer-
ence planning and invited other sections
or roundtables to collaborate on a program.
The section is also planning a workshop
on webpage design for libraries at Guilford
Technical College on May 18, 2001.

Documents Section:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/doc.html.

Paula Hinton introduced herself as the
sectionTs new chair.

Library Administration and Manage-
ment Section:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/lams.html. Chair
Martha Davis reported that the section is
making plans for the conference and dis-
cussing the design of a webpage.

NC Association of School Librarians:
No report.

NC Public Library Trustee Association:
Chair Theron Bell asked for a mentor in
fulfilling her responsibilities as section
chair. Lib Laney, Patrick Valentine, Phil
Barton and Ross Holt volunteered to
help, and typically the director at the
chair trusteeTs library also assists with
program planning. Among the ideas pro-
posed to help were to plan a day of pro-
gramming at the conference to appeal to
trustees and friends of the library mem-
bers, recognizing trustees at the confer-
ence with a badge ribbon. The State Li-
brary should be able to supply names of
trustees and presidents of friends organi-
zations. Teresa McManus offered to assist
in identifying the leadership in academic
librariesT friends groups.

Public Library Section:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/pls.htm. Chair John
Zika mentioned several authors the sec-
tion is contacting to speak at the confer-
ence. He noted that working with pub-
lishers is a good way to identify authors
for the programs. E-books and electronic
media have also been discussed as poten-
tial conference topics.

Reference and Adult Services Section:
Full report: http://www.mindspring.

Spring 2001 " 47

com/~ncla/jan2001/rass.htmI.

Chair Phillip Banks reported on the suc-
cess of the sectionTs oVirtual Patrons�
workshop, attended by 44 registrants.
The evaluations showed that the partici-
pants appreciated the half-day format.

Resources and Technical Services Section:
Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/rtss.htm. Chair
Teresa McManus announced that Kathy
Shropshire, Assistant Director, Greensboro
Public Library has accepted appointment
as Acquisitions Interest Group Chair, fill-
ing the position vacated when Rick
Anderson left to accept a position in Utah.

New Members Round Table:
No report.

NC Library Paraprofessional Asso.:
No report. Al Jones noted that Meralyn
Meadows will work with the association
to revitalize its activities.

Round Table for Ethnic Minority
Concerns:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/remco.htm.
Chair Robert Canida reported that the
round table is planning both a spring
program and conference programs.

Round Table on Special Collections:
No report.

Round Table on the Status of Women
in Librarianship:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.com/
~ncla/jan2001/rtsw.html. Chair Laura
Weigand discussed efforts to revise bylaws.

Technology and Trends Round Table:
Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/tnt.htm.

Vice-chair Terry Brandsma reported on
the success of the LITA Regional Institute
on Database-Driven Websites

in High Point with attendance of 103,
including some out of state registrants.

Committee Reports
Archives:
Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/archive.htm. Chair
Carrie Nichols reported that former
board members of the NCASL sent in
documents from the section, some dat-
ing back to the 1980s. These records will
be processed for the archives.

Commission on Charter/Home Schools:
Co-chair Pauletta Bracy reported that she
and Marilyn Miller are working diligently
on drafts of a survey.

Commission on School Librarians:
The commission has been abolished.

44 " Spring 2001

Conference:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/conference.htm.
Chair Ross Holt announced that a pro-
gram plannersT meeting will be held in
Asheboro on February 9. Exhibits chair
Eleanor Cook attended the ALA Midwin-
ter meeting and personally invited ex-
hibitors to participate in the biennial
conference. Ross reported on possible
effects the withdrawal of the NCASL
board may have on the conference and
possible strategies for minimizing the
loss were reviewed. Ross encouraged sec-
tions, round tables, and committees to
consider offering multiple programs, and
noted the popularity of author programs.

Constitution, Codes and Handbook
Revision:

Chair Bao-Chu Chang reported that ev-
eryone should take one final look at the
bylaws currently posted to be sure they
are accurate and current. She announced
that paper copies of the handbook
should be available at the next meeting.

Continuing Education:
No report.

Endowment:

Chair Lib Laney reported high interest
among committee members. A letter has
been sent to all library directors in the
state asking them as leaders to contribute
$100 each to the endowment fund. Next,
a similar letter will be sent to NCLA
board members. The Endowment Com-
mittee will try to have presence at the
conference. The fundraising goal is to
have $100,000 in the endowment by
2004, NCLATs centennial.

Finance:
No report.

Governmental Relations:
No report.

Intellectual Freedom:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/if.htm. Ross Holt
reported for Chair Jerry Thrasher. The
full report provides detail about two re-
cent book challenges and an update on
the impact of the ChildrenTs Internet Pro-
tection Act. A resolution concerning the
lawsuit ALA has filed to challenge the
law will be introduced in New Business.

Leadership Institute:

Teresa McManus reported for Chair
George Taylor. The application deadline
has bee extended to February 2, 2001.
Sections and round tables were encour-
aged to sponsor a participant. The $600
cost, which includes meals and lodging,
is quite reasonable compared to other

similar programs. Discussion included a
suggestion to compile a report on gradu-
ates of the institute and ways to improve
marketing of the institute. It has been
emphasized that the goal of the institute
is to develop leaders for the profession, as
well as for NCLA.

Literacy:

Chair Pauletta Bracy reported on confer-
ence planning that will focus on making
one day literacy day. Three sessions, in-
cluding a luncheon, will be sponsored by
the committee on that day. The programs
will be marketed to other literacy groups
as well as NCLA membership.

Membership:

Chair Peggy Quinn reported that the
tabletop display is near completion. It will
be displayed at the next board meeting,
and will be available for use by March 1.
Contact Peggy or Maureen Costello to
book its use. Peggy will attend the UNC-
Chapel Hill career fair on February 14 to
represent NCLA. A new membership bro-
chure is nearly ready.

Nominating:

Chair Dave Fergusson presented a draft
ballot, which will be completed before
being released to the membership. Dale
Cousins made a motion to approve the
draft ballot with the addition of another
vice-president/chair-elect candidate. Ross
Holt seconded the motion, which was
passed unanimously. During the discus-
sion, it was noted that there is a lack of
membership and leadership from the
larger academic libraries in the state. Sev-
eral suggestions were made about tech-
niques to improve involvement. The bal-
lot as approved by the board is:

Vice President/President Elect
Pauletta Bracy ° Joline Ezzell
Treasurer (4 year term)

Diane D. Kester °¢ Carl Keiper
Secretary
Bao-Chu Chang e Martha Davis
Director (elect 2)

Robert Canida ¢ Mark Pumphrey
Teresa McManus ¢ Jim Carmichael
ALA Counselor (4 year term)
Vanessa Ramseur ° Sherwin Rice

Publications and Marketing:
No report.

Scholarships:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/scholarship.htm.
The scholarship application deadline is
May 15, 2001.

Other Reports

North Carolina Libraries:
Full report: http://www.mindspring.com/
~ncla/jan2001/NCL.htm. Al Jones re-

North Carolina Libraries

ported for Editor Frances Bradburn. The
winter issue, on research in librarianship,
is in final stages of preparation. This is-
sue will also include profiles of the nomi-
nees. At its annual retreat, the editorial

- board discussed the future of North Caro-
lina Libraries. Publication frequency will
be reduced from four to three issues per
year. NCLA minutes will continue to be
published in each issue. Regular columns
oLagniappe,� oWired to the World,� and
oIn View Of� will all be kept in their
present format, but oBetween Us� will be
an occasional feature. There will be fewer
theme-based articles. Potpourri issues will
allow greater flexibility for submission of
articles. The possibility of rotating re-
sponsibility for an article among sections
and round tables was discussed.

ALA Councilor:
No report.

SELA Councilor:

Full report: http://www.mindspring.
com/~ncla/jan2001/sela.html. SELA
leadership will hold a workshop on the
future association activities in Atlanta on
April 6. An issue of the Southeastern Li-
brarian will be sent to members soon.
Councilor John Via is chairing an ad hoc
committee on the SELA dues structure.

Old Business:

It was announced that the new Secretary
of Cultural Resources, Lisbeth C. oLibba�
Evans is from Winston-Salem, and has an
excellent reputation for support of li-
brary services.

New Business:

Ross Holt introduced a resolution sup-
porting ALATs legal action against the
Child Internet Protection Act. After dis-
cussion and amendment, the resolution
was unanimously approved as follows:

A RESOLUTION SUPPORTING ALA
LEGAL ACTION AGAINST CIPA

WHEREAS the recently enacted Child
Internet Protection Act (CIPA) man-
dates that libraries and schools install
and use filtering software on public
Internet computers as a prerequisite for
receiving federal funds, including LSTA
and E-rate funds; and

WHEREAS no filtering software success-
fully differentiates constitutionally
protected speech from illegal speech
on the Internet; and

WHEREAS the federal commission ap-
pointed to study child safety on the
Internet concluded filters are not effec-

tive in blocking all content that some
may find objectionable, but do block
much useful and constitutionally pro-
tected information; and

WHEREAS the North Carolina Library
Association does not recommend the
use of Internet filters in libraries, and
emphatically oppose attempts by fed-
eral and state governments to set local
policy; and

WHEREAS the American Library Associa-
tion has resolved to challenge CIPA in
federal courts;

THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the
North Carolina Library Association
endorses and supports this legal action
by the American Library Association.

Mandates:
ALA President
ALA Washington Office
ALA Intellectual Freedom Committee
ALA Chapter Relations listserv

State Library And State Library
Commission:
No report.

The meeting adjourned at 1:30 p.m.
Respectfully submitted,
" Sue Cody, Secretary

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VISUALS
Spring & Fall Catalogs

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Tar Heel Treasures
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North Carolina Libraries Spring 2001 " 49

NortTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1999-2001 EXECUTIVE BOARD

PRESIDENT
Plummer Alston oAl� Jones, Jr.
Corriher-Linn-Black Library
Catawba College
2300 W. Innes Street
Salisbury, NC 28144
Telephone: (704) 637-4449
Fax: (704) 637-4304
pajones@catawba.edu

VICE PRESIDENT/

PRESIDENT ELECT
Ross Holt
Randolph Public Library
201 Worth Street
Asheboro, NC 27203
Telephone: (336) 318-6806
Fax: (336) 318-6823
rholt@ncsl.dcr.state.nc.us

SECRETARY
Sue Ann Cody

Randall Library, UNC-Wilmington

601 College Road
Wilmington, NC

Telephone: (910) 962-7409
Fax: (910) 962-3078

codys@uncwil.edu

TREASURER
Diane D. Kester
East Carolina University
105 Longview Drive
Goldsboro, NC 27534-8871
Telephone: (919) 328-6621
Fax: (919) 328-4638
kesterd@mail.ecu.edu
Isdkest@eastnet.educ.ecu.edu

DIRECTORS
Phillip Barton, Director
Rowan County Public Library
P.O. Box 4039
Salisbury, NC 28145-4039
Telephone: (704) 638-3020
Fax: (704) 638-3013
bartonp@co.rowan.nc.us

Patrick Valentine, Director
Wilson County Public Library
PO Box 400

Wilson, NC 27893

Telephone: (252) 237-5355
Fax: (252) 243-4311
pvalentine@wilson-co.com

ALA COUNCILOR
Jacqueline B. Beach
Craven-Pamlico-Carteret
Regional Library
400 Johnson Street
New Bern, NC 28560
Telephone: (919) 823-1141
Fax: (919) 638-7817
jbeach@ncsl.dcr.state.nc.us

46 " Spring 2001

SELA REPRESENTATIVE
John Via
Forsyth County Public Library
660 W. Fifth Street
Winston-Salem NC 27101
Telephone: (336) 727-2556
Fax: (336) 727-2549

EDITOR, North Carolina Libraries
Frances Bryant Bradburn
Educational Technology
NC Dept. of Public Instruction
301 N. Wilmington Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2825
Telephone: (919) 807-3292
Fax: (919) 807-3290
fbradbur@dpi.state.nc.us

PAST-PRESIDENT
Beverley Gass
M.W. Bell Library
Guilford Technical College
P.O. Box 309
Jamestown, NC 27282-0309

Telephone: (336) 334-4822
x2434
Fax: (336) 841-4350

gassb@gtcc.cc.nc.us

ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT
Maureen Costello
North Carolina Library Association
c/o State Library of North Carolina
4646 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-4646
Telephone: (919) 839-6252
Fax: (919) 839-6252
ncla@mindspring.com

SECTION CHAIRS

CHILDRENTS SERVICES SECTION
Ann Burlingame
Wake Forest Public Library
400 E. Holding Avenue
Wake Forest, NC 27587
Telephone: (919) 554-8498
Fax: (919) 554-8499
aburlingame@co.wake.nc.us

COLLEGE ANp UNIVERSITY SECTION
Bobby Wynn
Charles W. Chestnut Library
Fayetteville State University
1200 Murchison Road
Fayetteville, NC 28301
Telephone: (910) 486-1520.
Fax: (910) 486-1312
Bobby@Lib1.uncfsu.edu

COMMUNITY ano JUNIOR
COLLEGE SECTION
Carol Freeman
Forsyth Technical Comm. Col.
2100 Silas Creek Parkway
Winston-Salem, NC 27103

Telephone: (336) 723-0371
ext. 7291
Fax: (336) 748-9395

cfreeman@riscy.forsyth.tec.nc.us

DOCUMENTS SECTION
Mary Horton
Z. Smith Reynolds Library
Wake Forest University
PO Box 7777
Winston-Salem, NC 27109
Telephone: (336) 758-5829
Fax: (336) 758-5538
hortonm@wfu.edu

LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION anp
MANAGEMENT SECTION
Martha Davis
Davidson County Comm. College
PO Box 1287
Lexington, NC 27293-1287
Telephone: (336) 249-8186
ext. 270
mdavis@davidson.cc.nc.us

NORTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION OF
SCHOOL LIBRARIANS
No officers at present.

NORTH CAROLINA PUBLIC
LIBRARY TRUSTEES ASSOCIATION
Theron Bell
P.O. Box 1059
111 Cornelius Drive
Robbins, NC 27325
Telephone: (910) 948-3448

PUBLIC LIBRARY SECTION
John Zika
Public Library of Charlotte &
Mecklenburg County
North County Regional Library
16500 Holly Crest Lane
Huntersville, NC 28078
Telephone: (704) 895-0616
jzika@plcmc.lib.nc.us

REFERENCE ano ADULT

SERVICES SECTION
Phillip Banks
Asheville-Buncombe Library System
67 Haywood Street
Asheville, NC 28801-2834
Telephone: (828) 255-5213
pbanks@ncsl.dcr.state.nc.us

RESOURCES ano TECHNICAL
SERVICES SECTION
Teresa L. McManus
Charles W. Chestnut Library
Fayetteville State University
1200 Murchison Road
Fayetteville, NC 28301-4298
Telephone: (910) 486-14312
tmcmanus@lib1 .uncfsu.edu

ROUND TABLE CHAIRS

NEW MEMBERS ROUND TABLE
Marian Lindsay
Guilford Middle School
401 College Road
Greensboro, NC 27410
Telephone: (336) 316-5833
Fax: (336) 316-5837

NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY
PARAPROFESSIONAL ASSO.
Frances Lampley
Project Enlightenment
501 S. Boylan Avenue
Raleigh, NC 27603

ROUND TABLE FOR ETHNIC

MINORITY CONCERNS
Robert Canida II
Sampson-Livermore Library
UNC-Pembroke

PO Box 758
Pembroke, NC 28372
Telephone: (910) 521-6369

canida@uncp.edu

ROUND TABLE ON SPECIAL
COLLECTIONS
Kevin Cherry
State Library of North Carolina
4640 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-4640
Telephone: (919) 733-2570

ROUND TABLE ON THE STATUS

OF WOMEN IN LIBRARIANSHIP
Laura Weigand
Forsyth County Public Library
660 W. Fifth Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Telephone: (336) 727-2549
|_weigand@forsyth.lib.nc.us

TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS
ROUND TABLE
Susan Smith
Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Wake Forest University
Winston-Salem, NC 27109
Telephone: (336) 758-5828
Fax: ig (336) 758-8831
smithss@wfu.edu

NCLA

oNorth Carolina Library Association Library Association

North Carolina Libraries

UI ORTAT SSD AGE see, tg

Editor
FRANCES BRYANT BRADBURN
Instructional Technology
NC Dept. of Public Instruction
301 N. Wilmington Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2825
(919) 807-3293
(919) 807-3290 (FAX)
fbradbur@dpi.state.nc.us

Associate Editor
ROSE SIMON
Dale H. Gramley Library
Salem College
Winston-Salem, NC 27108
(336) 917-5421
simon@salem.edu

Associate Editor
JOHN WELCH
Enloe High School
128 Clarendon Crescent
Raleigh, NC 27610
(919) 856-7910
jwelch@wcpss.net

Book Review Editor
DOROTHY DAVIS HODDER
New Hanover Co. Public Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
(910) 772-7858
dhodder@co.new-hanover.nc.us

Lagniappe Editor
PLUMMER ALSTON JONES, JR.
Corriher-Linn-Black Library
Catawba College
2300 W. Innes Street
Salisbury, NC 28144
(704) 637-4449
pajones@catawba.edu

Indexer
MICHAEL COTTER
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(252) 752-8854
cottermi@mail.ecu.edu

Advertising Manager
HARRY TUCHMAYER
New Hanover Co. Public Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
(910) 772-7857

htuchmayer@co.new-hanover.nc.us

Between Us Editor
KEVIN CHERRY
State Library of North Carolina
4640 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-4640

(919) 733-2570

North Carolina Libraries

ChildrenTs Services
PAMELA STANDHART

Public Library of Charlotte & Mecklenburg

Cornelius Branch Library
21105 Catawba Avenue
Cornelius, NC 28031

(704) 655-9409
pstandhart@plcmc.lib.nc.us

College and University
ARTEMIS KARES
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(252) 328-2263
karesa@mail.ecu.edu

Community and Junior College
LISA C. DRIVER
Pitt Community College
PO Drawer 7007
Greenville, NC 27835-7007
(252) 321-4357

Idriver@pcc.pitt.cc.nc.us

Documents
MICHAEL VAN FOSSEN
Reference Documents
Davis Library CB #3912
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC 27599
(919) 962-1151
mike_vanfossen@unc.edu

Library Administration and
Management Section
JOLINE EZZELL
Perkins Library
Duke University
Durham, NC 27708-0175
(919) 660-5925
joline.ezzell@duke.edu

New Members Round Table
RHONDA FLORENCE
Florence Elementary School
High Point, NC 27265
(336) 819-2120
rholbroo@guilford.k1 2.nc.us

North Carolina Library
Paraprofessional Association

SHARON NOLES

Southeast Regional Library in Garner
908 7th Avenue

Garner, NC 27529

(919) 894-8322
snoles@co.wake.nc.us

Public Library Section
JOHN ZIKA

Public Library of Charlotte & Mecklenburg

North County Regional Library
16500 Holly Crest Lane
Huntersville, NC 28078

(704) 895-0616
jzika@plcmc.lib.nc.us

Reference/Adult Services
SUZANNE WISE
Belk Library
Appalachian State University
Boone, NC 28608
(828) 262-2798
wisems@appstate.edu

Resources and Technical Services
PAGE LIFE
Davis Library CB#3914
UNC-Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27514-8890
(919) 962-0153
page_life@unc.edu

Round Table for Ethnic Minority Concerns

BRIGITTE BLANTON
Greensboro Public Library

PO Box 3178

Greensboro, NC 27402-3178
(336) 373-2716
ncs0921@interpath.com

Round Table on Special Collections
MEGAN MULDER
Wake Forest University Library
PO Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
(336) 758-5091
mulder@wfu.edu

Round Table on the Status of Women
in Librarianship

JOAN SHERIF

Northwestern Regional Library

111 North Front Street

Elkin, NC 28621

(336) 835-4894

jsherif@ncsl.dcr.state.nc.us

Technology and Trends
DIANE KESTER
Library Studies and Ed. Technology
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(252) 328-4389
Isddkest@eastnet.educ.ecu.edu

Wired to the World Editor
RALPH LEE SCOTT
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(252) 328-0265
scottr@mail.ecu.edu

Spring 2001 " 4/7

N A North Carolina Library Association

Use the application below to enroll as a member of the North Carolina Library Asssociation or to renew your
membership. All memberships are for one calendar year. THE MEMBERSHIP YEAR IS JANUARY 1 THROUGH
DECEMBER 31. Memberships postmarked during the last quarter of the year cover the next year.

Dues (see below) entitle you to membership in the Association and to one section or round table. For each
additional section or round table, add $5.00. Return this form with your check or money order, payable to
North Carolina Library Association (see address below).

NCLA DUES
(Membership and One Section or Round Table)
OQ FULL-TIME LIBRARY SCHOOL OY LIBRARY PERSONNEL
STUDENTS (two years only) .... $10 Poets Up.tO $15,000.22, vncpeerserses $15
Earning $15,001 to $25,000........... $25
Ly RETIRED LIBRARIANS aieie ejarerelalelarereie $15 Earning $25,001 to $35,000 vane lene $30
GQ NON-LIBRARY PERSONNEL: Earning $35,001 to S45 0002s $35
(Trustee, Non-salaried, or Friends Earning $45,001 and above........... $40
of TA acs PRE e ys ee = © CONTRIBUTING (Individuals, Associations,
Q INSTITUTIONAL (Libraries & and Firms interested in the work of
Library/Education-related ING) GAN) ss Bac se eR Se hE Sr $100
(J Contributing member acknowledged in North Carolina

IZUISIIMESSES rtatccs conn se senwoelssss Sse 5
) m0 Libraries unless this box is checked

NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
CHECK SECTIONS AND ROUND TABLES
ONE IS INCLUDED IN BASIC DUES. (New Members & First Time

renewals should choose a section other than New Members Round Table.)
Add $5.00 for each additional section or round table.

please print or type

New membership* Renewal**

*Dues automatically include membership in New Members Round Table
**Dues automatically include membership in New Members Round Table for FIRST TIME renewals.

ChildrenTs Services

College & University Section
Community & Junior College Libraries Section

Membership Number if Renewal

Name - ; any Documents Section
Last First Middle care,
_____ Library Administration & Management
Title ____NC Association of School Librarians
___NC Public Library Trustees Association
Library ___ Public Library Section

Reference & Adult Services Section
Resources and Technical Services Section
New Members Round Table

NC Library Paraprofessional Association

Business Address -

City State Zip ____ Round Table for Ethnic Minority Concerns
_____ Round Table on Special Collections
Daytime Telephone Number ___ Round Table on the Status of Women in Librarianship
Area Code ___ Technology & Trends Round Table
(_} Check here if you NO NOT wish to be signed up for NCLA-L listserv AMOUNT ENCLOSED: (SEE ABOVE)
$s Membership and one section/round table

Mailing Address (if different from above)

$5.00 for each additional section/round table

TYPE OF LIBRARY I WORK IN: $ TOTAL (PLEASE DO NOT SEND CASH)
__ Academic
Se Public Mail Payment and Form to: North Carolina Library Association
=. oSchool c/o State Library of North Carolina
i Special 109 East Jones Street
Other Raleigh, NC 27601-1023 ncla@mindspring.com

THANK YOU FOR YOUR SUPPORT
NCLA Office Hours: Mon.-Fri. 9-1; Telephone (Voice & FAX) 919-839-NCLA; E-mail: mcostello@ncsl.dcr.state.nc.us

~ = ofer
Adhest Wwe Fernie

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Unsolicited articles dealing with the above themes or any issue of interest to North Carolina
librarians are welcomed. Please contact the editor for manuscript guidelines and deadlines.

North Carolina Libraries, published four times a year, is the official publication of the North
Carolina Library Association. Membership dues include a subscription to North Carolina
Libraries. Membership information may be obtained from the Administrative Assistant of
NCLA. Subscription rates are $32.00 per year, or $10.00 per issue, for domestic
subscriptions; $50.00 per year, or $15.00 per issue, for foreign subscriptions. Backfiles are
maintained by the editor. Microfilm copies are available through University Microfilms.
North Carolina Libraries is indexed by Library Literature and publishes its own annual index.
Editorial correspondence should be addressed to the editor; advertisement
correspondence should be addressed to the advertising manager. Articles are juried.