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Libraries

Volume 99, Number 2
ISSN 0029-2540

LINA UNIVERSITY

Summer 1997

SS BuILpinG LIBRARIES FOR CHANGING TIMES Peet SOR AP Tinta PAS Cee

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65

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78

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Cover:

Guest Editors, Phillip K. Barton & Plummer Alston Jones, ie

Fashion Your New Library from Old, William R. Burgin

Creating Library Interiors: Planning and Design Considerations, Phillip K. Barton
and Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.

Form Follows Function: Redesigning the School Library Media Center,
Karen Perry

The More Things Change: Nuts and Bolts of Technology Planning,
Kenneth E. Marks

Library Dreams/Architectural Realities: North Carolina Library Architecture
of the 1990s (Photo Essay), compiled by Phillip K. Barton and
Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.

FEATURES SE SET

From the President
Letter to the Editor
Point: LetTs Build Libraries Where the People Go, Tom Moore
Counter Point: If You Build It, They Will Come!, Dan Horne

And in Edition: Issues in Retrospective Conversion for a Small Special Collection:
A Case Study, Fern Hieb

Wired to the World, Ralph Lee Scott

About the Authors

North Carolina Books

Lagniappe: Reel North Carolina: Movies Filmed in the Old North State
NCLA Minutes

The spacious three-story atrium connects the Z. Smith Reynolds Library with the Edwin G.
Wilson wing (photo page 83) at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem. Architect:
Walter Robbs Callahan & Pierce (Winston-Salem.) Photo: Lee Runion.

North Carolina Libraries is the official publication of the North Carolina Library Association.

Art direction and design by Pat Weathersbee of TeamMedia, Greenville, NC.

Prom the President

Dave Fergusson, President

uring the last month as I write this, my time has been occupied with (1) getting married,

(2) purchasing a house, and (3) making the usual cosmetic changes in the house (generally

this is called opainting�). Item (1) was the most enjoyable and sharing life with my new

bride, Mary, has been wonderful. The aggravation factor associated with the other two

activities has been steadily mounting. Did you know that todayTs latex paint is really made
up of millions of microscopic worms and that they crawl up the brush, up your arm into your ear
and make you CRAZY?

All this is to say that my thoughts about libraries have been on the back burner for a while, but
this is the time of year when many libraries are in a fight for their budgets, so I will mention politics.
John Via, Chair of the Governmental Relations Committee, reports that this yearTs ALA Library
Legislative Day was VERY successful for North Carolina. A small but determined group visited with
just about all of our members of Congress. Congressman Richard Burr of my district, among others,
met and had pictures taken with our folks. ALATs Chief Legislative Council Adam Eisgrau came for
lunch to meet with Rep. Howard Coble because of the CongressmanTs committee assignments
dealing with copyright and intellectual property.

The delegation also included NCLA Honorary Member Elinor Swaim of Salisbury, past Chair of
the National Commission on Libraries and Information Services; Friends of North Carolina Libraries
President Elizabeth Laney; PLS Chair and BCALA President Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin; Assistant State
Librarian John Welch; Nancy Gibbs from NCSUTs D.H. Hill Library, whose son Bob Gibbs is Press
Assistant to newly elected Congressman Bobby Etheridge; and last but not least, our old friend and
the newly appointed head of ALATs Office of Literacy and Outreach Services, Satia Orange.

ALA should be commended for the good job that has been done recently to influence library
related legislation. The revitalized Washington Office has been very effective. In other contexts, ALA
often seems to exemplify an institution gone wild. Its systems of bureaucracy and and govenance are
really a farce matched only by the U.S Congress. Jonathan Swift should be around to parody this
organization. But having said that (and hoping you do not hold similar feelings about NCLA) I want
to give the Devil his due regarding the Washington OfficeTs recent work.

If I have learned one thing by becoming a librarian rather than a gun dealer, it is that getting
what you want or what you think is needed out of our political system is very, very difficult. The fact
that so much now revolves around money - campaign money, big money, soft money, take your
choice - gives a spiritually affluent group like ours a slight disadvantage relative to financially
affluent groups like the NRA and big labor. So, what to do? NCPLDA (Public Library Directors
Association) has made real gains in State aid by using numbers (like Richard WellsT bus loads of
Friends who invade Raleigh on State Legislative Day) and well thought out campaigns supported by
statewide communication as they have lobbied for specific goals.

It has long been my contention that libraries have never realized the potential that would exist
if we could ever bring to bear the large numbers of users and supporters in our various communities.
Unfortunately, none of them share the same experiences, they just LIKE libraries. Since they often
enter as loners with their personal goals in mind, it is a difficult group to mobilize, not like the
millions who are committed to a belief in concealed handguns or abortion rights. They will speak
out for us in times of peril, but usually we are on our own. If you have had a successful experience
mobilizing library users to offer support over the long haul, I would like to hear about it. Send me an
e-mail at d_fergusson@forsyth.lib.nc.us (with a copy to Governmental Relations Chair John Via at
jev@lib.wfunet.wfu.edu).

Finally, since this has turned into a column about politics and lobbying, I will revisit a few of
the suggestions Iowa legislator Richard Varn gave us in his talk at NCLA in 1993. He suggested
adopting greenhorn politicians of either party, with whom you agree, and helping them win their
first election. They will not forget their original supporters. Compliment politicians through others
who know them. Who wouldnTt like to hear secondhand that you have been singing their praises?
DonTt threaten if you donTt get what you want. Just keep trying and get more people to help you
make your point. Elicit promises in public and donTt just hold politicians to them, but have lots of
folks thank them when they come through. Finally, Varn recommended forming PACTs which would
keep track of voting records and financially support library friends. Some of these would be major
steps for NCLA and we have never made the serious leap into the political area, but we can all try
some of these approaches. Write a letter when someone supports libraries. It really does help.

Or do it the old-fashioned way - send them your $1,000.

78 " Summer 1997 North Carolina Libraries
TO I

Fashion Your New Library from Old

by William R. Burgin

Ithough library planners often initially consider new
construction when undertaking a building project, it
is important to explore renovation, addition, and
adaptive re-use of existing facilities as equally viable
options. Careful evaluation of an existing buildingTs
potential for addition or renovation, or of another
buildingTs potential for a second life through adap-
tive re-use, can yield fruitful results. Statistics reported recently
by Library Journal suggest a trend toward addition and reno-
vation over new construction, indicating that library planners
see definite advantages to improving library facilities through
the use of existing buildings.!

Renovation, addition, and adaptive re-use offer many in-
centives in preference to new construction. Under the right
circumstances, a library has the opportunity to gain any or all
of the following advantages:

" Money can be saved. The general rule of thumb when con-
sidering an extensive renovation is that the structure and
building shell (outer wall, floors and roof decking) are worth
approximately 30% of a buildingTs total cost. Thus, if a new
building is compared to an existing building of equal size,
30% of the cost is in place.� In cases of a change of site (adap-
tive re-use), the purchase of property may require an expen-
diture in excess of this amount. Renovating your existing li-
brary building certainly would start with this cost advantage.
If a purchase of property is a consideration, the sale of the ex-
isting library building may be an option to preserve the 30%
shell cost advantage.

In addition, many existing buildings still have some life
left in their infrastructures (i.e., plumbing, mechanical, and
electrical systems). If youTre fortunate, the existing sewer
main will be reusable, the air distribution ducts can be uti-
lized, and portions of the main electrical distribution duct
will be recyclable.

Advantages from these savings may enable you to build
a larger library or to begin your project years earlier than wait-
ing for the funding for a new facility would require.

If the targeted effort produces a project as ogood as new,�
it is appropriate to compare directly the cost of a renovation/
addition or adaptive re-use with a new building. DonTt let a
renovation/adaptive reuse project die because the cost projec-
tions appear modest. A savings of only $10.00/square foot
over new for a 10,000 square foot library results in a savings

North Carolina Libraries

of $100,000. Even allowing for the unexpected contingencies
typically found when renovating (5% of the project cost), the
savings easily could be realized at $50,000. Certainly this is
enough money to fill several ranges of shelving with books.

" A historical or architecturally significant building may
be given a second life. Frequently communities have histori-
cal buildings that can produce a final library building more
richly detailed than a comparably priced new building. Most
older buildings were built when materials were cheap and
labor costs were low enough to afford the installation of ar-
chitectural amenities (raised paneling, wood casings, wood
crown mouldings, solid doors, etc.). With a resourceful archi-
tectural design, it may be possible to salvage and complement
such architectural details. The result could be a richly detailed
library building. Even at a premium cost, these opportunities
merit consideration. Certainly the politics of preservation may
provide additional funding for such an endeavor. The mat-
riage of a library (a community asset set in tradition) with an
architecturally significant structure can make a perfect match.

" A renovation/addition project could preserve the tra-
ditional location of the community library. Libraries fre-
quently are situated in central locations within communities.
Over time, the library may actually form the hub of a com-
munity. With the proper addition and renovation, this tradi-
tional center of a community may remain intact for genera-
tions. It also is common for the renovation of a significant
municipal building (and certainly a library is one of the most
significant of community facilities) to begin a city or commu-
nity revitalization.

" An adaptive re-use may speed the opportunity to relo-
cate your library in a more desirable location, out of a de-
teriorating neighborhood, or into an area closer to the
libraryTs user population. New projects are time consuming
to assemble because they include multiple layers of steps and
approvals. Beginning with property acquisition, the new
project moves slowly through years of political and govern-
mental budget maneuvering. Adaptive re-use, renovations, or
renovations and additions focus planning on a singular effort.

Assuming that the building being considered is large
enough, or can be expanded to house the libraryTs space re-
quirements, begin review of your prospective building (includ-
ing your existing library building in case a renovation and/

Summer 1997 " 79

or addition may be appropriate) for at least the elements listed
below. By following this list of building criteria and evalua-
tion, you may uncover a jewel of a building solution.

Structure

Libraries do have demanding structural requirements. The
live loads (those loads applied to the structure by the occu-
pant) are 125 pounds per square foot (psf) for stacks, 80 psf
for public corridors, and as much as 250 psf plus for file and
film material storage. This compares to typical business fa-
cility live loads of 50 psf for the office spaces and 100 psf for
public lobbies.*

Since the economics of construction dictate that a struc-
ture be planned to carry just the loads anticipated and no
more, one must assume that unless the renovation is to a
building type with matching load criteria, the structure will
need strengthening. This is not impossible and, depending
upon the type of structure, will pose different levels of diffi-
culty. Obviously the greater the difficulty, the costlier the
modifications.

The skeletal arrangement of a buildingTs framing is key to
a buildingTs present and future flexibility. Flexibility always is
tested during renovations and adaptive re-use designs. It is the
key to achieving your future library program requirements.
The skeletal framing (a structural arrangement composed of
columns, both perimeter and interior, supporting girders, and
beams supporting a floor deck) allows the library program cri-
teria to be easily planned within the grid formed by the struc-
tural columns. In a building with a skeletal frame, an exist-
ing wall which must be removed to accommodate the library
plan will be non-structural and fairly inexpensive to demol-
ish. If the adaptive building size is less than required by the
program, exterior non-load-bearing walls also can be removed
easily to allow for the necessary building addition, while cre-
. ating an adequately large, open connection that will produce
good visual control within any given space plan.

Look for buildings with the following structural types.
They are listed in the order of probable success.

Single story buildings with slab on grade floor structures

with skeletal framing (most probable structural match)

The slab floors more than likely will be able to carry all library
loading conditions. Concrete slabs are generally poured four
inches thick or thicker. This is the thickness required to pre-
vent cracking and to allow working the concrete over inevi-
table variations in the slabTs substrate. These floors are capable
of carrying library stack live loads without modifications.

Multistory buildings with skeletal framing:
Multistory buildings potentially are not as successful as single
story buildings. Because of the economics of construction
mentioned, columns and beams forming the skeletal frame
must be analyzed closely and probably modified to meet a
libraryTs added structural needs. The type of materials from
which these frames are made is an important factor in deter-
mining the buildingTs flexibility for adaptive re-use.
Framing is more easily analyzed and adapted for carry-
ing an increased load if it is steel. In all cases, engineers eas-
ily can measure spans of beams and heights of columns. This
is true no matter what framing materials were used. Engi-
neers, however, also must develop framing member section
characteristics to complete a structural analysis. This is man-
aged easily if the structure is of steel rather than any other
build material. Concrete structures also are worthy of analysis
because of their superior fire resistant nature and a reason-
able ability to accept modifications to enhance structural ca-
pacities. One major drawback in analyzing concrete struc-

60 " Summer 1997

ture, however, is the difficulty in determining the sectional
characteristics of concrete beams or columns. This is because
the structural characteristics of concrete are created in part-
nership with reinforcing steel hidden within the concrete. If
the original building plans are available and contain descrip-
tions of the steel reinforcing, the analysis can be completed
fairly easily. If drawings do not exist, conservative and cau-
tious assumptions or destructive analysis must be under-
taken. Either method adds cost to the early building analy-
sis phase of the process.

Multistory buildings with exterior bearing walls and
interior skeletal framing

A reasonable compromise would be adapting or renovating
a multistory building with exterior bearing walls and inte-
rior columns, girders and beam, and floor decking. ItTs par-
ticularly worth consideration if the exterior dimensions of
the building exceed the library programTs overall space re-
quirements or if the exterior building dimensions meet dis-
tinct portions of the building program. In the latter case, the
renovated structure can house those distinct portions, and
an addition can be added to address the balance of the
libraryTs program needs.

Exterior and interior bearing walls

(Most improbable structural match)

It would be very difficult to reuse a building whose structure
consists of both exterior and interior bearing walls. These
buildings offer very little flexibility, the basic building block
in library planning. Consider this example of the difficulties
ahead: to create a large space for stacks (in such a way as to
offer visual control), bearing walls that form smaller spaces
must be removed. In order to accomplish this, the walls that
support the structure above must be replaced with beams and
columns. This process is complex and requires expenditures
for both demolition and installation of framing required to
remove the structural wall. The support for the new columns
also must begin at ground level. This means new footings.
In cases where this type of improvement occurs on upper
floors, the columns must extend to the footing through the
lower floors. In addition, the new structure must be in place
before the bearing walls are removed. Though the results may
be acceptable, this expensive process will generate no addi-
tional building square footage. Finally, if any of the buildingTs
infrastructure (i.e. conduit, ductwork, plumbing, etc.) is in
the way of the new column and beam system, it too may
have to be torn out and reinstalled, adding even more ex-
pense to the effort.

Hazardous Materials " Watch Out!!

Hazardous materials can jeopardize the success of a renova-
tion or adaptive re-use project. These hazards typically come
from asbestos, lead paint, and lead content in water piping
(from lead-base solders used to make joints in copper piping),
and ground water contamination. A walk-through of a pro-
spective building can be a first indicator of potential hazard-
ous material problems.

Many states, including North Carolina, require a hazard-
ous material survey prior to beginning demolition for renova-
tion of a building.* This is not particularly expensive and is
performed by companies specializing in material testing. This
survey should be provided by the building owner as a condi-
tion of a purchase option. (The results are valuable to the prop-
erty owner for subsequent sales efforts even if the library does
not purchase the property.) Reports from independent testing
professionals carry such significant liabilities that the chance of
a company fabricating favorable results for an owner to entice

North Carolina Libraries

a purchase is unlikely. Certainly, the results can be verified later,
just prior to a final purchase, if the library feels more comfort-
able retaining services for these tests directly.

Asbestos can be found in any number of building mate-
tials, particularly in buildings predating 1970. The worst forms
of asbestos are found in materials that have become dry and
powdery. These friable materials require intensely controlled
abatement. Procedures must be designed and followed to pro-
tect workers and building occupants from these carcinogenic
asbestos fibers. In addition, only a small number of locations
exist that allow disposal of this friable debris. During a
buildingTs review, look for this type of asbestos in materials in-
sulating HVAC hot and cold water piping (particularly around
valves and joints), domestic water piping (particularly around
valves), ductwork (outer layers of insulation), boilers (both as

Two new branches of the Sheppard Memorial Library in Greenville are classic
examples of adaptive reuse of architecturally interesting buldings. WintervilleTs
1,455 sq.ft. C.D. Langston/R. E. Boyd Library is a converted bank building.
BethelTs 2,000 sq. ft. Margaret Little Blount Library is a converted train station.

Architect: Hite-MSM Architects (Greenville.) Photo: Willie Nelms.

based materials totally. Methods for accomplishing this re-
moval include dissolving the lead chemically; tearing off the
top, thin layer of wall surface; or blasting the surface with
abrasive material until the paint surface is gone. Since children
comprise a major segment of a libraryTs patrons and are a
group most susceptible to lead dangers, it seems prudent to
consider total removal in all circumstances.

Other acceptable methods of dealing the lead-based
paint include covering the walls with a new material, encap-
sulating the lead behind the new material. An example of
this is to apply a layer of gypsum board over any wall fin-
ished with lead-based paint. Additionally, the hazardous
material industry has many coating products which will
encapsulate the lead and provide a surface that accepts a new
enamel or latex-based paint or vinyl finish. The disadvantage
of these encapsulating options occurs in the future
when these surfaces must be demolished. Lead abate-
ment during a late renovation phase could create sev-
eral limitations for the library if renovation takes
place while the library is in operation. Even a very
small renovation could close down a significant por-
tion of library services.

Lead in the water system occurs because of lead-
based solder used in pipe joints, acommon plumbing
practice used in quality construction projects prior to
the 1960s. The best solution for water system lead is
to remove all the old domestic water copper piping, as
well as water coolers, within the building.

Ground water contamination may bea problem if an
old oil tank is existing (or existed at any time) on the
site. This hazard is not peculiar to renovations. Obvi-
ously this hazard is probable on a site with previous
construction history where oil was used as a fuel, or
worse yet, where oil was distributed. You should request
from the owner any history of underground storage
tanks and have a soil sample

exterior insulation and inte-
rior fire box liners), and in
acoustical plaster (mainly
found in ceiling plaster). These
materials are predominately
white, 1/2 inch to 1 inch
thick, and caulky. These mate-
rials are very, very costly to
remove.

Other asbestos materials
frequently found in older
structures include asbestos
floor tile (usually 9'x9' tiles
sizes), vinyl sheet flooring,
mastics used to glue flooring
materials to the subfloor
(black in color), acoustical
ceiling tile (usually 12"x12" tiles sizes), and hard board pan-
eling (used both for interior and exterior applications). These
products contain asbestos in an encapsulated form. If they
are removed carefully by qualified personnel, this abatement
can be expected to cost less than friable abatement. Even dis-
posal is less tricky, since many local landfills still handle these
non-friable, asbestos-containing materials.

Another major hazardous material is lead-based paint.
Lead-based paints commonly were used in quality construc-
tion projects prior to the 1960s. This material can be handled
several different ways. The best method is to remove the lead-

North Carolina Libraries

ES eS aM a a ES eal ee eee

taken to determine if contami-
nation has taken place. Also
look around the site for the fill
caps that were used to fill these
underground tanks. Soil con-
tamination testing can be
handled by the same testing
professionals mentioned for as-
bestos and lead paints. Depend-
ing upon the extent and length
of time the leakage has oc-
curred, this type of contamina-
tion can prove very expensive.

Life safety

An analysis of how a potential
library might respond to life
safety issues is the next impor-
tant issue to resolve. As a gen-
eral rule, the combustibility of materials used in the construc-
tion of a building, the type and quality of the buildingTs exit-
way system, and the size of the building are characteristics
to review.

Concrete will prove a better material to resist fire than
steel. This is because steel loses its strength quickly in high
temperatures, a factor that reduces escape time before a
buildingTs collapse. Steel, in turn, will prove a better material
in terms of fire resistance than wood. Wood is a contributor
to fire and will quickly be consumed and collapse. Because of
this, the codes allow larger areas to be built (with less demand-

Summer 1997 " 6]

ing restrictions) for buildings constructed of concrete than
buildings constructed of steel or wood.

As codes evolve, each writing typically becomes more and
more conservative. Present codes, therefore, closely address
the number and quality of exits and are probably more de-
manding than they were when an older building was con-
structed. It is not uncommon in older buildings to find a
single stairway serving a multi-floored building. If your pro-
spective building is to be born anew, plan on providing for at
least two exits. Even if two exits from every floor are not re-
quired by the code, it certainly is good practice. Libraries con-
tain ranges for fuel (books) for a fire and frequently are filled
with children and adults unfamiliar with escape routes. Ob-
viously, if two buildings are contenders for purchase and one
has two good exits, it deserves higher consideration.

The other factor when examining exits is the quality of
the exitTs construction. In order to make the exits more fire-
resistant, masonry walls and steel or concrete treads and ris-
ers should be used. Another factor to consider is the remote-
ness of the stairs from each other. Ideally, the stairs are located
at the far extremes of the building, with the libraryTs functions
located between these exits. If one stair currently exists, it will
more likely be located in the center area of the building plan.
Though this has the advantage of providing centralized ver-
tical movement, it comes at a potentially high price to life
safety performance. With this in mind, plan to spend money
to move stairs if it is needed.

Related to life safety (but part of the buildingTs electrical
infrastructure) is a modern electronic fire alarm system. A
good choice here can bolster the life safety performance of any
older building. These systems include pull stations (for
manual triggering of alarms), smoke detection, heat detection,
automated telephone notification, and visual and audio
alarms. These systems should be designed to comply with
NFPA standards and will in effect create an early warning sys-
tem to allow safe evacuation of patrons and staff. They also
will notify emergency personnel to allow for improved re-
sponse time.

Siting

Siting issues are generally the same with new and existing
buildings; in the case of renovations, however, you have a
distinct advantage. You are able to observe most of the impor-
tant site criteria such as:

e How storm water is routed on site. Is the water directed
away from the building?

e Is water from other properties flowing across the property?
In what ways does this affect the buildingTs performance
as a library?

e Is the front door easily discernible? Can pedestrian
traffic easily reach the front door?

e Are the building footings and foundations solid? (This is
determined by reviewing the building walls and floor
slabs for any large settlement cracks.)

Take advantage of being able to see these site conditions.
Nothing is more embarrassing and harder to live with once
your renovation is complete than a problem previously in full
view. DonTt forget to visit the site during a heavy rain. Look
for the direction of the flow of water. Look for ponding of
water in parking lots or around the buildingTs perimeter.

Water Problems

Roof leaks are a fact of life when dealing with renovations or
adaptive re-use projects. It seems that most clients forget
about servicing a roof until it starts leaking during a rainfall.
Even then it takes several rains to convince some that the leak

62 " Summer 1997

will not heal itself. Once a building is abandoned, one leak
often turns into many. Out of sight and out of mind, they
cause deterioration of the building. If the damage has not
reached the buildingTs structure, however, then the solution
is manageable and the renovation must simply include a new
roof and maybe some minor roof deck repairs.

A more critical water issue exists, however, if you see
signs of water penetrating walls. Look for leaking in lower
level floors and basements, or signs of previous leaking such
a paint oblooming� on the interior surface of walls (most
likely to occur below windows and on walls below the out-
side grade). Water penetrating the buildingTs walls is almost
impossible to stop. Certainly, avoid buildings with multiple
signs of through-wall water problems. Be particularly sensi-
tive to through-wall water issues. This problem adversely
affects any space occupied by paper, films, archival materi-
als, patrons, or staff. In other words, any library space (ex-
cept mechanical rooms perhaps) cannot handle problems
created by water infiltration. Several approaches to solving
this problem include repointing the masonry joints (for
masonry veneer and composite masonry buildings), or coat-
ing the building with a owaterproofing� wash which consoli-
dates the brick and mortar surfaces. If the renovation or
adaptive re-use project is an historical structure, be particu-
larly careful about the choice of these waterproofing mate-
rials. Products that allow the walls to obreathe� while creat-
ing a waterproof protection are a necessity.

Infrastructure

Probably one of the major problems pushing libraries into
renovation projects is the need to upgrade their utility infra-
structure. This is particularly true with the electrical systems.
The age of computers, electrically operated devices (i.e., copi-
ers, faxes, scanners, printers, film readers, etc.), increased life
safety systems (i.e., fire alarm and fire detections systems) and
security systems, and better control of lighting have contin-
ued to place more demand on a buildingTs electrical infrastruc-
ture. This problem is compounded by a libraryTs need to main-
tain flexibility for future library space plan adjustments. It is
not as simple as continually routing receptacle after receptacle
to various locations within the library.

The best solution to dealing with a libraryTs changing elec-
trical infrastructure needs is to develop a separate electrical
distribution osystem� for power, data, and telephone systems.
As an example, floor systems that have been built into the
decking supporting the concrete floor have electrical chase
ways built in that systematically route raceways through a
floor. These chase ways are large enough to house multiple
cables and wires to address future growth requirements. They
divide a floor into a grid system that allows the wiring to reach
(within the scale of the grid) almost any location on the
libraryTs floor.

For renovations, this floor raceway system is not an op-
tion; however, a very close emulation of it can be developed
around under-carpet wiring. Routing of the under-carpet wires
from strategically placed junction boxes in new walls can pro-
vide a flexible and complete system of wiring options. The
supplies for the under-carpet wiring can be routed to these
central junction boxes through conduits back to electrical
panels, telephone board, or computer rooms, whichever is
applicable.

Miscellaneous

Money and its relationship to renovations: contingency.

A couple of major issues exist which could result in financial
calamity after committing to a renovation project. The first

North Carolina Libraries

occurs when the initial project is defined. Be sure that the li-
brary program is thoroughly defined and that the design cri-
teria are given to the architect prior to making the initial as-
sessment of any desired building. Nothing will undermine a
successful renovation project more than a major change in the
program, particularly if the change results in significantly
more area or space modifications. Changes are part of a basic
construction axiom: oChanges always cost more!�.

Unlike a new construction project where more square
footage usually can be added to overcome an increase in pro-
gram space demands, a renovation literally may not be able
to respond to the addition of any extra space. This is particu-
larly true if your building is part of a downtown setting where
buildings align omain street,� side by side. It is also true for
sites that are part of an office condominium or mall setting.

Architects are familiar with the fact that a renovation or
adaptive re-use project is more susceptible to problems than
new construction. Without fail, when walls are demolished
or ceilings removed, some odiscovery� will be made which
requires dollars to fix. If the architect has adequately prepared
construction documents that are based on a thorough inves-
tigation of the existing structure and infrastructure, these
contingents should fall within a ten percent total of the de-
sign development budget and five percent of the construction
documentation budget.

Also, be prepared to allow adequate time for some sche-
matic design to take place prior to committing to a purchase.
Yes, the chance exists that some design fees will be lost if the
building fails to lend itself to a libraryTs function; but this early
investment may save thousands (or millions) of dollars and
much embarrassment later if a purchased building struggles
or fails to meet important program requirements. I would
suggest that the design investment be monitored closely and
proceed in small steps, eliminating more obvious deficiencies
early and continuing only as each level of criteria proves ac-
ceptable. For example, follow a simple checklist such as the
one on this page. Use the list and make certain that each cri-
terion is met before continuing to the next. The earlier items
are more important to meet since they could render a poten-
tial building undesirable for renovations or adaptive re-use.

Fixture and Furniture Budgets:

The purpose of a good renovation is to bring an existing fa-
cility to ogood as new� condition. DonTt circumvent success
by filling your finished building with old furniture and fix-
tures. It is amazing how many renovation projects include re-
use of existing, worn out furniture that would not even be
considered for re-use if the project were new. The standards
should be the same. If you would not re-use the furniture in
a new facility project, then donTt reuse it in your renovation.

ADA Issues:
ADA issues must be managed in both renovation and new
projects. Given the fact that older buildings were built with
more confined supporting spaces, small toilets, front en-
trances accessible only by steps, shallow entry vestibules, nar-
row hallways, etc., a renovation will face greater challenges
in meeting the ADA objectives than new construction. In ad-
dition, since a large number of library patrons are older adults,
it is important that these challenges be met completely.
Libraries have several advantages over other building
types in dealing with handicap-accessible issues. The greatest
of these advantages is the fact that on a square-foot basis, a
large majority of a libraryTs space is open. Meeting ADA re-
quirements can be as simple as designing appropriate range
layouts, aisle clearances, and buying ADA-sensitive furniture.
Other advantages include: a preference for a single point of

North Carolina Libraries

entry, if possible, which means that only one location for
building entry ramps may be necessary; and for gang toilets,
which tend to minimize premium space needs in toilet areas
for ADA compliance.

More challenging design considerations may involve a
series of small items such as meeting minimum door widths
or having to add an elevator (appropriately sized) in multi-
story buildings. Given the importance of complying with
handicap accessibility needs, I would suggest accepting these
as construction-related expenses and proceeding directly to-
ward solution. Doors not wide enough must simply be re-
moved and replaced with wider doors. Include in this correc-
tion new leveler-type hardware. The elevator industry has
developed construction techniques for drilling shafts for el-
evators built as retrofits. The only added cost over new is the
demolition of a hole in the floor matching the size of the
elevatorTs shaft and perhaps some structural modifications to
clear the opening.





Checklist:

1. Examine a building's total square footage. If the
building analysis indicates adequate area to meet
program needs (or an addition can be constructed
which combines to meet the libraryTs total area needs)
then
2. Examine the loading capacities of the building's
structure
3. Examine the framing arrangement of a potential
building
a. Single story, skeletal framing, slab on grade
construction

b. Multistory, steel or concrete frame, interior and
exterior skeletal frame

c. Multistory, steel or concrete frame, interior skeletal
frame and exterior bearing walls

If the building's structure is adequate or can be made
adequate for a reasonable cost, and if the structure allows
for a satisfactory flexibility, then

4. Survey for hazardous materials
a. asbestos - friable
b. lead-based paint
c. asbestos - non-friable
d. ground water contaminates

If the building is clear of excessive abatement work
5. Examine the building's life safety system

If stairs are adequate, or can be built to meet remote
criteria, then

6. Examine the buildingTs site condition
a. Storm water controlled or reasonably controllable,
b. Room for future growth
c. Building free of major water infiltration in
" walls and basement walls
" roof
d. Infrastructure acceptable or correctable
" plumbing
" mechanical
" electrical
7. ADA compliance
8. Miscellaneous items have been considered
9. Money is available to adequately fund the renovation
" contingency dollars of 10% included
" furniture budget available and adequate
10. Living with construction, prepare a plan

Summer 1997 " 63

Construction Obstructions:

Living with the construction may also present a number of
delicate challenges. The key points are to phase construction
to allow for reasonable operation of the library and develop
construction phases in such a way as to protect patron safety.

Strategies for phasing can include the requirement to
complete an addition before any renovations occur to the
existing library. If the addition is smaller than the space sched-
uled to be renovated, then plan your phases in chunks of
comparable size or smaller than the addition. These will al-
low an area to be completely vacant during the construction
work. If most of the building is to be renovated, and services
cannot be pared down to allow construction to take place in
areas totally separate from library use, consider a double move
(move out of the existing library during construction and
move back in after the construction). Though this approach
is extreme, there may be some supporting economics to this
arrangement. If the time and effort required to renovate an
empty building is significantly shorter and simpler than it
would be if the renovation took place around staff and pa-
trons, then this option should be considered. Even if the time
and cost are comparable, the added safety and improved op-
eration environment will make the moves worthwhile.

Protection of patrons during the renovations must be of
paramount importance. Construction is a dangerous business.
In addition, the public is extremely curious and will more
than likely migrate toward the renovation operations. The
library staff may need to be creative to minimize this ten-
dency. Prepare a construction progress summary for patrons.
Arrange with the builders for a safe place (or means) where
patrons can see the work occurring (like the hole in a con-
struction fence, designed to allow for viewing a construction
site, in lieu of having the curious oclimb� the fence for a
oview�).

During construction, always maintain a reasonable emer-
gency egress system. Consultation with the local building
inspector and/or fire marshal will help determine minimum
standards. As part of the construction contracts, require that

NCLA Placement Center
1997 NCLA Conference, Raleigh, N.C.

Please send your available positions or resumes to:
James R. Jarrell, chair
Placement Center
Benjamin Branch Library
1530 Benjamin Parkawy
Greensboro 27408
Fax:910-33-6781
Hours: Weds., Oct. 8: 10-4; Thurs. Oct. 9: 10-4






all existing life safety fire alarm systems, electricity, and tele-
phones remain active during construction except during
hours the library is closed. Construction includes the use of
torches, cranes, chemicals and other dangerous items; these
systems must remain in place to address emergency needs.

Summary:

A step-by-step analysis is key because as you get further
along in your analysis, you will have more and more time
and money invested. As you proceed down the checklist,
you can take comfort in knowing that the probability of
Success has increased measurably. Certainly the level of
compromise is more acceptable as each step is taken.

Remember that architecture is the business of compro-
mise. DonTt sacrifice function, but recognize that compro-
mises may occur more frequently during a renovation
project than a new project. It is important to spend some
dollars to gain as much building flexibility as possible.
Flexibility is a necessary component in library design and, if
the right building is found, it is an attainable goal even in a
renovation project.

One last consideration should be made. During the
selection of an architect, give ample consideration to archi-
tects with library experience, but also consider that the skills
relating to renovations and adaptive re-use of buildings are
equally important. In fact, it may be more practical to
oeducate� your architect about library needs than to break in
an architect to the practice of renovations or adaptive re-use.
After all, you do have your own library knowledge to work
with in educating an architect about planning a library. At a
minimum, be sure that the architect has no bias toward
designing new facilities.

With the right review and planning, a successful and
cost effective renovation or adaptive re-use library project
can be managed. If, during the construction process, it
appears that the project is overwhelming, take comfort in
knowing that it will be over soon and that the next project
will probably be twenty years away. And lastly, remember,
new projects also are overwhelming at times.

References

1 Bette-Lee Fox and Corinne O. Nelson, oRenovations "
and Additions " On the Rise,� Library Journal 119 (Decem-
ber 1994): 41-52.

2 R. S. Means. Square Foot Costs, 18th Annual Edition,
1995.

3 North Carolina Building Code, Volume 1. (General
Construction), 1996 ed. (adapted from 1994 Standard
Building Code).

4 Requirements of North CarolinaTs NESHAP program.

CURRENT EDITIONS, INC.
WHOLESALERS

TO LIBRARIES

858 Manor Street
Lancaster, PA 17603

1-800-959-1672
1-800-487-2278 (FAX)

"Support North Carolina Libraries"

64 " Summer 1997

North Carolina Libraries

Creating Library Interiors:
Planning and Design Considerations

by Phillip K. Barton and Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.

he purpose of this article is to

provide a checklist of items to

consider that relate to the inte-

rior design of a public library,

although it is not necessarily lim-

ited to public libraries. These con-

siderations are intended to help

the librarian, in collaboration with the

architect and/or interior designer,

achieve a library interior design that is

highly functional and comfortable for
all who use it.

In addition to this checklist, the li-
brary planner and interior designer will
want to consult two relatively new and/
or revised publications: Carol R.
Brown's Planning Library Interiors: The
Selection of Furnishings for the 21st Cen-
tury (1995), and William W. SannwaldTs
Checklist of Library Building Design Con-
siderations (3rd ed.) (1997). A third pub-
lication, a classic work albeit slightly
dated, is Aaron and Elaine CohenTs De-
signing and Space Planning for Libraries: A
Behavioral Guide (1979).1 This trilogy is
the core of a growing body of literature
on library planning and design.

Access

The libraryTs interior should be as bar-
rier-free as possible, beginning at the
main entrance. Barrier-free design di-
rectly benefits persons with disabilities
while simultaneously improving the
general usability and safety of the
building for the general public (e.g.,
doors will be easier for everyone to
open, and there will be fewer tripping
and falling hazards). The building must
be compliant with the requirements set
forth in the Americans With Disabili-
ties Act (ADA) of 1990 and the ADA Ac-
cessibility Guidelines for Buildings and

North Carolina Libraries

Facilities, issued one year later.�

It is preferable that a library have
only one main public entrance that
serves everyone entering the building.
Consider using a double-door vestibule
to prevent drafts and heat loss and be
sure that doors are clearly marked oEN-
TRANCE� and oEXIT.� Consider also
using automatic, sliding doors at the
main entrance; otherwise be sure that
doors are easy to open.

The entrance to the childrenTs area
should be very distinctive and inviting
to children. If feasible, the childrenTs
entrance should be readily visible from
the library entrance.

Acoustical Treatment

Efforts should be made to minimize
disturbing noises for the benefit of
people who are merely browsing
through the collection, as well as for
those who are staying for longer peri-
ods, reading and studying. Sound con-
trol can be achieved in part through
the types of materials used on walls,
ceilings, floors, and windows. It also
can be affected by the general layout of
various areas, traffic through these areas,
and the arrangement of furnishings.

Special attention should be given
to certain areas such as restrooms, pho-
tocopying areas, conference and meet-
ing rooms, and mechanical equipment
rooms. The mechanical equipment
rooms should not be located near pub-
lic service reading areas, conference
rooms, or library offices. Also, encour-
age designers to provide a safer omar-
gin of error� in controlling duct noise
in areas where staff and users must
talk, where staff must concentrate, or
where users must study.

i AR A ca a a a a

Assignable and Nonassignable
Space

Assignable space is space that can be
applied directly toward library services
(e.g., collection space, childrenTs area,
circulation area). Assignable space con-
stitutes the net square footage of the
building.

Nonassignable space is the space
that can not be applied directly toward
library services (e.g. corridors, stair-
wells, elevators, restrooms, mechanical
rooms). Generally, nonassignable space
will be kept to a minimum, represent-
ing 25% to 30% of the total square
footage of the building. One should be
somewhat suspicious if nonassignable
space is significantly less than 25% of
the gross square footage.

The combined assignable and non-
assignable space constitutes the total or
gross square footage of the building.

Building Design (Interior)
Flexibility is the key word in library
building design. The library must be as
flexible in space use as possible. Like
the society it serves, it must be adapt-
able and adjustable to meet the chang-
ing needs of that society. In physical
terms this means a modular design
with as few permanent walls as is func-
tionally possible. Where walls are re-
quired, it is preferable that they, too, be
modular and easily removed.

Library book stacks sizes should be
taken into consideration when deter-
mining the location and size of col-
umns. According to Aaron CohenTs
specifications for the Rowan Public Li-
brary in Salisbury, columns should be
located with multiples of 3'6" between

Summer 1997 " 69

them (3' for stacks; 4" for end up-
rights and panels; 2" for irregularities
in pouring).3

Aaron and Elaine Cohen recom-
mend the square as the ideal shape for
space planning. The square is better
than other shapes acoustically, allows
greater flexibility for spatial arrange-
ments, and enhances visual control. A
square design does not reflect sound at
odd angles, as is the case in a long rect-
angular space. From an interior design
perspective, the square is ideal since it
minimizes distances.4

Ceilings

A suspended ceiling is recommended
for use throughout most of the library.
From an aesthetic standpoint, consider
using 2' x 2' acoustical tiles and frame-
work, in a white or off-white color
preferably with a reveal.

Because it does not absorb odors, a
painted wallboard ceiling is recom-
mended for use in the restrooms and
the custodial closets. An epoxy paint
should be used.

Clocks

Be sure to place electric clocks where
they are easy to see throughout the
building. Consider using battery oper-
ated clocks.

Color

There are four color schemes: colorless,
which utilizes white, black, and the
natural colors of wood, concrete, and
other building materials; monochro-
matic, which emphasizes variations of
only one color; related, which features
colors adjacent to one another on the
color wheel; and contrasting, which
features colors opposite one another
on the color wheel.

Bright, dark, and warm colors, in-
cluding reds, yellows, and oranges, ap-
pear to move toward the viewer (i.e.,
they advance) and make spaces appear
smaller. Cool and pale colors, includ-
ing blues, greens, and purples, appear
to move away from the viewer (i.e.,
they retreat) and make spaces appear
larger.®

The Cohens recommend white and
light colors since they otend to make
spaces appear spacious and cleaner. A
white ceiling raises the apparent height
of a room. Dark and bright furnishings
stand out better against white back-
grounds.�

Light and medium colors, such as
buff, beige, and gray, which the
Cohens call oinstitutional tones,� are
the easiest to work with and are most
practical since they tend to hide dirt.
Conversely, dark colors are excellent
for walls and ceilings since they tend to

66 " Summer 1997

conceal flaws on surfaces.�

The use of very bright colors next
to one another will set up optical vibra-
tions, which are difficult to look at. For
example, avoid using brightly colored
stripes in carpeting or on large expanses
of walls, particularly in study areas where
greater concentration is required.®

A good rule of thumb for working
with colors, according to the Cohens,
is, owhen in doubt, use fewer colors.�
Colorful, decorative accents can always
be added using carpeting, fabrics,
paints, and banners. They strongly ad-
vise using oone person to coordinate
the color scheme� since ocolor design
by committee rarely turns out well.�?

The color scheme in the childrenTs
area should have child appeal. Even if
the walls and floors are subdued, use
colorful furnishings and displays.

Control

The interior arrangement of the build-
ing should afford as much visual con-
trol as possible with minimal staff. En-
trances, exits, elevators, stairs, and
restrooms should be in easy view of
staff workstations. While shelving is
often a barrier to visual control, con-
sideration should be given to arrange-
ments that facilitate viewing from ser-
vice desks and along major traffic cor-
ridors. If needed, additional visual con-
trol can be provided through the use of
surveillance cameras and mirrors.
Control also can be provided
through the use of detection systems at
strategic locations, such as the main
entrance. Try to plan as much as pos-
sible of this into the design of the
building. Even if the systems cannot be
installed at the time of construction, at
least install the necessary conduit.

Drinking Fountains

Drinking fountains should be located
in the area of the restrooms. Be sure to
note the ADA requirements regarding
drinking fountains. !°

Exhibit Space
The library should accommodate a

variety of exhibits, including wall-
hanging exhibits and freestanding ex-
hibits. Exhibit space also should be
provided for the display of posters, an-
nouncements, etc.

The use of picture hanging mold-
ing is a versatile means of display, par-
ticularly the type that permits hanging
with wires andoS� hooks or with tacks.
Lighted showcase windows located in
the area of the main entrance are good
for freestanding displays. Vinyl-cov-
ered bulletin boards of various sizes
provide attractive display spaces.

According to Carol Brown, odisplay
furnishings should be treated as the
most dynamic element in the library.
They should allow for rearrangement
of the materials displayed, as well as
possible movement of all or part of the
fixture itself.� As a beneficial result of
this dynamism, omaterials that are sel-
dom used may be checked out more
frequently if they are both moved to
another location and displayed in an-
other manner.�!!

Exhibit Space " Slotwall Display Units
Slotwall (or slatwall) display units can
be used to create effective display areas
and provide attractive visual breaks
among.rows of metal shelving. It is
available in wall units (standard size: 4'
x 8' panels) and freestanding units,
which come in a variety of shapes and
sizes. The A-frame unit is commonly
used. Various types of display shelves
can be used with slotwall units. If ma-
terials such as books will be displayed,
consider outfitting the slotwall with
plastic or metal inserts. Slotwall can be
used very effectively as end panels.

Floor Coverings

Floors should be carpeted in all public
and staff areas, unless specified other-
wise. Consideration should be given to
the carpetTs acoustical performance,
wearing performance, colorfastness,
texture, fire resistance, non-allergenic
qualities, installation, and recom-
mended maintenance. Make certain
that the architects/interior designers
understand that libraries fall into the
oextra-heavy traffic� category, along
with schools, airports, hotels/motels,
and healthcare facilities.

Serious consideration should be
given to using carpet tiles because of
the tremendous flexibility they afford.
Most importantly, carpet tiles will ac-
commodate under-carpeting cabling
for electrical and communication wir-
ing. Also, carpet tiles can be replaced
relatively easily; they even can be
switched with tiles from other areas of
the building where traffic has been
minimal. Carpet tiles are now competi-
tively priced with regular carpeting.

Since carpeting colors are hard to
match, the Cohens suggest using dif-
ferent colors of carpeting in different
areas of the library, oespecially areas of
high traffic.� They elaborate that oif
the carpeting is different in areas of
high traffic, where it is likely to wear
out in five to ten years, no one will no-
tice that the carpeting in the rest of the
facility has not been removed and re-
placed.� !2

Ceramic tiles are recommended for

North Carolina Libraries

use in restrooms and custodial closets.
Traffic mat tiles are recommended for
the vestibule.

There should be no thresholds or
doorsills throughout the building since
they interfere with the movement of
book trucks. All furnishings and equip-
ment requiring casters should be speci-
fied to be equipped with carpet casters.

Floor Loading Capacity

Generally, libraries require a live load
of approximately 150 pounds per
square foot for normal usage. The load-
ing capacity should be 300 pounds per
square foot live load for microform
cabinets and compact shelving. If
floors are not constructed with proper
live loads, then the shelving, cabinets,
and other heavy weights must be
spread apart to compensate.!%

Furniture Arrangement and Size

Aaron and Elaine CohenTs behavioral
approach to space planning is centered
around the premise that opeople space
themselves to define personal territo-
ries and to minimize eye contact.�!4
Unless a work surface is unusually
large, it is rare to find more than one
person using it. Moreover, people want
a sense of security in the study areas
they choose. Carrels placed perpen-
dicular to walls are popular with stu-
dents because they not only provide

territorial protection, they also allow
visual control of access. The Cohens
observed that ochairs positioned with
[their] backs to an open walkway are
perceived as unprotected and, there-
fore, often remain empty.�!

Furniture in the childrenTs area
should be of a size appropriate for
young children. Generally, two sizes of
furniture should be purchased for the
childrenTs area: furniture designed for
toddlers and preschoolers, and slightly
larger furniture for school-age children,
up through the sixth grade.

Lighting

In planning a lighting scheme for the
library, use a strategy that illuminates
spaces for their current purposes, but
which can be changed or upgraded if
those purposes change. Aim to match
the lighting to the various experiences
of library use. Avoid taking the easy
path and assuming that all spaces can
be uniformly lit to a high footcandle
standard.

The difficulty in designing lighting
systems is in producing comfortable
lighting. This effort is influenced by
the combination of illumination level,
reflection of light, contrast, and glare.
A balance of each of these factors is
imperative in achieving comfortable
lighting.

Modular panel system furniture, shown in this preservation/conservation workstation in
the recently expanded Joyner Library at East Carolina University, Greenville, is a good
example of flexible task furniture which can accommodate electrical and communications
wiring, as well as adjustable worksurfaces, drawer units, shelving, lighting, and a variety
of other accessories. Architect: Walters Robbs Callahan & Pierce (Winston-Salem). Photo:
Lynette Lundin

North Carolina Libraries

In planning for the lighting needs
of the building, the architect and/or
lighting engineer should seek a suitable
combination of natural and artificial
lighting to provide uniformly distrib-
uted, shadowless, glare-free light. Rec-
ommended lighting levels are readily
available in various architectural and
engineering design standards such as
those published by the Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America.

Other important considerations in
designing a lighting system are energy
efficiency and maintenance. It is abso-
lutely necessary that the library have a
lighting system that it can afford to op-
erate. The system also should be easy to
maintain, keeping the number of differ-
ent types of lighting fixtures to a mini-
mum and selecting fixtures in which
lamp replacement is relatively easy.

oJob specific,� or task lighting, is
recommended for staff workstations
and other areas where specific tasks
will be regularly performed, such as
public magazine reading and study ar-
eas. In such locations the lighting can
be focused on the required task surface
at the proper intensity. Task lighting
often can be accommodated as a com-
ponent of the furniture.

It is important that task lighting not
reflect off equipment screens, such as
computer terminals. Task lighting

should be fully adjustable and
equipped with dimmer controls.!¢

Mechanical Systems

Designing mechanical systems, also
referred to as HVAC systems (Heat-
ing, Ventilation, Air Conditioning),
for libraries requires providing appro-
priate environmental control of space
temperatures and humidity through-
out the building. The mechanical sys-
tem should keep these within the lim-
its that protect the buildingTs contents
from environmental extremes, while
supplying ocreature comfort� for li-
brary users and staff.

Objectively, this is easy to target:
human comfort is reached at 74 de-
grees Fahrenheit (plus or minus 2 de-
grees) at 50% humidity (plus or mi-
nus 10 percent); books, paper materi-
als, films and film media are pro-
tected within these same limits as
well. Rare papers and special collec-
tions merit closer scrutiny.

Typical problems with mechanical
systems include: noise; hot spots,
cold spots, and drafts; humidity; and
service/maintenance access (staff
concern). The most difficult problem
arises from the subjective nature of
individual creature comforts. Accord-

Summer 1997 " 67

ing to the architect William R. Burgin,
these are all issues that should be ad-
dressed with the architect and/or me-
chanical engineer when designing the
system.!� Another important consider-
ation is the impact of increasing num-
bers of computers on the climate in the
building.

A mechanical design is considered
100% successful if people do not realize
the system exists. In other words, the
mechanical system operates invisibly.

Public Address System

A public address system is recom-
mended as a means of announcing in-
formation and instructions regarding
library activities (e.g., closing). The sys-
tem should provide for total area as
well as for specific room/area broadcast
from a central location such as the cir-
culation desk.

Public Copying Machines

Each public service area should have at
least one coin-operated copying ma-
chine. (See also oAcoustical Treat-
ments.�) Directional and identification
signage should be planned to guide
users to the machines.

Seating (see also Task Seating)

Carol Brown recommends that oit is
essential to select a chair that is strong
enough to withstand heavy and varied
use, especially because it is often ex-
pected to last for 20 years or more.�!8
The ostandard� reading chairs sold by
library furniture manufacturers are
oavailable either with or without arms,
with a sled or four-legged base, with an
upholstered seat and back, or with a
wood seat and back.� Their construc-
tion varies oin the number of stretchers
used, the placement of the stretchers,
the size of the backrest and other mem-
bers, and the manner in which the
parts are joined.�!9

Brown finds that upholstered fur-
niture adds warmth and color to the
environment. She also is insistent that
owhen selecting a chair with an arm, it
is absolutely essential to make sure that
the arm will fit easily under the
worksurface of any carrel, table, or
other piece of furniture with which it
might be used.� She further warns that
othe purchase of stylish arm chairs that
do not fit under a table can be an em-
barrassing and costly error for a librar-
ian or designer.�2°

Planning with the disabled in
mind, Brown is concerned that oa per-
son in a wheelchair should be able to
pull a chair out of the way easily and
quietly. A reading chair or stool should
be neither so heavy that it cannot be

68 " Summer 1997

moved with relative ease, nor so light
that it falls over when it is pulled.�21

Brown notes that since the arms of
upholstered chairs, sofas, and other
lounge furniture get soiled quickly, the
obetter choices in areas with heavy
public use are chairs with a butcher
block panel that serves as an arm, or
those with an upholstered side panel
that have a wood strip or cap on the
top of the arm.�22

Have vendors supply sample chairs
for staff to try out, since there are often
several different opinions about how
comfortable a particular chair is. For
this reason alone, Brown suggests hav-
ing oseveral different people, of vary-
ing heights and weights, try out a
chair.�23

Brown advises library planners and
interior designers to ocheck with local
and state fire marshals to obtain infor-
mation about any applicable regula-
tions that will affect your choice of up-
holstery.�24 The Association for Con-
tract Textiles (ACT) promulgates per-
formance guidelines and standards for
upholstery in the areas of fire
retardancy, colorfastness to wet and
dry crocking (rubbing of hands against
fabric in wet or dry conditions), color-
fastness to light, physical properties
such as strength of seams and ability of
fabric to resist tearing, and abrasion or
damage from wear and rubbing.?5

Library planners should have avail-
able the California Technical Bulletin
133 (CAL 133), which is a full-scale fire
test for seating furniture manufactured
for use in public buildings, including
libraries. This California legislation,
put in force on March 1, 1992, is now
oa nationally accepted fire safety stan-
Gardece

Security/Fire/Smoke Detection
Systems

Creating a safe environment in a public
place requires careful planning. When
designing a facility, work with the ar-
chitect and/or interior designer to assess
the security risks of the building"for
the staff, the public, and the materials.
It will be far easier to deal with design
flaws at this juncture than after the
building is already constructed.

Heat- and smoke-sensing devices
will be required. It is preferable that the
system be linked directly to the nearest
fire department. The control panel
should be located in an area that is al-
ways staffed, such as the circulation
desk area. Be sure to install heat and
smoke detectors in the vicinity of inte-
rior book drops.

All secondary exits should be

equipped with door alarms that signal
when the doors are opened. Consider
equipping the door with a delay
mechanism that prevents it from open-
ing immediately. An alternative would
be to install a camera to videotape a
person exiting through the door.
Consider other desirable types of
security systems: sprinkler system,
theft detection system, surveillance
cameras, silent alarms, and motion de-
tector system. Even if a particular sys-
tem cannot be installed initially, have
it designed into the building and in-
stall the necessary conduit to facilitate
installation at a later time.

Service Desks

Carol Brown suggests that ocirculation
and reference desks must be designed
to support the needs of the staff and
users of a particular library.�2� She rec-
ommends using a combination of stan-
dard desk modules, including shelf
units, but also incorporating some cus-
tomized features.

Brown states that oit is essential in
planning for the present needs of the
library, to design a desk with built-in
flexibility so that the desk can be
adapted as library staff, procedures,
and equipment, as well as philosophy
of service change.�28 One of the most
obvious changes to the design of tradi-
tional circulation, reference, and other
service desks is their ability to accom-
modate computer technology.

Shelving
High-quality bookstacks will last the
lifetime of the library, usually consid-
ered to be 20 to 30 years. Wood
bookstacks, cantilevered steel shelving,
or a steel shelving system with wood
end panels are the three most popular
choices for libraries. According to Carol
Brown, when deciding which of these
three to choose for various areas of the
library, oone of the three selection fac-
tors (function, maintenance, or appear-
ance) is likely to be an overriding con-
sideration.�29

Steel shelving is very durable,
sturdy, made of inert materials, and is
less expensive than solid wood shelv-
ing, and particularly good for storing
heavy equipment and other nonbook
materials. Wood shelving gives a more
traditional, luxurious look. Make sure
that wood construction utilizes solid
wood and not particleboard, which
tends to warp and sag under the
weight of densely shelved books.?°
Also keep in mind that library preser-
vationists are warning us of the poten-
tial for acid migration and off-gassing
produced by wood shelving.

North Carolina Libraries

Signage

One of the most important, yet often
neglected, aspects of library interior
design is signage. Signage design
should take place along with building
design, space planning, and furniture
selection. The effect of good library
planning and design is destroyed by
the appearance of hand-lettered signs
in many shapes, colors, and styles. This
lack of systematic signage detracts
from the image and philosophy of ser-
vice that the library was designed to
project.

ADA guidelines apply directly to
signage in the library, including osigns
that designate permanent rooms and
spaces, directional signs, and informa-
tional signs.� In addition, according to
Carol Brown, oaccessible elements of
the building, such as entrance doors,
rest rooms, water fountains, and park-
ing spaces, must display the interna-

tional symbol of accessibility.�?!
Signs have psychological and be-
havioral aspects as well, according to
the Cohens. oSigns can be wall-hung,
ceiling-hung, or freestanding,� but otoo
many signs compete with one another
and create a feeling of visual noise.�32
They suggest that oin bright illumina-
tion, dark letters against light back-
grounds are best. In dim illumination,
light letters against dark backgrounds
are best.�33 The Cohens further recom-
mend using a combination of upper-
case and lowercase letters in informa-
tional signs and obeyond three or four
words, avoid using only capitals.�34
Since the perception of color is to-
tally dependent on light, a good con-
trast between the background and the
lettering of the sign is important. The
Cohens state that a 75% contrast is
considered a minimum; otherwise, col-
ors may blend too much. Pay attention
to the light reflectivity of the back-

grounds of the signs: matte finishes are
preferable to glossy.*5

Study Spaces
Carol Brown recommends that olarge
computer tables or carrel configura-
tions should include electrical systems
and wire management channels simi-
lar to those described for service desks.
Furniture designed to hold library-
owned equipment should have power
and data outlets below the work-sur-
face. Items designed to hold user-
owned equipment should have power
and data outlets conveniently located
above the worksurface.�3° She particu-
larly likes round or hexagonal-shaped
workstations which ohave an advan-
tage in that power and data entry from
the building can occur in the center of
the furniture where the wiring is not
exposed to view.�37

The use of large double-faced pieces
of furniture with several workstations
may be out of scale and therefore im-

The Independence Regional Library of the Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County utilizes a hexagonal-shaped computer
workstation which effectively conceals the power and data wiring. Library materials are displayed using slotwall panels. Architect:
TBA?Architects (Charlotte) Photo: Ciarlante.

North Carolina Libraries

Summer 1997 " 69

practical for a small space. Carol Brown
suggests that oin a small building ...
single-sided workstations 30-42 inches
deep may be more desirable than
double-sided workstations that may be
as large as 60-84 inches deep.T�38

For flexibility in space planning
Brown recommends that libraries con-
sider purchasing tables or carrels with
adjustable-height worksurfaces. An-
other equally important worksurface
consideration involves the use of com-
puters for CD-ROM products and on-
line catalogs. According to Brown, oa
PC workstation with monitor and key-
board requires a worksurface that is a
minimum of 30 inches deep from front
to back.�3? Brown further cautions li-
braries that are currently using dumb
terminals for their online catalogs to
otake into consideration the possibility
that these smaller terminals may be re-
placed eventually with larger computer
workstations connected to a local area
network� and that oadditional pieces of
equipment not currently used, such as
printers, will require space when they
are added to a single workstation.�40

Tables
Carol Brown observes that othe size and
number of its members, the construc-
tion of the joints, and the strength of
the materials used determine a tableTs
durability� and states that all tables
must be engineered to withstand verti-
cal loads, resistance to deflection (i.e.,
stiffness), and resistance to sideways
and front-to-back loads.*1

A library often has more than one
style of table to make the interior more
interesting and to provide a variety of

worksurfaces for patrons with varying

needs. The CohensT research into li-
brary user behavior has shown that
orectangular tables seem better for
work and concentration, while circular
tables are best for conversation.�42
Here, again, the elements of creating
personalized space and minimizing eye
contact are determining factors in a li-
brary userTs selection of a table or other
work space.

Task Furniture

Furnishings for work areas are com-
monly known as task furniture. Work
areas may be furnished with conven-
tional freestanding furniture, such as
desks, credenzas, and lateral or vertical
files, with furniture that is part of an
office panel system (system furniture)
or with a combination of both. As with
other library furnishings, function,
maintenance, and appearance also are
considerations in the selection of fur-
nishings for work areas. An important

70 " Summer 1997

we rg oo ge SE Ree

additional consideration in the selec-
tion of task furniture is flexibility.*2

To determine what is needed in the
work area, an audit or less formal as-
sessment should be conducted. Accord-
ing to Carol Brown, the design of work
areas and selection of furnishings for
them should be based on a clear under-
standing of opersonnel, space, work
flow, and equipment needed for the
tasks to be performed in the work area
now; possible growth and changes
needed in the size of the staff, space,
equipment, and tasks to be performed
in the future; and special needs of the
staff now and in the future.�*4

Decision makers in the furniture
selection process need to be aware of
ergonomic issues and any state and lo-
cal regulations that apply to task fur-
nishings. It also would be helpful to
have some familiarity with the stan-
dards for office/task furnishings estab-
lished by the American National Stan-
dards Institute.

Some specific task furniture consid-
erations, discussed by Carol Brown, in-
clude worksurface size and heights ap-
propriate for the tasks being performed
and the equipment being used; storage
components and ease of access; proper
and adjustable lighting; safe, conve-
nient power and data distribution and
wire management systems; and ad-
equate acoustical treatment and dis-
play capabilities. As with other furni-
ture, it also should be attractive, com-
fortable, and easy to maintain.45

The overall workstation should be
of an adequate size to facilitate move-
ment from one task to another and
have an arrangement that facilitates ef-
ficient work performance. The worksta-
tion also should have built-in flexibility
and adjustability to allow for changes
in personnel, tasks, and equipment.*¢

Task Seating

Seating for work areas is generally
termed task seating or task chairs. Task
chairs are used at staff workstations,
and increasingly, at public worksta-
tions, such as public computer stations
and microfilm reading stations.

Carol Brown notes that oexperts on
ergonomics in the workplace agree that
the selection of properly designed task
chairs is vital to ensuring safe condi-
tions in the office environment.�4� The
selection of a task chair depends on vari-
ous factors, such as the types of tasks to
be performed (reading, conferencing, in-
tensive computer activity, reference
work, etc.), othe kinds of equipment that
will be used, the length of time that is
spent on any one task, the length of time

a person will remain seated in the chair,
and whether or not the chair will be used
primarily by a single individual or will be
used in shared work space by several dif-
ferent people.�48

Task chairs are classified as having
active or passive ergonomic design.
Active ergonomic chairs utilize sev-
eral levers and knobs to make a wide
range of adjustments, whereas pas-
sive ergonomic chairs are essentially
self-adjusting.*9

According to Carol Brown, otask
chairs selected for the library should
meet ANSI/HFS (American National
Standards Institute/Human Factors So-
ciety) standard 100-1988, or revisions
of the standard as they are made in the
future.�S° Other attributes of quality
task chairs recommended by Brown in-
clude a backrest that allows for proper
back support, distribution of the userTs
weight, and correct curvature of the
spine; a design and contour that prop-
erly distribute the userTs weight and
support the body correctly; a seat that
is shaped and angled to position the
spine properly and to distribute the
userTs weight correctly; arms that do
not impede the userTs movement from
side to side; a five-point steel base for
stability; ease of adjustment; and ease
of maintenance.5!

Wall Coverings

The guiding criterion in the selection
of all wall covering materials and fin-
ishes is the need for minimal mainte-
nance. Wall surfaces either should be
painted with a high grade, washable
paint or covered with a medium- to
high-grade vinyl wallcovering. If paint
is used in restrooms and high traffic ar-
eas, it should be an epoxy paint. Vinyl
wall covering is especially recom-
mended for staff work areas.

Window Treatments

Drapes and/or blinds may be used for an
aesthetic purpose and/or as a means of
controlling noise and/or light. If noise
control is desired, drapes are preferable.

Wiring Systems

The key consideration with wiring,
whether retrofitting an old building or
designing a new one, is to provide the
greatest flexibility possible so that new
functions can be incorporated easily as
they are needed.

The distribution of wiring through-
out a building can be accomplished in
a variety of ways, including a tradi-
tional conduit system; a system of un-
der-carpet cabling, or flat wire, which
can be used only with carpet tiles; a
raised floor system; runways or race-

North Carolina Libraries

ways through false ceilings, walls, base-
board, and/or under the floor; and
wireless systems, such as radio fre-
quency and infrared. The best solution
to future wiring needs is to design re-
dundant systems into the building.

Summary
Here you have in a handy format the
wisdom of expert library planners and
designers. Lest you feel daunted by the
amount and variety of information that
must be dealt with during the planning
process, remember that all of their rec-
ommendations are the result of trial
and error and cumulative experience.
Place a copy of this checklist in your
planning notebook along with other
helpful articles and illustrations you
find in your research. Add your own per-
sonal experiences and insights as they
occur while meeting the challenge of
creating library interiors. Most impor-
tantly, share your findings with future
library planners and interior designers.

References

! Carol R. Brown, Planning Library Inte-
riors: The Selection of Furnishings for the
21st Century (Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press,
1995), a revised edition of her Selecting
Library Furniture: A Guide for Librarians,
Designers, and Architects (1989); William
W. Sannwald, Checklist of Library Building
Design Considerations (Chicago: Ameri-
can Library Association, Architecture of
Public Libraries Committee, LAMA
Buildings and Equipment Section, 1997);
and Aaron and Elaine Cohen, Designing
and Space Planning for Libraries: A Behav-
ioral Guide (New York: Bowker, 1979).

2 Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) of 1990, Public Law 101-336; and
ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings
and Facilities, published in Federal Regis-
ter 56, no. 144 (Friday, July 26, 1991):
35605-91.

3 Aaron Cohen, oGeneral Design
Guidelines,� Rowan Public Library Build-
ing Program, 1985. Unpublished.

4 Cohen and Cohen, 65.

5 Ibid., 194-6.

© Ibid., 193.

7 Ibid.

8 Tbid., 192-3.

Ibid., 196.

10 ADA Accessibility Guidelines.

11 Brown, 121.

12 Cohen and Cohen, 192-3.

13 Cohen, Rowan Public Library Building
Program.

14 Cohen and Cohen, 20.

1S Tbid., 21-2.

16 An excellent source for more basic
information on library lighting is Library
Lighting: A Primer, developed in 1996 by
Meyer, Scherer & Rockcastle, Ltd., an ar-

North Carolina Libraries

chitectural and interior design firm lo-
cated in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Single
copies of the publication are available for
the cost of postage. Copies can be ordered
via e-mail (scher001@maroon.tc.umn.edu).
Indicate lighting primer in the subject line.

17 William R. Burgin, oThose Who Use
Should Choose: Library Design Decision
Making,� North Carolina Libraries 49 (Fall
LOOT) A253

18 Brown, 60.

Me pidey G7,

20 Ibid).

21 Tbid., 68.

22 Tbid.

23 Ibid:

24 Tbid., 71; California Technical Bulletin
133, A Fire Test for Seating, Furniture in
Public Buildings, Questions and Answers
(Sacramento, CA: California State De-
partment of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of
Home Furnishings and Thermal Insula-
tion, 1992).

25 Brown, 70.

26 Mord; alls

Dear Editor Bradburn:

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
30)
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
aS
46
47
48
49
50
SL

Brown, 59.
Ibid.

Ibid., 34.
ibid Sor
Tbigk, s7e
Cohen and Cohen, 204.
Ibid., 199.
Ibid., 207.
Ibid., 210.
Brown, 84.
Ibid., 85-6.
Ibid., 86.
Tbr 67.

Ibid.

Ibid., 73.
Cohen and Cohen, 23.
Brown, 103.
Ibid., 104-105.
Ibid., 106.
Ibid.

Ibid tds
Ibid.

Ibid., 113.
Ibid.

Ibid., 113-14.

| found the viewpoints expressed on technology in your oPoint: CounterPoint�
section of the Winter, 1996 issue to be thought-provoking. During my library school "
days, oelectronic index� was an alien term. | recognize the obvious fact that technol-
ogy is an integral part of our society today and that it has a beneficial role to play in
library service at all educational levels. At the same time | am not sure that its place
should be a prominent one as Jerry Thrasher argues. Any present-day librarian would

be naive to advocate a return to the card catalog; yet librarians must admit that the
computer is not an instrument for solving problems in the library " public, school, or
academic. The goal of all librarians should be to achieve a delicate balance between
traditional librarianship; i.e., printed sources, and technology. Admittedly, that is not
an easy task, but it is one which should constantly engage our attention.

Sincerely,
Al Stewart, Retired Academic Librarian

FOREIGN BOOKS and PERIODICALS

CURRENT OR OUT-OF-PRINT

Specialties:
Search Service

Irregular Serials
International Congresses

Building Special Collections

ALBERT J. PHIEBIG INC.
Box 352, White Plains, N.Y. 10602 * FAX (914) 948-0784

Summer 1997 " 71

Form Follows Function:
Redesigning the School Library Media Center

ew schools are being built
and older schools reno-
vated at an amazing pace
throughout the United
States. According to the
Cincinnati Enquirer, for ex-
ample, over $10 billion has
been spent on school construction
projects every year since the 1991-92
school year.! As Michael Resnick, ex-
ecutive director of the National School
Boards Association, states, this trend
will continue for the foreseeable future:
oWe're watching a very significant in-
crease in the number of children who
are coming to school and will be com-
ing to school for quite a few years.�2 As
school districts across the country fo-
cus on how to build and/or renovate
buildings, one of the main areas tbeing
emphasized is school library media
centers (SLMCs) and the technologies
that will be included in them. Some of
the things that must be considered are
electronic resources, availability of
electricity, furniture, lighting, and
acoustics.
The change in media formats to
CD-ROM and electronic formats has

The transformation of the SLMC is
dramatic and global, as the new
forms for school library media
center design follow the functions
these facilities now are being
asked to accommodate.

by Karen Perry

been the most dynamic force in rede-
signing the look and shape of media
centers in the ~90s. Space must be
found for computers and computer fur-
niture in areas that are often already
cramped and crowded. Logically new
cable and telephone connections, serv-
ers and wiring closets, conduits and
network drops often are placed in the
media center first, the one location
within the school that is centrally lo-
cated and accessible to the entire stu-
dent population. Renovation projects
that give additional space and up-
graded electrical status to media cen-
ters are proposed to school boards who
must stretch scarce construction dol-
lars. Many proposed bond referendums
include media center renovations or
new media facilities to be added to
older buildings as well as new schools.
The transformation of the SLMC is dra-
matic and global as the new forms for
school library media center design fol-
low the functions these facilities are
now being asked to accommodate.

In the past several years, school li-
brary media center reference collec-
tions, in particular, have moved toward
a heavy dependence on
CD-ROM and electronic
sources.? The computers
and table-top space re-
quired have been a stum-
bling block for older facili-
ties attempting to upgrade
while working with the
same floor plan. In addition,
there is the expectation that
at least the school library
media center will be up-to-
date in a school, even when

72 " Summer 1997

classrooms cannot support

technology. oIn no institution does the
expectation of electronic miracles
make better sense than in libraries.�4
The parents, faculty, and students us-
ing a school library media center de-
mand instant dispensation of informa-
tion. Facility designers and construc-
tion engineers must take into account
the implications of this mindset when
designing traffic patterns, placement of
electronics, sound buffering, and pro-
viding for visual supervision.

Not only do schools have to plan
for the electric power to run comput-
ers; they also must make provisions for
the cabling that will network comput-
ers into building-level (local-area) and
district-wide (wide-area) networks as
well. Cabling standards continue to
change as rapidly as the machines they
connect; indeed, building specifica-
tions for cabling must be as flexible
and as forward-thinking as possible to
allow for future technology. Ease of re-
placement for cabling should always be
a major consideration.

Soundproofing and acoustics have
become more of a concern with the ad-
dition of multimedia computer stations
to SLMCs. Electronics call for flexibil-
ity in furnishings and sound manage-
ment. As Nicholas Van Hoffman com-
ments, oYou canTt whisper shush to a
computer keyboardTs clicking.�5 Car-
peting, choices in types and locations
of printers, use of low shelving as divid-
ers for areas, glass walls for offices, and
varying ceiling treatments are among
the ideas most commonly used to add
flexibility and to cope with both sound
management and supervision of
heavily used areas.

Wiring from numerous pieces of

North Carolina Libraries

electronic equipment in SLMCs is haz-
ardous but seems to be the one item
that is not standardly controlled. Plan-
ners will hide wires inside table legs
(wet legs) or run conduit underneath
flooring and use grommets in table
tops and countertops to feed dangling
wires through to floor or wall electrical
outlets. Another popular wire
management device is the wire
tray on the back edge of computer
furniture. Mobility and flexibility
of furniture arrangement in
SLMCs are higher priorities than
elaborate wire management.

. Furniture for new facilities is
often custom designed by build-
ing planners. Bid specifications for
flexible pieces that can serve any
style of computer or control wires,
and service the age of the popula-
tion are being drawn up together
by experienced media specialists
and furniture designers. Helen
Tugwell, Director of Media Ser-
vices for Guilford County Schools,
points out that oWhen choosing a
new circulation desk, I am en-
couraging media specialists to
think smaller and more compact.
They donTt need the barricade of
old.�® Sue Spencer, Director of Me-
dia and Technology for the
Randolph County Schools adds,
oAlthough we donTt always have
control over square footage and
placement of the facility within
the building, the planning for ar-
rangement of areas and furniture
should be done by experienced media
specialists. Architects canTt know all
there is to know.�7

Lighting adjustment for technol-
ogy in the school library media center
is also important. Areas that can be par-
tially darkened for computer display
panels or video presentations, but that
allow continued use of the other por-
tions of the facility foster full utiliza-
tion of the space. Visual supervision
with lights down is critical for school li-
brary media specialists who are respon-
sible for safety and instruction. Many
new schools feature as a standard item
multiple control switches for lights
with infinitely adjustable dimming
switches.

New school library media facilities
are being built at a record pace in fast-
growing areas of North Carolina. Char-
lotte-Mecklenburg County Schools, for
example , opens two new SLMCs each
year. Winston-Salem/Forsyth and
Guilford County Schools are likewise
opening new schools with state-of-the-
art SLMCs. Wake County built four

North Carolina Libraries

new schools last year and plans to open
three more in August 1997. Reusing
several prototype designs, the Wake
County Schools media facilities have
many features that were not included
in the quiet reference and study areas
of the past. Whole new areas for mul-
timedia usage and production as well

as Internet access are included so that
SLMCs can function efficiently with
todayTs and tomorrowTs technology.

A Case Study

To aid in implementing their construc-
tion bond money effectively, Wake
County Schools developed a standard
for media center design and reno-
vation for elementary, middle,
and high schools. These standards
reflect the trends, objectives, and
activities of the school library
media program. Designed by a
committee with reference to state
and national guidelines and rec-
ommendations, these county
standards are updated as trends
and needs change at the local
level.

The high school SLMC stan-
dard for Wake County specifies a
reading-listening-viewing area of
7,150 square feet; an audiovisual
equipment room, multimedia dis-
tribution center, and teacherTs
curriculum lab " all with areas of
300 square feet; a transition com-
puter lab of 800 square feet; a me-
dia center office and workroom of
450 square feet; and a private toi-
let of 45 square feet. oOur goal
was five square feet per student
but the cost of building was so
high in our area, we had to cut
back,� said Jane Parker, Wake
CountyTs Director of Media Ser-
vices.® Based on a population of

Top: Flexibility is a key element in designing todayTs school library media center. Mobile
shelving, in the media center at Pilot Elementary School in the Guilford County School
System, is an example of how flexibility is being achieved. (Photo: Karen Perry)

Bottom: The compact, custom-designed circulation desk at the Lincoln Heights Elementary
School in Raleigh is multi-leveled to accommodate a variety of functions and does not
pr esent a barrier. Architect: Ramsay, Burgin, Smith Architects, Inc. (Raleigh and Salisbury). Photo: John Ramsay, Jr.

Summer 1997 " 73

1,600 students, this stan-
dard allots 4.46 square feet
per student.

Some of the areas in
these standards need expla-
nation in terms of the tradi-
tional floor plan for media
centers. The multimedia dis-
tribution area is a new label
for a space controlling a con-
glomeration of services. This
room contains the master an-
tenna control for in-house
television systems, video re-
trieval control, storage of vid-
eocassettes and laser discs

as networks extend to class-
rooms and homes, the need
for navigators, interpreters,
and instructors makes the
job of school library media
specialists and the facilities
in which they work even
more important.

oThe media center is still
the hub " the heart of the
whole process in the search
for information.�!2 The
form of the facility may
change as the function
shifts from bookkeeping to
electronic navigation, but

owned by the school, CD-
ROM computer servers, and

the essential role of the

The workroom in the media center at the Riverside High School, Durham school library media center

sometimes other computer County Schools, incorporates privacy with the ability to supervise through remains the same " to pro-
control equipment. Existing counter-height Windows. Architect: DTW Architects and Planners Ltd. (Durham). Photo: Karen Perry) vide locale for resources to

outside the media center is a

separate wiring closet containing the
hubs, routers, and main file servers for
the school computer network. The tran-
sition computer lab listed in the stan-
dards is adjacent to the media center and
designed for research and cooperative
group work, but also has exits to the hall
for traffic control.

Lessons learned in Wake County
can help others with more modest
building programs. Lighting needs will
require separate circuits for partial
room darkening, while acoustical treat-
ments will vary for different types of
ceilings. Sources of natural light are
needed for students to feel comfort-
able. And for media specialists working
in these new environments, at-a-glance
supervision at all times is extremely
important.

Jane Parker commented that
through experience oWe have learned
that the window in the office door
must begin no more than 42 inches
from the floor so that a seated person
can see out into the room.�?

Areas for cooperative group work
have become more desirable than

study carrels as educational reforms en-
courage teachers to use varied ways to
motivate and instruct students. The
SLMC is the most common place
where student teams are taught to
break larger research tasks into smaller
parts, gather information, and come
back together to share.!9 In Wake
CountyTs standards, there are specific
large-table areas for cooperative group
work, including at least one terminal
for Internet and network access to in-
formation resources.

The planning and foresight of ad-
ministrators in Wake County have
helped to make the most efficient use
of the construction dollar in their
school library media centers. They
have incorporated trends and current
practices in media center use to design
facilities that look to the future.

Summary

Renovation and new library buildings
bring out the zealot who believes that
the book is oa 19th century relic� and
that owe'll soon get all of our informa-
tion from a computer screen.�!! Even

be shared within a school.

References

1 Kathleen Hillenmeyer, oSchool
Growth Building for the Future,� Cin-
cinnati Enquirer (August 7, 1996), A1.

2 Ibid.

3 Kim Carter, oImages of Information
in a 21st Century High School,� School
Library Journal 40 (February 1994): 28.

* Nicholas Van Hoffman, oChecking
Out Electronic Libraries: Repackaging In-
formation for the Next Millennium,� Ar-
chitectural Digest 53 (October 1996): 130.

5 [bid., 134.

6 Helen Tugwell, Comments on
GASL electronic listserv on Guilford
County Schools server 10 April 1997.

7 Sue Spencer, interview, April 15, 1997.

8 Jane Parker, interview, April 15, 1997.

9 Ibid.

10 Cindy Darling Codell, oBrick by
Brick: Building a School Library from
the Ground Up,� School Library Journal
41 (February 1997): 22.

11 oDefend the Library as a Citadel of
Books,� [Editorial] Greensboro News and
Record (April 20, 1997), F2, column 1.

12 Spencer.

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74 " Summer 1997

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North Carolina Libraries

The More Things Change ...
Nuts and Bolts of Technology Planning

he old adage, othe more things
change, the more they stay the
same,� certainly applies to the re-
lationship between technology
and buildings. In spite of the em-
phasis on the rapid advance of
technology, fundamental issues
have remained unchanged for years.

There is no question that personal
computers have become faster and
more powerful as they have become less
expensive. The cost of electronic storage
has dropped in price per megabyte.
Software applications have become
more powerful. The Internet tidal wave
has overwhelmed existing networks.
These and other developments tend to
focus a personTs attention on the never-
ending flow of newer and more fantas-
tic electronic gadgetry. The key claim in
this technological cornucopia is that
our professional lives will become much
more effective and efficient.

As in so many environments, the
basics often become lost in the fascina-
tion with the newest technologies. If
these fundamentals are not addressed,
the technological superstructure that
every organization wants to build can
fall apart.

First among these fundamentals is
the conduit to hold the network ca-
bling. Unless the library is relatively
new, it is likely that there will be little or
no conduit in the walls and ceilings of
the building. It is possible to install and
operate a network without pulling the
cabling through conduit, but if that is
done, the data transmission could be
affected by interference from such
sources as fluorescent lights and eleva-
tors. Even if the cabling is shielded, it
ought to be housed in conduit.

If library staff are planning new

North Carolina Libraries

by Kenneth E. Marks

space or preparing for renovation, the
installation of conduit can be an inte-
gral part of the construction that takes
place. The common tendency to under-
estimate the amount and size of con-
duit that is needed must be guarded
against during the planning process.
Architects, electrical engineers, electri-
cians, networking specialists, and others
may not realize the extent to which
many libraries are already dependent
on networked resources. This depen-
dency will not decline; it will grow. Try-
ing to go back and install additional
conduit can be terribly expensive. Re-
view the dimensions of the proposed
conduit and do not hesitate to
double or triple its size. This is true
even if you plan to install only fiber
optic cable.

Also consider the raceways or
cabletrays that carry cabling in bulk
throughout the library. It is essential
that the size of the cabletrays be large
enough and easily accessible. Typi-
cally, they should be accessible from
above or the side; otherwise these
cable passageways might be located
with plumbing and other piping,
thus requiring a contortionist to get
at them. Remember to make access
easy for the workers who will have to
deal with these installations in the
future.

Once the conduit is installed, it
is time to be concerned about the
network cabling that will be pulled.
While it might be a laudable goal,
there is little immediate prospect for
most libraries to install fiber optic
cable to the desktop PC. There are a
variety of reasons for this. First, it is
probably more expensive than most
libraries can afford or justify. Second,

bandwidth demands in most libraries
are not yet sufficient to justify the in-
stallation. Third, it is probably unrealis-
tic to expect local personnel to be able
to work with or troubleshoot fiber optic
cable installation.

A more reasonable, cost-effective
cabling option is Category 5 shielded
twisted pair which should provide ad-
equate carrying capability for the near-
term in most libraries. It is reasonable to
expect that someone among the library
staff can learn how to place the neces-
sary ends on the cable so it can be con-
nected to the network cards and hubs,

The amount and size of conduit should
not be underestimated. (Photo: Joyner
Library, East Carolina University.)

Summer 1997 " 75

routers, and bridges. The equipment to
do this is inexpensive.

A question might be raised at this
point by many librarians in small librar-
ies: since we are so small, will we ever
have a reason to be networked? The
answer is a resounding, Yes! Even the
smallest library can benefit in two
ways from networking its PCs. First,
sharing applications, resources, and
work can bring enormous benefits.
Second, public access to electronic in-
formation resources from multiple
workstations is extraordinarily impor-
tant in every library, regardless of size.

The next fundamental crucial to
library technology is the quality of the
electrical power. Many libraries are de-
pendent on power that appears to be
generated by a pair of caged chip-
munks. Power surges, power spikes,
and brown-outs, among other events,
are the bane of an electronic environ-
ment. Conditioned power is impor-
tant if the investment in electronic
equipment is to be protected and ac-
cess preserved over an extended pe-
riod. Typically, librarians will purchase
surge protectors that plug into a wall
outlet. These deliver band-aid solu-
tions. The best solution is a power con-
ditioner that controls all power enter-
ing the library. Retrofitting a library for
this equipment may not be practical
from a physical or cost viewpoint un-
less a major renovation is underway.
In a new building, however, condi-
tioned power should be an absolute re-
quirement.

TodayTs electronic technologies are
so robust that they no longer require
the oglass house� with special environ-
mental conditions in order to operate.
Nonetheless some common-sense pre-
cautions are advised. Position PCs and
servers so they cannot be kicked acci-
dentally and network cables pulled
loose. Loose network connections may
be the single greatest cause of network
problems. Raise PCs off the floor to
avoid flooding. Do not place the equip-
ment in a space that lacks adequate cir-
culation.

If a library is renovating or building
new space, it is wise to provide some
type of server room to house a variety of
electronic equipment. Servers, routers,
bridges, hubs, and modems can be rack-
mounted and placed in a relatively
small space. The most significant payoff
from this placement is security. No mat-
ter how secure librarians believe their
facilities to be, there are individuals
who will cause havoc with the network
and its equipment if the opportunity is
presented. Nearly all libraries have ex-

76 " Summer 1997

perienced petty mischief such as the
theft of mice roller-balls and keys from
keyboards. As a result, it is wise to secure
the more critical pieces of a network.
Another facet of the security issue

Modular furniture provides secure concealment
for wiring. (Photo: Joyner Library, East Carolina University.)

involves the placement of PCs in a li-
brary. Plans for East Carolina
UniversityTs Joyner Library expansion
included dispersing PCs widely
throughout the building. Clusters of
two and three PCs were scattered
throughout the second and third floors
of the new space in August. Before the
end of the fall semester, most of the PCs
had fallen victim to intentional vandal-
ism by library patrons who attempted
to remove various operating parts of the
equipment. The distributed PCs had to
be relocated to establish clusters of ap-
proximately 12 PCs that could by super-
vised whenever the library was open.
This new configuration required some
rearrangement of the stack and furni-
ture layouts.

Once the infrastructure for the net-
work is in place, librarians need to turn
to the use of technology in their librar-
ies. Although many libraries still em-
ploy hardwired dumb terminals, they
should develop a plan to migrate away
from that technology. A library that is
fortunate enough to have a new or

renovated facility should make cer-
tain that the equipment budget con-
tains funds for PCs, printers, servers,
hubs, etc. This may be the one time that
a quantum leap in technology can be
taken, so take full advantage of it.

Prices have fallen dramatically for
PCs and related peripherals in the past
year. Pentium-based PCs can be ob-
tained without obreaking the bank.� A
most critical but often neglected con-
sideration is the amount of RAM pur-
chased with a PC. It is commonplace
today to find PCs with 16 megabytes
(MB) of RAM at very reasonable prices.
Configurations with 24 and 32 MB
RAM are becoming more common.
Thoughtful consideration should be
given to a minimum configuration of
32, and possibly, 48 MB RAM. Although
this might be considered extravagant, it
may be the best form of insurance to
guarantee a longer useful life for the
PCs that are purchased. Software appli-
cations such as those that run in a Win-
dows 95 or NT environment are ohogs�
when it comes to requirements for
RAM. Few things are more frustrating
than an under-powered PC trying to
deliver the full functionality of the lat-
est version of a standard application on
which the library is dependent.

The other element in a PCTs con-
figuration that should be considered
very carefully is hard disk storage space.
Many of us can remember when a 10
MB hard disk was an unbelievable re-
source which no one could imagine fill-
ing. Now there are applications that re-
quire many times more storage space. It
is common for PCs to come equipped
with 2 Zales D GigaByte hard disks.
This is one of those situations where
more is better, even if there is a convic-
tion that the space will never be filled.
It will, and sooner than anyone can
conceive.

Give serious consideration to moy-
ing beyond the 10 MB network cards
typical of Ethernet networks, particu-
larly since 100 MB network cards now
are reasonably priced. As libraries move
more and more images across their net-
works, it may be a wise investment to
purchase the faster network card and
the requisite upgraded hubs/routers.

If library staff are interested in tak-
ing the plunge, consider the alternative
of a wireless network. There are cer-
tainly advantages to a wireless environ-
ment, such as avoiding the large scale
installation of conduit and pulling of
cable. Wireless network speeds, how-
ever, will not match those of the more
traditional network environment. An
additional potential problem could

North Carolina Libraries

arise if the space in which the wireless
network is to be installed is filled with
many columns or a large quantity of
steel girders or supports. These could
generate so much interference and dead
areas that satisfactory data transmission
could never be achieved. Nevertheless,
every library ought to consider and
evaluate wireless networks.

Plans for equipping a new or reno-
vated library space should include a
thoughtful configuration of the furni-
ture, especially in terms of wire manage-
ment. Too many library work areas and
public spaces are cluttered by an un-
sightly mass of network cables, tele-
phone lines, and peripheral cabling.
Besides the obvious visual pollution
that results from various types of cables
spilling across the floor, tables,
counters, and desk, it is only too likely
that these cables will be pulled or jerked
inadvertently, disrupting functions.

The solution to this disorder is fur-
niture designed for wire management.
A variety of methods is used to hide or
disguise the cabling, and librarians
should choose the one that is best for
their environment. Select furniture that
provides management capability for
both network/computer cabling and
telecommunications as well as electrical
lines. Ideally, these will be managed in
separate trays built into the furniture.
Reject furniture that requires specialized
technical people to pull cable in these
Management systems or to move the
furniture.

Two developments in electronic dis-
play equipment, otherwise know as
monitors, should be kept in mind. First,
as more electronic resources contain im-
ages, an increased demand for 17- or 19-
inch monitors is likely. These units are
significantly larger than the standard
13- or 15-inch monitors and conse-
quently affect the functionality of study
carrels or worktables. It is possible that li-
brarians will have to redefine the ostan-
dard�-sized workspace. Second, this year
the first of the othin� plasma displays
have appeared in the marketplace. While
they now are quite expensive, the con-
sensus seems to be that they will be cost
effective within another two years. Li-
braries will be able to purchase monitors
that are 36 to 54 inches wide and 3 to 4
inches deep. These monitors can be
hung on a wall instead of placed on a
table or carrel, creating an entirely new
set of challenges.

Three other technological develop-
ments will become important to library
technology planning. Video confer-
encing and voice recognition may be
viewed as irrelevant or unnecessary to-

North Carolina Libraries

day, but both features
will be accepted quickly
by both librarians and
patrons. The third is the
DVD, best known as the
digital video disk or the
digital virtual disk.
Most librarians have
heard of CU-SEE-ME and
have seen the advertising
for the small, inexpen-
sive video cameras that
can be positioned beside
or on top of a monitor.
These small cameras will
continue to improve in
quality, decrease in size,
and become even less ex-
pensive. It is only a mat-
ter of time until they are
sold as an integral part of
all PCs. The consequence
for librarians is that plan-
ning has to begin now to
resolve how to provide
the necessary network
connections. Equally
critical is lighting in the
areas where these PC/
video workstations will
be located. Unless an ap-
propriate level of lighting
is available, complaints
about the unsatisfactory

Wire management is accomplished in the renovated Joyner
Library at East Carolina University with punch panels and
hubs in eleven data equipment closets.

nature of the equipment
and the libraryTs failure to provide satis-
factory service will be constant.

Voice recognition software will
make a significant appearance in the
next twelve to eighteen months. The
first voice recognition applications that
work with continuous, rather than
stilted speech have just been released.
The cost of voice recognition software
has dropped precipitously and, conceiv-
ably, could be one of the new features
that is packaged with PCs in the next
year or two. How will libraries integrate
PCs that use voice recognition software?
Should all public workstations be
equipped with this capability? Should
this capability be restricted to a limited
number of workstations available only
to the handicapped? Will the noise level
in libraries increase beyond an accept-
able level (whatever an acceptable level
may be)? Does this mean that special
precautions should be taken to install
soundproofing in various parts of a li-
brary as it is renovated? There are no
ready-made answers to these questions,
but now is the time to begin consider-
ing them.

DVD is a technology that may be-
gin to have an impact on libraries
within the next eighteen months. As a

delivery medium for providing access to
video-based materials, this technology
has a number of distinct advantages
over videotape. Not the least of these is
the fact that wear and tear should be
minimized. Also, it is likely that PC
manufacturers will begin to sell their
equipment with DVD players installed.
When this happens, every PC in a li-
brary can become a video display unit,
thus allowing VCRs to be phased out.
PCs with DVD players installed should
be available at reasonable pricing in
about eighteen months.

It is apparent that there will be no
decrease in the rate of technological de-
velopment. It is apparent, too, that li-
brarians need to consider the implica-
tions of these technological develop-
ments now and prepare to respond to
the opportunities that will occur. Those
librarians fortunate enough, or cursed
enough, to be involved in planning a
renovation of existing library space or a
completely new space should become as
informed as possible about the impact
of technology on their facilities. Re-
member, however, that technology is a
moving target that can never be
brought completely within sight.

Summer 1997 " 77

Library Dreams/Architectural Realities:
North Carolina Library Architecture of the 1990s

by Phillip K. Barton and Plummer Alston Jones, Jr

The architectTs philosophy that form follows function is abundantly evident in
this photo essay of recent library architecture in North Carolina.



Right: The old adage
onecessity is often the
mother of invention� is
captured in the media
center at the Southwest
Elementary School in
Lexington, where
structurally essential
columns were transformed
into playful giant Tinkertoys.

Architect: Ramsay, Burgin, Smith,
Architects (Raleigh & Salisbury) Photo:
Courtesy of Donna Smith

Above: The media center at the new Pilot Elementary School in
the Guilford County School System typifies the modern media

center which is designed to accommodate traditional library

functions alongside the latest technology,
Architect: Moser, Mayer and Phoenix Associates (Greensboro). Photo: Karen Perry.

Below: A new media center was part of a recent addition to the
Lincoln Heights Elementary School in the Wake County School
System. The center features a vaulted ceiling with clerestory
windows, child-sized furniture and service desk, and ofun�

elements like the palm tree. Architect: Ramsay, Burgin, Smith, Architects, Inc.
(Raleigh and Salisbury). Photo: John Ramsey.

The recently expanded Joyner Library at East Carolina University in Greenville
features a state-of-the-art interactive viewing room which provides links to
NCIN and MCNC. Architect: Walters Robbs Callahan & Pierce (Winston-Salem) Photo: Lynette Lundin

Left: The 8,000 sq. ft. Plaza Midwood Branch Library
of the Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg
County captures the distinctive geometric forms of
the art deco style. A curvilinear design is reflected in
the circulation desk, shelving, and ceiling beams.
Architect: TBA? Architects. Photo: Courtesy of TBA? Architects (Charlotte)

Below: The D. Hiden Ramsey Library at the University
of North Carolina-Asheville was expanded and
renovated in the early 1990s. The Cafe Ramsey

provides an excuse for people to linger in the library.
Photo: J. Weiland :

Above: The new focal point of the
Gaston College campus in Dallas is the
very handsome Morris Library, which
features traditional Georgian
architecture with a state-of-the-art
interior. Reflective lighting fixtures, as
seen here in the current periodicals
reading area, are used throughout the

libr Aly. Architect: Little & Associates (Charlotte)
Photo: Courtesy of David L. Hunsucker

Right: A classic domed rotunda houses
the Special Collections search room in
the new addition to Joyner Library at

East Carolina University in Greenville.
Architect: Walters Robbs Callahan & Pierce (Winston-Salem)
Photo: Lynette Lundin

Exterior details are reflected throughout the interior of the
new Southern Pines Public Library. The entrance into the
young childrenTs area reflects the semicircular arch

apparent in the exterior arcade, as well as the library's

roof line.
Architect: Hayes/Howell, PA (Southern Pines) Photos: McKenzie & Dickerson, Inc.

The 23,000 sq. ft. Eva Perry Regional
Library in Apex, a branch of the Wake
County Public Library System, is a
striking contemporary design both
outside and inside. The childrenTs area
is designed with a lot of child appeal,
oand includes such features as a tree in
the middle of a reading area, and a

visually exciting mural.
Architect: Cherry Huffman Architects PA (Raleigh)
Photos: Terri Luke

oe = es = ts

The Albert Carlton-Cashiers Community Library of the Fontana Regional
Library features a clerestory, which provides additional natural light to the
interior, and a veneer of natural rock. Computer workstations are located

around columns to facilitate access to electrical and communications wiring.

Architect: Michael Osowski (Cashiers) Photos: Phillip Barton

A striking pergola denotes the
main entrance into the
Independence Regional Library of
the Public Library of Charlotte and
Mecklenburg County. The 17,300
sq. ft. building blends classic _
architectural details with modern

functionality.
Architect: TBA? Architects (Charlotte)
Photos: Ciarlante

The Graham Public Library is the latest
library in the Central North Carolina
Regional Library. The main entrance
features a portico with classic lonic
columns. The interior features custom-
designed furniture by Michaels Associates
of Alexandria, VA, including the circulation

desk, reading tables, and end panels.
Architect: Alley Williams Carmen and King (Burlington)
Photos: Courtesy of Margaret Blanchard

Top: The Learning Resources Center at Stanly Community College
in Albemarle occupies the first floor of the new Snyder Building.
The second floor contains classrooms and faculty offices. The
14,156 sq. ft. LRC includes the library, a television

studio, conference and seminar rooms.
Architect: J. Hyatt Hammond, Associates, Inc. (Greensboro)
Photo: Courtesy of Mary Avery

Left: The new Olivia Raney Library in
Raleigh, a branch of the Wake County
Public Library System, is dedicated to local
history and genealogical research.

The entrance into the building features the
capitals, benches, and lanterns from the
original Olivia Raney Library.

Architect: Brown Jurkowski Architectural Collaborative (Raleigh)
Photo: William G. Morrissey

Above & Left: The King Public Library, a
branch of the Northwest Regional Library,
reflects some Moravian design features,
such as dormers with a semicircular arch
roof. Child-size furniture in the childrenTs
area features a variety of colors (mint and
raspberry sherbet) and shapes (circular
and square tables) to create an

environment inviting to children.
Architect:Thomas H. Hughes (Winston-Salem)
Photos: Joan Sherif

The Edwin G. Wilson wing of the

Z. Smith Reynolds Library at Wake
Forest University in Winston-Salem
reflects the classic design elements of
the original library. The addition
includes a spectacular three-story

atrium. (Cover photo.)
Architect: Walter Robbs Callahan & Pierce (Winston-Salem)
Photo: Courtesy of Wake Forest University

Below: The library of the Worrell Professional Center at Wake
Forest University in Winston-Salem serves the needs of both the

School of Law and the Babcock School of Management.
Architect: Cesar Pelli (New Haven, CT) Photo: Lee Runion

Left: The 67,000 sq. ft. High Point Public Library was
named in honor of longtime library director, Neal Austin.
The modern design incorporates a juxtaposition of straight

and curved surfaces.
Architect: Smithey & Boynton (Roanoke, VA)
Photo: Courtesy of Kem Ellis

The attractive one-story
Asheboro Public Library (R) of
the Randolph County Public
Library was significantly
expanded with a seamless
two-story addition (L). The
complementary addition was
achieved through the
continuation of the roof line,
and matching roofing
materials (Italian-made roof
tiles with a copper cap) and

brick veneer.
Architect: Alvis O. George, Architect
(Asheboro) Photo: Courtesy of Ross Holt

POINT

LetTs Build Libraries Where the People Go

by Tom Moore

the same time. Public libraries were for the most part built in central cities which were the

hub of public transportation. Larger cities which developed a branch system built those
branches in regional transportation centers. As long as people relied upon public transporta-
tion to get around, these libraries in the hearts of the cities thrived. After World War II,
automobile usage began to change the way that Americans shopped, pursued recreation, and
even used libraries.

At first the changes were gradual. During the fifties and the sixties regional and strip
shopping centers developed and invited customers to use their cars to get there by building
large parking lots around them. Downtowns began to fade as commerce and shopping centers.
We, however, continued to build large main libraries downtown.

During the seventies and eighties, library leaders like Charlie Robinson advocated decen-
tralized library systems. oGive ~em what they want� and oBuild ~em where they are� were his
two main themes. People like myself followed his lead and built libraries around the county in
shopping centers and in other highly traveled places. We found that our customers would
come almost wherever we placed our libraries.

I believe that we had built-in biases. In fact, when it comes to placing branches, all
directors think almost exactly alike. DonTt put a branch near a school, we say. The kids will
overrun us! DonTt put the library near a post office. Instead, letTs find an old abandoned post
office to use as a library. DonTt put the library in or near a park. We'll be used as a rest room
and cooling off place. DonTt put the library inside a school because, because ... Just because!

I believe that our old thinking is just that, old. LetTs try some new things. LetTs put our
libraries where the people go. In Wake County we have libraries in shopping centers (three
different ones in different parts of the county), in office parks (our busiest branch is hidden in
an office park), in government complexes (one with a town hall and police department, one
with a post office and senior center, one with a senior center and one inside the county office
building), in schools (located inside a high school, this library has the most loyal customers of
all our libraries), and even in parks (one inside a park and one next to a swimming pool). A
few of our branches are stand-alone buildings with nothing else around. As long as there is
parking, they are well used.

When I think back to my reasoning against having libraries in many of these sites, I realize
how set in my ways I was. I thought that you shouldnTt put libraries in these places because I
read somewhere that you shouldnTt. Or maybe I didnTt read it; I heard someone say it. Or
maybe I just made it up because I didnTt want to put a library in any of these places.

These are two events that changed my thinking on placement of libraries. The first
happened about twelve years ago. A county commissioner announced that a new branch was
going to be placed in an office park. I was appalled. First, I didnTt know anything about this
done deal, and second, who was going to go to a library in an office park? I quickly got over
the first. The answer to the second was, more than we could handle. The second event hap-
pened just a couple of weeks ago. We had just cut the ribbon on our newest branch. ItTs
located in a park. Before the refreshments were eaten up, I saw two boys in the branch with
BASKETBALLS!!! Before I could say, oWhat are you doing in here with those basketballs?� I
realized what they were doing. After exercising their bodies, they were exercising their minds.
They were looking at books. They were waiting to check our books. They were using a library
that was located where they were. I rest my case.

I have a theory that public libraries and public transportation developed at pretty much

84 " Summer 1997 North Carolina Libraries

GOUNFER- POINT

If You Build It, They Will Come!

by Dan Horne

Directory to get information and a feel for the stateTs different library systems. I started with
Raleigh and the Wake County Public Library system, but couldnTt figure out which library

was the main library. Where would I call if | wanted information? Where would I go if I wanted to
take a closer look and talk to key members of the staff? The impression was of a mess of store front
libraries surpassed in ugliness only by the strip mall and office park surroundings. I was bewildered
and decided right then I didnTt want to work in a library surrounded by dollar stores, independent
insurance agencies, and beauty parlors.

Although TomTs theory of branch placement makes a certain kind of perverse sense, it is mis-
guided. The American free public library is the greatest public institution in the history of the world.
Libraries provide a service that people need and want. People will flock to a
library no matter where it is. Given free parking, the promise of an intelli-
gently developed collection full of useful materials, and excellent service LetTs try some new things.
committed to helping individuals with everything from navigating their way i j
through the complexities of electronic resources to finding a good book to LetTs put our libraries where
read, people will drive the extra ten or fifteen minutes it takes to get to such a
wonderful place. , the people go.

So whatTs the matter with building a centralized library and branches
designed by architects expert in library design? When I came to North Caro-
lina, I was fortunate enough to be hired by the New Hanover County Library
in Wilmington. New Hanover County transformed an old department store
that had been forced out of downtown by urban sprawl and the proliferation
of strip mall blight into a beautiful, well-designed, modern facility. The presence
of the library downtown has contributed greatly to old WilmingtonTs revital- Attractive surrounding § are
ization and reemergence as a center of culture and commerce. The main ;
libraryTs downtown location may be inconvenient for some, but that much more compatible
hasnTt stopped close to half million visitors per year finding the place. As a reas
member of the reference staff, I have a panoramic view of the library and with intellectual endeavor

let me tell you that we are extremely busy from the moment we open our .
doors in the morning to closing time when we pry the last patron out. than bori ng s tore fronts

i ; Xen years ago, when planning my relocation to North Carolina, I looked through the ALA

" Tom Moore

Sometimes it seems more like the county fair rather than the county with parking lot views.
library. And no one has yet complained that the drive wasnTt worth it!
Library systems donTt have to stoop to putting libraries where people " Dan Horne

go. Libraries are the place to be and where we build them, they will come.

Branch development isnTt a bad thing. And small, easily accessible,

convenient facilities stocked with the latest novels and talk show titles are a valued and necessary
adjunct to a strong, centralized library. But locating these branches in busy malls and ugly store
fronts doesnTt make them anymore accessible than building an attractive stand-alone facility on any
decent intersection in town. Planning and design are the keys! Libraries should never become just
another road side attraction!

So letTs strive for beauty in our public library design. Attractive surroundings are much more
compatible with intellectual endeavor than boring store fronts with parking lot views. The public
and the members of our noble profession deserve better.

And about those two boys with basketballs? Tom"letTs be realistic"bleeding hearts are out of
style. I strongly suspect that they were using the library as a ocooling off place� after all.

North Carolina Libraries Summer 1997 " 85

we Cw edttiou goa

Editor's Note: North Carolina Libraries presents this feature in recognition of the increase in excellent unsolicited manuscripts that merit
publication, but are not necessarily related to each issue's specific theme.

Issues in Retrospective Conversion

for a Small Special Collection:
A Case Study

by Fern Hieb

small special collection presents a unique problem

for the task of retrospective conversion of the cata-

log to machine-readable form. Unless associated

with a college or university library, a small collec-
tion frequently does not have a professional librarian on the
staff who can formulate a plan for retrospective conversion
(recon) and answer related questions.

This paper will identify and explore issues from the view-
point of a small special collection planning for recon. The
Moravian Music Foundation is used as a case study, but most
of the questions and recommendations would apply to any
special collection.

The Moravian Music Foundation was established in 1956
as a repository for music of the Moravian Church. The ar-
chives of the foundation contain music composed or used by
Moravians in early America: tune books; band books from
the Civil War; hand-copied works of Haydn, Bach, and
Mozart; and works by Moravian composers (Charles G.
Vardell, Johannes Herbst, Johann Friedrich Peter, and others).
The archival holdings are housed in two locations: Winston-
Salem, North Carolina and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. In ad-
dition to these archival holdings, the foundation maintains
the Peter Memorial Library in Winston-Salem, a reference
collection for the use of visiting scholars. The foundationTs
total holdings are as follows:

Peter Memorial Library 6,000 items
Winston-Salem Archives 4,120 items
Bethlehem Archives 4,900 items

Lowens Tune Book Collection 1,175 items

16,195 items!

Why Automate the Catalog?

There are several basic advantages in having the catalog au-

tomated. First, it becomes more easily and quickly accessible
from any location. Retrospective conversion will integrate all
of the bibliographic records of the Moravian Music Founda-
tion into a single online catalog, including holdings in both
Bethlehem and Winston-Salem. The major benefit to the
Foundation will be improved access by scholars from remote
locations. A researcher working in Boston, for example, will

86 " Summer 1997

have access to the FoundationTs complete catalog from home
or office, using a personal computer and a modem.

A second reason for having the catalog online is for ease
of updating. When new materials are accessioned or when
corrections are made to bibliographic records, updating is
easily done online. Other benefits of automation include
more manageable inventory control, easier collection devel-
opment, and bibliographic files that are better preserved and
more secure.� An online catalog also can support such appli-
cations as serials control and circulation.

What Are the Options for the Actual Conversion

Process?

Without a professional librarian on the staff to manage the
retrospective conversion, two major options are available.
The first is to hire temporary staff to manage the operation;
the second is to outsource the project. The two alternatives
are compared below with regard to cost, staffing, time in-
volved, and desired quality of the converted records.?

The first conversion option is to do the project in-house
with temporary staff hired for the project, deriving records
from OCLC or from a database on CD-ROM such as The Mu-
sic Catalog on CD-ROM from the Library of Congress.* The
greatest advantage to hiring temporary project staff to work
in-house is a much higher level of quality in the converted
records.° If questions arise, project staff can pull the item
from the shelf to check bibliographic data. Using this option,
permanent staff are available to answer questions, but will be
only minimally involved in day-to-day project work. The
timetable generally is set by the duration of funding, but is
likely to be more flexible with the temporary staff on site. On
the negative side, costs will be high, since project staff have
to be hired, trained, and supervised. Data access, project ter-
minals, network charges, and office equipment will all add
to the cost.

A second option is to outsource the project to an outside
vendor such as OCLC (Online Computer Library Center,
Inc.).° Shelflist cards are sent to the commercial vendor; who
does the conversion process at a remote site. An advantage
of this option is that the vendor provides staff with consid-
erable experience in retrospective conversion projects, so

North Carolina Libraries

little time is lost in training. Also, the timetable and cost of
the project are specified in the contract. Quality control
however, is the main reason not to go with a commercial
vendor. As experienced as a commercial vendor might be,
record quality is usually compromised because of time con-
straints, lack of familiarity with details about the collection,
inability to look at the actual item when the shelflist card is
lacking information, and inability to ask questions of regu-
lar staff on a day-to-day basis.

How Can the Conversion Effort Be Quantified?

A major aspect of planning for either conversion option is
determining how many of the libraryTs bibliographic records
can be copied from records already in the OCLC database. At
the Foundation, a random sample of 100 cards was pulled
from the Peter Memorial Library and the archives to check
the hit rate on OCLC. The 50 cards pulled from the Peter Me-
morial Library yielded 34 hits, meaning that approximately
68% of the records would be derivable from existing OCLC
records. The hit rate might in reality be higher, considering
that the Peter Memorial Library consists largely of standard
reference materials, but the cataloging on the shelflist cards
was often too minimal to confirm a match with an OCLC
record. If the information on the cards is inadequate, the
item itself must be pulled from the shelf for comparison with
OCLC records. For the records that do not have a match on
OCLC, the librarian will have to create original records. If the
conversion project is sent to a commercial vendor, only the
definite hits will be converted. The remaining cards will be
returned for local staff to convert after questions are resolved.

Not surprisingly, the archives yielded a very low hit rate
since the collection is largely manuscripts. An off-site com-
mercial vendor would be unable to convert much of an ar-
chival collection.

What Will Retrospective Conversion Cost?

Recon is a costly venture, whether done in-house with
temporary staff or outsourced to a commercial vendor. In
general, the lower the hit rate on OCLC, the higher the
cost, since the records that are definite ono-hits� will re-
quire original cataloging. But it is difficult to determine
definite hits when a shelflist card has minimal or question-
able information.

In the title area, for example, it is sometimes unclear
whether the title was transcribed from the item or was syn-
thesized by the cataloger.� Were titles translated into English
by the cataloger or transcribed as they appeared on the item?
Were any title words moved around, added, or deleted? If the
title came from the cover, was that indicated? These ques-
tions make it difficult to determine from the shelflist card
whether or not it matches the OCLC record.

In the publication area, the date of publication often
appears in brackets on the shelflist card, meaning that the
date was not on the item, but was supplied by the cataloger.
If the record that appears to be a match on OCLC does not
have brackets around the publication date, then the item will
have to be checked to see whether this item really is a match
with the OCLC record.

As to physical description, many old shelflist cards lack
pagination. Even when pagination is given, it often differs by
a few pages from what appears to be a match on OCLC.

Subject headings and added entries are critical access
points in bibliographic records, but these often are lacking on
old shelflist cards. The cards that do provide subject headings
and name-added entries have to be checked against author-
ity files for accuracy.

North Carolina Libraries

Another major issue is the staff time required per record
conversion. The author has had personal involvement in es-
timating the proposed recon project for manuscripts on mi-
crofilm at the Isham Memorial Library at Harvard University.
In that proposal, a total of 38.5 minutes was allocated for
each hit on OCLC (22.25 minutes for students who search
the database and do data entry, and library assistants who
edit the records and do authority work, and 16.25 minutes
for a professional cataloger who revises the records). For
records not found on OCLC, a time of 50.5 minutes was pro-
jected for converting each record, since the record would
have to be created, not just revised.§ HarvardTs projected cost
in 1994/95 for that project was $21/record.

If the Moravian Music Foundation chose to hire a tem-
porary staff to do the project in-house, students from nearby
colleges could be hired for such tasks as searching and data
entry. With a full-time librarian as supervisor and general
manager, the project could be completed in two or three
years. Printed catalogs of parts of the collection would be ex-
cellent resources (i.e., Frances CumnockTs Catalog of the Salem
Congregation Music? and Marilyn GombosiTs Catalog of the
Johannes Herbst Collection.)!° Another time-saver might be the
downloading of Foundation holdings that are already a part
of the database Repertoire International des Sources Musicales
(RISM).!! Online cross references to these catalogs would aid
the researcher.

If the Foundation outsourced the recon project to OCLC,
the costs would be based on such factors as the estimated
number of hits, the type of material (scores, books), the lan-
guage of the material, the type and number of special local
requirements, the percentage of shelflist cards containing an
LC card number or an OCLC number, and other factors re-
lated to editing.

If a small collection chooses to hire an outside vendor to
convert the catalog, the shelflist cards are mailed to the ven-
dor. If hits cannot be verified, those cards are marked as prob-
lems (exceptions) to be resolved at the local level. VendorsT
charges are calculated on searches, not hits, so if the vendor
has to conduct extra searches because of minimal shelflist
information, the cost will increase.

An analysis of the options for the Moravian Music Foun-
dation indicated that hiring an in-house staff was the pre-
ferred approach. The decision was based on two major fac-
tors: 1) an overriding concern for good quality records, and
2) the large percentage of archival holdings that will not have
copy on OCLC.

How Is In-house Retrospective Conversion

Actually Done?

Generally, shelflist cards are used as the source of cataloging
information, rather than catalog cards. Shelflist cards are
more likely to provide subject headings and added entries.
Also, patrons are less likely to be inconvenienced since they
use the catalog instead of the shelflist.

Student workers and/or library assistants pull shelflist
cards, search for hits on OCLC, and then edit the derived
records into machine-readable form. Editing a derived record
involves adding local information and updating access
points to bring the record into conformity with national bib-
liographic standards. Producing original records has to be
done by a professional librarian who has a broad understand-
ing of cataloging rules.

Project staff need access to basic cataloging support ma-
terials. These include the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
(AACR2R),!2 OCLCTs Bibliographic Formats and Standards,'3
LCTs Subject Cataloging Manual (Shelflisting),!4 LCTs Descriptive

Summer 1997 " 87

Cataloging of Rare Books,!5 and HensenTs Archives, Personal Pa-
pers, and Manuscripts.'©

In the case of the Moravian Music Foundation, the Pe-
ter Memorial Library probably will be converted first because
more hits will be found on OCLC from that collection than
from the archival collections. This will launch the recon ef-
fort with initial success and speed.

Unique Aspect of Automating the FoundationTs

Music Archive

A single text often was set to different tunes by various
Moravian composers. The musical incipit (first few notes of
a tune) is often the only way to differentiate among various
settings of the same text. The Foundation currently relies
heavily on the musical incipits found on the back of many
catalog cards. The recon effort needs to include a system for
coding these musical incipits. The appendix of this paper
describes the method recommended for the Moravian Music
Foundation, based on Barry BrookTs A Plaine and Easie Code
System for Musicke.*�

What Are the National Standards for Online

Records?

The USMARC}* standard for online records varies somewhat
according to the format of the item being cataloged. Formats
for scores, books, serials, etc., are all integrated into the Bib-
liographic Formats and Standards by OCLC. The standard for
library cataloging is the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
(AACR2R) and, for archival description, Archives, Personal Pa-
pers, and Manuscripts (APPM).

The standard for authority records is the LC authority
file on OCLC. Since authority control provides standardiza-
tion of access points throughout the database, every access
point should be checked against the authority file. These
access points include proper names, titles of works, subject
headings, and added entries. Published musical works often
are found in different manifestations: as a score, a score and
parts, parts alone, a vocal score, an arrangement, etc. Author-
ity control will be critical for collocating these different
manifestations of the same work under a uniform title. A
music librarian will be needed to understand the nature of
the music itself and to recognize names, titles, and musical
forms for authority work.

Although AACR2R is slanted heavily toward data found
in published books, the chapters describing formulation of

names for persons, geographic places, corporate bodies, uni- T

form titles, and cross references will be of value to archival
catalogers. !9

What Is the Recommended Library Automation
System?

Once the organization has chosen the recon strategy, then it
must select an automated system. It is essential to choose a
library automation vendor that has experience and stability.
The vendor should be committed to providing support and
to enhancing the software.

When choosing an automated library system, the follow-
ing factors should be considered: functionality, price, ease of
use, workflow requirements, standards, training, perfor-
mance and reliability, and expandability.

Library automation vendors tend to sell to specific
niches of the market. Innovative Interfaces Inc., for example,
is the premier automated library system focusing on large
U.S. academic libraries. Ameritech and DRA generally sell to
smaller academic institutions.2°

88 " Summer 1997

" SoS -

What Are the Options for Remote Access?

The automated catalog can be made available to patrons in
several ways. One possibility is to have a personal com-
puter with a modem at the site of the collection. Bulletin
board system software makes it possible for patrons to dial
into the personal computer. Unfortunately only one pa-
tron, or a very limited number of patrons, can access the
data simultaneously.

Another possibility is to distribute the catalog in CD-
ROM format. This works best if the collection accessions only
a limited number of items each year. Tapes of the database
can be printed onto CD-ROM disks for distribution to inter-
ested patrons.

Perhaps the best approach for remote access, but also the
most expensive, is the Internet. A large number of patrons
can access the catalog simultaneously, and online updating
is visible as soon as it is completed. The library purchases an
account through an Internet access provider.

Conclusion

The decision to undertake a retrospective conversion project
involves a number of complex decisions. One of the most
critical first decisions concerns desired quality of the finished
records. A project staff on site will be able to consult the col-
lection or the permanent staff when questions arise. A librar-
ian as project manager will ensure that standards are fol-
lowed. The resulting high quality of completed records is the
most important aspect of the project.

The decisions about remote access and choice of automa-
tion software also are critical to the success of the retrospec-
tive conversion project. Retrospective conversion merits a
substantial investment of time and money because it will ul-
timately be a major determinant of the collectionTs usefulness
and accessibility.

Status of the Moravian Music Foundation Project

At the time of this writing, the Moravian Music Foundation
is projecting that retrospective conversion of its catalog will
begin in 1998. Currently, a new building is under construc-
tion that jointly will house the Southern province offices and
the FoundationTs library and archives. The new building will
be equipped with computer hardware to support an auto-
mated catalog and remote access.

Appendix

Several systems exist for the coding of musical incipits into
a uniform typewriter code. Since the RISM project already
uses Barry BrookTs A Plaine and Easie Code System for Musicke,
it is recommended that the Foundation use the same system.
There are several reasons why this system would suit the
FoundationTs needs:

1) it is simple and accurate as to pitch and rhythm;

2) it is closely related mnemonically to musical notation;

3) it requires only a single line of typewriter characters;

4) it is usable by anyone with some musical training;

5) it is easily recognizable as music from the symbols
alone;

6) it is applicable to all western music;

7) it is universally understandable and internationally
acceptable.

Pitches are indicated by capital letters, rests by a dash,
time values of notes and rests by numbers, and other quali-
fying terms by symbols and lower case letters. Precise loca-
tion of pitch is accomplished with a minimum of octave
symbols (commas and apostrophes).

North Carolina Libraries

References

! Claypool, Richard D. oArchival Collections of the
Moravian Music Foundation and Some Notes on the Philhar-
monic Society of Bethlehem,� Fontes artis musicae 23, 4
(1978): 180.

2 Jutta Reed-Scott, Issues in Retrospective Conversion: Report
of a Study Conducted for the Council on Library Resources (Wash-
ington, D.C.: Bibliographic Service Development Program
Council on Library Resources, Inc., May 1984): 4.

3 Reed-Scott, 15.

4 Music Catalog on CD-ROM (Washington, D.C.: Library of
Congress, Cataloging Distribution Service, 1994-)

5 Reed-Scott, 21.

6 OCLC is a major bibliographic utility. The regional mem-
bership cooperative for OCLC is SOLINET (Southeastern Li-
brary Network, Inc.), 1438 West Peachtree Street, N.W., Suite
200, Atlanta, GA 30309-2955. Tel. 1-800-999-8558. Fax no.
(404) 892-7879.

7 Sue Weiland, oMusic Scores: Retroconversion or
Recataloging?� Technical Services Quarterly 10, 1 (1992): 67.

8 Grant proposal for 1994-1995 to convert records for
4700 manuscripts of musical sources and 2200 rare early
printed and manuscript treatises on music at the Isham Me-
morial Library, Harvard University.

° Frances Cumnock, ed. Catalog of the Salem Congregation
Music (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980).

10 Marilyn Gombosi, comp. Catalog of the Johannes Herbst
Collection (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1970).

11 The RISM-U.S. Music Manuscripts Database is copy-
righted by the Joint Committee on RISM of the American
Musicological Society and the Music Library Association. It

is part of Repertoire International des Sources Musicales (Kassel:
Barenreiter, 1971-). To contact the U.S. RISM Office, send e-
mail to RISMHELP@RISM.HARVARD.EDU.

12 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (Ottawa: Canadian Li-
brary Association; Chicago: American Library Association,
1988).

13 OCLC, Bibliographic Formats and Standards (Dublin, Ohio:
OCLC, 1993-).

14 Library of Congress, Cataloging Policy and Support Of-
fice. Subject Cataloging Manual. Shelflisting (Washington, D.C.:
The Office, 1995).

1S Descriptive Cataloging of Rare Books (Washington, D.C.:
Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress, 1991).

16 Steven L. Hensen, comp. Archives, Personal Papers, and
Manuscripts: A Cataloging Manual for Archival Repositories, His-
torical Societies, and Manuscript Libraries (Chicago: Society of
American Archivists, 1989).

17 Barry S. Brook, and Murray Gould. oNotating Music with
Ordinary Typewriter Characters,� Fontes artis musicae 11
(1964): 143.

18 USMARC format is the standard for representing and
communicating bibliographic and authority records in ma-
chine-readable form.

19 Jackie M. Dooley, oAn Introduction to Authority Con-
trol for Archivists,� in Archives and Authority Control: Proceed-
ings of a Seminar Sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution Oc-
tober 27, 1987 (1989; reprint, Archives and Museum
Informatics Technical Report no. 6): 5-18.

20 Jeff Barry, Jose-Marie Griffiths, Gerald Lundeen. oThe
Changing Face of Automation,� Library Journal 120, 6 (April
1, 1995): 44-54.

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Recent Publications:

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North Carolina Regiments (5 vols.)
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Full Color Catalog (free upon request)

Summer 1997 " 89

orld

by Ralph Lee Scott

Battle of the Browsers:
~ Round Two

(hum ... wonder where they came up with that

name?), Internet users are eagerly awaiting the release
of the latest version of the two major Internet browsers:
MicrosoftTs Internet Explorer 4.0, and NetscapeTs Communica-
tor/Navigator 4.0 Suite. Both of these packages are now
available to be examined in beta release form.

The Communicator suite is called Netscape Communicator
Pro in the beta 4.0 release version, and consists of nine
software packages bundled in one: Navigator, Composer,
Collabra, Messenger, Profile Manager, Netscape Conference,
Netscape Calendar, IBM Host On-Demand, and Configure
Media Player. Navigator is the browser that most of us are
familiar with; Communicator is the Netscape version of an e-
mail program; Composer is an expanded hypertext markup
language editor/composer; Collabra is an electronic listserv/
news mail manager; Netscape Conference is an online
electronic real time discussion group manager; Netscape
Calendar is a personal electronic calendar; IBM Host On-
Demand is a telnet session launcher; and Configure Media
Player allows you to configure Communicator plug-ins. Plug-
ins are software application programs that run programs to
display .gif pictures, and run .mpeg movies.

Major enhancements to the Navigator 4.0 browser
include changes in the menu system, icons and toolbars.
The bookmarking system has an icon that divides into four
components: a navigation toolbar, a personal toolbar, a
location toolbar, and a component toolbar. When you click
on the bookmark icon folders the screen fills up with your
bookmarks which you can then arrange, edit, and click and
drag. For traditionalists the old bookmark pull down still
exists. The location toolbar has been added as an icon next
to the Web address field, which is located to the right of the
navigation toolbar. Underneath the navigation toolbar,
you will find your personal toolbar, indicated by Netscape
icons and the name of the toolbar (i.e. icon Bill Gates). For
example, you could have personal toolbars for subject areas,
hobbies, or the names of different persons who share
Netscape software on one machine.

The icon system of Navigator has been changed to
incorporate some of the more important features of former
pull down menus. For example, there is now an icon for
reload, that handy feature we have all come to enjoy! Large
arrow icons are provided for back and forward. Additional
icons include: home, search, places, print, and security.

The entire menu system has been redesigned and incorpo-

| ike the projected arrival of the Raleigh Hurricanes

90 " Summer 1997

rates a minimization bar. Basically what this means is that
the menu is divided into three sections, each of which can
be minimized at will to save screen space so that you can
better see your other Internet goodies. The three sections
consist of a top bar that contains the basic icons listed
above (home, reload, etc.), a middle bar that has the
navigation toolbar and the Web address field (which can be
expanded as a pull down menu for prior URLs), and a lower
bar which has the personal toolbar arranged in a row. This
allows you, for example, to minimize the personal toolbar
row to save space. Changing the bar back is just a click
away.

Netscape Messenger, in keeping with the modular nature
of Communicator, is a separate software package that
handles e-mail and listserv readers. This used to be part of
Navigator, but now you can manage your mail and reader
traffic through a series of mailboxes as you would in a
typical mail handling package such as Microsoft's Exchange.
Typically you have an inbox, an outbox, trash, personal
mailboxes, a new odraft� box, and boxes for newsgroup
readers. Large buttons on an icon bar enable you to edit
quickly and add groups and messages. These icon bars can
be minimized like the bars in Navigator.

Collabra is basically another private newsgroup reader
that has the ability to add internal newsgroups that you
create. For example, if you want to route a memo to a
group of people (say the History Department faculty), all
you have to do is create that group. People you give rights
to can read and add to this group discussion. You also can
have a suggestion box that people can write to but not read
or edit. So, for example, if you received a posting ona
listserv that you want to distribute to support staff, you
could move from Messenger to the appropriate group in
Collabra. Yet to be seen is whether users actually like this
method of communication transfer.

Communicator suite has an HTML page editor called
Composer. Composer can be used to create and edit mail,
documents, or Web pages. It is similar to a word processing
package like Word or WordPerfect. The design of Composer is
like the previous components of Communicator (minimized
bars, icons, buttons). Instead of adding the HTML code, the
user can click the appropriate function on the menubar and
add text or graphics. Composer has a built-in Java script
editor, a spell-checker, and templates to fill in to make page
construction even easier. When you get everything in the
tight order, a Composer routine can upload the page to the

North Carolina Libraries

server that you specify. Neat, efficient, and
a lot easier than learning HTML coding!

Conference is basically a software
package that allows you to chat and have a
conference meeting over the Internet.
People can send ideas, files, graphics, etc.
to the conference for all to read. This ia a
Netscape version of Cool Talk.

CommunicatorTs other features are
fairly standard. Profile Manager enables you
to set suite parameters; Configure Media
Player does what you would expect it to do.
Calendar is a standard electronic reminder
calendar; and IBM Host On-Demand is
basically a telnet launcher (TN3270).

With this new version of Navigator,
Netscape has changed from an all-in-one
browser to a bundled group of software
packages that explores the Internet. Given
the growth of applications on the Internet,
it makes sense to break out the different
applications into separate, integrated
software packages that can be launched
individually, but are linked together under
the Communicator suite. It remains to be
seen if the marketplace likes this type of
arrangement or prefers the integrated
approach that MicrosoftTs Internet Explorer
will continue to use in its 4.0 release.

URLs: www. microsoft.com/ie/
www. netscape.com/comprod/products/
communicator/

ABOUT THE AUTHORS ...

Phillip Barton
Education: B.A., Davis & Elkins College; M.L.S. Indiana University
Position: Director, Rowan Public Library, Salisbury (Building Consultant)

William R. Burgin
Education: B.A., North Carolina State University
Position: Architect, Ramsay Burgin Smith Architects, Salisbury

Fern Heib
Education: B.A., Bethel College; M.M., Washington University;
M.L.S., Simmons College
Position: Temporary Catalog Librarian, University of Arizona, Tucson
(formerly Reference Librarian & Coordinator of Document
Delivery, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, S.C.)

Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.
Education: B.Mus., East Carolina University; M.S., Drexel University;
Ph.D., University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Position: Director, Library Services and Professor, Catawba College

Kenneth E. Marks
Education: B.S. and Ph.D., lowa State University; M.L.S., University of
California, Berkely
Position: Director, Academic Library Services, East Carolina University

Thomas Moore
Education: A.A., Springfield College; B.A., Cardinal Glennon College;
M.S.L.S. Rosary College
Position: Director, Wake County Public Library System

Karen Perry
Education: B.A. and M.S.L.S., University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Position: Media Coordinator, Griffin Middle School, High Point

John Higgins, Sales Representative

ww
OXFORD

North Carolina Libraries

P.O. Box 21011
Columbia SC 29221

1-800-222-9086
Fax: 803-731-0320

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ea QUALITY BOOKS INC.

Summer 1997 " 91

"_"_"".

Dorothy Hodder, Compiler

im GrimsleyTs world is poor and violent. Winter winds blow through rattling sharecropper
cabins; pinto beans and cornbread stave off starvation but not hunger; alcohol-stoked fathers
beat their wives, children cower; and sex drifts about the edges of it all like a rib-thin yard dog.
GrimsleyTs world also has its talismans. There are slow rivers to lie down beside and
trestles that cross them. A dollTs foot appears in the dirt of a temporary sanctuary during the
height of danger. Fragments of hymns rise above kitchen sinks, near frosty morning wood-
piles, and in abandoned cemeteries. There are dreams and ghosts and, most
importantly, the murky places where they commingle.
If books are frigates that carry us to lands away, then GrimsleyTs is a destina-
Jim Grimsley. tion best visited through the safety of a spyglass.
My Drowning is Jim GrimsleyTs fourth novel, a prequel to his first, Winter

M y Dr own! ng Z Birds, which won the Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction and was a finalist for
Chapel Hill: Algonquin the PEN/Hemingway Award. His second work, Comfort and Joy, has yet to be
Books of Chapel Hill, 1997. published in the United States, and his third, Dream Boy, won the American
258 pp. $18.95. ISBN 1-56512-141-4. Library AssociationTs Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Book Award.

In My Drowning, Ellen Tote, old and comfortable with food enough in her
refrigerator, freezer, and pantry to last weeks, and camellias, roses, and azaleas
blooming in her back yard, remembers her childhood, a place where few things

bloomed except cotton and where an extra biscuit was as rare as a kind word. Her memories are driven
by a recurring dream that has been with her since childhood. Its central image is her lumbering mother,
leaning back and sliding quietly into a pond, her slip pulling free to float upon the water.

My Drowning surpasses Winter Birds. It is multilayered, well-paced, and is written in an unselfconscious,
graceful style. At its foundation is a multitude of gritty details: a chipped enamel slop jar; the pooled drool
of a crippled brother; the sixtiesT sunglasses and scarf Ellen wore as a young mother, a dress pulled tight
across a fleshy backside, the veiny limp breasts of a dying grandmother. This is powerful stuff. One must
quake alongside young Ellen as she nervously pans off before dressing each morning to fully know the
triumph shown by old EllenTs sweeping the dead blossoms from her yard.

I cannot imagine a North Carolina library doing without this " or any " of Jim GrimsleyTs works.

" Kevin Cherry
Rowan Public Library

f, as Kaye Gibbons recently said, Eudora Welty has been omother� to many young North Carolina
writers, including Reynolds Price at the beginning of his career, Price has been ofather� to a
number of writers whom he either taught at Duke, including Anne Tyler, or mentored, including
Fred Chappell.

In the first full-length study of PriceTs work in ten years, James A. Schiff, a professor of litera-
ture at the University of Cincinnati and author of numerous essays on American literature, notes
that the long overdue critical attention Price is currently receiving is the result of his recent
prodigious output " fourteen volumes in the nine years between 1986 and 1995 " and of the
more accessible style of his recent novels, especially those in which
Price has used a first-person point of view, Kate Vaiden (1986) and Blue
Calhoun (1995).

datpes pS chis. Schiff begins his immensely readable text with a brief biographical

Unders tanding Reynolds Price. sketch and a critical overview of PriceTs literary career, which he

divides into three phases, the last beginning in 1984 when Price

Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, learned that he had cancer of the spine. In this section Schiff is
1996. 217 pp. $24.95. ISBN 1-57003-126-6. particularly apt when he notes that ocultural matters and literary

92 " Summer 1997

fashion,� together with PriceTs rather difficult prose, as well as his

North Carolina Libraries

relentless interests in family, redemption, and mystery, had a great deal to do with
the critical neglect of PriceTs work before the publication of Kate Vaiden in 1986.

After his fine introduction, Schiff divides his analyses of the novels and two
volumes of memoirs into four sections: oThe Mustian Novels� (A Long and Happy Life,
A Generous Man, and Good Hearts); oThe Mayfield Trilogy� (The Surface of Earth, The
Source of Light, and The Promise of Rest); oArtists and Outlaws� (Kaye Vaiden, Blue
Calhoun, Love and Work, and The Tongues of Angels); and oMan of Letters� (Clear
Pictures and A Whole New Life). The text concludes with a complete bibliography of
PriceTs work, a bibliography of critical articles, and a selected bibliography of reviews,
followed by an index.

SchiffTs analyses are clear and reasonable, and his summaries and selection of
quotations from critical reviews and articles are well-chosen. There is little to quarrel
with, beyond his puzzling interpretation of the reason for Blue CalhounTs betrayal of
his wife Myra, whom Schiff says is osexually repressed.� Blue, on the contrary, several
times states that there is nothing wrong with his sexual life with Myra, and that his
infidelity was the result of mystery and the workings of Fate in his life. Price, a
believer in fate and mystery, stresses this idea throughout the novel. It would have
weakened the novel considerably had Price relied on the rather simplistic and
hackneyed reason usually given for menTs infidelities: their wivesT frigidity.

Other than this divergent interpretation of this aspect of Blue Calhoun, and the
authorTs qualified estimate that o[f]or those who admire and value his work, [Price]
has indeed become a major American literary figure,� Schiff is due nothing but praise
for his text. Belying its portable size and easy weight, the matter within has consider-
able heft, well worth the study of scholar, critic, and interested reader. Suitable for
academic, public, and school libraries.

" Sally Sullivan
The University of North Carolina at Wilmington

eorge Moses Horton is a unique individual, the first black American slave to
protest his confinement in poetry. He is also the first black to publish a book in
the South and the only slave to earn substantial income by selling poems. The
Black Bard of North Carolina: George Moses Horton and His Poetry borrows its title
from HortonTs The Poetical Works of George M. Horton, the Colored Bard of North-
- Carolina, published in 1845. The book provides biographical information and
selected poems.
Horton lived sixty-eight years as a slave and died at the age of eighty-six.
Existing laws prohibited slaves from learning to read and write, but Horton learned to do
both. Noted as an ambitious person, he started to learn the alphabet from old spelling books
and progressed to reading the Bible, hymnals, poetry, and
novels. Putting that training to practice, Horton began to
write poems. He also discovered that his writings could turn a
Joan R. Sherman profit as he found an audience of students at the University of

nile 0% North Carolina. During the free time that slaves had to
The Black Bard of North Carolina: themselves on the weekend, he walked eight miles to Chapel

George Moses Horton and his Poetry. Hill to sell fruit and poems. Horton benefited from the
opportunities to conduct these transactions within the

Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, tolerant environment of a oliberal� slave state.

1997. 158 pp. $29.95. ISBN 0-8078-2341-4. Rutgers University professor emerita Joan R. Sherman
deftly weaves together HortonTs life story and the history of
slavery in North Carolina. This work serves as an appropriate
follow-up to her most recent book, African-American Poetry of

the Nineteenth Century: An Anthology, which includes Horton as a featured poet. ShermanTs
newest book offers a near-comprehensive picture of the fabled poet, including a bibliography
of HortonTs writings, reference works, and critical and biographical sources. Included are
photocopy samples of HortonTs actual writings.

The book consists of two major sections. The introduction is a narrative of HortonTs life,
with critical analysis about his body of work. The second part is a selected collection of his
writings, drawn from three books and his uncollected poems. A notable aspect of HortonTs
work is that his writing style"and perhaps even his topics"mirrored those of his white
contemporaries. Horton did not ignore slavery as a topic, writing about it in a strong voice,
but he used it sparingly. Academic and public libraries should buy this book.

" Lawrence D. Turner
Queens College

North Carolina Libraries Summer 1997 " 93

alt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes have written a study of the well-known dialect,
or brogue, spoken on the barrier island of Ocracoke. Located off the Outer Banks of
North Carolina, Ocracoke (whose natives refer to themselves as OTCokers) has been
exposed to such a variety of linguistic influences, yet at the same time has been so
isolated, that its dialect is a linguistTs gold mine. The authorsT intensive study of
Ocracoke dialect, involving as much on-site acquaintance with everyday conversation as
academic analysis, offers something of interest for a range of readers, from the inquisitive
traveler to the specialist in regional language differences.
For those interested in the technicalities of usage and the evolution of word forms,
Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks is replete with tables, comparative informa-
tion, and historical background. One need not be a linguist, however, to
Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes. enjoy the wealth of stories about the engaging individuals who were
° ° interviewed and quoted at length. Indeed, Wolfram and Schilling-Estes
Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks. have integrated themselves effectively into the culture of Ocracoke and
Chapel Hill: The University of North thus are able to offer a window into highly informal and natural
Carolina Press, 1997. 192 pp. dialogues. Perhaps the most delightful feature of the book, and one
Cloth, $29.95. ISBN 0-8078-2318-X. which will make it a worthwhile addition to public as well as academic
Paper, $14.95. ISBN 0-8078-4626-0. libraries, is the compilation of an OTCoker vocabulary and a test of
competence for the off-islander, locally known as a dingbatter.

After reading this truly informative and enjoyable book, this reviewer
concluded that not only is it all right to say omight could,� it is also
more fun; recoiled in horror from a videotape which purported to cleanse the viewer of all
speech contaminants such as accents and regional phrases; and nicknamed our portly and
none-too-bright cat as Wampus Cat. A series of family members picked up and devoured
the book while visiting, stimulating a new enthusiasm for the social aspects of dialects in
areas where we have lived: the Shenandoah Mountains and the Tidewater region of Vir-
ginia. Both of these dialects are discussed in Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks, and, according to
the authors, each shares some characteristics with the Ocracoke brogue.

" Meredith Merritt
University of North Carolina at Charlotte

ince childhood, Walker Fann has been a man of few words and few visible emotions,

reluctantly but predictably fulfilling the expectations of his domineering father, the

chairman of the board and owner of the town newspaper. When WalkerTs temper flares

after he single-handedly causes his softball team to lose the playoffs one summer night in

St. Andrews, North Carolina, it sets off a chain of events that no one in the town could
have predicted would have had its origin with Walker.

Somehow this night things are different. His wife has recently died, and Walker and his two
children have moved in with his parents. Perhaps this is why Walker allows his
emotions to drive him. In any case, the anger that caused his public outburst on
the softball field eventually targets a young black boy who steals WalkerTs

Howard Owen. softball glove. The boy is caught and Walker presses charges, putting into
motion the events that will disrupt his comfortable, white, middle class life and
The Measured Man. alter the face of his small southern town forever.

New York: HarperCollins Publishers, The boy is the son of one of WalkerTs former schoolmates, Raymond Justus,
1997. 259 pp. $23.00. a man who helped integrate the townTs schools in his younger days and who
ISBN 0-06-018654-2. supports the construction of a slavery museum in St. Andrews, an idea to which

most of the white business people in town, including WalkerTs father, are

vehemently opposed. As Walker and Raymond renew their friendship, it be-
comes apparent to Walker that he must act on his convictions that St. Andrews needs the slavery
museum in order to mend old rifts between the races and to create dialogue where none has been.
Acting on these convictions is more than simply defying his father, however, and soon the reality of
what he is up against" nearly 70 years of deliberate suppression of the truth " almost manages to
silence him once again.

With The Measured Man, Howard Owen reexamines many of the themes he previously explored
in his earlier novels, Little John, Fat Lightning, and Answers to Lucky. He is honest about the damage
caused by bigotry and hypocrisy, and in the character of Walker Fann, Owen bravely illustrates why
the personal must become political in order for our society to move forward.

Recommended for public libraries, high school libraries, and academic libraries.

" Adrienne Ehlert
" East Garner Middle School

94 " Summer 1997 North Carolina Libraries

rom 1943 to 1958, the employees at the Harriet and Henderson Mills in
Henderson, North Carolina, had the unique experience of being
represented by a union. Like Night & Day focuses primarily on those
fifteen years when the Textile Workers Union of America (TWUA) held
onto a small segment of the stateTs textile industry workforce.

Contrary to the supposedly southern anti-union sentiment of the
time, the mill workers actively welcomed the unionTs arrival and felt that they
benefited from their union membership. Not only did unionization bring better
wages and benefits, it also offered workers a way to present their grievances with mill

owners and supervisors and have them arbitrated. Author Daniel J.
Carter contends that it was those grievances and arbitration rights that
Daniel J. Clark. the workers found most appealing, as they offered a practical recourse
° ° . ae ° to the perceived arbitrary and whimsical management practices
Like N igh t & Da y: Unionization Setalent in the mills. Cane: goes into great detail to ae examples of

in a Southern Mill Town how grievances and arbitration affected the worklife of the millTs

employees.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina In 1958, union and management contract negotiations broke
Press, 1997. 260 pp. Paper, $16 9S. down over the central issues of workersT grievance and arbitration
ISBN 0-8078-4617-1. rights. The mill owners brought in a strike-breaking workforce. Gover-

nor Luther Hodges had to station state troopers and, ultimately,
National Guard troops in Henderson to keep order. In the end, mill
management broke the strike and ended the TWUATs fifteen-year
presence at Harriet and Henderson.
Daniel J. ClarkTs outstanding research and lucid writing provide yet another
Sa interesting and important chapter of North CarolinaTs labor history. Using oral
ght & day history tapes he made with some of the TWUA mill workers and having direct access
to Harriet and Henderson management's actual working files, Clark allows the reader
to see both sides of the action simultaneously. In particular, transcriptions from the
oral history tapes give this volume a oYou Are There� flavor that heightens the
narrative action. Clark also examines the background and the development of the
Harriet and Henderson mills and the impact that the mills had on the community
prior to the arrival of the TWUA.

This volume is highly recommended for all North Carolina history collections,
for collections dealing with labor relations and unionization in the South, and for
collections concerned with the textile industry. This volume contains source notes,
bibliography, and is indexed.

na southern mill town

"John Welch
State Library of North Carolina

arly twentieth-century America saw a nationwide boom in the creation of large
country dwellings. One of the most spectacular was Reynolda, the country estate of
Katharine Reynolds and her husband, R.J., the famous tobacco entrepreneur. Located
three miles outside of downtown Winston (now Winston-Salem), North Carolina,
Reynolda included a post office, two churches, and two schools, making it more a
self-sufficient village than just a country home. Barbara MayerTs Reynolda, a History of
an American Country House describes this elaborate estate by examining
the historical, social, and personal aspects of Reynolda and its creators.
Mayer accurately documents ReynoldaTs creation in the early
twentieth century, its restoration in the mid-1930s, and, finally, its

ea ee transformation into a modern Museum of American Art. Taking her
Reynolda: A History of an information from original correspondence, countless interviews, and
; thorough study of the Reynolds family papers, the author engages the
American Coun ty House. reader in the lives of this prestigious family. By studying the estate

through its creators, she exposes the personal influence that the fimily,
especially Katharine Reynolds, had on Reynolda and on the community.

Mayer continues her comprehensive history by examining the
personalities of the original architects and inhabitants of all parts of
Reynolda. The story of Reynolda then is traced through the eccentric
lives of the Reynolds children and the restoration efforts of Mary
Reynolds Babcock and Barbara Babcock Millhouse. The many photos which illustrate
the work, although not printed as well as one would wish, do establish a concrete image
of the Reynolds family, their employees, and Reynolda in all stages of its history.

Winston-Salem; John F. Blair, 1997.
143 pp. $19.95. ISBN 0-89587-155-6.

North Carolina Libraries Summer 1997 " 95
a

Though she is experienced in writing about design, decoration, and crafts,
this book is Mayer's first attempt at an historical work. Beyond achieving her
basic goal of presenting ReynoldaTs history in a thorough and well-organized
manner, she weaves the lives of the people and the history of the country home
together to produce a rich documentary. Though very informative and factual,
Mayer avoids being dry; her journalistic experience and talent are evident in her
engaging style. The author's study in the history of decorative art informs her
discussion of Reynolda as the showplace it was in its early years, as well as the
modern museum it is today. Because of its accuracy, thoroughness, and compre-
hensive index, this work is appropriate for research, public, and junior high and
high school libraries as an important and interesting history as well as a valuable

research tool.
" Laura Baxle
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST ...

North CarolinaTs favorite quilter has patched together an assortment of projects of varying
levels of difficulty in Georgia BonesteelTs Patchwork Potpourri. The workbook-size book
features color photographs, detailed instructions with diagrams, and templates for some 20
projects. Bonesteel is the author of six other quilting books, but is best known for the series
oLap Quilting with Georgia Bonesteel,� produced by the UNC Center for Public Television
(1997; University of North Carolina Press, P.O. Box 2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288, 124
Pp. paper, $21 95; ISBN 0-8078-4660-0.)

Allen de Hart, author of North Carolina Hiking Trails and many other hiking guides, has
added two new titles to his list. Trails of the Triangle describes over 200 hikes in the
Raleigh/Durham/Chapel Hill area, and Trails of the Triad covers over 140 hikes in the
WinstonSalem/Greensboro/High Point area. The small paperback volumes would fit easily ae nm a ,
in a backpack for a daytrip, and include basic descriptions of the trail areas with addresses Jeorgia Doneotoel y
and telephone numbers for more information. Trail maps are marked for hikers, bikers, Patehwork Potpourri
horseback riders, and handicapped persons, and include locations of telephones, restrooms, pppoe ka A

picnic areas, campsites, and parking areas. The author recommends also investing in county

maps for the more rural walks. Both books include indexes to the trails, a list of addresses

for useful resources, and a list identifying handicapped accessible and interpretive trails. (1997; John E. Blair, Publisher, 1406
Plaza Drive, Winston-Salem, NC 27103; Trails of the Triangle: 163 pp.; paper, $11.95; ISBN 0-89587-160-2; Trails of the Triad:
130 pp.; paper, $11.95; ISBN 0-89587-161-0.)

Another handy guidebook is Wildflowers of the Blue Ridge Parkway by J. Anthony
id what Alderman. The first section is a field guide to the flowers, sensibly arranged by color.
A There follows a list of the 75 best wildflower sites on the Parkway and the flowers that
1 / d ] OVW AAS may be expected to be blooming at each one during the spring, summer, and fall, keyed
Si bit to the ParkwayTs mileposts. Color photographs of each flower are printed all together at
of the Blu�,� Ridge Parkway the end of the volume, after the brief glossary, bibliography, and indexes to flowers and
z 2 : sites. (1997; University of North Carolina Press, P.O. Box 2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-
2288; 222 pp.; paper, $12.95; ISBN 0-8078-4651-1.)

Two useful sources of state history have been reprinted by the Division of Archives and
History after being long out of print. They are Indian Wars in North Carolina, 1663-
1763, by E. Lawrence Lee, first published in 1963; and A Chronicle of North Carolina
during the American Revolution, 1763-1789, by Jeffrey J. Crow, first published in 1975.
(1997; Historical Publications Section, Division of Archives and History, 109 E. Jones
Street, Raleigh, NC 27601-2807; Indian Wars: 94 pp.; paper, $6.00; ISBN 0-86526-084-2;
A Chronicle: 61 pp.; paper, $6.00, ISBN 0-86526-110-5.)

Allen Paul Speer has delved into his own family history in Voices from Cemetery Hill,
editing the Civil War diary, reports, and letters of Colonel William Henry Asbury Speer,
written between 1861 and 1864. Colonel Speer was from Yadkin County, and although
opposed to slavery and secession, he served in the 28th Regiment, North Carolina
troops. He fought in 16 major battles of the Civil War, was wounded twice in battle and
served time in Northern prison camps, and was elected to the North Carolina Senate a
few weeks before his death from wounds received at the Battle of ReamsT Station (1997;
Overmountain Press, P.O. Box 1261, Johnson City, TN 37605; xiv, 221 pp.; paper, $19.95;
ISBN 1-57072-050-9.)

96 " Summer 1997 North Carolina Libraries

he aguiappe' North Canrcliniana

*Lagniappe (lafi-yapT, lah� yapT) n. An extra or unexpected gift or benefit. [Louisiana French]

compiled by Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.

Reel North Carolina:
Movies Filmed in the Old North State

The movie industry has come to North Carolina, an exciting proposition not only for the movie producers, who like our cli-
mate and local scenery, but also for the citizens of Wilmington, Asheville, Charlotte, Graham County, and other locales who
need the job opportunities it brings. Drama majors throughout North Carolina show up for the crowd scenes " a chance to
be a star, make a cameo appearance, or at least gain some experience in front of the camera. And, of course, the union-scale
wages donTt hurt either.

The following reviews of movies filmed in North Carolina demonstrate quite clearly the quality of films produced in our
own backyard. Enjoy these reviews submitted by your colleagues, who are avid movie buffs and competent critics.

Most of the reviews this time are of movies for adults. One movie with a PG-13 rating is suitable for young adults. None
of the movies reviewed is suitable for children. With your help in discovering them, this glaring omission will be corrected in
future columns.

Movie reviews are solicited for any movie filmed or set in North Carolina, or for any movie that features a prominent North
Carolina actor or screenwriter. Your review should make clear that special North Carolina connection. Mail or e-mail your re-
view to: Plummer Alston Jones, Jr., Catawba College Library, 2300 W. Innes St., Salisbury, NC 28144; PAJONES@catawba.edu

The Journey of August King, in typical Miramax film fashion, is filled with lush vistas and beautiful
natural scenery. It takes me back to childhood days of playing in the woods and family trips to the
North Carolina Appalachian mountains. I could smell the damp earth and feel the coolness of the
running water. The motion picture was filmed, and takes place in, North Carolina. While the North
Carolina accents are not perfect, they do not grate on the ears as some attempts do.

The Journey of August King Jason Patric plays the lead role of August King, a farmer who helps a runaway
(1995). 92 minutes; VHS; Color; slave named Annalees Williamsburg escape to freedom in the North. Thandie
Rating: PG-13; $14.67 (re-release). Newton (also in Jefferson in Paris) plays Annalees. Those who know Larry Drake as
Available from: Ingram Library Services | Benny Stulwicz in LA Law from 1987 to 1994, will be pleasantly surprised with his
(1-800-937-5300, ext. 2). performance as Olaf Singleterry, the slave owner.

What makes this film special is that it does not rely solely upon the drama of the
ever-present possibility of being caught. The tension of the moral dilemma found in one manTs
struggle between the desire to obey the laws of man and the need to obey the law of humanity is
compelling. August makes difficult decisions with full knowledge of hard penalties. This journey is as
metaphysical as it is physical, creating an affinity between the characters and drawing in the audience.

Directed by John Guigan, The Journey of August King is based on the book by John Ehle, a resident
of Winston-Salem. The book is available in paperback from Hyperion, New York (ISBN 0-7868-8031-7).
For more information on this movie, take a look at the Internet Movie Database, Ltd.: http://
us.imdb.com/cache/title-exact/51402

" Lauren Corbett, Queens College

If you expect the videotape of The Last of the Mohicans to be a faithful adaptation of the James Fenimore
Cooper novel, you will be disappointed. What it is, however, is an entertaining trip to colonial America
in all its natural beauty and, sometimes, in all its unnatural brutality.

The lush scenery of the Appalachian mountains of western North Carolina is

The Last of the Mohicans used as a backdrop to present the northern New York State territory of the mid-
(1993). 114 minutes; VHS; Color; 1700s. The setting reminds us of a time before the land was stripped and spoiled " a
Rating: R; $14.98. Available from: time when nature was revered and held in high regard. This is evident in the

Facets Video (1-800-331-6197). opening scene when the hunters take the time to thank the spirit of the deer, which

they have just killed, for providing sustenance.
Director Michael Mann, who directed the fast-paced cop show Miami Vice, co-produced the film with
Hunt Lowry, and co-wrote the screenplay with Christopher Crowe. Daniel Day-Lewis, Best Actor Acad-

North Carolina Libraries Summer 1997 " 97

emy Award winner for his role in My Left Foot, is Hawkeye, also called Nathaniel, the adopted white son
of Chingachgook, the Mohican of the title. Hawkeye spends most of his time rescuing the Munro sisters
and, in the process, falls in love with the older one, Cora, portrayed by Madeleine Stowe. The Native
American activist Russell Means takes on the role of Chingachgook. While the film did not win any
Oscars for its actors, it did win the award for Best Sound.

The screenplay is based loosely on the novel and a 1936 Randolph Scott movie. When Cora, her
sister Alice, and their escort, Major Duncan Heyward, are introduced, they are traveling to Fort William
Henry to join their father, a British officer defending the fort from attack by the French. Soon they are led
into an ambush by their guide, the Huron brave, Magua. This is the point at which Hawkeye,
Chingachgook, and ChingachgookTs natural son, Uncas, come to the rescue. The adventure is only
beginning, as there is another ambush to come, along with a raid on the fort " where constant bombard-
ments light up the night sky " an escape and chase down a river and through the woods, a cave hidden
behind a waterfall, and a woman flinging herself over a cliff to escape the ofate worse than death.�

Filmed on location at Chimney Rock, North Carolina, and at the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, the
panoramic scans of the scenery are not lost to the videotape audience because of the letterbox format,
with the black bands at top and bottom. Therefore, while the grandeur of the big screen cannot be
totally captured, it is not compromised by cutting the film to fit the television screen.

Best of all is the beautiful North Carolina scenery, which is readily available to anyone who would
care to hike Chimney Rock or visit Biltmore Estate. So enjoy the views on the video and, then, enjoy
them in person.

" Rodney Lippard, Catawba College

The mountains of Graham County, North Carolina, star in Nell, a 1995 film directed by Michel Apted,
the British filmmaker famous for his 7 Up series. Also in the picture are Jody Foster, Liam Neeson, and
Natasha Richardson.

Foster, in an Academy Award-nominated role, plays Nell, a wild child reared by her hermit
mother in a far-off cabin in the North Carolina wilderness. With only a stroke-impaired parent to
teach her, Nell grows up to speak a language all her own. When a grocery delivery boy discovers the

body of NellTs dead mother, Neeson enters the picture. He is the sensitive, Irish-
Nell (1995). 113 minutes; VHS; Color; born country doctor who leaves his practice for three months to ease the barefoot

Rating: R; $19.98. Available from: innocent " at least slightly " into the twentieth century and a more understand-

Baker and Taylor (1-800-775-2600, ext. able version of standardized English. He does this so that Nell can continue living
2026), Facets Video (1-800-331-6197), in her cabin by the creek.

or CBS/Fox Video (1-800-457-0686). Richardson (NeesonTs wife in real life) is the country doctorTs scientific competi-

nt RENIN CRETE Cutten enter eee ey ot SOR OMN thee Gityronehanottie: She initially wants to cart Nell from the woods to
a psychiatric hospital, but, as often happens in film, she and the sensitive country doctor reach a level
of higher understanding by being exposed to NellTs childlike wonder and naked interpretive dance.
This movie was designed to be a star vehicle for Jody Foster. She co-produced the film along with
her partner, Renee Missel, who fell in love with the character of Nell after watching a Los Angeles
production of Indioglossia, the play upon which the film was based. Reviewers called Nell fatuous, self-
serving, useless, simplistic, and sentimental. But what do they know? ItTs a good date movie, as long as
the date isnTt too bothered by contrived plots. (Nell gives a climactic courtroom speech that would
make even Raymond Burr proud.) The date had better be accepting of HollywoodTs version of psychol-
ogy, too. (NellTs afraid of men? Then show her the good doctorTs penis. A few giggles later, and that
phobia is conquered.)
Although reviewers applied a wide variety of adjectives to the film, they had one word for the
North Carolina setting. Gorgeous. Yep, yaT gotta agree.
" Kevin Cherry, Rowan Public Library

Ruth Anne (nicknamed Bone), born out of wedlock to Anney Boatwright in 1950sT South Carolina,

Knows a life of poverty, but is nourished by a strong bond with her mother. AnneyTs marriage to oDaddy

Glenn� Waddell changes BoneTs life forever, as she is subjected to beatings and escalating sexual molesta-
tion. Although Anney knows at some level that Bone is being abused, she is conflicted

Bastard Out of Carolina (1996). by her need for GlennTs love despite her close bond with Bone. When AnneyTs family
180 minutes; VHS; Color; Rating: R; realizes that Glenn is beating Bone, the men beat him. Bone leaves to live with
$97.99. Available from: BMG Video, relatives, and Anney leaves Glenn " but the dynamics of GlennTs jealousy and

1540 Broadway, 26th Fl., New York, NY obsession, as well as AnneyTs dependence on Glenn, result in a shattering conclusion.
10036-4021; (1-800-678-1552). An emotionally searing film with flawless performances, Bastard is also an

a SiS :
outstanding directorial debut by Angelica Huston. Although quite controversial

because of the strong subject matter, it is presented in context and not sensationalized. That said, this
is not a film suitable for children or some adults. It is a serious film, a portrait of an extreme family
situation, and a character study, revealing the depths of the likable as well as the despicable.
Essentially, the story is that of a child who loves, and is loved by, her mother, but is caught
between the rages, weakness, and jealousy of her stepfather and the inability of her mother totally to

98 " Summer 1997 North Carolina Libraries

abandon that manTs love despite her bond with her child.
Libraries with collections of serious films intended for an adult audience should consider Bastard,
with the reservations about audience suitability noted above.
" Melody Moxley, Rowan Public Library

I knew Wilmington had hit the big time in movie-making when, in the summer of 1987, I walked into
a friendTs home in Laurel, Montana, and saw my alma mater, New Hanover High School, filling the
television screen as a setting for David LynchTs 1986 film, Blue Velvet. As a lifetime
fan of film, it was a thrilling moment to see that familiar site, along with many
other local spots so far out of context, over a thousand miles away in a movie that
some say is as classic as HitchcockTs Psycho or ScorceseTs Taxi Driver.

Could the director who came up with the freakish Eraserhead and earned an Oscar
nomination for the highly acclaimed The Elephant Man actually choose Wilmington as
a place to form his craft? Evidently he could, and today Wilmington boasts a thriving
community of filmmakers and has become a second home to such film people as VélvetTs co-star, Dennis
Hopper. WilmingtonTs success has helped to make North Carolina a leader in film production.

For anyone unfamiliar with LynchTs unique and eerie style from his television program, Twin Peaks, or
his latest narratively challenged movie, Lost Highway, Blue Velvet is a good introduction to the director's
darkly strange mix of everyday life and the bizarre. This is apparent from the opening scenes of the movie
where we get a tour of the squeaky clean town of Lumberton, the name given to Wilmington in the film.
Everything looks as normal as Mayberry until the camera peeks a little closer. A severed and decaying
human ear covered by ants is discovered in a field by the straight-as-an-arrow hero of the film played by
Kyle MacLachlan. When a visit to the police produces few results in solving the mystery of the ear, the
young man begins his own investigation with the help of a detectiveTs daughter played by Laura Dern.

Their snooping soon involves Isabella RoselliniTs character, whose child and husband have been
kidnapped by a sadistic Dennis Hopper. The innocence of the young would-be sleuths is contrasted
with the seedy underworld they discover. As MacLachlan attempts to help the seductive, but troubled
Rosselini, his character is eventually tested and pushed to violent means.

After an explosive confrontation between good and evil, the film concludes by returning to a
Disneyesque vision of a small Southern town where a mother hugs her child in the park and young
lovers admire a bird from a kitchen window. Such charming images of American life no longer enchant
us now that Lynch has taken us below the surface.

Wilmington and North Carolina can be proud to be part of such artistic and insightful filmmaking.

" William H. King, Division of State Library

Blue Velvet (1986). 120 minutes;
VHS; Color; Rating: R. Available from:
out-of-print (look for re-release or try
out-of-print vendors).

EBSCO

INFORMATION SERVICES

PH. ELE A D-ECR IN INTEGRATED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

North Carolina Libraries Summer 1997 " 99
"

NorTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Minutes of the Executive Board
April 18, 1997, Cumberland County Public Library and Information Center

Members and Guests present: Dave Fergusson, Steve Sumerford, Rhoda Channing, Jerry
Thrasher, Pauletta Bracy, Teresa McManus, Beverley Gass, Cynthia Cobb, Martha Davis, Karen
Perry, Sue Ann Cody, Kathryn Crowe, Patrick Valentine, Wanda Brown, Jackie Beach, Barbara
Levergood, Robert Burgin, Marsha Wells, John Via, Tracy Babiasz, Sheila Core, Lou Bryant,
Barbara Akinwole, Ginny Gilbert, Edna Cogdell, Gene Lanier, Gwen Jackson

President Fergusson called the meeting to
order at 10:00 am. After a few typographical
errors were corrected, President Fergusson
asked for a motion that the minutes from the
January 17,1997 be approved. Robert Burgin
made the motion, which was seconded by
Patrick Valentine. The motion passed
unanimously.

PresidentTs Report

President Fergusson reported that Capital
Consortium had requested permission to
post an announcement on the NCLA listserv.
Since Capital Consortium is a for-profit
company, he felt that it was not appropriate.
The group agreed. President Fergusson also
reported that the AIDS Awareness committee
is still not active and that there is no one
who wants to take responsibility for the
committee. He has received some comments
that the committee is no longer needed or
that it should be under NCASL. He will write
a letter to NCASL regarding the status of the
committee.

TreasurerTs Report

Wanda Brown thanked Marsha Wells for
preparing the report in a manner that is
easier to understand. Our year to date
revenue is $51,498.25. Our year to date
expenses are $13,712.26. The budget for
1997 is $82,740. Total assets are
$122,619.50. Karen Perry asked about
whether this report was based on fund
accounting. Marhsa Wells explained that the
budget report showed only administrative
and operating expenses. Patrick Valentine
pointed out that we don not have funds for
conference grants at this time.

Administrative AssistantTs Report
Marsha Wells reported that current
membership is 1534. 501 former members
have not renewed and membership in
almost all sections and round tables is down.
Dave Fergusson suggested that names of
non-renewing members be given to the
section chairs so that they can contact
members who have not renewed.

100 " Summer 1997

Reports from Sections
and Round Tables

College and University Section

Kathryn Crowe reported that the Academic
Curriculum Librarians will hold a discussion
on accreditation criteria with representatives
from NCATE and the Department of Public
Instruction. The section will sponsor a
meeting on NC LIVE with Susan Nutter,
Library Director at NCSU, as speaker. The BI
Interest Group sponsored a workshop on
May 23rd in Wilmington, oTeaching for
Knowledge - Not Just for Information -
Freshmen Instruction and the LibraryTs
Role.� The section has also discussed
strategies to recruit new members to the
section, including identifying new librarians
and developing a brochure.

Community and Junior College

Libraries Section

Sheila Core reported that the Executive
Committee of the section met on November
22, 1996 and discussed the proposed merger
with the College and University Section. It
was decided to survey both present and
potential members of CJCS to see how they
felt about the proposal. The section distrib-
uted a survey in late March to 157 present
and/or potential members of the section,
with approximately 22% of the surveys
having been returned by April 16th. Due to
the lack of program grant funds, the section
decided not to attempt to present a program
at the Learning Resources Conference, but
plans are being made for the NCLA biennial
conference.

Documents

Barbara Levergood reported that the board of
the Documents Section had some concerns
about the correct interpretation of the policy
regarding registration fees for non-members
who attend workshops and conferences
sponsored by NCLA sections and round
tables. The Documents Section is planning a
Spring Workshop presented by Ken Rogers of
STAT-USA (US Department of Commerce) on

their STAT-USA/Internet service on the World
Wide Web and on the National Trade Data
Bank (NTDB) CD-ROM product. They are
also planning a Fall Program on access to
government documents via the Internet.

Library Administration and

Management Section

Robert Burgin made a motion that o the
NCLA Executive Board add a non-codified
policy to specify that the books for the
conference financial report be completed by
the end of the second quarter of the year
following the conference.� Karen Perry
seconded the motion. After discussion, the
motion passed. LAMS is negotiating with the
Library Administration and Management
Association of ALA to co-sponsor a pre-
conference for the 1997 Biennial Conference.
The pre-conference is LAMATs 1997 institute,

which is entitled oStaffing Issues for the Year
2000.�

North Carolina Association of School

Librarians

Karen Perry reported that the NCASL
Executive Board met on March 6, 1997 in
Research Triangle Park She noted that there
had been much discussion of the issues
related to NCASL and NCLA. They adopted
a budget of approximately $19,000
including NCASL and NCLA held accounts
for the year 1997. An ad hoc committee on
flexible scheduling presented a draft of a
pamphlet for principals to support media
specialists and supervisors attempting to
implement flexible scheduling in elemen-
tary and middle schools. The winners of
the Children Book Awards and the Junior
Book Award were selected by the childrenTs
votes across North Carolina. Officer Buckle
and Gloria won the ChildrenTs Book Award
with an overwhelming 13,000+ votes and
Wicked Jack won the Junior Book Award.
The Battle of the Books Committee has
selected the 1998 booklist.

Public Library Section

The section is making plans for the biennial

North Carolina Libraries

conference. Margaret Maron will be one of
the speakers sponsored by the Public Library
Section and the Roundtable on the Status of
Women.

Reference and Adult Services Section
Sue Ann Cody reported that RASS has
booked Joel Achenbach as luncheon speaker
for Thursday, October 9th. Mr. Achenbach is
a journalist for the Washington Post, a
commentator on National Public RadioTs
Morning Edition, and the author of Why
Things Are and Why Things Aren't.

Resources and Technical Services Section
Ginny Gilbert reported that RTSS has
planned four programs for the Biennial
Conference. The main one features Arnold
Hirchon, Vice Provost for Information
Resources at Lehigh University and co-author
of the recently published book, Outsourcing
Library Technical Services.

New Members Round Table

The NMRT will soon finalize plans for
NMRTTs Big Adventure, a workshop to be
held June 20th. The event will include
tours of three libraries in the Durham area:
Perkins Library at Duke University, Durham
County Public Library, and the National
Humanities Center; and lunch at the
Durham Public Library. This will be an
opportunity for new members to observe
different types of libraries and to meet other
new members. NMRT will be involved in
three conference programs. They will also
have a luncheon/business meeting with an
author as speaker.

NC Library Paraprofessional

Association

The round table is planning a series of
workshops to include oManaging Interli-
brary Loans� and oSearching the World
Wide Web.� Sydney Pierce, Associate
Professor, UNC School of Information/
Library Science, has committed to present a
workshop on oCollection Development
Using Free Resources from the Internet.�

Round Table for Ethnic Minority

Concerns

REMCO is planning for an upcoming
newsletter edition to include such items as
the announcement of the NCLA Program
speaker, a call for nominations for the
Roadbuilders Award, and the appointment
of a nomination committee to prepare a
slate of officers for the next biennium. The
roundtable further discussed Board activities
related to participation in the National
conference for African American Librarians.
Claude Clegg, author of An Original Man:
The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad, was
confirmed as the speaker for the NCLA
biennial conference. Dr. Clegg is a professor
of history at North Carolina A&T State
University.

Round Table on the Status of Women
RTSW is planning activities for the biennial
conference.

Technology and Trends
Technology and Trends is sponsoring an
HTML workshop at Forsyth Tech on April

North Carolina Libraries

25th and they are making plans for the
conference.

Committee Reports

Conference Committee

Beverly Gass made a motion that each non-
NCLA group be charged a $5 service fee for
each ticket sold to a meal function. Gwen
Jackson seconded. The motion and the
motion carried.

Given the need of NCLA to increase
revenues, the Conference Committee voted
to recommend to the NCLA Executive Board
that all meal functions sponsored by a
section, roundtable, or other conference
presenter/group be charged a service fee by
the NCLA Conference.

The Registration Subcommittee will
contract with David Workman to rewrite the
registration program to run in a Windows
95 environment. The Publicity Subcommit-
tee has designed the Conference program
cover and established the olook� of all
conference materials. Sharon Johnston,
Publicity Chair and Public Relations Director
of the Public Library in Charlotte and
Mecklenburg County, will also manage the
development of web pages for the confer-
ence. The web pages are scheduled to be
publicly available by the end of May when
the first reminder announcement of the
conference will be mailed. A full conference
program will be available on the web pages
at that time.

Constitution Codes and Handbook
The committee proposed that the board
recommend the following bylaws change:
Amend Article 2, Section 5 of the bylaws as
follows:
Directors-at-Large. The Directors
assume such other duties as are
assigned by the President. In case of a
vacancy, the Executive Board shall
appoint a Director to serve until the
next regular election is held.

The Constitution, Codes and Handbook
Revision Committee passed along to the
Administrative Assistant amendments to the
NMRT and NCASL bylaws, duly passed by
those sections, for inclusion in the hand-
book. The committee placed language in the
handbook stating that NCLA biennial
conferences shall not conflict with religious
holidays, as per board action (Non-codified
Policies, 2.4.1). The committee placed into
the handbook as non-codified policies three
Financial Vitality Committee recommenda-
tions approved by the Executive Board.
Policy 2.1.3 specifies the amount of reduc-
tion in workshop, conference, etc. fees as $25
or 50 percent, whichever is less. (The
committee drafted partial language and
following clarification of the Financial
Vitality CommitteeTs intent, the chair
completed the language and forwarded it for
inclusion). Policy 2.2.7 requires the Finance
Committee to make a recommendation for
the allocation of conference net funds
during the budget planning process that
includes a conference start-up reserve. Policy
2.2.8 states that effective January 1, 1998,
each committee, section, and round table of

NCLA shall contribute $5 to the NCLA for
each paid registrant to conferences (except
the biennial conference), workshops, etc.
The policy also states that the NCASL will
contribute $5 only for each paid registrant to
its biennial conference.

NCLA PROPOSED CONSTITUTION/
BYLAWS AMENDMENTS

Amend the CONSTITUTION, Article VI,
Section 1:
ARTICLE VI. EXECUTIVE BOARD

1. The officers of the Association, the
Past President, the representatives of the
Association to the American Library
Association Council, the North Carolina
member of the Executive Board of the
Southeastern Library Association, the editor
of North Carolina Libraries, and the chair of
each section and round table, and others as
stipulated in the AssociationTs bylaws shall
constitute the Executive Board. A parliamen-
tarian may be appointed by the President as
a non-voting member. The Administrative
Assistant shall serve as a non-voting ex-
officio member.

Amend the BYLAWS by adding to Article IV,
Section 5S:

5. Sections and Round Tables whose paid
membership on March 31 prior to the
biennial conference exceeds 350 members
shall name one additional representative to
serve as a voting member of the NCLA
Executive Board. For every 200 members
above the initial 350, the section or round
table shall name one additional representa-
tive to serve as a voting member of the NCLA
Executive Board.

Finance Committee

Teresa McManus discussed changes in the
NCLA Financial Procedures for Operating
Funds. The committee recommends
ononoperating� funds be handled by the
same procedures as ooperating funds.� She
asked that we consider the changes and send
comments to her before the next meeting,
when we will vote on the changes. The
committee will be preparing the annual
budget for 1998.

Governmental Relations Committee
John Via reported that this yearTs national
Library Legislative Day activities took place
in Washington, DC, on May Sth and 6th.
Tuesday, May 6th was Library Legislative
Day, when library advocates rallied and
visited senators and representatives on
Capitol Hill. At the end of the day, the
library advocates hosted a reception for
legislators and members of their staffs.
NCLA had a delegation at the May Sth
briefing session co-sponsored by the
American Library Association and the
District of Columbia Library Association.
NCLA members made rounds of Congres-
sional offices on May 6th and hosted a
luncheon for North CarolinaTs congressional
delegation at noon.

Intellectual Freedom Committee
Gene Lanier discussed the concerns about
libraries using filters to prevent children
from viewing Internet sites which are

Summer 1997 " 101

perceived as indecent. The committee had
librarians participate in a CNN poll on-line
concerning their feelings on the Communi-
cations Decency Act. The Chair made a
presentation at the NC Community College
Learning Resources Association conference in
Research Triangle Park. He was interviewed
on three television channels and one radio
station concerning the Supreme CourtTs
review of the appeal of ALA/ACLU v.
Department of Justice case, March 19, 1997.
Nominations are being solicited for the
NCLA/SIRS Intellectual Freedom Award for
the 1996-97 biennium. The deadline is
August 9, 1997. Nominees must be NC
residents presently active in fostering
intellectual freedom. Each nomineeTs efforts
should have furthered the cause of intellec-
tual freedom in the state. The award consists
of $500 to the recipient; $500 for materials
to the library of the recipientTs choice; a
plaque to the recipient commemorating the
award donated by NCLA/IE. The award will
be presented at the biennial conference.
Nominations with supporting documenta-
tion should be sent to: Gene D. Lanier,
NCLA/IFC Chair, Department of Library and
Educational Technology, East Carolina
University, Greenville, SAC 27858-4353.

Literacy Committee

Pauletta Bracy asked for support from the
Executive Committee for a paper regarding
library services to people who do not speak
English as their first language. President
Fergusson encouraged the committee to
present the paper at the next Executive
Committee meeting. The Literacy Commit-
tee is working on the following tasks: (1) to
monitor relevant statewide legislation; (2) to
present a program at NCLA-1997; (3) to
complete the directory of libraries engaged in
literacy activities and plan dissemination of
it; (4) to conduct a survey of ESL activities in
libraries and make recommendations for
further development and articulation in this

area; and (S) to prepare a bibliography of
recommended audio-visual and software
materials suitable for literacy instruction.

Membership

The Membership Committee has completed
the promotional poster. Barbara Akinwole
reported that the committee participated in a
Careers Fair and some new members were
recruited. She discussed a concern about the
fact that the new policy regarding Directors-
at-Large does not specify who the chair of
the Membership Committee will be.
President Fergusson said that the intent of
the new policy is that the President appoint
the chair and that this chair would serve
more than one biennium. Jackie Beach
reported on the nominations for awards.
There was discussion about whether the
Membership Committee should make the
decisions about who should receive the
awards. The Board asked the Committee to
bring the recommendations for awards to
the next meeting, but that the names of the
winners will not actually be announced until
the conference.

North Carolina Libraries
No report.

Scholarship Committee

Edna Cogdell reported that the committee
has sent out approximately 25 applications
to date and has received six requests.

SELA Report

The last issue of the current volume of
Southeastern Librarian was published in April.T
The spring leadership meeting, usually held
in March, did not materialize this year. No
word has been given concerning negotia-
tions with SOLINET and Jo Anne Treadwell
to provide office services needed by SELA.

Ad-Hoc Committee on the NCLA Web
Page
Sue Cody requested input on the future of

Tired of making
opermanent loans?"

4 CheckpointT

Ralph M. Davis

Sales Representative
P.O. Box 144
Rockingham, NC 28379
1-800-545-2714

Tomorrow's Technology for Today's Libraries�"�

550 Grove Road ¢ P.O. Box 188 * Thorofare, New Jersey 08086
(800) 257-5540 * TELEX: 84-5396 « FAX: (609) 848-0937

102 " Summer 1997

the ad-hoc committee. Robert Burgin made a
motion that the responsibility for the Web
page be given to the Publication and
Marketing Committee. Gwen Jackson
seconded it. The motion carried. The Web
Page Ad-Hoc Committee has developed a
series of web presentation goals and objec-
tives. The intended audience of the web site
includes NCLA members and prospective
members, librarians and library staff in
North Carolina and beyond, legislators and
other policy makers, and the general public.
The primary purposes of the web site will be
to promote NCLA by providing information
about NCLA and NCLA activities, and to
provide information about librarianship
useful to NCLA membership. The committee
also proposed a list of web page standards to
be required on every NCLA web site page, to
include: a NCLA graphic, logo or banner; a
link to the NCLA home page; the pageTs URL;
the date when the page was last modified;
and the document author(s), preferably with
a omail to� link.

Grants Committee

Robert Burgin reported Dr. Speller would be
posting a web page for grants and would create
a listserv for librarians interested in grants.

ALA Report
Martha Davis reported that at the 1997
Midwinter Conference, discussion centered
around full disclosure of the salary package
offered to Elizabeth Martinez, ALA Executive
Director, and the issue of a bonus that was
paid to her shortly after she agreed last
summer to stay on until the end of her
contract. As the Search Committee an-
nounced that it had already received
applications for the Executive Director,
Council members expressed concern about
hiring a non-librarian and the effect it might
have on the integrity of the degree, on hiring
practices in individual libraries, and the
implication that MLS librarians cannot
effectively direct the organization. The
announcement was also made that the
Hewlett Packard advertisement which
portrayed libraries in a negative light has
been pulled odue to the excessive number of
letters received.� ALA continues its focus on
the ALA GOAL 2000 initiative and litigation
concerning the Communications Decency
Act. Several council documents of interest to
state associations were discussed and acted
upon. Copies of the documents are available
form the ALA Councilor at any time, anda
complete list of documents will be published
in one the spring editions of American Libraries.
President Fergusson adjourned the meeting.

" submitted by Steve Sumerford



Thank You to NCLA
Contributing Members:

David S. Ferriero, Duke University
Dr. Benjamin F. Speller, Jr.,

North Carolina Central University
SOLINET

Tom Broadfoot,
BroadfootTs Publishing Company






North Carolina Libraries

NortuH CAROLINA LiprAry ASSOCIATION 1995-1997 EXECUTIVE BOARD

PRESIDENT
David Fergusson
Forsyth County Public Library
660 W. Fifth Street
Winston-Salem NC 27101
Telephone: 910/727-2556
Fax: 910/727-2549
D_FERGUSSON@FORSYTH.LIB.NC.US

VICE PRESIDENT/
PRESIDENT ELECT
Beverley Gass
M.W. Bell Library
Guilford Technical College
P.O. Box 309
Jamestown NC 27282-0309

Telephone: 910/334-4822
x2434

Fax: 910/841-4350

GASSB@GTCC.CC.NC.US

SECRETARY

Steven L. Sumerford
Glenwood Branch Library
1901 W. Florida Street
Greensboro, NC 27403

Telephone: 910/297-5002

Fax: 910/297-5004

STEVES2241@AOL.COM
TREASURER

Wanda Brown

Z. Smith Reynolds Library
Wake Forest University

PO Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
Telephone: 910/759-5094
Fax: 910/759-9831
WCASONG@LIB.WFUNET.WFU.EDU

DIRECTORS
Jacqueline B. Beach
Craven-Pamlico-Carteret

Regional Library

400 Johnson
New Bern, NC 28560
Telephone: 919/823-1141
Fax: 919/638-7817

Barbara Akinwole

State Library of North Carolina
109 E. Jones Street

Raleigh, NC 27601-2807
Telephone: 919/733-2570
Fax: 919/733-8748
BAKINWOLE@HALDCRSTATENC.US

ALA COUNCILOR
Martha E. Davis
M. W. Bell Library
Guilford Tech. Comm. College
P. O. Box 309
Jamestown, NC 27282-0309

Telephone: 910/334-4822
Fax: 910/841-4350
DAVISM@GTCC.CC.NC.US

SELA REPRESENTATIVE
Nancy Clark Fogarty
Jackson Library
UNC-Greensboro
Greensboro, NC 27412
Telephone: 910/334-5419
Fax: 910/334-5097
FOGARTYN@IRIS.UNCG.EDU

EDITOR, North Carolina Libraries
Frances Bryant Bradburn
Information Technology

Evaluation Services

Public Schools of North Carolina
301 N. Wilmington Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2825
Telephone: 919/715-1528
Fax: 919/715-4823
FBRADBUR@DPI.STATE.NC.US

PAST-PRESIDENT
Gwen G. Jackson
494 Breezy Point Road
Swansboro, NC 28584
Telephone: 919/393-2651
GJACKSON@UNCECS.EDU

ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT
(ex officio)
North Carolina Library Association
c/o State Library of North Carolina
Rm. 27 109 E. Jones St.
Raleigh, NC 27601-1023

Telephone: 919/839-6252
Fax: 919/839-6252
SECTION CHAIRS

CHILDRENTS SERVICES SECTION
Beth Hutchison
Public Library of Charlotte and
Mecklenburg County
301 N. Tryon Street
Charlotte, NC 28202

Telephone: 704/336-2409
Fax: 704/336-2677
BAH@PLCMC.LIB.NC.US

COLLEGE anp UNIVERSITY SECTION
Kathryn Crowe
Jackson Library -
UNC-Greensboro
Greensboro, NC 27412

Telephone: 910/334-3215
Fax: 910/334-5097
CROWEK@IRIS.UNCG.EDU

COMMUNITY anp JUNIOR
COLLEGE LIBRARIES SECTION
Shelia Core
Surry Community College
P.O. Box 304
Dobson, NC 27107

Telephone: 910/386-8121
x317
Fax: 910/386-8951

DOCUMENTS SECTION
(Term ends 1996)
Cheryl McLean
State Library of North Carolina
109 E. Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2807
Telephone: 919/733-3683
Fax: 919/733-5679
CMCLEAN@HAL.DCR.STATE.NC.US
(Term ends 1997)
Barbara Levergood
Davis Library CB#3912
UNC-Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27514-8890
Telephone: 919/962-1151
Fax: 919/962-4451
LEVERG.DAVIS@MHS.UNC.EDU

LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION anp

MANAGEMENT SECTION
Robert E. Burgin
North Carolina Central Univ.
1801 Fayetteville Street
Durham, NC 27707
Telephone: 919/560-6485
Fax: 919/560-6402
BURGIN@NCCU.EDU

NORTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION
OF SCHOOL LIBRARIANS
Karen Perry
1000 Parkwood Circle
High Point, NC 27262
Telephone: 910/819-2870
PERRYK@UNCG.EDU

NORTH CAROLINA PUBLIC
LIBRARY TRUSTEES ASSOCIATION
Clifton Metcalf
56 Cedar Hills Circle
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Telephone: 919/962-0331
Fax: 919/962-2279

PUBLIC LIBRARY SECTION
Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin
Forsyth County Public Library
660 W. Fifth Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Telephone: 910/727-2556
Fax: 910/727-2549
S_HAMLIN@FORSYTH.LIB.NC.US

REFERENCE anp ADULT SERVICES.
Sue Ann Cody
UNC-Wilmington
601 S. College Road
Wilmington, NC 28403-3297
Telephone: 919/395-3688
Fax: 910/395-3863
CODYS@UNCWIL.EDU

RESOURCES anp TECHNICAL
SERVICES SECTION
Janet Flowers
Davis Library CB#3902
UNC-Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27514-8890
Telephone: 919/962-1120
Fax: 919/962-4450
JANET_FLOWERS@UNC.EDU

ROUND TABLE CHAIRS

NEW MEMBERS ROUND TABLE
Carol Freeman
Allied Health Library
Forsyth Technical Com.
College
1900 Beach Street
Winston-Salem NC 27103
Telephone: 910/723-0371

X29

Fax: 910/748-9395
CFREEMAN@BULLNCDCC-CCNCUS

NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY
PARAPROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION
Renee Pridgen
Cumberland Co. Public Library
300 Maiden Lane
Fayetteville, NC 28301
Telephone: 910/483-1580
Fax: 910/486-5372
RPRIDGEN@CUMBERLAND.UIB.INCUS

ROUND TABLE FOR ETHNIC
MINORITY CONCERNS
Sheila Johnson
Forsyth County Public Library
660 W. Fifth Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Telephone: 910/727-2556
Fax: 910/727-2549
S JOHNSONG@FORSYTH.LIB.NC.US

ROUND TABLE ON SPECIAL
COLLECTIONS

Sharon Knapp

Perkins Library

Duke University

P.O. Box 90185

Durham, NC 27708-0185

Telephone: 919/660-0185
Fax: 919/684-2855
SEK@MAIL.LIB.DUKE.EDU

ROUND TABLE ON THE STATUS
OF WOMEN IN LIBRARIANSHIP
Elizabeth Meehan-Black
Davis Library CB#3902
UNC-Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3902
Telephone: 919/962-1120
Fax: 919/962-0484
BETTY_MEEHAN-BLACK@UNC.EDU

TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS
ROUND TABLE
Cristina Yu
Z. Smith Reynolds Library
Wake Forest University
PO Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
Telephone: 910/759-5094
Fax: 910/759-9831
CYU@LIB.WFUNET.WFU.EDU

NCLA |

North Carolina Libraries

North Carolina Library Association
Summer 1997 " 103

EDITORIAL STAFF

Editor
FRANCES BRYANT BRADBURN
Information Technology Evaluation Services
Public Schools of North Carolina
301 N. Wilmington Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2825
(919) 715-1528
(919) 715-4823 (FAX)
fbradbur@dpi.state.nc.us

Associate Editor
ROSE SIMON
Dale H. Gramley Library
Salem College
Winston-Salem, NC 27108
(910) 917-5421
simon@sisters.salem.edu

Associate Editor
JOHN WELCH
Division of State Library
109 East Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-2807
(919) 733-2570
jwelch@hal.dcr.state.nc.us

Book Review Editor
DOROTHY DAVIS HODDER
New Hanover Co. Public Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
(910) 341-4389
dhodder@co.new-hanover.nc.us

Lagniappe/Bibliography Coordinator
PLUMMER ALSTON JONES, JR.
Corriher-Linn-Black Library
Catawba College
2300 W. Innes Street
Salisbury, NC 28144
(704) 637-4449
pajones@catawba.edu

Indexer
MICHAEL COTTER
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(919) 328-0237
miccot@joyner.lib.ecu.edu

Point/CounterPoint Editor
HARRY TUCHMAYER
New Hanover Co. Public Library
201 Chestnut Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
(910) 341-4036

Advertising Manager
KEVIN CHERRY
Rowan Public Library
P.O. Box 4039
Salisbury, NC 28145-4039
(704) 638-3021
kcherry@ncsl.dcr.state.nc.us

ChildrenTs Services
MELVIN K. BURTON
Gaston-Lincoln Regional Library
1555 E. Garrison Boulevard
Gastonia, NC 28054
(704) 868-2165

College and University
ARTEMIS KARES
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(919) 328-6067
artkar@joyner.lib.ecu.edu

Community and Junior College
BARBARA MILLER MARSON
Paul H. Thompson Library
Fayetteville Tech. Comm. College
PO Box 35236
Fayetteville, NC 28303
(910) 678-8253

Documents
MICHAEL VAN FOSSEN
Reference Documents
Davis Library CB #3912
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC 27599
(919) 962-1151
vanfosen.davis@mhs.unc.edu

Library Administration and
Management Section
JOLINE EZZELL
Perkins Library
Duke University
Durham, NC 27708-0175
(919) 660-5880
jre@mail.lib.duke.edu

New Members Round Table
RHONDA HOLBROOK
Florence Elementary School
High Point, NC 27265
(910) 819-2120

N.C. Asso. of School Librarians
DIANE KESSLER
Durham Public Schools
808 Bacon St.
Durham, NC 27703
(919) 560-2360
kesslerd@bacon.durham.k12.nc.us

North Carolina Library
Paraprofessional Association

MELANIE HORNE
Cumberland Co. Public Library
6882 Cliffdale Road
Fayetteville, NC 28314

(910) 864-5002

Public Library Section
ROSS HOLT
Randolph Public Library
201 Worth St.
Asheboro, NC 27203
(910) 318-6806
rholt@ncsl.dcr.state.nc.us

Reference/Adult Services
SUZANNE WISE
Belk Library
Appalachian State University
Boone, NC 28608
(704) 262-2798
wisems@appstate.edu

Resources and Technical Services
PAGE LIFE
Davis Library CB#3912
UNC-Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27599
(919) 962-1151
lifedavis@mhs.unc.edu

Round Table for Ethnic Minority Concerns
JEAN WILLIAMS
F.D. Bluford Library
NC A &T State University
Greensboro, NC 27411
(910) 334-7617
williamj@athena.ncat.edu

Round Table on Special Collections
MEGAN MULDER
Wake Forest University Library
PO Box 7777 Reynolda Station
Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7777
(910) 759-5091
mulder@lib.wfu.edu

Round Table on the Status of Women
in Librarianship

JOAN SHERIF

Northwestern Regional Library
111 North Front Street

Elkin, NC 28621

(910) 835-4894
jsherif@ncsl.dcr.state.nc.us

Technology and Trends
DIANE KESTER
Library Studies and Ed. Technology
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(919) 328-4389
Isddkest@eastnet.educ.ecu.edu

Wired to the World Editor
RALPH LEE SCOTT
Joyner Library
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
(919) 328-6533
ralsco@joyner.lib.ecu.edu

Trustees
ANNE B. WILGUS
N.C. Wesleyan College
Rocky Mount, NC 27804
(919) 442-2662
(919) 977-3701 (FAX)

104 " Summer 1997

North Carolina Libraries

wees ot) NORTH
AROLINA
PRESS

Weaving New Worlds

Southeastern Cherokee Women

and Their Basketry

Sarah H. Hill

oHillTs passion for knowing the heart and soul
of Cherokee women, their baskets, and their
intertwined history is matched dramatically by
her capacious, keen scholarship.T"Rayna
Green, National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution

June $45.00 cl (0-8078-2345-7)
June $22.50 pb (0-8078-4650-3)
7 x 10, 110 illus., 5 maps

Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks

The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue

Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes

This intriguing study of a dialect steeped in 300
years of history offers insight into the language,
culture, and people of a unique island
community off the North Carolina coast.

April $29.95 cl (0-8078-2318-X)

April $14.95 pb (0-8078-4626-0)

The Nature of North Carolina's
Southern Coast

Barrier Islands, Coastal Waters, and Wetlands
Dirk Frankenberg

Dirk FrankenbergTs second guide to North
CarolinaTs coastal environs focuses on the
southern coastland, from Portsmouth Island
to South Carolina.

June $17.95 pb (0-8078-4655-4)
6x 7%, 111 illus., 7 maps

Wildflowers of the

Blue Ridge Parkway
J. Anthony Alderman

This easy-to-use guide, designed to help visitors
locate, identify, and enjoy more than 250
species of wildflowers, includes a milepost-by-
milepost map showing 75 of the best sites, with
accompanying lists of each seasonTs blooms.
May $12.95 pb (0-8078-4651-1)

42x 72, 205 color illus., 1 map

A Carden of One's Own

Writings of Elizabeth Lawrence

Edited by Barbara Scott and Bobby J. Ward

A new collection of writings from one of
AmericaTs most cherished garden muses, who
blended her horticultural expertise and stylistic
elegance.

June $24.95 cl (0-8078-2349-X)

The Black Bard of North Carolina
George Moses Horton and His Poetry

Joan R. Sherman, editor

oJoan Sherman's thoughtful and balanced
critical commentary re-situates Horton among
his primarily white contemporaries and invites
further exploration of the works of this ~slave
poetT who left an impressive creative legacy.�
"Trudier Harris, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill

April $29.95 cl (0-8078-2341-4)

April $12.95 pb (0-8078-4648-1)

A Chapel Hill Book

Redeeming the South

Religious Cultures and Racial Identities among
Southern Baptists, 1865-1925

Paul Harvey

oWith the candor of faith, the insight of hope
and the judiciousness of charity, Paul Harvey
has documented the uneasy spiritual rap-
prochement between white and black Chris-
tians for a critical segment of American
history.T"C. Eric Lincoln, Duke University
April $49.95 cl (0-8078-2324-4)

April $17.95 pb (0-8078-4634-1)

Fred W. Morrison Series in Southern Studies

Please call for a free copy of our catalog

b 19

oa Ne

a eo)
eo)
i=
z 7 ears ew this Spring
4

ey Chapel Hill + Phone (800) 848-6224, Fax (800) 272-6817

http://sunsite.unc.edu/uncpress/

Ceorgia BonesteelTs

Patchwork Potpourri

Georgia Bonesteel

More than twenty new projects from the creator
and host of UNC-TVTs popular quilting series.
May $18.95 pb (0-8078-4660-0)

8'2 x 11, 44 color illus., 36 color photos, 196 illus.

Like Night and Day

Unionization in a Southern Mill Town

Daniel J. Clark

By examining plant records and arbitration
transcripts, Daniel Clark reveals in detail the
importance of the TWUA in the Harriet and
Henderson cotton mills and recounts its bitter
defeat in a 1958 strike.

Mar $49.95 cl (0-8078-2306-6)
Mar $16.95 pb (0-8078-4617-1)

What Do We Need a Union For?

The TWUA in the South, 1945-1955
Timothy J. Minchin

o[Minchin] brings postwar southern textile
workers to life as never before. It is a splendid
addition to labor and regional history.�
"Robert Zieger, author of The CIO, 1935-55
March $45.00 cl (0-8078-2317-1)

March $16.95 pb (0-8078-4625-2)
Fred W. Morrison Series in Southern Studies

Southern Strategies

Southern Women and the Woman

Suffrage Question

Elna C. Green

oBrings the history of women in the New South
to a new level of sophistication and interest, and
it will richly repay the attention of both special-
ists and general readers.T"Elizabeth Fox-Geno-
vese, author of Within the Plantation Household:
Black and White Women of the Old South

May $45.00 cl (0-8078-2332-5)
May $16.95 pb (0-8078-4641-4)

Winner of the 1996 Mayflower Cup for Nonfiction,
Society of Mayflower Descendants in North Carolina

Schooling the New South

Pedagogy, Self, and Society in North Carolina,
1880-1920

James L. Leloudis

oDespite the many subjects that this book ex-
plores, it remains a very readable and inte-
grative history.T"Paul D. Escott, Wake Forest
University

April 96 $39.95 cl (0-8078-2265-5)
Fred W. Morrison Series in Southern Studies

Upcoming Issues

Fall 1997 Government Information
Michael Van Fossen, Guest Editor

Winter 1997 Conference Issue

Spring 1998 North Carolina Library Innovators:
Lessons Learned from the Past
Plummer Alston Jones, Jr. and Kevin Cherry, Guest Editors

Summer 1998 Legal ~Lectronics

Fall 1998 Advise and Consult
Artemis Kares, Guest Editor

Winter 1998 ChildrenTs Services
Beth Hutchison and Mel Burton, Guest Editors

Unsolicited articles dealing with the above themes or any issue of interest to North Carolina
librarians are welcomed. Please contact the editor for manuscript guidelines and deadlines.

North Carolina Libraries, published four times a year, is the official publication of the North
Carolina Library Association. Membership dues include a subscription to North Carolina
Libraries. Membership information may be obtained from the Administrative Assistant of
NCLA. Subscription rates are $32.00 per year, or $10.00 per issue, for domestic
subscriptions; $50.00 per year, or $15.00 per issue, for foreign subscriptions. Backfiles are
maintained by the editor. Microfilm copies are available through University Microfilms.
North Carolina Libraries is indexed by Library Literature and publishes its own annual index.
Editorial correspondence should be addressed to the editor; advertisement
correspondence should be addressed to the advertising manager. Articles are juried.

£SF7-8S822