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North Carolina Libraries

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NCLA Biennial Conference, 1987



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CONFERENCE ARTICLES

ISSN 0029-2540

170 NCLA Conference Awards and Resolutions
178 Libraries and the Constitution, F. William Summers
186 Libraries in the New Information Age, Ching-chith Chen

194 The Impact of Library Automation"A Public LibrarianTs
Perspective, Elizabeth Dickinson Nichols

202 New Frontiers for Information Sources and Information
Gathering, Matthew Lesko

206 Goodbye, Patrons ... Hello, Customers, Fred E. Goodman
225 Reports of Meetings

ARTICLES

210 Interlibrary Loan in the North Carolina Information
Network: the Impact of oSelective Users� on a Net-Lender
University Library, Marilyn E. Miller

216 Starting a Church/Synagogue Library: A Checklist, Janet
L. Flowers

FEATURES
168 From the President
169 Over to You
219 New North Carolina Books
227 NCLA Minutes
232 NCLA Constitution
232 NCLA Officers, 1987-1989

Cover: Elizabeth Dickinson Nichols, oThe Impact of Library Advertisers: Baker and Taylor, 185; Book Fare, 191; Albert J.
Automation - A Public LibrarianTs Perspective,� North Carolina Phiebig, 183.

Libraries 45 (Wi : 194,
WREST e UO NET MOSS) LOE Photo Credits: Jan McManus, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178,
184, 199, 201, 202, 212; Louise Creed, 174, 186, 194, 209.

Volume 45, Number 4 Winter 1987"

Libraries ... Spread the
News

NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

From the President

For eighteen months the NCLA 1987 Confer-
ence Planning Committee met to plan the events
of October 28-30, 1987, in Winston-Salem. Though
technically responsible for this conference, I was
actually responsible in the same way that many
politicians are responsible for things; that is, J did
not do it. Until about a week before the confer-
ence, however, it had not occurred to me how
little I had done and how much so very many
other people had done. I've liked and respected a
lot of librarians in my time, but by October 29, I
was in love with several hundred of them, starting
with the entire staff of the Forsyth County Public
Library. Everybody on that staff worked on the
conference, either directly or by covering a desk
while somebody else did.

FCPL people also formed the core of the con-
ference committee itself, beginning with Director
Bill Roberts, whose support of the NCLA led him
to close his libraries Wednesday evening for the
PresidentTs Reception and all day Thursday so
that his staff could attend and host the confer-
ence. Associate Director Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin
was in charge of hospitality, which meant every-
thing from the party at the library to the Haunted
House to signs to flowers. Assistant Director for
Headquarters David Fergusson was Conference
Manager. He was taking care of details for several
months leading up to the conference and he was
everywhere at the conference doing the same. On
his way to the first session, David foiled an
attempted mugging. He seemed to accept it as all
in a day's work; after all, he had a conference to
run.

FCPL Assistant Director for Extension Art
Weeks was public relations director for the con-
ference. Art designed the printed program, which
for the first time included paid advertising. The
program was printed by Brodart, thanks to
vendor representative Michael Wilder. We thank
Mike and Brodart not only for their financial sup-
port of the conference, but also for MikeTs helpful
ideas and unwavering support in those early days

168"Winter 1987

when the committee was making some decisions
that seemed risky at the time. One of those deci-
sions was to carpet the entire exhibit hall, and
that meant raising prices for exhibit booths, and
that could have meant losing exhibitors. The
reverse occurred. Our stellar exhibits committee
led by Mary Louise Cobb, chair (Wake Forest Uni-
versity Law Library), Susan Taylor (Salem Col-
lege) and John Via (Wake Forest University) sold
137 booths, a 33% increase over the 1985 confer-
ence. The exhibits committee had the most to do
over the longest period of time, starting many
months ago with updating the exhibitor mailing
list. They accomplished the most successful NCLA
exhibits ever, from both the conference-goersT and
the vendorsT point of view. Some vendors said it
was the best regional or state conference that
they had attended in years, and who are we to
argue with that. Michael Markwith, Faxon, was
the other vendor representative on the confer-
ence committee. He came to the committee late,
but offered invaluable support, especially regard-
ing exhibit logistics.

Kieth Wright (UNC-G) was in charge of
NCLATs first conference placement center. He did
not fret when Mary Louise sold his original space
out from under him to exhibitors, but co-
ordinated a fine placement center and has plans
for even better ones in the future.

Ann Gehlen, again from Forsyth County Pub-
lic Library and again with help from numerous
FCPL staffers, handled thousands of pieces of
paper to ensure that over 1700 (a record) librar-
ians and exhibitors were registered. Her group
organized the pre-conference mailing and pre-
registration, as well as preparation of registration
packets for distribution during the conference.
President Pauline MyrickTs organizational skills
and quiet encouragement provided support for
everyone throughout the planning and the con-
ference itself. Treasurer Nancy FogartyTs astute
financial guidance helped ensure what will prob-
ably turn out to be a record conference for NCLA
financially.

The bulk of the conference activities were
programs planned by the sections and round
tables and committees. All of the ones that I
attended and heard about were excellent. With
the implementation of the new dues structure, we
hope that more of the conference proceeds can be
used to underwrite conference expenditures by
units of NCLA. Special thanks go to the Division of
State Library for continuing support of NCLA unit
activities through LSCA grants.

ItTs pretty frightening for somebody like me to
realize suddenly, midway through a production as
large and complicated as the conference has
become, that the whole thing is being managed by
a bunch of amateurs with me as their titular

leader. Never before have I so completely under-
stood what people mean when they say other
people make them look good. Together these
oother peopleT"conference organizers, commit-
tee members, section and round table program
planners, packet stuffers, punch pourers"made
this whole organization look good. Please thank
them when you see them. And tell them how
much you are going to enjoy working with them to
ensure that this organization continues to look

good and to be good for library service in North
Carolina.

Patsy J. Hansel, President a

Over to You

Letters to the Editor

NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARIES invites your comments.
Please address and sign with your name and position all cor-
respondence to: Frances B. Bradburn, Editor, NORTH CARO-
LINA LIBRARIES, 2431 Crabtree Boulevard, Raleigh, N.C.
27604. We reserve the right to edit all letters for length and
clarity. Whenever time permits, persons most closely related to
the issue under discussion will be given an opportunity to
respond to points made in the letter. Deadline dates will be the
copy deadlines for the journal: February 10, May 10, August 10,
and November 10.

Dear Editor:

Congratulations on the fall issue of North Caro-
lina Libraries! It is an outstanding one.

Best wishes,

Patricia D. Pearl

1106 Mulberry Road
Martinsville, Virginia 24112

Winter 1987"169

NCLA Conference
Awards and Resolutions

Mertys W. Bell, Life Membership

Mertys W. Bell retired
from Guilford Technical Com-
munity College June 30, 1984.
Her professional career
spanned forty-five years and
included library positions in
public, university, school, tech-
nical institutes and commu-
nity colleges in Georgia, Wash-
ington state, and in North Carolina. In every
position, Mertys was in the forefront in her vision,
commitment to, and implementation of quality
library services. Her participation in professional
activities has been extensive in both library and
education associations on the national, regional,
and state levels. She was the first president of the
forerunner of the North Carolina Learning Re-
sources Association. She is best known to us as
the dynamic NCLA president, 1981-1983, whose
leadership initiated the challenge for NCLA to
identify its role in leading North Carolina libraries
into the twenty-first century. Mertys Bell earned
national recognition as a leader in the evaluation-
of-the-learning-resources-center concept in the
technical institute and community college. Her
vision, energy, and know-how over a period of
eighteen years at GTCC resulted in the GTCC
Learning Resources Center becoming a model. As
a result, she became a sought-after consultant in
the planning, implementation, and evaluation of
the learning resources center. Upon her retire-
ment the Guilford Technical Community College
Board of Trustees named the library component
of the Learning Resources Center the Mertys W.
Bell Library.

go for it!

use your library

170"Winter 1987

Martha Davis, Life Membership

When Martha Davis re-
tired as director of Rock-
ingham County Public Li-
brary, trustee chairman Dr.
Toby Hance told her, oThe
Library has never done so
well in all areas as during
your tenure.� Her North Caro-
lina colleagues second Dr.
HanceTs remarks because of their respect for Mar-
thaTs accomplishments and professional ability.
Under MarthaTs direction, the Rockingham system
grew tremendously, becoming strong and flour-
ishing and a model for other systems. With the
help of one of the highest per capita operational
budgets in the state, programs, holdings, and
number of staff increased greatly, as well as an
expanded building program. A native of Macon,
Martha attended Greensboro College and the
library school at UNC-Chapel Hill. She began her
professional career at Olivia Raney Public Library
in Raleigh, and after a stint in Portsmouth, Virgi-
nia, returned to North Carolina to continue her
service in school and public libraries. Active in
professional associations, Martha served as chair
of the Public Library Section of NCLA for the
1979-81 biennium. The Public Library Directors
Association accorded her its highest professional
honor when it selected her as Library Director of
the year for 1984 in recognition of the contribu-
tions she has made to library service.

Patric G. Dorsey, Honorary Membership

Active in the cultural,
political and civic affairs of
North Carolina for over twen-
ty years, Mrs. *PatricT"G.
Dorsey is one of the most
prominent women of our
state. In 1985 Governor
James G. Martin appointed
her to his Cabinet post of
@evreniey of the Department of Cultural Re-
sources. The State Library, one of the major divi-
sions of this department, is a very visible one with

programs reaching into every county in the state.
Mrs. DorseyTs knowledge and active commitment
to the stateTs varied cultural and artistic heritage
and to education, literacy and libraries, have
brought her great respect. She travels throughout
the state, as well as nationally and internation-
ally, to represent all the constituencies brought
together in this department. Mrs. Dorsey is well
acquainted with the staff, operations, and servi-
ces of the State Library, but her interest and sup-
port do not stop there. She attends and speaks at
many library meetings, including the North Caro-
lina Library AssociationTs conferences and board
meetings, trustee conferences, the Public Library
Directors AssociationTs meetings, and sessions of
the Friends of North Carolina Public Libraries
and the North Carolina chapter of the Special
Libraries Association. Last August she gave the
keynote address at the oWomen in Library Man-
agement� workshop and also attended the annual
meeting of the White House Conference on
Library and Information Services Taskforce in
Williamsburg. Mrs. Dorsey also visits individual
libraries. She keeps in touch with many librarians
and citizen supporters throughout the state.

William C. Friday, Honorary Membership

Throughout his thirty-
year career as President of
the University of North Caro-
lina system, William Clyde
Friday has been a consistent
and dedicated supporter of
the stateTs cultural and edu-
cational institutions. Among
: the many institutions which
have received his support are North CarolinaTs
libraries. An avid reader himself, he knows
the importance of all kinds of libraries for the
betterment of our people. During his presidency
of the University system, especially since the con-
solidation in 1973, President Friday has sought
funds to build new libraries or additions to librar-
ies at twelve of the sixteen campuses. Even now
construction is under way at Asheville, Raleigh,
Wilmington, and Winston-Salem, with the new
library at Fayetteville State scheduled for dedica-
tion this fall. The North Carolina Library Associa-
tion expresses the gratitude of all librarians for
his strong support of our common cause and is
pleased to acknowledge his many contributions.

Ila Taylor Justice, Life Membership

Ila Taylor Justice went
to Appalachian State Univer-
sity in 1949 to chair the fled-
gling Department of Library
Science, a position she held
until 1965, and then again on
an interim basis in 1973. She
immediately identified herself

as a strong supporter of and
participant in NCLA. Twice she served as chair of
the Education for Librarianship Committee, dur-
ing which time two statewide and productive
workshops were held under her direction"one in
Boone at Appalachian State and one in Winston-
Salem. She also edited the quarterly Library Edu-
cation Bulletin. During the time she served on the
Library Resources Committee, she helped estab-
lish the Inter-Library Loan Code, adopted state-
wide. She was co-chair of the School Libraries
Division (now NCASL) for one biennium. In
recognition of her contribution to the develop-
ment of school libraries in North Carolina, Mrs.
Justice was a recipient of the Mary Peacock Doug-
las Award. Perhaps the greatest contribution of
all has been her example and inspiration to her
students and colleagues in keeping faith with and
working toward the improvement of the library
profession and in supporting her professional
organization.

Marjorie Wilkins Lindsey, Life Membership

Marjorie Wilkins Lindsey,
better known to North Caro-
lina librarians as Marge
Lindsey, began her profes-
sional career as ReaderTs Ad-
viser in the Washington, D.C.,
Public Library and from there
she held library positions at
the University of Nebraska
and at the Lincoln School in Nepal. She was
employed for over twenty years with the North
Carolina State Library. Throughout her career
she has been an active member of ALA, SLA,
NCLA and other library and education associa-
tions; however, her major participation has been
in NCLA. As editor of Tar Heel Libraries, she
promoted communication among all North Caro-
lina libraries. Marge Lindsey's various positions at
the State Library led from technical services to
reference service to Library Consultant to State
Agencies, and finally to Consultant for Multitype
Library Cooperation. It was in this latter role that

Winter 1987"171

she had the major responsibility for carrying out
the State LibraryTs statutory obligation to pro-
mote and coordinate cooperation among aca-
demic, public, school, and special libraries in the
state. Her vision of libraries sharing resources
through networking and her initial efforts in lay-
ing the foundation for implementing a statewide
program paved the way for North Carolina to be
actively involved today in developing statewide
networking that is a model studied by other
states. Marge Lindsey has always been constant in
her support of libraries and has been on the cut-
ting edge of library development in North Caro-
lina.

Craig Phillips, Honorary Membership

During the past forty-
one years Dr. Craig Phillips
has served North Carolina
schools"as a teacher, assis-
tant principal, principal,
superintendent of two large
school systems, and as the
State Superintendent"and
in all he has been a consis-
tent and dedicated supporter of school library
media programs and has made a definite differ-
ence in each program. At the state level he has
elevated the library media program from a divi-
sional status to one of the six major areas of the
Department of Public Instruction. Some of the
other major accomplishments under his leader-
ship, support, and guidance include:

® the addition of eight regional media and
technology coordinators

® an increase in allocation of state funds for
materials from $7.25 per student to more
than $26 per student

© an increase in the number of library media
professionals at a ratio of one for each four
hundred students, which will require an
additional one thousand media positions by

1993.

© the implementation of a computer education
program in the schools.
It is a privilege to welcome Dr. Craig Phillips
to the North Carolina Library Association as an
honorary member.

Copies of articles from this
publication are now available from

the UMI Article Clearinghouse.

Mail to: University Microfilms International
300 North Zeeb Road, Box 91 Ann Arbor, MI 48106

172"Winter 1987

Mae Suellen Tucker, Life Membership

Mae Suellen Tucker, born
in Mount Holly, educated at
Appalachian State University
and the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, has
worked tirelessly for her fel-
low citizen"truly service
above self. She retired from

E the Public Library of Char-
lotte and Mecklenburg County as Assistant Direc-
tor for Main Library Services. MaeTs unobtrusive
presense was felt in Mecklenburg County library
circles, in NCLA, SELA, and the American Library
Association. As a librarianTs librarian, she has
been a contributing member of countless library
committees. Her contributions and services to
NCLA are too numerous to mention in this limited
time, but include serving on the Executive Board
as Recording Secretary (1963-65), serving as
SELA Representative, as chair of both the Public
Library Section (1957-59) and Junior Members
Round Table (1948-49) and of the Development
Committee (1972-73), serving several times on the
Editorial Board of North Carolina Libraries, and
participating actively in Library Education Confer-
ences and workshops. She has been active in civic,
education, and religious organizations as well.
Without exception, she has served well, been
respected for her integrity and knowledge, and
loved for being a kind and loving person.

Allegra Marie Westbrooks, Life Membership

Allegra Marie Westbrooks is a true North
Carolina librarian. Born in Fayetteville, she
worked most of her adult life in the Public Library
of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, first as
librarian of the Brevard Street Branch and then
as Acquisitions Librarian for the system. She
retired as Assistant Director for Branch Library
Services. Known for her professional knowledge,
her calm manner, and wise assessment of any
situation, she was frequently called upon for
advice by employees, co-workers, associates, and
supervisors. Over the years she was called to serve
every library organization of which she was a
member, from her local staff organization to the
American Library Association, and many organi-
zations and worthy causes outside the library
world. As Acquisitions Librarian, she coordinated
and supplemented the collection development of
Charlotte Public into one of depth and breadth,
recognized as one of the best public collections in
the South. As Assistant Director of Branch Servi-
ces, she welded the branch staff into a cohesive

unit of outstanding library service. As an associa-
tion member, she was a tireless worker and

acknowledged leader during her thirty some years
of service.

vance cera MEER ES SE A SL I TS TE A SE

Leonard Johnson
1931-1987

In his relatively brief career, Leonard John-
son made an impressive impact on both his
chosen field of school librarianship and on his
professional association. It has always seemed
that NCLA was an extension of the man himself
and of his career. When I thought of NCLA, I
thought of Leonard and when I thought of Leon-
ard, I thought of NCLA. He was devoted to the
association; it was close to his heart and one of his
major enterprises. He served on many committees
of NCLA as well as in NCASL. He was Chairman of
the Development Committee in 1974-75 and was
SELA Representative in 1972-73. He held the obig�
offices with distinction"for several terms as
treasurer (1965-1969) and was president for one
term (1978-1979). He was equally committed to
the ALA and various education associations.

Ila Justice and I probably knew Leonard bet-
ter than most of the people present here today.
We did not have the privilege of knowing him as a
child and a teenager, but he was one of oour boys�,
earning both the bachelorTs and the masterTs
degrees from ASU. He pursued further graduate
studies at Illinois. He was pleasant, quiet, unas-
suming, reliable, steady"not our most brilliant
student but one who pursued his goals diligently.
He worked for us as an undergraduate and was
Mrs. JusticeTs graduate assistant. The personal
and professional characteristics he exhibited
with us were carried over into his work.

His first job was as coordinator of school
libraries in High Point. While there he exchanged

(0)

Have a question?
Call the library!

a

jobs with Norris McClellan of LSU, teching there
while she directed the High Point system. Valuable
insights for both were the result. After a brief tour
of duty with the U.S. Army (54th Infantry, 4th
Armored Division), he became a school library
consultant in the North Carolina Department of
Public Instruction. In 1961 he and his wife, the
late Mary Frances Kinnon Johnson, moved to
Greensboro, where she became affiliated with the
Department. of Library Services at the University
and he became Director of Library Media Services
for the Greensboro City Schools, a position he
held until his retirement in 1985. He also served as
an adjunct faculty member of the Department of
Library Services at UNC-G.

In addition to library and media activities,
he served on Southern Association evaluation
teams and did consultant and editorial work for
the World Book Encyclopedia and University
Press Books.

We miss Leonard sorely, but are fully aware of
his forward looking leadership that helped bring
school libraries into the mainstream of library
development and helped them chart their course
through the explosion of new activities and
responsibilities. If it is true that a man himself
and his works live after him, we shall enjoy Leon-
ardTs presence among us for a long time to come.
And so, Leonard, oFarewell�.

;
Eunice Query C

a

Winter 1987"173

Hansel and McGinn
Win Ray Moore Award

The Ray Moore Award was established by
NCLA in memory of Ray Nichols Moore, 1914-
1975. Mrs. Moore was a public librarian in Dur-
ham, N.C., serving as director of the Stanford L.
Warren Library for 22 years. She was also active
in statewide library affairs, first as a member of
the North Carolina Negro Library Association,
then after 1954 as a member of NCLA. At the time
of her death, she was assistant director of the
Durham County Public Library; public library edi-
tor of North Carolina Libraries; and chairman of
the Intellectual Freedom Committee of both
NCLA and the Southeastern Library Association.

The Ray Moore Award is presented at the
conference for the best article about public librar-
ies published in North Carolina Libraries during
the preceding biennium. The winner of the award
is determined by the editorial board of North
Carolina Libraries.

This yearTs winners are: Patsy Hansel for her
article oUnobtrusive Evaluation for Improvement:
The Cumberland Co. Public Library and Informa-
tion Center Experience,� in the Summer 1986
issue; and Howard McGinn for his article, oThe
North Carolina Information Network"A Vital
Cog in Economic Development,� in the Fall 1986
issue. ie

RTSS oBest Article� award
named for Doralyn Hickey

At its August 1987 meeting in Wilmington the
Executive Board of NCLATs Resources and Tech-
nical Services Section voted to name the sectionTs
oBest North Carolina Libraries Article� award in
honor of the late Doralyn Joanne Hickey in recog-
nition of her many contributions to librarianship.
The honor was felt to be especially appropriate in
view of Dr. HickeyTs strong ties to North Carolina.

These ties date from early work as an assis-
tant in Duke UniversityTs Divinity School Library
previous to her attainment of an MLS at Rutgers
University in 1957. After work as a serials cata-
loger at Rice University, she returned to Duke to
pursue a Ph.D. in religion which she received in
1962, the same year she entered the UNC School
of Library Science as assistant professor.

Dr. Hickey served on the faculty at UNC-
Chapel Hill from 1962 to 1974. From 1965 to 1967
she was chair of the RTSS Section of NCLA. Her
commitment to technical services showed in
numerous other ways, notably in her service as

174"Winter 1987

president of the Resources and Technical Services
Division of ALA in 1974/75 and her work as man-
aging editor of Library Resources and Technical
Services. She was a member of the Catalog Code
Revision Committee 1975/76-1977/78 and chair
of the AACR2 Introductory Program Committee.
That her interests were even more than national
in scope is witnessed by her activities in IFLA
(International Federation of Library Associations
and Institutions) in which she chaired the Divi-
sion of Bibliographic Control. In 1973 she received
the ALA Margaret Mann Citation in Cataloging
and Classification for ooutstanding professional
achievement� in librarianship.

In 1974 Dr. Hickey became director and later
dean of the School of Library and Information
Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Milwau-
kee. During her tenure, the schoolTs program won
ALA accreditation. In 1977 she accepted a posi-
tion as professor at the North Texas State Univer-
sity School of Library and Information Science,
where she remained until her death on March 18,
1987. Her exemplary career in librarianship has
left a legacy that will be long remembered.

The first recipient of the RTSS Doralyn
Joanne Hickey oBest Article� Award is Don Beagle,
director of the Lee County Public Library for his
article oDecision points in small scale automation�
in the Fall 1986 North Carolina Libraries, pp.
159-169. He is the fourth to receive the award

since it was established in 1981. |

Gene Leonardi, RTSS Section Editor of North Carolina
Libraries presents the Doralyn J. Hickey Best Article Award
to Don Beagle, director of the Lee County Public Library.

The 1987 North Carolina Library Association and SIRS Intellectual Freedom Awards were presented on October 29 in Winston-
Salem at the biennial conference of the state association. Dr. Gene D. Lanier of East Carolina University and Chairman of the
Intellectual Freedom Committee of NCLA made the presentations along with Mark Bearwald representing Social Issues Resources
Series, Inc. of Boca Raton, Florida.

Receiving the 1987 awards which included a plaque and $500 to the recipients as well as $500 to the library designated by the
recipients, Durham County Public Library, were Dale E. Gaddis and Betty S. Clark, director and associate director. They were
chosen by the Committee because of their dedication to intellectual freedom and their courage during the controversy concerning
their library displays during Gay Pride Week, 1986. With the support of their Board of Trustees they defended the exhibits through
intense community debates, letters to the editor in newspapers, telephone calls, and a campaign to recall the mayor of Durham. Dr.
Lanier cited their professionalism and dedication in defending the right to read, view, and listen at the presentation ceremonies. A
luncheon was also provided in their honor.

1985-87 NCLA Executive Board Members from left to right are: seated Rebecca Taylor, Stephanie Issette, Rose Simon, Frances
Bradburn, Pauline Myrick, Nancy Fogarty, Elizabeth Smith, Jean Amelang, Dorothy Campbell. Standing: Patsy Hansel, Arial
Stephens, Leland Park, Jake Killian, Nancy Massey, Mary McAfee, Helen Tugwell, Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin, Mary Avery, Kieth
Wright, Ben Speller, and Jerry Thrasher.

Winter 1987"175

Resolutions of the
North Carolina Library Association
Biennial Conference, 1987

WHEREAS, the North Carolina Library Association has been
assembled in its biennial conference in Winston-Salem, North

Carolina, October 28-30, 1987; and

WHEREAS, the members of the Association have expe-
rienced successful and highly beneficial meetings;

BE IT RESOLVED, that the members of the Association
express their gratitude especially to Pauline Myrick, who has
graciously served with distinction as the President during the
1985-1987 biennium, and to the Executive Board, officers of
sections and committee members, all of whom have given many
hours of dedicated service in furthering the aims and goals of

the Association;

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Association express
its appreciation to the City of Winston-Salem and the County of
Forsyth for their hospitality and the welcome brought by Donna
Lambeth on behalf of Mayor Wayne Corpening and the greetings
from the Commissioners brought by Wayne Willard;

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Association formally
extend its appreciation to the staff, trustees and Friends of the
Forsyth County Public Library, William H. Roberts, III, Director,
for the entertaining open house at the Library; to the Lieutenant
Governor, Robert B. Jordan, III, and the Honorable Patric Dor-
sey, Secretary of Cultural Resources, as well as to Dr. William
Summers, President-Elect of the American Library Association,
and to Charles Beard, President of Southeastern Library Associ-
ation, for their participation in the conference;

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Association extend
thanks to all of the Conference Planning Committee who worked
diligently to make the conference a success: to David Fergusson,
Conference Manager; to William Roberts, Local Arrangements
Chairman, and his administrative assistant, Sharon Watts, for
their efforts; to Ann Gehlen, who chaired the Registration Com-
mittee, and to all who staffed the registration table; to Exhibits
Chairman Mary Louise Cobb and Vice Chairman Susan Taylor;
to the managers and staffs of the Benton Convention Center and
the Hyatt and Stouffer Hotels, as well as to Ben Dalby and the
staff of Convention Caterers for the food and banquet arrange-
ments; to Art Weeks, Brodart and their representative
Michael Wilder for designing and printing the conference pro-
gram; and to all the exhibitors for their excellent displays and
helpfulness;

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that special thanks be given to
all speakers and program participants, and for the support pro-
vided by LSCA funding of several programs, and to all who by
their efforts and presence contributed to the success of the con-
ference;

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Association express
its appreciation to President-Elect Patsy Hansel for her part in
the conference and extend best wishes to her and the new
Executive Board for the coming biennium; and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that a copy of these resolu-
tions be included in the official Minutes of the Association and
be printed in the conference issue of North Carolina Libraries.

Resolutions Committee

Leland M. Park

Helen Tugwell

Arial Stephens
Mertys Bell, Chairman :

176"Winter 1987

Calvin Trillin is pictured above as he addresses the NCLA
Biennial Conference General Session.

The opening address of the 1987 North Carolina Library Asso-
ciationTs Biennial Conference in Winston-Salem on October
28-30 was delivered by Maya Angelou, writer, actress, and
Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest Uni-
versity.

Pauline F. Myrick, 1985-87 NCLA President, and Patsy J. Hansel, 1987-89 NCLA President, shar d the spotlight at the 1987 NCLA
Biennial Conference in Winston-Salem, October 28-30.

NCLA Conference Committee opens the exhibits. From left to right are Dave Fergusson, Bill Roberts, Michael Wilder, Pauline
Myrick, Patsy Hansel, Mary Louise Cobb, Art Weeks, Michael Markwith.

Winter 1987"177

Libraries and the Constitution

F. William Summers

One searches in vain for any specific refer-
ence to or provision for libraries in the Constitu-
tion of the United States. This omission may, upon
first glance, seem ironic since today we regard our
libraries as one of the first lines of defense in pro-
tecting and defending the rights of people. We in
the United States are not alone in this belief, for it
has often been observed that one of the first con-
cerns of totalitarian governments is to control the
press and along with it the rights of access to and
the contents of libraries.

Why then did our founding fathers, so farsee-
ing in many ways, fail to make specific provision
for the libraries as sources of information for the
people. First, it must be noted that these people
did not themselves come from a strong tradition
of libraries. While one of them, Benjamin Franklin,
had been responsible for founding a library in Phil-
adelphia, it was not truly a public library. While
some of them were college educated, they had
probably encountered only the most limited of
libraries in the schools in which they had studied.
The one who might most likely have seen the need
for some provision for libraries was not present.
Thomas Jefferson was in Paris arranging for
credit and representing the interests of the still
frail and fledgling nation.

F. William Summers, President-Elect of the American Library
Association, delivered this address, the Phillip S. Ogilvie
Memorial Lecture, at the NCLA Biennial Conference.

178"Winter 1987

Nevertheless, the principles which motivated
these men, their view of their fellow men, and
their desires for free government are akin to the
principles we hold forth for libraries today. They
would have well understood the principles which
librarians support; the rights of free inquiry and
citizen access would have not sounded strange to
their ears.

The coming together of the fifty-five men who
wrote our constitution was in itself a strange
event. In the first place, they had no authorization
to write a new constitution. The convention had
been called for the specific and strictly limited
purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.
These Articles, which had been quickly assembled
following the revolution, had produced a struc-
tureless and ineffective government which could
not pay its own bills except by subscriptions to
the states which they were free to ignore, and
many did. There was no national currency, and
money from one state was not necessarily recog-
nized in another. States were in dispute about
their boundaries and were even levying tariffs on
one anotherTs goods. Some states were consider-
ing negotiating their own treaties with foreign
nations. Prisoners and criminals fleeing from one
state to another were or were not extradited
depending upon the whims and honesty of local
officials. Who were these men then who dared to
exceed their authority and to lay before their
countrymen a plan for a new nation, a plan unique
in the world at that time, a document which has
endured for two hundred years with only twenty-
six amendments (ten of which had been planned
for in the beginning and one of which fortunately,
repealed an earlier one banning the sale of alco-
hol)?

Catherine Drinker Bowen, in the opening of
her wonderful book Miracle at Philadelphia, sets
the flavor and tone of the meeting with these
words, which I quote in part, oOver Philadelphia
the air lay hot and humid; old people said it was
the worst summer since 1750. French visitors
wrote home they could not breathe. At each in-
haling of air, one worries about the next one. It
was May when the convention met, it would be
September before they rose.� Among the fifty-five
delegates from twelve states (Rhode Island

refused to attend) were some of the most lumi-
nous names in American history: Washington,
Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, South CarolinaTs
John Rutledge, and the two Pinckneys, Charles
Cotesworth and Charles. Again quoting Bowen,
oThe roster reads like a Fourth of July oration, a
patriotic hymn. It was a young gathering, Charles
Pinckney was twenty-nine, Alexander Hamilton
thirty. Rufus King was thirty-two, Johnathan Day-
ton of New Jersey twenty-six. Gouvenor Morris"
he of the suave manners and the wooden leg was
thirty-five. Even that staid and careful legal schol-
ar, James Madison of Virginia, known today as
~father of the Constitution, was only thirty-six.
Benjamin FranklinTs eighty-one years raised the
average considerably but it never went beyond
forty-three. Men aged sooner and died earlier in
those days. John Adams at thirty-seven invited to
give a speech in Boston, had said he was ~too old
to make declamationsT.�

It is perhaps ironic, given the traditions of
free and open government which it has produced,
that all deliberations of the convention were in
secret. Many of the delegates, Madison among
them, believed that to open the debates to public
scrutiny and publicity would have doomed the
Constitution from the beginning. It is to MadisonTs
indefatigable note-taking that we owe most of the
present-day knowledge of what actually trans-
pired in the debates. Madison, it should be
remembered, took these notes not for the benefit
of posterity but to fashion arguments for others
to make in refutation of points with which he dis-
agreed, for he himself was a weak public speaker.

Anyone who studies the history of the Consti-
tution will inevitably identify among those fifty-
five men their favorites, people who stood for
principles they hold dear. Madison is probably
most everyoneTs hero. Madison, the shy, bookish
person in constant real and presumed ill-health,
arrived at the convention with a forty-one page
notebook in which he had inscribed the lessons of
history which should be reflected in the Constitu-
tion. He also brought an outline of a plan of
government that the convention eventually
adopted, an outline based upon the principle that
the more people who are brought into the system
on a free and equal basis, the safer are the liber-
ties and lives of all.

Others may find themselves drawn to the
more enigmatic Alexander Hamilton, who sup-
ported a strong central government for the
nation, not because of concerns about liberty or
the rights of citizens, but because he saw it as the
only way to guarantee an economic system which
could function for the benefit of all.

Many, including your speaker, are drawn to
the crusty old Virginian, George Mason, who had
written a Bill of Rights for Virginia which became
the Bill of Rights in the new government and,
indeed, is the basis of the bills of rights of most
modern governments. Mason had a strong dislike
and distrust for politicians, and his efforts were to
empower the people with rights to protect them-
selves against politicians.

Despite the fact that this document makes no
mention of libraries, it is the foundation upon
which rests the structure of most of our social
institutions. The Constitution makes no provision
for public schools either; yet the necessity for an
informed citizenry which it demands made the
development of a public school system a manda-
tory condition for our society to function. So it is
with libraries. We all like the implications in the
title of Sidney DitzionTs study of censorship efforts
in public libraries, Arsenals of a Democratic Cul-
ture. It is this view of the library as the place to
which the citizen can go for unbiased, diverse, and
current information which is our most funda-
mental claim to public support.

Despite this fundamental support which the
Constitution gives to libraries, there are many
places in which the document impacts directly
upon our work. Despite the lack of specific lan-
guage, a great deal of our library tradition and
practice and some of our current issues are
grounded in the language of the Constitution. We
must remember that our Constitution, though
written, is organic and changes over time. The
recent hearings on the confirmation of Robert
Bork demonstrated clearly the conflict between
those who regard the Constitution as fixed and
limited and those who look upon it as organic and
flexible, changing over time in response to the
beliefs, attitudes, and values of the people. That
difference of opinion was present in Philadelphia,
and it is with us today. Those who wish to see the
Constitution as a fixed contract between the
government and the people set in 1787 have great
difficulty with the fact that our society and our
government have changed enormously in the
intervening two hundred years. There are many
factors present in our world today that the fra-
mers could not have foreseen.

Let us examine that principle as we look at
some of the ways in which the Constitution does
impact today upon libraries and library services.

Copyright

One matter directly affecting libraries is spe-
cifically enumerated among the powers of the

Winter 1987"179

Congress, oto promote the Progress of Science
and useful arts, by securing for limited Times to
Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to
their respective writings and discoveries.� A strict
reading of that provision could suggest that only
materials in the areas of science and the useful
arts should have such protection. But in enacting
the various copyright laws, Congress has used its
power to extend copyright to works of fiction,
religion, and history. It has also extended that
right to television and radio programs, to motion
pictures and now to such things as computer
software programs. Libraries find themselves in
the difficult position of having readily available
technology in the form of copy machines, VCRTs
and microcomputers which can very easily permit
them or users to violate the terms of copyright.
We have wisely refused to be the policemen in the
battles between technology and copyright. The
real battleground for libraries has shifted, at least
for the moment, from photocopying of books and
journals to video-cassettes and computer soft-
ware. There is a clear antagonism between the
goals of libraries and those of copyright holders.
Libraries exist to make materials as widely avail-
able to users as possible; copyright holders prefer
that every use of a copyright item result from a
purchase. Meanwhile, technology continues to
provide the processes for duplicating copyrighted
materials far in excess of the law.

The so-called oshrink-wrap� issue, which
involves the rights of use of computer soft-ware, is
a very thorny one. The copyright holderTs conten-
tion that what is conveyed to the purchaser is not
a piece of property but a license to use, is a new
extension of the copyright principle. In all other
instances, when a purchaser buys a piece of copy-
righted material, it is theirs, and they may do with
it what they please. They can lend it to others,
they can destroy it, they can make an additional
copy for their own use, but in the case of compu-
ter software, it is claimed that only the purchaser
has the right to use. We will certainly see this issue
tested in the courts in the future, but it is not the
last such issue we will face. We can anticipate that
copyright holders will continue to seek technolog-
ical methods to control and measure the access of
users to their copyright protected works. Now the
library which buys the World Almanac, for
example, is free to make it available to any users
who want it, the only limit being that the format
makes it difficult to serve more than one user at a
time. It is likely that we will see this type of infor-
mation soon put into an interactive format, CD-
ROM for example, which has the capacity to
monitor each use. The copyright holder may then

180"Winter 1987

wish to seek payment on a per use basis rather
than simply for the cost of acquiring the informa-
tion collection. As technology provides more and
more ways to store, acquire, and manipulate
information, we will see many future issues deal-
ing with the constitutional powers given to Con-
gress and the rights of oauthors and inventors� as
opposed to the rights of the people and their
social institutions.

It would have been very helpful in todayTs
world if the founding fathers had been as precise
about setting out society's rights of access to
information as they were in protecting those of
authorTs and inventors. We librarians believe and
argue that the purpose of copyright is for the
benefit of society as well as for the benefit of the
creators, but the language of the Constitution
addresses only the rights of those who create and
invent.

... today we regard our
libraries as one of the first
lines of defense in protecting
and defending the rights of
people.

The Bill of Rights

The constitutional issues which have most
concerned librarians have been those relating to
the Bill of Rights, that series of amendments to
the Constitution, promised by the drafters and
adopted by the Congress at its first session in
1789. These amendments were quickly ratified by
the states and became part of the Constitution on
December 15, 1791, when ratified by the last
necessary state, Virginia. (Ironically Massachu-
setts, Georgia, and Connecticut did not get
around to ratification until 1939 when it was a
symbolic act to have the last of the thirteen origi-
nal colonies ratify the Bill of Rights.) It is also
interesting to note that the questions of specifi-
cally what action by a state constitutes ratifica-
tion and whether a state can rescind its ratifi-
cation came up in the consideration of these
amendments as it did in the recent considera-
tions of the Equal Rights Amendment. The Consti-
tution itself is silent upon both of these matters.

George Mason, who had drafted the Bill of
Rights, did not originally support the Constitution
and, in fact, refused to sign it because the Bill of
Rights was not part of the document. Those who
had supported the Constitution had committed
themselves to the prompt submission of the Bill of

Rights for approval. In fact, a number of the
states made their approval of the Constitution
contingent upon submission of a bill of rights, and
many of them in their ratification resolutions
contained provisions which should be included in
such a statement.

The First Amendment

When as either citizens or librarians we think
of the Constitution, it is most often the First
Amendment which comes to our minds. These
forty-five clear and direct and, to many, unambig-
uous words have probably provoked more debate,
legislation, and court deliberations than all the
rest of the Constitution combined. The amend-
ment says things rather simply:

oCongress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or prohib-
iting the free exercise thereof; or abridg-
ing the freedom of speech, or of the press;
or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Govern-
ment for a redress of grievances.�

The First Amendment is a paradox in that it
can force people to change political colors in the
face of its power. The late Justice William O. Doug-
las is generally considered to have been a far left
liberal; yet when it came to the First Amendment,
he was a conservative, strict constructionist who
argued that when the Constitution said oCongress
shall make no law,� it meant precisely that. The
Reverend Jerry Falwell, on the other hand, is
generally a conservative strict constructionist,
but when it comes to the First Amendment, Rev.
Falwell wants a more liberal position and favors
many restrictions on the right of free speech and
a free press.

The First Amendment also produces paradox
in that some, who stoutly defend one right it
grants, may be willing to permit tampering with
another. Thus, people who would die at the barri-
cades defending their right to go to the church of
their choice are less sure that they want other
people to come to their community to write or
speak about matters of which they disapprove.
The First Amendment hoists us on our own
petard, and as a nation we have frequently been
uncomfortable with the cognitive dissonance
which it generates within us. We rejoice in the
freedom it gives us, but we are sometimes uncom-
fortable when we see others using those same
rights in ways of which we do not approve.

The First Amendment is under assault and
public scrutiny today as it has never been before.
The government assaults it when it attempts to

stifle citizen access to government information.
The press assaults it when it intrudes on the pri-
vacy of citizens. We are not comfortable with the
First Amendment, but none of us would be com-
fortable living in a country without it.

It is this amendment which comes into con-
sideration whenever library materials are criti-
cized and when some citizens seek to have them
removed from our libraries. Because it receives
the most publicity, we tend to think that these
efforts have most often been based upon issues of
alleged obscenity, which the Supreme Court has
ruled does not have constitutional protection. It
is well to remember that the efforts at cleaning up
library collections are also directed against the
alleged political affiliations of authors and toward
offenses which writings have given to various
groups. A recent issue of the ALA Intellectual
Freedom Newsletter indicated that objections
had been raised to materials alleged to address
the following themes: the occult, eviction of
tenants, abortion, sex education, AIDS informa-
tion, and secular humanism. Along with many
books which had been challenged on grounds of
obscenity, there also appeared Rumplestiltskin,
MacBeth, and The Diary of Anne Frank. We must
also remember that sometimes objections are
raised in the name of obscenity when, in reality,
some other less emotional principle is at stake. A
clear example occurred when ministers who
really felt that Sinclair Lewis's book Elmer Gantry
was unflattering sought to have it banned on the
ground of obscenity.

Librarians sometimes tell me that in censor-
ship conflicts they feel ALA and, occasionally,
they themselves are defending books, films, and
people such as magazine publishers, dealers, and
adult book store operators which really arenTt
very savory and with which they would rather not
be associated. Let me reassure you that what is
being defended in these cases is the First
Amendment and, by so doing, we stand solidly
with the founding fathers. The First Amendment
is first because it is the foundation of our liberty.

The Right of Association

We seldom think about the right of associa-
tion granted by the First Amendment. It is one of
those rights which we use everyday. You are using
it today to assemble here as a group of librarians
representing the needs and interests of your
state. You did not require any approval from state
or local authorities for this meeting. You are free
to take any positions you wish on matters of con-
cern to you, and you may not be prohibited from

Winter 1987"181

participating or be punished for so doing. Your
association is free under the Constitution to pro-
pose any changes you may wish other than the
violent overthrow of the government. You may
even advocate violent action in the future so long
as you donTt actively plan for it.

The right of association also protects you
from being subjected to any kind of loyalty oath. If
the American Library Association falls out of
favor with the state, you may not be required to
swear that you are not a member of it. That may
seem far-fetched, but some of us can recall times
when the NEA was out of favor at the local level,
and people were pressured not to join.

The First Amendment also severely restricts
the degree to which the government can interfere
in the internal affairs of an association. You may
set any membership requirements for this organi-
zation that you wish so long as you do not dis-
criminate on the basis of age, race, national origin,
religion, or physical handicap. You may notice
that I did not include sex in that list because, due
to the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment,
discrimination on the basis of sex is not pro-
hibited by the Constitution.

There is a clear antagonism
between the goals of libraries

and those of copyright
holders.

You may within reasonable limits have
marches, demonstrations, and similar meetings
for the purpose of presenting your views to
government and to the public at large. Reasonable
limits set by the government must relate to such
matters as protecting the public safety and the
rights of other people. You may, for example,
picket a movie theater showing a movie of which
you disapprove; but you may not picket in such a
way as to prevent others from entering nor may
you go inside and disrupt the showing. It is also
important to note that, in the case of libraries,
others have these same rights with respect to our
activities. People may and have demonstrated
against the library and picketed it.

The government may not deprive you of other
rights solely because you have used your right of
association. If Mr. Reagan gets mad at the ALA
because we do not support his nominee to be
Librarian of Congress, he may not deny you a
passport to travel or deny you employment in a
federal library.

The government may not require you to dis-
close the names of your members, and it may not

182"Winter 1987

require you to identify yourself as a member of an
organization. That may not sound like much of a
right, but it has been crucial to organizations
which have not gained or which fall out of public
favor. It was very significant in the early days of
the labor movement and to groups like the
NAACP, because disclosure of their members
might well have resulted in substantial pressure
against those individuals.

Government Information

As you all know, we are engaged today in a
major struggle about information by and about
the United States government. I am proud, as I
hope you are, that the American Library Associa-
tion is playing a major role in that struggle. The
question of government information also both-
ered the Constitutional Convention, and they
thus required that each house of Congress keep
and publish a journal, but gave them the right in
their judgement to keep parts of it secret. Patrick
Henry, who opposed the Constitution, said of this
provision"and it certainly pertains to all govern-
ment information"~oThe liberties of a people never
were or never will be, secure when the transac-
tions of their rulers may be concealed from them.
The most iniquitous plots may be carried on
against their liberty and happiness.� Those who
watched and read the Iran/Contra hearings
would today find it hard to disagree with Henry.

The issue of access to government informa-
tion has, today, a number of manifestations, all of
which are very serious. Perhaps the most far
reaching is the government effort in the name of
economy and efficiency to contract out to private
contractors as many of its information functions
as possible. At first glance, we librarians may be
seen to be self-serving when we oppose such
efforts; but who better than we can understand
the implications of placing increasing control over
the information activities of the executive branch
of government in private hands which are outside
the constitutional system of checks and balances.
Again the Iran/Centra hearings give clear evi-
dence of the perils of conducting the publicTs bus-
iness under the cloak of oprivate operations.�
Fortunately, the Congress is growing increasingly
aware of the possible perils in this area. In this
yearTs hearings on the Appropriations Bill, the
Senate Appropriations Committee, commenting
on the administrationTs proposal to privatize the
National Technical Information Service, a service
which operates at no cost to the taxpayers, men-
tioned oturning over government scientific and
technical information to private contractors
which may be controlled by foreign interests or

can be bought by foreign firms.� It is encouraging
that the committee concluded its report with
these comments, oGiven the dynamics of public
policy development, the Committee believes that
certain positions in nonrecreational library posi-
tions are presumptively governmental in nature
... Therefore, the Committee fully expects the
head of each Federal agency to notify the appli-
cable appropriations subcommittee and other
appropriate authorizing committees, using the
proper reprogramming procedures, before initiat-
ing the contracting out of any Federal library. �
The struggle on this issue is far from over; but
ALATs positions on the issue were early, they were
clear, and they have been consistent. IsnTt it ironic
that those who have for decades called for
government to be businesslike now seek to take
out of government those activities which have
succeeded in being businesslike?

We also face a major struggle to preserve the
role of libraries as a principal component of the
system for providing public access to the infor-
mation which government itself produces and
develops. From very early in our history the role
of the public printer to ensure citizen access to
government information was clearly established.
Now, again in the name of efficiency, we are seeing
increasing efforts to privatize, or place in private
hands for public access, a wide variety of informa-
tion collected, compiled, and paid for by the pub-
lic. The public will have access only if it pays for
access to value-added vendors or if libraries are
able to pay the costs for them. The coalition of
federal agencies seeking to lower their costs or
transfer them to information users and private
sector vendors anxious to increase their markets
will be very difficult to resist. Patrick Henry's
worst fears would be realized in some of the
proposals we seek to resist today. We stand in the
tradition of Francis Lieber, the great University of
South Carolina faculty member and President
who said, oLiberty is coupled with the public word
and however frequently the public word may be
abused it is nevertheless true that out of it rises
oratory"the aesthetics of liberty. All govern-
ments hostile to liberty are hostile to publicity.�

Again, I hope that you are as proud as I am of
the great and energetic leadership which your
professional association is providing in this issue.
It is we who stand in the tradition of the framers
of the Constitution and who believe that govern-
ment information, like government activity, ought
to be open and apparent to its citizens, not hid-
den in secrecy or made unavailable in the name of
cost cutting. We may truly need to cut the federal
budget, but curtailing citizen access to public

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information, information by and about the United
States government, is far too high a price to pay.
George MasonTs argument against slavery in
which he said, oas nations cannot be rewarded or
punished in the next world they must be in this...
[and] providence punishes national sins by
national calamities� fits equally well a government
which would control or limit the access of its citi-
zens to information about its activities.

The Due Process Clause

The Fifth Amendment provides that no person
may obe deprived of life, liberty or property with-
out due process of law.� For much of our history
this provision was seen as relating to criminal
matters and civil matters relating to the taking of
real property for public purposes. In more recent
years, however, statutes and court decisions have
resulted in a broadening of the definition of
oproperty� to include things other than real prop-
erty. A tenured professor may now be seen as hav-
ing a oproperty� interest in the position. A library
staff member past a probationary period of
employment may also have a property interest in
his position and if those property rights are taken
away or denied, then that individual must be
given the rights of odue process.� Due process, like

Winter 1987"183

beauty or privacy, is an elusive matter and is
highly circumstantial in nature. It is clear that at
least in the employment area, due process means
that the person must be informed of the charges
against him, i.e., what he has done wrong. He must
be given the opportunity to inquire into those
charges and to examine those who bring them,
and he must be able to present testimony in his
own behalf. Usually it means that, if requested, he
must also have the opportunity for legal counsel
in these processes.

The rights of due process have also entered
into the education of students who are seen as
having a property right in their education. School
administrators, teachers, and media specialists
now deal with the necessity of imposing discipline
in the schools while insuring at the same time
that students receive their due process rights.

Many library administrators, particularly
those of the old school, chaff at the seeming
rigidity of due process provisions in employment,
but would we really want to have it otherwise? We
know that not all decisions to terminate em-
ployees are fairly reached. There are administra-
tors who are capricious, discriminatory, author-
itarian, and in some instances downright mean.
Should not employees have at least the minimal
protection which the Constitution can afford
them in the face of such actions?

It is certainly true that due process provi-
sions make employee terminations and other

184"Winter 1987

kinds of actions much more cumbersome than
they once were. But the United States Constitu-
tion is not about convenience and expediency. It
is fundamentally about fairness and how govern-
ment and its agencies may treat and interact with
citizens.

Conclusion

The richness of the Constitution provides
material for a much longer presentation than cir-
cumstances of today permit. We could talk, for
example, about the librarianTs concern for the
privacy of circulation records and the Fifth
AmendmentTs right to be protected against self-
incrimination. It is an important topic now that
we again have federal law enforcement officials
going into libraries and asking librarians to spy on
their fellow citizenTs use of libraries.

It is clear that the Constitution is as funda-
mentally a part of our libraries as it is our lives.
Our libraries play the role in our lives that they do
because of our Constitution, just as we are the
kind of people that we are because of our
Constitution. I have lived long enough to see that
Constitution sustain us in economic disaster, in
several wars, in presidential succession, in the
dismissal of a president, and in periods of great
national embarrassment. It is a remarkable doc-
ument and because we live under it, we are a
remarkable people.

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Winter 1987"185

Libraries in the New Information Age

Ching-chih Chen

EditorTs Note: This speech was modified from two keynote
speeches of the same title presented at the LaserActive ~87 in
Boston, October 4, 1987 and the Annual Seminar of Federal
Librarians of Canada in Ottawa, October 26, 1987. Also revised
from oLibraries in the information age: Where are the micro-
computer and laser optical disc technologies taking us?� Micro-
computers for Information Management 3 (4): 253-266 (De-
cember 1986).

I am truly delighted to have the opportunity
to speak at the North Carolina Library Associa-
tionTs Biennial Meeting. When I was asked to give
this talk some months ago, it was hinted that I
should address a number of information issues,
and I was told that the central theme of this
yearTs conference is oLibraries"Spread the News,�
and the sessional theme of RTSD is oThe Impact of
Automation and High Tech on Libraries and Their
Users.� This reminded me of early in the spring of
1980 when we entered a new decade, I was fortu-
nate to be asked to receive the Distinguished
Alumnus Award at the University of MichiganTs
Library School and delivered a convocation

Dr. Ching-chih Chen, Professor and Associate Dean of the
Graduate School of Library and Information Science at Sim-
mons College, Boston, delivered this address at the NCLA
biennial conference. It was sponsored by the Resources and
Technical Services Section.

186"Winter 1987

speech for that occasion, entitled oGolden Oppor-
tunities in the 80Ts for Information Professions�
(Chen, 1980). The title of that speech clearly sug-
gests that I viewed then and continue to view now
the future of the library professions with consid-
erable optimism. In preparing for this talk, I read
that speech again the other day, and realized that
I did not make too bad a prediction. With your
indulgence, I am going to quote a few paragraphs
from that speech about the 1980Ts and new
information technologies.

oThe 1980Ts represent a frontier of further
development and rapid expansion in electronic
and telecommunication technologies. In the area
of information sciences, the intelligent terminals,
fiber optics technology, direct broadcast satellite
transmission, computer-based message systems,
large-scale data base storage, video disc technol-
ogy, high speed printing, and photography offer
us all outstanding, ever-expanding opportunities
in the coming decade... �T oThus, in the 1980Ts we
can expect a dramatic change in the mode of
information production, transfer, and delivery.
Due to the advent of a low-cost distance-insensi-
tive, wideband satellite network, both local tele-
vision stations and cable systems may be
partially supplemented by direct home-to-satel-
lite broadcasts; home televisions can be used to
display text from central online data bases;
small, inexpensive-but-powerful computers will
provide a means of access to machine-readable
data bases at home and at small businesses. Real-
time online conversations with consultants, col-
leagues of the invisible college, and information
specialists are well within our technological
capabilities.

oThere can be a sharp increase of remote
library browsing, remote literature searching,
and remote interlibrary loans. Real-time hard
copy reference and document delivery will also be
possible. The ~electronic libraryT and/or ~tele-
libraryT awaits in the not-too-distant future;
sooner than many of us would like to imagine.
The rate of technological change created by tele-
vision and mass media in the past two decades
was so stunning that many librarians have been
unable to clearly assess the far-reaching effect it
has had on the world of their services and opera-

tions. The pace of change brought on by the tele-
communication technology of the 1980Ts will
surely be far greater in the years ahead. Each of
us must ponder deeply the role of new technology
as a powerful change agent in the information
field. We must understand fully the profound and
permanent implications of technology in the
future role of libraries and information profes-
sionals. Our continued relevance and usefulness
depend upon it.�

These were my predictions in March 1980
and seemed to be rather mind-boggling at that
time. Yet only seven years later, in the fall of 1987,
not only has everything which I mentioned then
become reality, but also we have come of age in
such a high-tech world that many of the 1986's
and 1987Ts ofirsts� would have been labeled
science fiction a mere decade ago. In fact, in all
areas of new technology, we fall very short of all
predictions. Given what has happened since last
week, I wish I could do one-tenth as well in pre-
dicting the stock market.

Looking at something more tangible and
practical as I traveled internationally many many
times in the last few years, I have progressively
noticed how the general publicTs attitude toward
the use of high technologies has changed world-
wide. Computers were being viewed not as a
menace anymore, but as a positive extension of
human ingenuity. The general public has become
much more computer literate, and, therefore, can
use and/or understand computers. oUser-friendly�
has become less an advertising slogan and more a
reality as hardware and software developers and
producers rushed to compete with credible prod-
ucts, and more and more professionals and
organizations in every field have relied on new
technologies to increase productivity, efficiency
and effectiveness.

Given the above as a background, I shall try
to elaborate on the roles of the library in new
information age. As requested by the Conference
organizers, I shall deliver it more from the per-
spective of academic and special libraries and
their library users who are deeply involved in
knowledge and information technologies devel-
opment.

Historical Perspective on New Information
Technology and Early Library Responses

Looking back, in the 1950Ts two major revolu-
tions erupted"television and the electronic com-
puter"which have fundamentally altered the
communication systems in every part of the
world. Furthermore, in the last three decades

high technology has had an irrevocable impact on
our libraries and information services. As a result,
an information age culminating in the quick dis-
appearance of the traditional ogatekeepers� role
of libraries was witnessed. In other words, the
information world has begun to shift from print
only to multimedia, including imagery.

Since the mid and late 1970Ts, the dynamic
growth and development of the microprocessing
and telecommunications industries has had even
greater ramifications on library work and servi-
ces. Developments in these new technological
areas have led to major changes in our informa-
tion society. It seems appropriate to point out
that onew technology� is a term which has been
used loosely to refer to a wide range of techno-
logical innovations mainly in the computing
and/or communication areas, each of which is at
a different stage of development, implementation,
and widespread use. Many of these technological
advances reach widespread use in a remarkably
short time span. Furthermore, they dynamically
adapt to various hybrid technologies which
dramatically compound the computing and infor-
mation processing power for information man-
agement applications.

Clearly, in this new information age, syn-
onymously called the oelectronic age,� we are
inundated with an enormously and ever-increas-
ingly vast amount of information. In order to find
more efficient and effective ways of using this
information, information technology has played
an increasingly important and popular role in
transforming our information society. Therefore,
if we trace the literature on the new information
age in recent years, we will find that the develop-
ments in electronic and telecommunication tech-
nologies are central to all of them, although
different definitions may be offered of informa-
tion age"some scholarly and some empirical.
Also dominant is the notion that new information
technologies not only permit individual informa-
tion seekers and users far more opower� than ever
before, they have also had fundamental and dra-
matic impact on all organizations, institutions,
and individuals now primarily concerned with the
delivery of information services. These clearly
include libraries as part of the information uni-
verse.

Where are these taking us? What are the
effects of these technological developments on
library and information professionals? What were
libraryTs earlier responses to new information
technology? In order to begin to respond to some
of these questions, it is helpful to assume an his-
torical perspective and examine what libraries

Winter 1987"187

have done in response to these technological
advances. From avery quick and macro review of
these developments, three have been commonly
identified by librarians as having the greatest
impact on the overall effects of automation in
libraries:

1. The Growth of Bibliographic Utilities and
Resource Sharing/Networking

From the early twentieth century to late
1960, growth in resources was one of the major
trends in libraries. The watch word was omore�"
more money, more books, more staff, more space,
and more technology. Yet,oalthough libraries got
more of everything during those years, they still
could not keep pace with the growth of new fields
of research, new doctoral programs, and in-
creased production of books and journals� (De
Gennaro, 1975). Realizing that no library could
possibly have everything, with the help of those
burgeoning new technologies, librarians quickly
had a change in philosophy toward shared
resources. Thus, resource sharing and networking
have since become popular buzzwords.

Prior to 1970, each library did its own cata-
loging and there was little possibility of finding
out which libraries possessed similar book titles
except through the manually prepared union
catalogs. With the introduction of machine-read-
able bibliographic utilities"the first being OCLC
in 1968"shared cataloging was born and has
since grown rapidly. For example, at this moment,
a great majority of American academic and public
libraries use at least one of the many available
bibliographic utilities to perform their cataloging
functions. Take OCLC as an example. It is a five
thousand-library network with over twelve mil-
lion catalogued bibliographic records. Similar
growth has occurred in all other utilities, such as
RLN, WLN, etc. However, these utilities operate on
large scale computers, technically more represen-
tative of the 1970Ts, which are quickly becoming
odinosaurs.� Thus, we have seen in recent years
the enormous efforts which all these profit-
making and nonprofit organizations have made in
developing new micro-based products and/or
alternatives to keep up with these quickly chang-
ing times. Many bibliographic utilities are actively
marketing specifically designed micro-based hard-
ware and software that permit libraries to ointe-
grate� automated cataloging, acquisitions, refer-
ence, online public catalogs, circulation, inter-
library loan, serial control and other functions. In
addition, we have begun to see considerable
development in the use of CD-ROM technology by
these utilities. This is also an area where libraries

188"Winter 1987

may explore their own exciting cooperative CD
publishing projects.
2. The Dynamic Growth of Online Databases

Online information retrieval systems have
been available for quite some time, but their for-
mat and content have been changing constantly.
We all remember that in the early and mid-1970Ts,
online searching was a big deal. The ability to
search online evolved from specialized services
with an initially very small number of elite
researchers to widespread services available to a
large number of end-users (in the case of aca-
demic libraries, to a large number of students and
faculty.) This was made possible primarily by
quickly multiplying online databases, with an
estimated growth rate of twenty to thirty per cent
per year. In 1979, about four hundred online data-
bases of all kinds, offered via fifty nine online ser-
vices were identified, yet we have a record total of
about thirty two hundred databases available via
five hundred online services worldwide. This great
proliferation of machine-readable databases and
the greater trend in treating information itself as
a commodity has had a tremendous effect on
library information services. It is anticipated that
end-users will do many more searches than their
trained intermediaries. The reason for this is the
great price reduction, offered by vendors in hopes
of cornering the market of those with micros and
modems available at home and/or at work. Since
1985, we have seen a great proliferation of CD-
ROM products of these online databases (Chen,
December 1985). While unquestionably the recent
CD-technology has offered exciting potentials for
libraries, yet we have seen mainly products of
electronic publishing for libraries at this time.
When CD-ROMs are mainly used as publishing
and storage media, one really doesnTt need to
make too much out of it. Think about what they
can do for us beyond that? For example, how
about the possibilities and potentials of librariesT
own cooperative CD-publishing?

3. Online Public Access Catalogs (OPAC)

The purpose of a library's catalog is to organ-
ize its collection in such a way as to permit easy
access to the materials the library owns. Yet,
maintaining a library catalog is very labor-inten-
sive. Libraries have turned to the more recent
developments in OPAC for partial solutions. While
OPAC has enabled users to gain quick access to
the libraryTs holdings and has given librarians a
great deal of operational expediency, it has its
problems as well. The OPAC on larger systems has
problems such as the initial capital investment,
the ongoing cost of maintaining the computer, the

need for backup when the machine is malfunc-
tioning, the cost of retrospective conversion, and
the need for and expense of an integrated system.
The recent introduction of OPAC on CD-ROM and
the micro-based system such as Le Pac intro-
duced by Brodart and the product of the Library
Corporation using expert system are only some of
the examples.

Recent Technological Developments and Their
Effect on Libraries

Given the above-mentioned developments as
background, what are the more recent advances
and trends? Time does not permit me to elaborate
on these by giving a full catalog or directory of
new information technology. I shall mention them
only briefly and in broad categories:

e@ As electronic breakthroughs have con-
tinued their whirlwind pace in all related areas,
the ease of use and increased reliability of system
software has been witnessed; application soft-
ware packages have greater function with more
flexibility; end-users have many more alterna-
tives; and hardware improvements have brought
more processing power to the users.

e As end-users become more sophisticated
and technology more complex, the market de-
mand has prompted the design of fifth generation
computers"machines that incorporate artificial
intelligence which will allow them to understand
natural language, make deductions, draw infer-
ences and solve problems. This is where the shift
from information processing to knowledge pro-
cessing will be seen. There will be an increasing
demand for ointelligent� information services by
our users in education, research, businesses and
industry.

e As the number and variety of electronic
databases has increased sharply, so has the speed
and mode of the flow of information increased
greatly. Communication via text, voice, and image
now provides effective solutions to the problems
of information flow. Many of these databases can
be accessed via networks of remote systems such
as Ethernet, Easynet, etc. Obviously the options
available for information seekers have increased
greatly.

@ As the technology progresses dynamically,
so does the format of electronic information
delivery and distribution change greatly. While
traditional printed information entails a fixed
format, electronic information can be delivered
and distributed via many options, such as video-
tex, audiotex, digital voice mail, interactive video-
audiotex and many, many others.

@ There is considerable evidence that the

technologies used in telecommunications will
continue to provide multiple alternatives.

© Micro-mainframe and micro-mini-main-
frame links have been buzzwords since 1984.
Microcomputers are no longer used as single
workstations, yet are clearly integrated into the
whole system in a workable, cohesive configura-
tion. In the academic setting, for example, we
shall see more and more universities experiment-
ing with instructional and operational purposes.
For example, Project Athena of MIT involves the
use of computer technology in the curriculum.
Both IBM and DEC have invested in this project a
combined fifty million dollars for the period 1985-
88. It is expected that by 1988 a multiple local
area network with hundreds of Athena work-
stations will exist in the educational computa-
tional environment at MIT for curriculum de-
velopment in a very broad sense, which certainly
has an important role for libraries. Brown Univer-
sity is another example. Known as a ostar wars�
university, it is expected within the next ten years
that the University will spend over fifty million
dollars on wiring together over ten thousand
oscholar� workstations. While these workstations
will perform all basic osecretarial functions� and
oresearch operations� it will also certainly be easy
for faculty and students to access library OPAC
and available online data bases via these compu-
ter links. This type of development should dra-
matically change the role of libraries in academic
environments. Similarily, in the business and
industry settings, the full integration of micro-
computers in the common work place is self-evi-
dent.

@ Storage media technologies have continued
their rapid development. Recent strides in storage
technology portend lower cost and greater capac-
ity systems for all computers. This has encour-
aged users to keep more and more data online
concurrently for data analysis and other pur-
poses. It has also encouraged new applications
such as electronic mail, electronic filing, and
other applications. Many library applications
requiring large storage capacity are portable now
at manageable cost.

@ Laser optical storage and retrieval tech-
nology, including CD-ROM, hold great promise for
libraries for information preservation, manage-
ment, and electronic publishing. Currently many
popular databases, such as COMPENDEX, NTIS,
ERIC, Chemical Abstracts, MEDLINE, EMBASE
(Excerpta Medicus), Dissertation Abstracts, etc.,
are available on CD-ROM. Instead of paying for
online searches via vendor services, libraries or
other database end-users, can actually own a

Winter 1987"189

good portion of the databases now. Obviously, this
should have an effect on the library's operations
and services related to information retrieval.
Furthermore, many key reference tools are also
being made available in an electronic format. Here
I am not only referring to various reference tools
for librarians, such as Books in Print and UlrichTs
Periodical Directory, but also the major subject
references to end users, such as Beilstein,
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technol-
ogy etc. Surely, this should undoubtedly have
great effects on the mode and operations of refer-
ence services in libraries. My recent CD-ROM use
survey in American academic and college libraries
has revealed some very interesting results in this
area (Chen, December 1987).

®@ The recent development in WORM (Write
Once and Read Many) technology provides more
opportunities for information processing and
management. For less than $3,000, it is possible to
acquire a 5 1/4� optical WORM drive permitting a
system user to write about 240-MB data on a
WORM disc. Recently, Kodak has announced the
availability of its fourteen inch WORM disc with
6-GB storage capacity. When compared with
floppy disks, the 10-MB, or even 40-MB hard disks,
this technology indeed offers visible and exciting
potential for library information management in
areas such as archival management, document
preservation, etc.

@ As we are just getting used to CD-ROM, the
messy optical and computer technology market is
throwing out all types of acronyms of products,
such as erasable discs, CD-V, CD-IV, CD-I (Com-
pact Disc Interactive), DVI (Digital Video Inter-
active), hypertext, hypermedia, hypercard, etc.
While some of these such as CD-I and DVI are still
at the prototype development stage, it is too early
to foresee the possible effect these will have on
information management and service delivery. It
is unquestionably substantial when the product is
available on the market for meaningful applica-
tions.

@ In the meantime, optical videodisc tech-
nology, by no means passé, has offered great
potential for multi-media and multi-formatted
information processing and delivery. For exam-
ple, a double-sided analog videodisc can contain
108,000 frames of visual images (from slides,
videostrips and/or films), as well as one-hour
dual sound tracks. This opens up great possibili-
ties for librarians for dynamic information provi-

sion (Chen, 1985 & July 1987).

@ When videodisc technology is interactively
used with microcomputers, we can begin to expe-
rience the incredible potential of this hybrid

190"Winter 1987

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technology for information retrieval in education .
and training. In this area one can definitely create
a demand for a technology capable of reshaping
the field of learning and information retrieval for
society. I have had the privilege of directing a
major interactive videodisc project, called PROJ-
ECT EMPEROR-I, supported by the Humanities
Project in Libraries of the United States National
Endowment for the Humanities. PROJECT EM-
PEROR-I is ideal for demonstrating the great
potential of interactive videodisc technology for
multi-media, multi-formatted, and multi-dimen-
sional information provision and delivery, which
epitomizes how new technology has promoted
and enhanced information access in a way not
possible before. In the recent two or three short
years, we have witnessed the development of
many exciting interactive videodisc technology"
related projects in almost every subject field"art
history, archaeology, ecology, geography, science,
technology, and medicine. Exciting things are
happening in every part of the globe. For example,
British BBCTs DOMESDAY project has involved
over three thousand schools in Great Britain; and
in 1986 the Italian government launched a vast
multi-year plan for the recovery, classification,
and diffusion of the artistic and cultural heritage
of Italy, under the slogan orecovering the Italian

gold mine.� This program has been funded with
five million dollars for only the first three-year
phase, which includes the development of various
interactive videodisc programs of their museums.

© Murr and Williams in their very recent arti-
cle, oThe Roles of the Future Library� (1987),
listed four enabling technologies which will signi-
ficantly affect the libraries of the future. They are:
Artificial intelligence, graphic imaging technolo-
gies, optical digital mass storage systems, and di-
gital transmission systems. While some of these
have been touched briefly by me, some others,
such as electronic imaging technologies and di-
gital transmission systems, have not been. It is
important to recognize that technologies are
being developed to enable us to capture, enhance,
manipulate, and repackage all types of images"
pictures, illustrations, charts, paintings, graphics,
textual pages, ete."with high graphic resolution,
easy access, and concurrent fast retrieval in a way
unattainable before. Take my own PROJECT
EMPEROR-I as an example. Through the use of
Sun MicroSystemsT 3-family and the powerful
software from the Image Understanding Systems,
we have captured several of our ostar� images at
the resolution of 4K x 4K with 24-bit true color
display. Once the image is digitized, the potential
for using and manipulating the vast amount of
digitized data is indeed unbound.

New and Future Directions for Library and
Information Services

Therefore, it is clear that todayTs libraries and
their staff are in the midst of a period of unprece-
dented change and adjustment. Substantial
changes have occurred in every part of library
work as automated systems are introduced. Prac-
tically every function performed in a library has
been altered by advances in electronics, compu-
terization, and telecommunication. Changes have
occurred in library management, organization
and staffing patterns; job design, classification
descriptions and contents; service programs and

activities; and the work environment in general.
ae

Practically every function per-
formed in a library has been
altered by advances in elec-
tronics, computerization, and
telecommunications.

What do all these developments mean to us
as information professionals, and how is the pro-
fession itself changing as a result of the new tech-

nology in the information age? In the last few
years, there has been a dramatic change in the
mode of information production, transfer and
delivery. Clearly, we do not have much control
over these technological developments. In order
for us to cope with them, we need a fundamental
change in library philosophy, education, and
practice. Throughout my research and activities, I
have stressed the fact that the library is only one
of many viable information providers and, most
frequently, it has been the most important one. In
order to increase the library's relevancy and its
role in the present information environment, it
must shift focus to include the following direc-
tions in addition to its basic functions:

@ From library-centered to information cen-
tered;

© From collection-centered to access-service
oriented;

e From the library as an institution to the
library as an information provider, and the librar-
ian as a skilled information specialist functioning
in an integrated information environment;

© From using technology for the automation
of library functions to utilizing technology for the
enhancement of information access not physi-
cally contained within the four walls of the
library; and to up-grade the general citizenTs qual-
ity of life. In this way, when serving the business
and industry in the emerging information society,
a library becomes a vital economic resource, and
when serving the academic and public library
users, a library becomes a true education re-
source center;

e@ From library networking for information
provision to area networking for all types of
information sources providers. Thus, the library is
only one of the many nodes of total information
network.

While realizing that librarianTs responsibilities
lay in preserving records of knowledge, in provid-
ing access to information and in knowing that
information is intrinsically important; it is their
duty as well to broaden their horizons, to expand
their working domain, and to experiment with
new technological tools which enable them to
carry out their responsibilities more effectively
and efficiently; and thus add a powerful new elec-
tronic dimension to the libraryTs traditional col-
lections and services.

To follow up on the earlier discussions re-
garding new information technology develop-
ments, it is safe to say that in the very near
foreseeable future, in fact almost now, many infor-
mation sources will not be only in their traditional
and currently more familiar formats; instead they

Winter 1987"191

will also be in some type of electronic form as
witnessed in some of the dual formats of publish-
ing of same major reference tools. In areas of
information seeking, the development of a new
generation of software, based on artificial intelli-
gence, will allow the assimilation of information in
an unstructured way with inference-making capa-
bilities. We will no longer speak of data bases, but
of a new type of information source, the knowl-
edge base. Knowledge bases will totally revolu-
tionize our information services. In other words,
instead of performing a computer search of a
data base by using keywords, the computer will
review the information contained and make
inferences based on our requests. It will provide a
synthesized answer not. explicitly visible in any
text.

No matter where new technologies have
taken us, surely the future of printed sources
such as obooks� is firmly intact. New technologies
have not introduced to us a convenient and flexi-
ble product like the obook� as of yet. Thus, new
electronic products will coexist with those useful
traditional ones and will provide us with addi-
tional information which is not obtainable from
the one-dimensional printed sources. While it is
oversimplification to think that all paper prod-
ucts will disappear totally"to tell the truth, my
own home office has never had more paper in it in
my life than during the last couple of years. How-
ever, it is conceivable that sheer economics will
force some types of printed sources out of busi-
ness.

Knowledge bases will totally
revolutionize our information
services.

In preparing for this talk, I was pleased to
note Murr and WilliamsT discussion on the roles of
the future library (1987). Although they were
expressing it ofrom the perspective of library
users, especially researchers and those involved
in knowledge and information technologies devel-
opment"the knowledge workers of the future,� I
find agreement between their summary and that
of mine which has been expressed for sometime.
o ~Library, as a place, will give way to ~library as a
transparent knowledge network providing ~intelli-
gentT services to business and education through
both specialized librarians and emerging informa-
tion technologies. Libraries will rely heavily on
computers and peripherals to facilitate electronic
document imaging, publishing, telecommunica-
tions, and information delivery in addition to

192"Winter 1987

networked collection management and reference
services.�

Major Issues

As I ran over all the powerful technological
tools available to us as information consumers of
the vast volume of information, I have made sev-
eral sweeping remarks which must also have
raised many questions and doubts in your minds.
The transformation of our society by information
technology, for more effective flow and use of
information, has brought us problems as well as
opportunities. It is our responsibility to recognize
the many complex issues involved.

@ The need for national and international
policies on information and information technol-
ogy;

@® The widening gap between information
poor and information rich (for those who can
afford the use of new information technologies
and those who cannot);

© The value of information;

© The neutrality of information technology;

© Educating and training of information pro-
fessionals;

@ Etc....

While we are on the topics of new informa-
tion age and new information technology, it is
important to note that these technologies, while
extremely useful to us, do frustrate us to no end
as well. They are like fast moving targets, very
difficult to aim at. Some people are so wrapped
up in forever chasing the rainbow, they forget
that new technology is only a tool. It is not an end.
We see too many ojazzy� technological products
come and go with little success and impact
because they are not problem-oriented. They are
odream� products with little relevance to reality.

Libraries are service organizations. Their
primary goal is to increase information access.
Thus, whatever the fancy, omod� technological
adaptations"whether they are related to compu-
ters, optical technologies, such as videodisc, CD-
ROM, CD-I, and DVI, or graphic imaging tech-
nologies"if they are the answers, ask owhat are
the questions?�

Conclusion

So I have illustrated how information tech-
nologies have had, and will continue to have, a
fundamental impact on the manner in which
information can and will be used. While it is easy
to witness a realization of these new technologies
as time progresses, it is important to keep in mind
that the whirlwind pace of new technological

developments has generally greatly outpaced our
effort and ability to conceptualize and develop
new applications. Similarly, so have appropriate
educational programs and curricula for prepar-
ing our information professionals for the efficient,
full and productive use of these new technologies.
Thus, the challenge to educators in restructuring
our educational conceptual model, in continu-
ously updating our curriculum, in offering con-
tinuing education opportunities and in con-
ducting research, is indeed great. Similarly, it is
important to keep in mind as well that the
changes in individual responsibilities brought
about by the most recent technological innova-
tions are occurring more rapidly than in the past,
in fact, often more rapidly than they can readily
be absorbed into normal information service pro-
grams and routines. Thus, looking back over these
thirty to forty years, new technology applications
in libraries have indeed been a fast moving target.
In fact, they are traveling so swiftly that it has
been very frustrating for most of us to take aim,
the exceptions being those few who possess vision
and understanding.

""

... the future of printed
sources such as obooks� is
firmly intact.

a

It is an understatement to say that we live in
an interesting time! For the first time ever, lack of
proper technology is no longer an obstacle. The
computer power, software, storage capacity, and
alternative technologies are all available to pro-
vide desired information services. What libraries
must do is to make sure they do fit into this
period of unprecedented, continuous change and
adjustment. While the next decade of librarian-
ship will undoubtedly be a period of great anxiety
and flux, it will surely be a decade of great prom-
ise for information professionals. In order for us
to play a central role in this information-intensive
and knowledge-centered society, we have to posi-

tion ourselves to develop appropriate strategies
which allow acceptance of the challenges before
us. Caught in the middle of the information revo-
lution, between traditional academic conserva-
tism and the tantalizing possibilities of the
high-tech world, libraries must determine how
they cannot only survive but also thrive on the
threshold of a new world; how they can develop a
vision for a library's future; and finally, how they
can define their role in facing a new frontier
before others force their definition upon them.
This is a tall order!

References

Chen, Ching-chih, oGolden opportunities in the 80's for informa-
tion professionals,� Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan
School of Library Science, 1980. Also reprinted in Journal of
Library & Information Science 8 (1): 1-19 (April 1982).
Chinese translation in Bulletin of the China Society of
Library Science No. 2: 39-45 (1980).

Chen, Ching-chih, oOnline information and interactive videodisc
technology: Case presentation about PROJECT EMPEROR-
I� Proceedings of the 9th International Online Meeting.
London: Learned Information, 1985, pp. 159-161.

Chen, Ching-chih, oMicro-based videodisc applications,� Micro-
computers for Information Management 2 (4): 217-239
(December 1985)

Chen, Ching-chih, oInteractive videodisc & ~The First Emperor of
ChinaT: Online access to multi-media information.� Proceed-
ings of the National Online Meeting. Medford, NJ: Learned
Information, 1986. pp. 73-78.

Chen, Ching-chih, oLibraries in the information age: Where are
the microcomputer and laser optical disc technologies tak-
ing us?� Microcomputers for Information Management 3
(4): 253-265 (December 1986).

Chen, Ching-chih, oApplications of interactive videodisc tech-
nology as Demonstrated by PROJECT EMPEROR-I,� Pro-
ceedings of the International Symposium on Information
Resource Management, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, June 1-6,
1987. (Forthcoming)

Chen, Ching-chih, oCD-ROM survey in American academic and
college libraries,� Proceedings of the 1 Ith International
Online Information meeting, London, December 8-10, 1987.
(Forthcoming)

De Gennaro, Richard, oAusterity, Technology, and the Resource
Sharing: Research Libraries Face the Future,� Library
Journal 100:917 (May 1975).

Murr, Lawrence, E. & James B. Williams, oThe roles of the future
library,� Library High Tech 5 (3): 7-23 (Fall 1987).

Winter 1987"193

The Impact of Library Automation"
A Public LibrarianTs Perspective

Elizabeth Dickinson Nichols

I am speaking today on library automationTs
impact on library organizational structure, staff,
and the public from the perspective of a librarian
with experience in technical services manage-
ment and supervision in medium and large public
libraries. Certainly my background colors my
perspective somewhat.

While I am introducing myself to you I should
add a couple of caveats. Although I am enor-
mously proud of my particular library and will
use some ohow we did it good� examples, for the
most part I have discovered through the litera-
ture and discussions with other librarians that
our good ideas have worked elsewhere too. This
just goes to show that no idea is really new.

In addition, when I conceptualize successful
library automation and discuss its impact, I tend
to think in terms of integrated systems, a series of
functions that appear to the user (preferably
both public and staff) as if they are in one system

Elizabeth Nichols is Coordinator of Technical Services at the
Stockton-San Joaquin County, California, Public Library. Her

speech at NCLA was sponsored by the Resources and Techni-
cal Services Section.

194"Winter 1987

available from the same device.! This ideal is
rarely achieved by staff who must transfer
records from a bibliographic utility to a local sys-
tem and may have separate acquisitions and
serials control or other functions to interface. At
least one would hope, however, that these trans-
formations appear transparent to the public and
are done without rekeying of data from system to
system. To have the greatest beneficial impact on
staff, organizational structure, and the public, an
integrated system must be the goal of any library
automation plan.

The Management Team Approach

I have always worked in an environment
where staff at all levels make contributions to the
decision-making process and where a manage-
ment team approach is applied not just at the
top, but throughout. A real working team takes
time to build, but will flourish where the following
factors are present:

1. An administrator who is willing to listen to
staff, willing to respond, and sometimes even
change course when a better idea percolates
from the ranks, and who gives credit where
credit is due.

2. Middle management and first line supervisors
have been involved from the start in the plan-
ning process and are themselves skilled com-
municators so that the two-way communica-
tion link is boosted rather than broken (as is
too often the case) at this middle level.?

3. At least some staff members in each unit are
identifiable as informal group leaders who are
willing to share ideas, lend information and
enthusiasm to others in the work unit, and
act as spokespeople for their compatriots.?

4. All staff elements, in short, operate in an
atmosphere of open, two-way communica-
tion. They trust each other to let that process
work.

5. All levels trust enough to know that, at some
point, a decision must be made, and all (or at
least most) agree to abide by that decision
and work to its successful conclusion; and,

6. The communication cycle remains open to
feedback so that corrections can be made as
necessary.

The reason ITve made what may seem like a
diversion to talk about the management team
process and open communication is because I
believe these are the most important factors in
making a successful automation project.

I could talk all day, extolling the beneficial
impact of automation and entertaining you with
some of its pitfalls; however, the results are so
inexorably linked to the process of getting there
that one cannot be discussed without the other.
Discounting some measure of good or bad luck,
you plan for what you get.

The Change Process

An integrated computer-based library system
impacts and changes every aspect of a library's
organization and service. Charles Lowry says it
very well:

Libraries are fundamentally nineteenth

century institutions. They have, for over a

century, been labor-intensive craft work-

shops. They are organized around special-
ized skills and knowledge applied to
complex manual filing systems. Today the
library is being transformed into a capital-
intensive, high technology light industry.*

One irony is that once the change has taken
place"that is, once the process has thawed origi-
nal skepticism, change has transpired and a new
way of doing things has refrozen into place"peo-
ple become resistant to further change.®

Unfortunately, in the age of automation,
change is a continual process where whole sys-
tems transform every five to seven years and, in
my experience, oenhancements� throw monkey-
wrenches into peopleTs set way of doing things
every few months. A recent example comes to
mind. In Stockton we have just begun to use a
collection agency to take care of delinquent
patrons with forty dollars or more in long overdue
materials or fines. For the first two years after
automating circulation, the public was very good
about returning materials and paying fines
because they thought the system would get them
if they didnTt. Gradually that changed as the ohard
core� two or three per cent of registered borrow-
ers discovered that nothing ever happened to
them if they tossed our computerized forms in the
circular file. We decided to jolt them out of com-
placency through an outside service. While the
public has responded suprisingly well, the imposi-
tion of a new procedure on top of the automated

billing process caused considerable consternation
among front-line circulation staff.

This is an example of a procedure imposed
from above that had to be retrofitted into an
existing automated procedure in a way that is not
ideally integrated. Although we provided what we
thought was clear documentation on the proce-
dure, annoyed and frustrated staff left the circu-
lation desk on the first day with a whole raft of
questions that, while included in the fine print,
needed to be underscored. In particular, we had
used a signal for a omanually delinquent� patron
in the computer system (a pre-automation
record) also to mean one sent to collection. Staff
members, used to seeing this online signal for only
one reason, got confused when it suddenly meant
something else, too.

In retrospect, implementation of this new
procedure would have been much smoother if we
had started to involve front-line people earlier
and, once manuals were prepared and read by all,
used examples from the documentation in staff
meetings to role-play how to handle patrons in
various situations before staff were confronted
with them.

In a happier example of how change can be
best accomplished, our cataloging and acquisi-
tions staff have formed a strong cooperative bond
that allows new ideas to bubble to the surface
from any staff level and provides cooperative
support so that when one section is besieged with
work or wants to try a new procedure, the other
chips in to fill the void.

While this kind of synergistic, open atmos-
phere can take place in a non-automated envi-
ronment, it is certainly aided and abetted by the
automation process. These sections share com-
mon goals: to make information about materials
on order, in process, or in the collection accessible
as soon and as accurately as possible; and to get
materials ordered, received, and processed as
efficiently and effectively as possible. As we auto-
mate it becomes clearer that the acquisitions and
cataloging workflow is one continuum and needs
to be handled as such. Procedural changes in one
area very often impact on the other.

Recently acquisitions and cataloging collabo-
rated to enter adult order list materials online
prior to the order meeting and to create the
paper list for branch and reference selection use
by downloading from our newly installed Bowker
BIPt on CD-ROM. This is just one step along the
lengthy path toward a fully integrated acquisi-
tions system. The project was conceived at the
staff level and carried out entirely as a joint effort
of the cataloging and acquisitions sections. Plan-

Winter 1987"195

ning took place in cataloging and acquisitions
staff meetings which are jointly attended by their
section heads. Well in advance, the idea was pre-
sented to public service staff. I also took the con-
cept to a coordinatorsT team management meet-
ing. After the fact, feedback was received at an
adult order meeting and minor adjustments
made to the process. Despite all the groups to
whom we presented the idea, the process worked
quickly, and within a couple months the project
was accomplished.

This example illustrates a number of points
about the effective change process in automating
library procedures:

1. Let ideas surface from the ranks;

2. Let the idea-generators do the planning, with
appropriate managerial overview;

3. Make sure administration and all impacted
staff are well informed prior to implementa-
tion and at various points in the implementa-
tion process;

4. Work incrementally; donTt bite off more than
can be chewed at one time.

5. Work cooperatively to share the planning and
implementation. This will increase the likeli-
hood of streamlined, integrated procedures.

Automation Impact: Organization and Staff

Automation has brought about a number of
substantial organizational changes. Research
shows that some libraries that automate do no
more than change job descriptions to add the fact
that computers are now used as work tools. Oth-
ers have combined public and technical services
units, as is the case at the University of Illinois.
Still others have expanded the centralized role of
Technical Services to encompass data base and
automated system management wherever it
comes into play.®

Stockton has steered the latter course. As
planning commenced for circulation control and
acquisitions, the units primarily responsible for
these functions joined the Technical Services fold.
Automation at the operational level is linked to
the Circulation Section. The Technical Services
Management Group, including the heads of
Acquisitions, Cataloging, Circulation/Systems and
myself, share expertise"and among us we have
over eighty years of library experience"to prob-
lem-solve and share ideas for future develop-
ments.

To accommodate automation there were
some reclassifications upward"from Library
Page to Computer Operator and Circulation-Page
Supervisor, a high level clerical position, to Circu-

196"Winter 1987

lation/Page Supervisor-Systems Manager, a pro-
fessional position. We have made some mistakes,
mostly by loading extra-heavy workloads on peo-
ple now responsible for automation. (My reading
tells me that is not uncommon.) However, the
structure is basically sound and has served quite
well over the past several years. We are open to
further organizational changes as the need arises.
It has certainly facilitated automation planning
and implementation to date and, as in the earlier
example of acquisitions and cataloging coopera-
tion, has allowed some streamlining in operations.

Staff Changes

What about changes at the staffing level? I'll
start with what I know best, my own job descrip-
tion as Technical Services Coordinator. I am
expected at the same time to be othe staff expert�
in all things automated, and the chief trainer,
documentation specialist, publicity release writer,
and yes, even radio and TV personality at times
when the latest library innovation is being touted.
This is a schizophrenic, and sometimes humbling
role because I must think computerese at one
moment and basic English the next.

My boss, Ursula Meyer, Director of Library
Services at Stockton-San Joaquin County Public
Library, is an excellent weathervane of what the
impact will be of an automated system on the
typical non-technical staff member or the average
library user. She particularly keeps me humble in
my role as chief automation communicator. She
says I sometimes have a pained expression on my
face when I try to explain technology to her in lay
terms. As I said, bridging the communication gap
is often hard to do.

oCD-Who?�T

Ms. Meyer recently looked very puzzled as I
described the Acquisitions SectionTs desire to
purchase BowkerTs BIP* in CD-ROM and all the
wonderful things they could do with it. oNow wait
a minute,� Ms. Meyer said, oWho is CD-Rom"some
famous Indian author?� Well, it sort of keeps one
humble and teaches patience in the face of the
non-technical majority.

In order to plan and implement technology
successfully, the Technical Services Coordinator
must be in constant communication/negotiation
with staff at all levels, the library management
team, vendors, and other integrated library sys-
tem users. Electronic mail helps in all of these
communications.

In addition, I spend substantial portions of
time as a futurist planning the next phases of
automation five or more years in advance. While I

do not possess a crystal ball, I am greatly aided in
this pursuit by a microcomputer. Automation has
also meant delving into the field of high finance
and capital budgeting in order to find the means
to fund system growth. Negotiation skills are
required to deal with a raft of vendors and sup-
pliers.

oThey don't let you off the Farm�

Not all of the changes in my job description
have been rewarding or without stress. I am one
of five people on the library staff trained to be a
computer operator. I know just enough to be
dangerous! This makes me subject to the tyranny
of the machine and the telephone as we fre-
quently need to respond to telephoned requests
to fix a ostuck� terminal or some more substantial
system problem. Sometimes I feel like a mother
hen as I take my turn watching the system over
lunch hours or during a particularly difficult bout
of system illness.

A couple years ago I ran into John Berry,
Library Journal Editor, at a California Library
Association Conference. He commented that he
hadnTt seen me around lately. My response was
oWell, you know, once you automate they keep you
down on the farm.� (It is indeed a pleasure to be
let out long enough to come to North Carolina!)

oThe State-of-the Art-Blues�T

In addition, my reading habits have changed
of necessity. I used to be able to snuggle up in an
evening with a good novel (as well as a good
Library Journal or Wilson Library Bulletin).
Now everything must be skimmed because so
much must be digested to keep current with the
state-of-the-art. The reading regimen now in-
cludes such fascinating titles as Computer World,
Digital News, Digital Review, and a couple of my
personal favorites, the Systems Librarian and
Hennepin County Library's abstracting service
Online Catalog News.�® Alas, novels are mostly
being saved for my retirement.

The Section Heads in Technical Services and
their professional staff members also have ex-
panded roles in the age of automation. In the
past, procedures changed slowly. Supervisors
could maintain pristine procedure manuals. Train-
ing was concentrated primarily in the first six
months of employment. Acquisitions librarians
and catalogers actually had time to select books
and catalog them.

Now, in addition to the usual supervisory
activities, section heads are faced with constant
staff retraining on increasingly sophisticated and
technical bibliographic formats, input standards,

and local integrated system features. Workflow
must be re-analyzed and staff brought into the
implementation process with each system en-
hancement. Supervisors and other professional
staff in Technical Services share liaison relation-
ships with other library divisions and sections in
order to inform and to share decision responsibil-
ities concerning procedural changes emanating
from Technical Services that now"more than
ever"impact staff in all parts of the library.

As professional staff have had to increasingly
take on the roles of managers, data base develop-
ers, trainers, and communicators, many of the
acquisitions and cataloging responsibilities once
in the domain of the professional are now
handled by paraprofessional library assistants.®
Library assistants not only play a significant role
in the procedure planning process, but are often
the pioneers who dig in to see how these plans
work"and to offer revisions when they donTt.

In acquisitions, library assistants, under
general supervision, are responsible for making
selection suggestions, preparing selection and
order lists (now partly via BIP*), negotiating best
rates with book jobbers, corresponding with
jobbers when there are problems, and maintain-
ing fund accounting information. As acquisitions
automates, more of this work will be done online
at both paraprofessional and clerical levels.
Acquisitions librarians will use the systems
increasingly to analyze collection usage patterns,
vendor performance, and fund balance informa-
tion.

To have the greatest bene-
ficial impact ..., an integrated
system must be the goal of
any library automation plan.

In cataloging, library assistants provide a
large share of the cataloging production, thanks
in part to the increased availability of copy on the
OCLC system. They are maintainers of bibliogra-
phic and name authority accuracy in both
national and local data bases as they perform bib-
liographic verification and OCLC oproduction�
activities.

The roles of typist clerks, on the other hand,
have become more circumscribed as a result of
automation. Terminal time spent in searching for
cataloging copy, inputting data, and labelmaking
are scheduled; and there are many fewer off-desk
tasks with the elimination of card files. The poten-
tial for terminal fatigue and increased job dis-

Winter 1987"197

satisfaction have been partly assuaged by finding
new off-terminal assignments for typist clerks.
They substitute at the circulation desks on a regu-
lar basis, a job which now requires behind-the-
scenes typist clerks to have increased public
contact skills. They assist in acquisitions, where
the implementation of automated procedures is
showing increased need for merged workflow
between the two sections. They have also taken on
some tasks previously handled at the library
assistant level such as added copy routines and
statistical recordkeeping.

Of course, the rest of the library staff, and the
library organization as a whole, have been un-
alterably impacted as well. HereTs a sampling:

"Every policy and procedure, from confiden-
tiality of records, to circulation, to collection
development, to communications and deliv-
ery have been rewritten. ItTs most fortunate
most are maintained in word processing
because they now change so often.
"Procedures that used to be a obranch
option� are now consistent library-wide.
"All staff, with the possible exception of a
few pages and the library director, corres-
pond with each other via electronic mail. Next
to the circulation system, the electronic mail
component has done more to revolutionize
the libraryTs way of doing business than any-
thing else. It is a key communication tool.
"Microcomputers have sprung up in most
branches and sections for word processing,
specialized database management programs,
and spreadsheet statistical reports, as well as
for circulation system backup.

Costs and Productivity

A couple of commonly asked questions are:
Does library automation increase productivity?
Does it cut costs? To the first question I would
respond, yes, and to the second, not really.

While some libraries have been able to trim
staff and cut operational costs, it is inadvisable to
use this as a selling point for automation. Some
positions may be eliminated as a result of attri-
tion, but the more realistic goal is to make more
positions available for direct public service. In
general, this has been possible as cataloging and
branch clerks have been freed from filing, circula-
tion staff have eliminated manual overdues typ-
ing, and reference assistants have stopped doing
as much reserves recordkeeping.

I did a budget comparison of our last pre-
online system year, 1982/83, versus FY 87/88 and
found that technical services sustained a slightly

198"Winter 1987

ahead of inflation 7.7% increase per year. The per-
sonnel component of this total was up a more
modest 4.8% per year, and supply costs actually
went down. The budget area that caused the
overall 7.7% increase, however, was the services
category, an item that rose 141% between 82/83
and the current year. This budget category
includes OCLC and COM catalog costs, system
software and some hardware maintenance, and a
replacement fund for equipment.

oBut You Just Got Half a Million Three Years
Ago...�
The real budget jolt is in the initial and sub-
sequent capital investment. A library may be able
to cost justify over several years the first compu-
ter phase. Often this is a circulation component,
the easiest to cost justify. The problem is, even in
the best planned circumstance, it doesnTt stop
there. Every five to seven years you'll be back to
the funding source for a new or expanded system
which will be absolutely essential in order to han-
dle expanded transaction levels or additional
software packages. A new generation of compu-
ters comes out every three or four years, and you
will want to migrate to it at some point. This
replacement request will be particularly hard to
cost justify. Start early; it may take two or three
years. Remember that you face certain disaster if
you push the old system over certain murkily
defined limits.

Despite the captial funding blues, it is some
comfort that the biggest part of the operating
budget, staffing, can, and in our case, has been,
kept in check through automation. Automation
has made staff tremendously more productive.
Over a five year period the circulation services
from our Central Library Adult Circulation Sec-
tion has jumped fifty per cent. Cataloging now
handles sixty three per cent more titles per year
than five years ago and processing has increased
productivity by eighty one per cent. We take in
three times as much in fines and replacement
money for lost materials than in pre-automation
days. I have estimated that since I got a micro-
computer and electronic mail link-up at my desk,
my productivity has increased by twenty five per
cent or better. It is really on the basis of these
productivity and services gains that one justifies
new and expanded automation.

Our experiences correspond with those noted
in the literature. I would particularly recommend
to you Kenneth DowlinTs The Electronic Library
and Joseph Matthew's A Reader on Choosing an
Automated Library System for further examples
of automationTs benefits for the library, its staff,

and public.!, }4

AutomationTs Impact: The Public

Now, finally to some observations on automa-
tionsT impact on the libraryTs clientele. Not all of
these experiences have been so pleasant.

oThis is the police; let me have your records ...�

Since automating our circulation procedures
the library has been subjected to some attempts
by law enforcement officials to get the records of
various individuals. While this problem is not
unique to computerized libraries, it has been
heightened by the expectation that records are
now online and available.

Anticipating this problem, Stockton estab-
lished a confidentiality of patron records policy
prior to automating, but found to its dismay that,
when the boys in blue first arrived, the California
code backing up our policy had loopholes. Specifi-
cally, the courts interpreted that it only prohib-
ited the public from access to other peopleTs
library records, not such government officials as
police. In 1986 the California Government Code
relating to confidentiality of library records was
tightened to close some of the loopholes.!? North
Carolina appears to have a 1985 bill, Chapt. 486,
House Bill 724 on Confidentiality of Library User
Records which some of you may want to compare
to the California Law.

Jonathan Pratter, a law librarian, points out
that in matters of confidentiality, youTre damned
if you do and you're damned if you donTt. The
librarian may be fired by an irate city manager for
refusing to reveal records to the police, or, get
sued for a breach of privacy if s/he does cave in.
In some states s/he may even face a fine for a
misdemeanor if patron records are revealed.

oTail Wagging the Dog�

In addition, even under the best planned cir-
cumstances, automation is such a costly and
time-consuming process that it may be seen at
times to public service staff and the people they
serve as if it is a case of othe tail wagging the dog.�

In Stockton, automation has not been free
from patron complaint. A few people have
accused us of devil worship for using barcodes on
library cards. The single biggest complaint to date
has revolved around our change from a date due
card, which fit conveniently into a book pocket, to
date due book marks. With no pocket to hold
them, the book marks do tend to slip out and get
lost. However, at the risk of turning a deaf ear to
the public, it is one change we have not taken

back because of the cost savings in supplies and
staff time once put in to pockets and book cards
(part of the eighty one per cent productivity gain
in processing. )

Incidentally, our library director has not
missed the opportunity to point out the irony that
with a $600,000 computer system we have gone
back to the days of hand date due stamping. I
have maintained that the more automated op-
tions are too expensive.

On a Happier Note...

Automation that is well planned has a posi-
tive effect on the public. I've already mentioned
some of the productivity benefits that in most
automated libraries will mean increased availabil-
ity and circulation of materials, and much more
prompt patron notification. Stockton has also
experienced a reduction in the length of time it
takes to fill reserves, although we have not docu-
mented the exact impact.

The Online Catalog

In Stockton, information about materials
that used to be available only from a central card
catalog is now equally available to branch library

Jack Prelutsky entertained several hundred librarians at the
NCLA ChildrenTs Services Section Breakfast.

Winter 1987"199

users through a computer-output-microfiche cata-
log. When we add online public access (OPAC),
component users will also instantly get status
information, perhaps the single most important
OPAC feature.'4
As we develop our online catalog component,
however, we are mindful, particularly, of the fol-
lowing findings of the 1982 Council on Library
Resources (CLR) Survey and subsequent analyses
of online catalog user needs:!5
1. Users want more and more terminals. We
have revised our estimates of OPAC terminal
requirements upwards to where we antici-
pate at least one and one half times the
number of terminals compared to COM cata-
logs now available to our users. We recognize,
however, that the usersT appetite for termi-
nals, like the desire for best sellers and videos,
is probably insatiable.

2. Users want terminals outside the library.
Stockton already has a successful online link
to several social service agencies and cham-
bers of commerce for an information and re-
ferral subsystem of an online system. There is
interest from other agencies for hook-up. We
should also be placing terminals in various
government agencies.

When it comes to public home access, our
planning is proceeding cautiously, however.
There are security issues to consider, as well
as estimates to calculate of numbers of lines
necessary for dial-in users. Can we afford the
extra transaction load and cost for more
lines? We must prepare rules for home com-
puter use, determine whether there will be a
charge of any kind, prepare guides and publi-
city. ThereTs a concern about what kinds of
questions, and how many are asked, from
users wishing system access. What kind of
training can we offer the home user, if any?
Who will be assigned to respond to the oinvisi-
ble� usersT questions? I have more questions
than answers about home users of the online
catalog. The mind boggles at DowlinTs esti-
mate of six thousand external users for the
PikesT Peak system.'° I shudder at descriptions
of the kinds of questions remote site users
expect library staff to answer"questions
such as oMy screen shows garbage, what did I
do wrong?�!� Js a reference librarian supposed
to know how to answer this?

3. Subject access to library materials must be
provided and access point improved. I believe
that no online catalog is complete without a
cross-referencing structure and an online
authority control maintenance process for

200"Winter 1987

names, subjects, and series entries. This pro-
cess must include linkage to bibliographic
records so that authority file changes will, at
the same time, correct bibliographic records.
This process must be melded into ongoing
staff workflow, even if the library initially buys
an authority and cross-referencing structure
for its catalog from a commercial service. It is
an expensive process, but necessary.

4. Users also want to find information. using
their own terms. This means providing bool-
ean and keyword access, and indexing more
fields than are currently accessible in most
online systems. The impact on computer ca-
pacity in terms of storage and random access
memory must be carefully assessed.

5. Finally, users want command charts, manu-
als, training sessions, and online helps. All of
these need to be carefully planned. Documen-
tation must be worded simply. Online user
training must be melded into ongoing assign-
ments and will particularly impact on refer-
ence staff.

Summary

Stockton has not yet reached its goal of a
fully integrated library system; weTre working on
it, and the impacts have already been substantial.
With good planning and a little bit of luck, we
hope to achieve what Dowlin expresses as the real
goal of the electronic library: an efficient and
effective full service community information cen-
ter.!8 Making the library indispensable to people is
the key to a libraryTs continued and improved
success.

Automation can assist library staff to make
this happen. We must always keep in mind, how-
ever, that the machine is a tool. It takes good peo-
ple to make an efficient, effective full service
community information center!

References

1. Walt Crawford, Patron Access: Issues for Online Catalogs
(Boston, Mass.:GK. Hall, 1987) 3. Concept attributed to Kenneth
Dowlin.

2. Charles Martell, oAutomation, Quality of Work Life and
Middle Managers,� Library Administration & Management 1
(September 1987): 135-136. Martell observes that middle man-
agers are often resistant to automation because they have not
been involved in the planning process and thus become unwill-
ing conduits for change.

3. Jane Burke, oAutomation Planning and Implementation:
Library and Vendor Responsibilities,� Human Aspects of Library
Automation, ed. Debora Shaw (Urbana-Champaign: University
of Illinois, 1986):48. Burke advises, oDo not necessarily pick the
person who is easiest for the management team to get along
with. Pick the ringleader. Pick the person who has the most

influence among the paraprofessionals and clerical staff. Pick
the people who are the most respected by their peers and who,
as they become convinced, can help convince others.�

4. Charles B. Lowry, oTechnology in Libraries: Six Rules for
Management,� Library HiTech 3:3 (1985): 27.

5. Burke, p. 57.

6. See Margaret Myers, oPersonnel Consideratons in Library
Automation,� Human Aspects of. Library Automation, pp. 33-34,
Finds no predominant pattern in organizational change brought
about through automation in an informal survey of technical
services administrators.

See also Association of Research Libraries, Office of Man-
agement Studies, Automation and Reorganization of Technical
and Public Services (SPEC Kit 112). Washington, D.C.: ARL,
1985, pp. i-ii. Finds that 46 of 82 ARL library respondents are
still organized around traditional lines after automating and
sees little significant experimentation in organizational struc-
ture.

See also Karen L. Horny, oFifteen Years of Automation: Evo-
lution of Technical Services Staffing,� Library Resources and
Technical Services 31 (January/March 1987: 69-76. Gives a case
study of organizational change in an academic library
where database-related operations have been consolidated
under Tech. Services.

7. Systems Librarian & Automation Review, 1986-. Ed.
Michael Schuyler. 11 issues, $29.00/yr. Address: Box 10846,
Bainbridge Island, WA 98110.

8. Online Catalog News, 1983-. Monthly, $15.00/yr. Address:
Division Secretary, Technical Services Division, Hennepin County
Library, 12601 Ridgedale Dr., Minnetonka, MN 55343.

9. Several recent articles delineate similar changes in techni-
cal services staff responsibility as a result of automation. See, for
example, for a public librarianTs perspective: Lizbeth J. Bishoff,
oWho Says We DonTt Need Catalogers,� American Libraries 18
(September, 1987): 694-696. For an academic librarianTs per-
spective: Sue Ann Harrington, oThe Changing Environment in
Technical Services,� Technical Services Quarterly 4 (Winter,
1986): 7-20.

10. Kenneth E. Dowlin, The Electronic Library: The Promise
and the Process (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1984): 146-148, 185-
186.

11. Joseph R. Matthews, A Reader on Choosing an Automated
Library System (Chicago: ALA, 1983).

12. California Government Code Section 6267. 1986.

13. Jonathan Pratter, oLibrary Privacy in Context,� Human
Aspects of Library Automation, pp. 117-125.

14. Crawford, p. 5.

15. See especially Joseph R. Matthews, Gary S. Lawrence and
Douglas K. Ferguson, eds., Using Online Catalogs: A Nationwide
Survey (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1983) and Joseph R. Mat-
thews, ed., The Impact of Online Catalogs (New York: Neal-
Schuman, 1986).

16. Kenneth E. Dowlin, oI Am Not Willing to Destroy My Library
in Order to Change It,� Library Association Record 85
(December, 1983): 450.

17. Sally Wayman Kalin, oThe Invisible Users of Online Cata-
logs: A Public Services Perspective,� Library Trends 35 (Spring
1987): 589. a
18. Dowlin, oITm Not Willing ...,� pp. 449-450. al

Bill Sugg was only one of the many who enjoyed Forsyth County Public LibraryTs hospitality Wednesday night.

Winter 1987"201

iy

New Frontiers for Information Sources
and Information Gathering

Matthew Lesko

As I set out to predict dramatic changes in
information and data collection, please remember
that if I could foretell the future I would not have
to earn my living getting information for people.
So with this disclaimer, here are some thoughts
about how the Information Age will change, and I
intend not to focus on CD-ROM at all.

The new frontiers I envision are both macro
and micro in nature. This is to say that they will
impact both on industry and the individual. So if
you are connected with the information business
as either a scout or a supplier, these trends will
affect you.

Trend 1: New Information Generators: State
and Local Sources

I place state and local government first
because it is the biggest and most significant new
frontier. In the past, the federal government has
had virtually no competition as the largest infor-
mation supplier worldwide. Now governments at

Matthew Lesko granted a radio interview during the Wednes-
day night party at the Forsyth County Library before he deliv-
ered this speech sponsored by the Reference and Adult Servi-
ces Section on Thursday morning.

202"Winter 1987

both the state and local level are going to compete
for this title. What is accelerating this pheno-
menon are two additional national trends:

@ the shift in leadership from the federal
government to the state and local levels;

© the slowdown in domestic market growth for
most companies causing executives to seek out
new and more targeted market segments to
sell their products.

These national trends are evident every-
where. Consider the financial situation. The latest
figures from the Bureau of Economic Analysis
show state and local governments as a whole
enjoyed a surplus of over sixty-one billion dollars
last year, while the federal government drowned
in a two hundred billion dollar deficit. Many gov-
ernors, notably in Virginia, Massachusetts, and
Pennsylvania are trying to solve economic and
social problems with new ideas and are able to
attract top notch people to government. As a
result, these states and others are in the forefront
of collecting data in diverse new areas. As more of
these sophisticated information systems develop,
the data will become available to the information
industry for next to nothing.

The majority of the states are making money
in large measure because they are attempting to
solve stubborn social and economic problems. In
contrast, the federal government is getting deeper
in the red and continues to retreat from domestic
dilemmas. Even with the political hoopla over con-
quering the nationTs drug epidemic, most policy-
makers in Washington believe that the heart of
the solution lies at the local level with parents
educating their kids on how to osay no.� No federal
money has yet been earmarked for more informa-
tion and analysis into the real causes and poten-
tial remedies.

The bullishness of state and local government
is clearly evident in the availability of demo-
graphic information. Population data are more
current and often cheaper and easier to obtain
locally than from the federal government. Some
State Data Centers actually give away the same
information for which the U.S. Bureau of the Cen-

sus charges several hundred dollars. Directors of
several state labor divisions tell me that they give
marketing executives free customized industry
data for as many as two hundred zip codes in
three surrounding states on IBM PC compatible
floppy diskettes. This sort of cooperation is remin-
iscent of how the federal government used to
operate. Furthermore, much of the data are col-
lected by the states and eventually distributed by
the feds. Given the bureaucratic lead time, this
means you can actually get your hands on data
from a state a year or two before it is available
from Washington.

As the market for anything matures, it pro-
duces more segments. How things have changed
from the days when Henry Ford said his automo-
bile came in any color as long as it was black. Now
every company from bathroom towel manufac-
turers to ice cream makers are keenly aware that
different regions of the country are attracted to
different colors and flavors. As products and
markets mature, marketers will demand more
sophisticated clues for identifying new segments.
And this will require more detailed data, which
often can be found at the state and local level.
State data bases are on the rise; already they can
generate such specific localized information as
county cancer incidence rates and the names and
addresses of all men over six feet tall who wear

glasses.

Trend 2: Intelligence on Company Executives

By the end of the decade it will no longer be
adequate to piece together a marketing and
financial profile on oneTs competitors. Although it
can be difficult to uncover pertinent company
information, the task has become easier as more
firms specialize in corporate snooping. As execu-
tives devote more time to analyzing competitive
information, they will begin to realize that it
represents only a part of the intricate puzzle and
that often this type of intelligence is hopelessly
outdated. To compete effectively, executives will
have to begin to anticipate what their competi-
torsT plans are, and this requires understanding
the backgrounds of key corporate managers. If
financial information on a competitor is all thatTs
necessary, then the Russian KGB would only have
to go to the Government Printing Office once a
year to buy a copy of The Budget of the United
States. The Soviet Union would not need an army
of agents stationed in Washington to monitor
policymakers in order to anticipate their future
moves.

Another interesting national pastime that
complements this trend is the countryTs fascina-

tion with the lives of prominent individuals and
celebrities. Radio talk shows, NBCTs Entertain-
ment Tonight and People magazine are all indica-
tors of this. Also, the depersonalization of our
society has increased our desire to know more
about the people around us. If you were going for
a job interview, you could probably find out the
interviewer's salary, or another hypothetical case,
discover to whom your neighbor owes money.

Growth in the computer-
ization of data will actually
lead to an increased reliance
on individual experts for
information.

Trend 3: Reliance on Experts

Growth in the computerization of data will
actually lead to an increased reliance on individ-
ual experts for information. This may sound ele-
mentary but it seems unavoidable. No doubt
computers have solved many information prob-
lems. This powerful technology has been a god-
send in terms of handling vast amounts of data.
However, computers are ill-equipped to discern
what stored information is useful.

Several decades ago only a select few were
able to get their material into print. Now, anyone
with a copier machine can be a publisher. People
from all corners of the country are now copyright-
ing material which hungry computers are eager to
store and index. Now when unsuspecting re-
searchers tap into data bases for help on a given
subject, out spews fifteen hundred citations. The
researcher now has a bigger problem than at the
outset; he does not have the time to read all the
citations, let alone dig up all the articles. My con-
tention is that it takes approximately seven tele-
phone calls to track down an expert in the field
who reads all the journals and reports and can
steer you to the more relevant information. Fur-
thermore, if an expert is approached in the right
manner, more often than not he will delight in
sharing his knowledge for free.

Another disadvantage of many data bases is
that much of the information is simply copied
from outdated printed material usually derived
from traditional sources. Conventional sources
represent only a small fraction of available infor-
mation, and primary reliance on them can leave a
decision maker out in the cold. Each year major
publishers produce approximately fifty thousand
books and one publisher in the U.S. Government,
the National Technical Information Service

Winter 1987"203

(NTIS), generates over eighty thousand annually.
Even if you are aware of NTIS resources, you are
still missing the boat. A report by the U.S. General
Accounting Office claims that NTIS only gets
twenty per cent of what it should have. Experts
will play a greater role in helping us find pertinent
information that never finds its way into a com-
puterized index.

Experts are also better prepared to help us
deal with the future. The faster the world changes
around us, the faster traditional published sour-
ces and those in bibliographical data bases lose
their value. Most experts worth their salt will be
able to tell you what is going to be in the literature
or data bases next year, because they are aware
of what is in the pipeline.

This method of using experts for answers
that wonTt appear in the literature until the
future will accelerate another trend: teleconfer-
encing, electronic forums, or remote bulletin
boards. This online communication with experts
has the potential of achieving growth rates that
were once attributed to online data bases.

Professional forums are an ideal way for one
to tap into an expert, or a group of experts, with-
out having to search the country by telephone
and interrupt experts during their busy day. Here
is how a forum works. LetTs say you are a young
veterinarian in the middle of Iowa trying to treat
a three-legged dog for the first time. You dial up
an online forum for vets and pose the question.
Within the next day or two, the vet is likely to
have free advice from several veterinarians who
have dealt with similar cases. This shared exper-
tise represents a tremendously efficient use of
resources. You get the answers, almost imme-
diately, without having to wait for the next
annual meeting or the Journal of Veterinarian
Medicine to carry an article on the subject. All
this time saved will enable us to work on unsolved
problems rather than to reinvent the wheel.

Trend 4: More In-House Research and Fewer
Information Brokers

The future of gathering information will
reside with the in-house researcher and the small
information broker. As companies become more
sensitive to the importance of information, they
will be more likely to invest in a specially trained
group of managers than to hire services from out-
side. More important than the cost effectiveness
in such an exercise is the knowledge savings. I
mean savings as a way of keeping knowledge in-
house. What a company does when it hires an
information broker is to pay him to get smart
about the companyTs industry or market. Typi-

204"Winter 1987

cally, when an industry or topic is researched,
only a small amount of the data collected are
actually used to satisfy the clientTs request. Much
of the time is spent cultivating contacts and sour-
ces within the industry who did not have answers
for the one pressing topic under investigation, but
could be helpful for future research problems. If
the person doing the initial research was in-
house, the answer to the next question probably
would be easy to find, because the institutional
memory accumulated in-house remains in the
company. It would be similar to having an outside
company do your research and development; cer-
tainly itTs done, but not very often.

This, along with the fact that growth in ser-
vice companies suffers from diseconomies of
scale, is why the outlook is not bright for large
information brokerage companies. As these ser-
vice companies grow, their overhead grows dis-
proportionately higher, their quality suffers, and
they are forced to charge more for their services.
Such diseconomies of scale work well in those
industries where there are strong unions, or a lot
of hocus pocus, like doctors, lawyers, and high
priced management consultants. I doubt many
information brokers will reach that level because
so many organizations such as public libraries
give so much of it away. Consequently, it will be
next to impossible for mega-brokers to achieve
adequate growth. However, small brokers who
can keep their overhead and personnel count
down can be very effective and profitable in the
market.

Libraries which refuse to
change and adapt will be
relegated to serving only the
archival function in the
community or organization.

Trend 5: Crisis in the Library

The library faces a challenge and opportunity
to become the most critical component in an
organization. However, most libraries are not
staying in step with the information explosion
because they are reluctant to acquire new skills
required for solving more difficult and advanced
information problems. Libraries which refuse to
change and adapt will be relegated to serving only
the archival function in the community or organi-
zation. This is certainly at odds with where the
Information Age is headed.

Libraries will only regain their importance if
they become the oInformation Center� serving

decision makers who must deal with what is going
on today and tomorrow. Traditional library sour-
ces and skills fail to serve this constituency well.
Even computerized data bases are mostly filled
with information about yesterday. The library
must learn how to use non-traditional resources,
experts, and the telephone as well as how to pre-
sent information. This requires learning a whole
new set of skills. The archival and passive skills of
the past will have to be replaced with more active
communication skills in the future.

When are these seeds of change actually

going to take root? Most all of them are already
evident to some degree or another. The bigger
question remains, oWhen will these trends be
commonplace and no longer beacons of the
future?� My guess is, these changes will be incor-
porated into our daily information gathering
efforts by the end of this decade. The only thing
that remains constant in our lives is change, and
this is true in the Information Age. The winners
will be those who can identify new frontiers and
take advantage of them before everyone else does.

I hope this article starts you on your way. ill

Brrrrr...warm up your winter

with a cozy book from the library

2
+

pokj ~siovvn peace fred

o0 8

paix a» vrede peace

Posters for Peace was created by four international artists for the ChildrenTs Book Council. Full-color, 18� x 24� posters by
Mitsumasa Anno (Japan) (left) and Felipe Davalos (Mexico) (right) are part of a four-poster set that includes one poster each by
Mitsumasa Anno (Japan), Leonard Baskin (U.S.A.), Felipe Davalos (Mexico), and Lisbeth Zwerger (Austria). For a full-color
brochure that includes price and ordering information, send a stamped (1 oz. postage), self-addressed, #10 envelope to: CBC, P.O.

Box 706, 67 Irving Place, New York, NY 10276.

Winter 1987"205

Goodbye, Patrons.

.. Hello, Customers

Fred E. Goodman

What has marketing to do with libraries?
Almost a contradiction of terms. Library market-
ing! Library marketing, if there is such a thing, is
in the bailiwick of the big shots. The top people
who make the decisions. Right? You're librarians,
not hucksters! Right? Most of you are down at the
information level, not the policy level. So why
should you become concerned about marketing?
Your job is to keep the books moving and help
people find what they need. Not to figure out ways
to get more people to come and use the library.
Youre in the information business, not the
recruitment business. Right?? Wrong!!! Wrong!!!
Wrong!!! Youre not only in the information busi-
ness, you're in the people business. You're in the
marketing business. That's right ... marketing!!!

Marketing is the process used by an organiza-
tion to relate creatively and productively to the
environment in which it sells its products and
services. Effective marketing requires the talent
to speak in a language that the market place
understands, the insight and skills to find solu-
tions to customer problems, and the commitment
to give value. To accomplish this, a company must
be willing and able to use all its resources.
Remember, that while selling tries to get the cus-
tomer to want what you have, marketing tries to
have what the customer wants. There is a funda-
mental difference between these two perspec-
tives.

Most business people often confuse the dis-
tinction between marketing and selling.

In selling, the emphasis is on the product or
service that you already have, on convincing the
necessary party to purchase.

In marketing, the emphasis is on what the
customer wants. It is up to you to develop the
product or service that will satisfy that want.

To repeat this definition"a marketing con-
cept is a philosophy of how to market a product
or service. It means developing a product or ser-
vice around the needs and desires of the custom-
er.

Fred E. Goodman made this presentation as part of the Ref-
erence and Adult Services Conference Program, o~Do We Serve
Patrons or Customers: How Entrepreneurs Sell Books and
Information.�

206"Winter 1987

To a successful company, marketing is a
source of pride and joy. ItTs the vehicle upon
which the company moves its goods, and it pro-
vides a voice which articulates what the company
is, what it believes in, and what it hopes to
accomplish and contribute. Librarians should
treat their marketing efforts with no less pride
and joy.

The zeal with which the library industry is
pursuing the osubject of marketing� is indicative
of the widespread interest within the profession.
Over the last ten years, we have seen an evolution
in the library world. When I first began talking
about marketing the public library"merchandis-
ing, visibility and reaching out to promote"I
stared down at a lot of librarians who thought I
was off the wall. When I dared to say oGoodbye
Patrons, Hello Customers ...,� they booed and
hissed. Today librarians have realized that what
the city fathers, the budget analysts, and the
county, city, and town managers have wanted us
to do is to owalk softly.� That is to their advantage.
But what we need to do is to ocarry a big stick.�

However, the industry is not devoid of those
who are marketing critics. John Berry, Editor of
The Library Journal, questions the basic premise
that librarians need to market themselves. He
argues that libraries should continue to treat
information as a free resource, which should not
be subject to the laws of the market place. John
Dessauer, who wrote an article entitled oAre
Librarians Failing Their Patrons?� questions a
library which buys materials readily found in
bookstores and on newstands. He would prefer
that libraries serve the patrons whose needs can-
not easily be met through these channels.

Critics of marketing would have us believe
that offering patrons Louis LTAmour is marketing,
whereas offering Plato and Voltaire is profes-
sional collection development. Tony Leisner, vice
president of Quality Books, a professor of market-
ing, and a proponent of library marketing,
believes that libraries for too long have attempted
to satisfy market segments whose needs closely
parallel their own. While some libraries may think
their mission is to continue the tradition of ocul-
tural uplift,� many others believe their mission is

to be responsive to the public needs, even if those
needs are not for the kind of information and
reading material librarians think appropriate.

I have the pleasure of traveling throughout
this nation of ours and visiting library systems on
an almost weekly basis. Without question, where I
find an aggressive library director, I find a smiling
and helpful staff. Where I find a confident leader,
I find a library system that is achieving its goals. I
find a system that has or is writing the specs for
an automated circulation system, is planning
porta-structures to reach out to new market
areas, is looking into fiberoptics and laser discs,
and may have microcomputers for its patrons. I
see librarians who realize that they must reach
out beyond the walls of their own library each and
every day to better the libraryTs lot in life. Whether
itTs meeting with the friends or trustees, or having
lunch with a council person or speaking to the
local Kiwanis Club, we have learned that we must
reach out and touch someone.

The great misnomer in any business or library
is that not everyone is involved with the market-
ing effort. You must create a totally supportive
marketing environment. Everybody sells! Every-
body offers services! Everybody must be trained to
think that the customer comes first! From the
director to the receptionist, to the telephone
operator, to the public service people, to the adult
services and childrenTs librarians, to the business
managers and the technical service people.

Successful sales people understand the im-
portance of long term customer connections.
Their paycheck is determined to a large extent by
their ability to develop sound, lasting relation-
ships with enough customers. The library staff
must understand that thereTs plenty of competi-
tion for the publicTs attention. Their paychecks
are also dependant upon their ability to develop
long term relationships with their users. (Doing
business with a company that is not sales
oriented is usually an unpleasant experience.
There is no way to quantify the loss of business
that is incurred by this kind of tunnel vision.)

We all know about Public Relations, but what
ITm talking about now is really oInternal� Rela-
tions. In other words, what do you believe your
job really is? And more importantly, what does
the public believe you believe your job really is? It
may have nothing to do with what your job really
is. ItTs all a belief structure. ItTs all an image!

As library staff, we need to recognize the fact
that public library patrons, particularly infre-
quent users, come back to the library not only
because the book is there, but because they were
helped by professional staff. And when I use the

term oprofessional� ITm not just talking about
masterTs degree librarians. I mean, how many
patrons walk up and say, oBefore you help me...
before you make an impression on me ... let me
see your sheepskin!!!!"? Professionalism is not just
technical skills, but it is also the manner in which
you positively influence the people you are serv-
ing.

Remember ... you get only one chance to
make a first impression. That impression can be
enhanced when you know how your appearance
adds to the perception of the patron. How many
of you would go to a doctor with a malady if he
drove around town in a beat-up clunker ... with
baggy suits and stains on his tie. I mean, you
arenTt going to put your tender little body in the
hands of a guy who looks so unsuccessful ... give
me a guy in a Mercedes with tailored suits. At
least I know he hasnTt been sued in malpractice
court. Since perception often supplants reality,
the librarian whose appearance is professional is
usually regarded as being more professional, and
the library in which he or she works can take its
rightful place among the vast array of informa-
tion providers.

... successful marketing is the
key to our future...

The Chicago Tribune recently wrote, oStylish
Marion, the librarian, certainly captured the eye
and heart of Professor Harold Hill in The Music
Man but librarians in general donTt have a reputa-
tion for sartorial splendor.� Well, I sure wish the
author of those words could be here today to see
this attractive crowd. There is no phoniness in
caring about oneTs appearance and being aware of
the image one projects. Dynamic, flourishing, even
legendary, public libraries are great because of
their staffs, people who look well, feel well, do
well, and care about themselves.

Everyone who works in your library must be
made to understand his part in the libraryTs mar-
keting effort. We are all familiar with people and
companies who should take a course in creating a
totally sales- and service-oriented environment,
emphasizing good old-fashioned courtesy. It
doesnTt make any sense to invest in marketing a
product or service in your library, or to build an
advertising or promotional campaign designed to
project a caring attitude, and then have all your
good work sabotaged by someone in the library.

And what effect will all of this marketing
have on your library and your future? Successful
libraries involved in consistent, well-planned

Winter 1987"207

marketing efforts have new technologies. Those
libraries not in the forefront in their communities
do not. And they plead ... obudget,� owe donTt have
any money,� or othe officials wonTt give us what we
need.� Baloney. People do whatever they believe is
important. Politicians do whatever they believe is
important. It is up to you to motivate them. Here
we approach a most basic subject in marketing
activity"how to motivate prospects to become
consumers of what you are selling. Cynics say the
two most powerful motivators are fear and greed.
All successful selling, according to this philo-
sophy, results from persuading prospects that
what the seller offers will either enrich the buyer
or will enable the buyer to avoid some disaster.
This may seem oversimplified but there is, I
believe, a basic truth in it.

Truly, all customers become customers be-
cause they believe that something desirable will
result from the purchase. That may well be the
simple avoidance of some potential disaster or
the ability to cope with it better.

For example, the Atlanta Fulton Public
Library just completed one of the most successful
marketing campaigns in the history of the library
industry. They sought approval of a thirty-eight
million dollar bond referendum from the voters in
the city and county. Their trustees raised $250,000
from outside sources to launch a paid advertising
and public relations campaign on local television.
They employed the services of a local advertising
agency to write, produce and purchase the time
for a thirty second commercial.

The spot caused consumers to believe that
something desirable would result from their vot-
ing for the library referendum. They got the idea
that they would avoid a perceived potential disas-
ter, and the bond issue passed by seventy-four per
cent of the vote.

Suppose everyone, the public as well as those
involved with your funding, believes that having a
training ground like a library where the kids can
go and where you can learn all about information
and so forth, is one of the most important things
to society and its future. Then when Proposition
13Ts come along, they wouldn't just keep cops and
firemen; they'd keep cops and firemen and librar-
ians. Do you see what I am getting at? You must
escalate your visibility in the public mind.

Today we have Gramm-Rudman staring us in
the face. Are they going to cut library budgets? Is
this a cause for concern? You bet it is, if your
response is wringing your hands and shrugging
your shoulders.

There is a slogan in business: oSuccess plus
complacency equals failure.� Here are some

208"Winter 1987

examples:

Thirty years ago, the American steel industry
was rolling in money and success. The industry
was sleeping on its laurels. And while it was sleep-
ing, Japan and Germany were building a new,
modernized steel industry. And as it continued to
sleep, new plastics became substitutes for steel in
product after product. The rest is history. The
American steel industry is in deep trouble with
antiquated plant after antiquated plant closing
forever. Could it be the same with libraries?

Not too many years ago there was a very suc-
cessful toy company called Marx. Then along
came electronic games, and the Marx people
viewed them as a passing fad. Marx went out of
business. Is all that computer stuff with data
bases a passing fad?

HereTs a good example of pure marketing los-
ing and winning.

Light beer is not new at all. Back in the early
fifties, a light beer called Gablinger was promoted
as a chic, intelligent beer to drink. It was the
wrong market, wrong strategy, and Gablinger
died. Along came the Miller folks and their mar-
keting department said: oNowTs the time ... make
it macho ... associate it with sport figures.� Using
market research results, they let the public tell
them how to sell their new product. Bingo, from
nowhere to everywhere"and one of the most
successful product introductions in the history of
marketing.

Libraries have been around as long as the
tavern industry. Light beer became the tavern
industry's new technology after proper market-
ing. There is plenty of new technology out there
for libraries that beg for proper marketing and
merchandising.

Of course we're fighting an image problem.
One word of description keeps surfacing, and I
really hope itTs a misnomer. The word is oanti-
quated.� Many people tend to think of the public
library as a place where little old ladies with buns
on the backs of their heads serve old folks, kids
do studies, and a few intellectuals read Rilke
and Rimbaud.

What do you think your funding sources
think about your libraries?"if they think about
them at all!! Are your libraries pleasant necessi-
ties with expenses that rank right up there with
ordering toilet paper? You see, what these people
think about the library, how these people perceive
its importance and value, will decide your future.
Sure, there'll always be libraries around ... but
what kind? Antiquated necessities or valued
information centers? To a large degree, that
depends on you.

Perhaps you think I am painting a grim pic-
ture. ThatTs only true if you believe libraries
should remain the same; or if you believe itTs up to
somebody higher to change and improve things;
or if you believe your job is just to point people to
information sources and settle trivia bets; or if you
believe you can continue in the same quiet niche
without being disturbed. The fact is that we are in
an age when libraries should be growing in impor-
tance. An information age. Notice that I said an
information age, not a computer age. Computers
are only a means to information. And isnTt that
what libraries are all about?

You have an opportunity to provide inspira-
tion for the others who work with you. ITm not
talking about early morning Bible meetings with
the staff. What I mean is enthusiasm. ItTs very
catching. The smile, the happy bounce, the
enjoyment that comes from selling yourself to the
patrons or the Mayor, or the County Council. ITve
heard this technique called oEACH ONE"REACH
ONE.� oEACH ONE"REACH ONE.� It works.

... less than twenty per cent
of the American population
[uses] public libraries.

My belief is that librarians get tired. Because
of the cutting of staff, because of the financial
pressures, because they sense that libraries are
not at the core of public priority, because of the
tremendous time demands, because you never
really get the job done, librarians get tired. Getting
tired will not help. It shows in the face. If you are
a leader, you should provide inspiration. If you
canTt rekindle that flame for members of your
staff, for gosh sakes, put them in the back room
licking stamps!!!

With less than twenty per cent of the Ameri-
can population using public libraries, ITm inclined
to believe that weTre not reaching as many as we
could. Librarians have to proselytize. We must
attract new users to our facilities. We must break
down the barriers that exist between such a large
segment of our population and our libraries. New
users mean new voters"voters who can apply
political pressure to help you receive increased
funding.

Charlie Robinson wrote in the spring of 1983,
oAlthough very difficult at times, there is a ten-
dency to see that the real future of public libraries
depends upon their support, and more impor-
tant, their use by members of the community"
and not upon the prescriptions of an elite band of
self-appointed saviors.�

You are here today because you are part of
the new generation of librarians who, I hope, will
believe that successful marketing is the key to our
future. Lowell Martin, well known library consul-
tant, recently said, oLibrarians should respond to
the changing needs of their clients and become
the fountainheads, not the reservoirs, for their
communities.� Fred Glazer, state librarian of West
Virginia, has a great line: oPromote or perish.� Tiny
little West Virginia has one of the highest per cap-
ita contributions for libraries in the nation.

We must look at what our community
expects from its public libraries and whether or
not we are supplying what they expect, need, and
want. With your help, and with properly designed
and executed marketing plans, I see a bright,
happy future for libraries. Increased usage,
increased book circulation, increased prestige,
increased visibility, increased budgets to fill your
shopping carts with the latest technology.

But you must remember ... you'll never get to
first base if you donTt swing the bat. Good-bye
patrons ... hello customers.

Pamela Pittman and Mary Youmans take a break from the
stimulating programs held at the Benton Convention Center
during the biennial conference.

Winter 1987"209

Interlibrary Loan in the North Carolina
Information Network: the Impact
of oSelective Users� on a Net-Lender
University Library

Marilyn E. Miller

AuthorTs Note: This study reflects one academic libraryTs analy-
sis of the possible impact of its interlibrary loan service by the
North Carolina Information NetworkTs dial access selective
users. This study does not intend to state that similar experien-
ces will occur in other libraries in North Carolina. The author
will, however, continue to monitor interlibrary loan activity
and, if possible, consider data on interlibrary activity pro-
vided by other academic libraries in North Carolina. This
study is presented here because of the scarcity of data on this
topic and the growing importance of interlibrary loan in North
Carolina.

In the January 1986 report of the Secretary
of Cultural ResourcesT approval to further develop
and implement the North Carolina Information
Network, the North Carolina Bibliographic Data-
base was listed as one of three macronetworking
programs targeted for initial development effort.1
King Research Associates, in its 1982 report on
the feasibility of library networking in North
Carolina, stated, oWe feel very strongly that OCLC
has and will continue to provide the foundations
on which library networking in North Carolina
can be built.� To this effort, the State Library of
North Carolina, in February 1986, requested from
Joyner Library at East Carolina University and
from other libraries within the state permission to
use each libraryTs current and future records in
OCLC as part of the North Carolina Bibliographic
Database maintained at OCLC, Inc.

An earlier survey of library cooperation done
by the State Library indicated that othe primary
factors which influence interlibrary cooperation
are access and a cooperative philosophy in library
administration.�? Alberta Smith stressed the im-
portance of educational and attitudinal steps in
developing a state network. oOnly if librarians

Marilyn E. Miller is Assistant Director of Academic Library
Services at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.

210"Winter 1987

from all types of libraries agree that mutual
responsibility for sharing is beneficial and non-
threatening can they demonstrate ... the benefits
which accrue from mutual commitment to reduc-
ing duplication of effort and expanding access.�
Dorothy Russell in her article on interlibrary loan
in the PALINET environment stated that once the
technology is here, oit will be the people who make
it work.�®

At the May and early June 1986 regional
meetings held by the State Library on the North
Carolina Information Network, one agenda item
given special emphasis was the new opportunity
available to a library as a oSelective User.� Librar-
ies who chose to become oSelective Users� would
not only be able to access the North Carolina On-
line Union Catalog (NCOUG), but they would also
be able to request the items those bibliographic
records represented through the OCLC ILL Sub-
system. The OCLC Interlibrary Loan Subsystem
had been implemented in 1979. Interlibrary loan
request placement was one of six library opera-
tional functions defined as having potential for
networking in North Carolina in the 1982 King
report and was one of the two primary OCLC ser-
vices recommended to be used (cataloging, of
course, being the other. )®

Since the North Carolina Online Union
Catalog became operational in late May 1986, the
State Library has been encouraging libraries to
become oSelective Users�: an economically feasible
dial access basis affording usage of NCOUG and
the OCLC ILL Subsystem. In the fall of 1986, How-
ard McGinn reported the possibility of over five
hundred libraries using the North Carolina Online
Union Catalog by the end of 1987.� There are 244
institutions in North Carolina having oSelective�
status in the current directory listing, OCLC Par-
ticipating Institutions Arranged by OCLC Sym-
bol and its Supplement, which covers through

June 1987. Seventy-one of these libraries are
active selection users as of this date. Waldhart in
his 1985 report on the growth rate of interlibrary
loan mentioned that it was otoo early to know the
exact impact such systems [dial access ability to
some form of interlibrary loan] will have on inter-
library loan activities in the U.S. over the next
decade, although it is clear that the impact will be
substantial.�

This network development and increased
accessibility for North Carolina libraries within
the past year raises the question of impact, espe-
cially for library management, regarding the inter-
library lending activity of oneTs library. Richard
Dougherty addressed a number of concerns for
management regarding networks in the late
1970Ts, interlibrary loan being one of the areas.®
The Interlibrary Loan Practices Handbook itself
warns about the need to be aware of network or
library changes that can affect ILL operations, as
ooutside decisions can push interlibrary loan into
a new environment.�!°

ask what impact, if any, has the oSelective User�
capability had on the library's interlibrary lending
activity?

Joyner Library continues to be a net-lender.
While the number of requests received is cur-
rently over two and one half times the number of
requests initiated, the spread did lessen some-
what this past year as seen in Table 1.

As a net-lender, the total number of overall
requests filled by Joyner Library in 1986/87 via
the OCLC ILL Subsystem increased by 22%, while
the total number of requests filled within North
Carolina increased by 29% (Table 2). Previous to
this, the increase did not vary. The number of
requests filled within the state as a percentage of
the total requests filled has increased by 3% this
past year and now represents 55% of the library's
lending activity.

Since a logical interpretation of this data
infers that Joyner LibraryTs interlibrary lending
activity may well have been affected by the
increased availability of ILL within the state,

Table 1.
Joyner Library Net Lender Status

aan eee eee eee errr eee EOE

1984/85 % Difference 1985/86 % Difference 1986/87
Requests Received 4,040 +31% 5,312 +16% 6,166
Requests Initiated 1,329 +29% 1,714 +37% 2,343
Total OCLC ILL Activity 5,369 +31% 7,026 +21% 8,509

deen ee eee eee ""EOEOEO"SO"OESESEEEEEEEEEEEE""""""_

The availability of the OCLC Interlibrary
Loan Subsystem Monthly Activity Report allows
one to track not only overall lending and borrow-
ing activity on the Subsystem, but also lending
and borrowing activity within and outside oneTs
own state. Joyner Library has been subscribing to
this report since it became available in the spring
of 1984. Monthly and year-to-date data appear
each month, the year-to-date data cumulating
from July through June each year. Statistical data
has been analyzed for the last three years, ie.,
academic years 1984/85, 1985/86, and 1986/87.

With the knowledge that college and univer-
sity libraries have greater total resources than
any other type of library in North Carolina, and
the knowledge that Joyner Library is the major
resource in eastern North Carolina (East Caro-

lina University continues to be the third largest
university in the UNC System), it is reasonable to

further analysis of data available in the June
cumulations of the Monthly Activity Report was
undertaken. A spreadsheet was set up to include
the three-letter OCLC symbol, name of the library
(obtained from the current OCLC Participating
Institutions Arranged by OCLC Symbol), oSelec-
tive� status (if so listed in this OCLC directory),
category of the library," and the year-to-date
total for lending and borrowing. Analysis of bor-
rowing by Joyner Library is not within the scope
of this study and is therefore not included in this
report.

This data did indeed confirm that network
implementation and increased accessibility for
North Carolina libraries, and particularly those
with oSelective User� status, had affected the
library's interlibrary lending activity. The data
also brought forth other interesting facts ad-
dressed in library literature, agreeing with some

Table 2.
Joyner Library Lending Activity via ILL Subsystem (OCLC)

1984/85 % Difference 1985/86 % Difference 1986/87
Total Requests Filled 2,136 +38% 2,950 +22% 3,592
Requests Filled in N.C. 1,112 +38% 1,531 +29% 1,980

LL """M

Winter 1987"211

Table 3.
In-State Institutions Having Requests Filled

a

1984/85 % Distribution 1985/86 % Distribution 1986/87 % Distribution

ee

Total number lent to 31 40 LO
"Academic institutions 23 74% 29 73% 42 54%
"Public library institutions 2 6% 2 5% 16 21%
"Special institutions 3 10% 4 10% 12 16%
"Governmental institutions 3 10% 5 12% 4 9%

Er

statements and at variance with others.

A 93% increase"to seventy-seven institu-
tions"in the number of institutions for which
requests were filled occurred in 1986/87 (Table
3). Clearly evident is the change in the make-up of
type of these institutions. While public libraries
previously accounted for 5-6% of the institutions
Joyner Library served, during this past year pub-
lic libraries accounted for 21%. Special libraries
(ie., primarily private business libraries) also
increased in the percentage distribution of types
of libraries requesting material"from 10% to 16%.

Dougherty had forecasted that oquicker ac-
cess to bibliographic data through networks will
produce a gradual shift in the traditional inter-
library lending patterns among institutions.��
The traditional interlibrary lending pattern is
summarized by Waldhart: oExcept for special
libraries, most interlibrary loan transactions
occur between libraries of the same type.�!* oWhile
the numbers vary [in studies Waldhart cites], it
appears clear that academic and public libraries

primarily engage in interlibrary loan activities
with libraries of the same type. In contrast, spe-
cial libraries rely heavily on academic libraries as
a primary means for satisfying their interlibrary
loan requests.�!4

This past year Joyner Library, as an academic
library, has seen rapid initial change in this tradi-
tional pattern rather than a gradual shift. The
number of public libraries making loan requests is
probably even higher given the fact that a number
of the regional and county libraries centralize the
processing of individual library requests in that
region or county.'® It will be particularly interest-
ing to see what occurs during the current year.
Will this dramatic shift towards public libraries
continue, and to what extent? Will the proportion
of special libraries continue to increase?

The impact of oSelective User� ILL lending is
particularly evident when looking at the thirty-
seven new institutions in the state having mate-
rials lent to them during 1986/87 (Table 4). New
institutions are those having no prior interlibrary

Table Talks were successfully implemented for the first time at the 1987 NCLA Conference.

212"Winter 1987

Table 4.
New Institutions and oSelective� Status Institutions

ss

1985/86 1986/87
New Selective New Selective
Total number lent to 11 - 37 31
"Academic 7 - 14 12
"Public - - 14 12
"Special 2 - tf 6
"Governmental 2 - 2 1

"

loan involvement with Joyner Library via the
OCLC ILL Subsystem. Thirty-one, or 84%, of those
new institutions have oSelective� status in the
OCLC ILL Subsystem. This also represents 44% of
the total number of North Carolina institutions
having active oSelective� status in the OCLC ILL
Subsystem. It is interesting to note here that there
were the same number of new academic and pub-
lic libraries requesting materials from Joyner, and
that for both of these types the same number
have oSelective� status. Here again the numbers
for new and oSelective� status public libraries are
probably higher since ten of the twelve oSelective�
status public libraries are county and regional

libraries.
The year before (1985/86) not only was the

number of new institutions one-third less, but no
libraries involved had oSelective� status for the
OCLC ILL Subsystem and there were no new pub-
lic libraries involved at all.

Table 5.

for the 31 oSelective User� institutions repre-
sented 89% of the new institutional lending activ-
ity, 16% of the total requests Joyner Library filled
in-state, and almost 9% (8.8) of the overall inter-
library lending activity done via the OCLC ILL Sub-
system.

In looking at the activity to oSelective Users�
by type of library, lending by Joyner Library to
public libraries accounted for 41% of this activity,
which is 67% more than the number of loans to
academic libraries. Thus, even though there were
an equal number (12) of new oSelective User�
academic and public libraries, the volume of
requests filled was predominantly to public librar-
ies. The six oSelective User� special institutions
accounted for the second largest volume of re-
quests filled.

When comparing the data on the level of
lending activity by type of library for oSelective
Users� with the data on the total lending activity
by type of library over the past three years, the
impact after this initial year of oSelective User�
ILL usage is further evident (Table 6). While lend-
ing activity to academic libraries does remain, at
this point, in predominance, it has the smallest
percentage growth (69%) of the four types over
the last three years. Without the oSelective Users,�
lending activity to public libraries would have
realized a substantial decrease this past year. As
it is, the networkTs ILL accessibility function

Number of Requests Filled for New and Selective Status Institutions (1986/87)

Academic Public Special

Governmental

Dg 88 A a ee ee

Total
New Institutions 356
Selective Users 316

161 105 10
130 102 6

LL

Data from the June 1987 Monthly Activity
Report cumulation also was utilized to determine
the extent of lending activity involved with these
new institutions, and in particular with the
oSelective Users.� Table 5 summarizes this. The
lending activity involved did account for a size-
able proportion of JoynerTs in-state and overall
lending during 1986/87. The 316 requests filled

caused a considerable change, with the overall
result being a 78% growth in lending activity to
public libraries since 1984/85"the second largest
among the four types. The advent of ILL accessi-
bility and usage by oSelective Users� had its great-
est impact, however, upon lending activity to
special libraries (i.e., primarily private business
libraries), with a 217% growth over the past three

Table 6.
Number of Requests Filled In-State by Type of Library

1984/85 % Difference 1985/86 % Difference 1986/87 (% Difference*) (1986/87)*
Total In-State 1,112 1,531 1,980 (1,664)
Requests Filled
"Academic 771 +33% 1,028 +27% 1,303 (+19%) (1,225)
"Public 202 +52% +17% 359 (-25%) ( 229)
"Special 54 +217% ipa (428%) Choy,
"Governmental 85 +67% +4% 147 ( -1%) ( 141)

*Excluding requests filled for the 31 Selective User Institutions

ccc,

Winter 1987"213

Table 7.
Requests Filled: Originals and Copies
ee

1984/85 % Difference 1985/86 % Difference 1986/87 (% Difference*) (1986/87)*
Originals
Total 1,701 +35% 2,293 +11% 2,556 ( +1%) (2,322)
In-State 845 +40% 1,179 +17% 1,376 ( -3%) (1,142)
Copies
Total 435 +51% 657 +58% 1,036 (+45%) ( 954)
In-State 267 +32% 352 +72% 604 (+48%) ( 522)

*Excluding requests filled for the 31 Selective User Institutions

___

years. It would seem therefore that network
access to bibliographic information is supporting
more strongly the traditional ILL pattern of spe-
cial libraries relying heavily on academic libraries,
while at the same time producing a rapid shift to
the nontraditional pattern of public libraries bor-
rowing from other than public libraries, i-e., from
academic libraries. It will be particularly interest-
ing to see what occurs in this and subsequent
years regarding the level of lending activity by
type of institution. Will this situation after this
initial year continue to develop into perhaps a
traditional multitype network interlibrary lending
pattern? Is this observation at Joyner Library sim-
ilar to that seen at other academic libraries

within the state?
Waldhart observed in his review of inter-

library loan studies that there was evidence sup-
porting a orelationship between the form of
material requested and the type of library initiat-
ing the request.�!6 Since the OCLC Interlibrary
Loan Subsystem Monthly Activity Reports do pro-
vide a statistical breakdown for requests filled by
originals and by copies, this data was compiled
for the total number of requests filled within the
state by Joyner Library in each of the last three
years (Table 7). For this last year, 1986/87, data
was further compiled for all the new institutions
and for all the oSelective User� institutions by type
of library initiating the requests (Table 8).

Of the 316 total requests filled in 1986/87 for
oSelective User� institutions, 74% were for original

format materials. Public libraries accounted for
54% of these 234 originals, followed by 29% for
academic, 14% for special, and 3% for governmen-
tal libraries. Of the 82 copies, 84% were special
(i.e., primarily private business) library requests,
12% were academic library requests, and 4% were
public library requests. This follows the norm of
public library requests being primarily for original
book format and special library requests being

predominantly for copies, i.e., serials format.
In viewing the breakdown between original

format materials and copies for total requests
filled and requests filled within the state since

1984/85 (Table 7), the largest percentage growth
is in copies"138% for total requests filled and

126% for in-state requests filled. The percentage
growth over the past three years for requests
filled in original format is not only substantially
less than copies, but is also greater for in-state
requests filled than for total requests filled, ie.,
63% versus 50%. Thus, while originals still account
for approximately 70% of requests filled, whether
viewing total or in-state activity, copies as form of
material requested are growing significantly fas-
ter. Will this situation continue to develop until
the spread between copies and originals equals
out, since lending activity to special libraries has
shown the most significant percentage growth
over the past three years? Is the proportion of
loans for originals and copies at other academic
libraries within the state indicating similar hap-
penings? Tangential to this observation is the

Table 8.
New and Selective Requests Filled:
Originals and Copies (1986/87)
EE

Total Academic Public Special Governmental
Originals
New Institutions 273 70 158 35 10
Selective Users 234 68 127 33 6
Copies
New Institutions 83. 10 3 70 =
Selective Users 82 10 3 69 _

a

214"Winter 1987

awareness that library management must have of
the potential role of telefacsimile in interlibrary

loan for copy requests.
Patricia Schuman in her recent article on the

myths of networks stated that ofragmentation
between types of libraries"academic, school,
public, and private"... is still the norm.� She
acknowledged that the ownership concept is
changing for librarians, but stated that ointer-
library loan still accounts for less than two per-
cent of all library circulation.�!�

For Joyner Library, filled interlibrary loan
requests (lending and borrowing via the OCLC
ILL Subsystem and via the manual mail system)
accounted for 3.6% and 3.5% respectively of total
circulation activity (excluding reserves) in the
last two years. oCommitment, participation, and a
willingness to share� are necessary if networks are
to become effective mechanisms for moving from
an access philosophy to a dissemination philo-
sophy.}8

Kittle reported on a 1985 California Confer-
ence on Networking at which the phrase ore-
source rape� was taken up as a banner and
expounded by net-lender institution conference
attendees.!9 The library literature reporting on
growth data seems to be in agreement in forecast-
ing that small and medium-sized academic librar-
ies will see their ILL lending activity increase
while research libraries will see their lending
activity diminish. The concern about net lending
activity resulting in oneTs library not being able to
serve its own users, while a possibility, should not
be used as an excuse for not disseminating mate-
rials to meet immediate information needs else-
where.

EE

... the ownership concept is
changing for librarians ...

If what Joyner Library has experienced
within the past year is any indication, the ostate of
the state� in North Carolina seems to be ripe for
utilizing network opportunities coming into exist-
ence. The degree and extent of interlibrary lend-
ing activity experienced by Joyner Library would
seem to indicate that fragmentation is on its way
to becoming the exception rather than the norm
in the North Carolina Information Network. The
ILL staff in Joyner Library, and it would appear in
other libraries in North Carolina as well, are
aware of the need for and are making interlibrary
loan an effective system. oResource sharing that
shows results will bring more dollars, resources,
and community recognition but will also bring

more work.�° Library administrators need to be
aware of the enormous impact most likely being
felt already in the area of interlibrary loan in their
institutions and to plan for resources necessary
to support an on-going interlibrary cooperative
philosophy.

References

1. oN.C. Library Network Development Approved,� Tar Heel
Libraries 9 (January/February 1986):1.

2. King Research, Inc., North Carolina Networking Feasibility
Study. (Rockville: King Research, 1982), 103.

3. Alberta Smith, Access to Information for North Carolinians.
(Raleigh: N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Division of
State Library, 1981), 7.

4. Ibid., 28.

5. Dorothy W. Russell, oInterlibrary Loan in a Network Environ-
ment,� Special Libraries 73 (January 1982):26.

6. King Research, 132.

7. Howard F. McGinn, oThe North Carolina Information Net-
work"A Vital Cog in Economic Development,� North Carolina
Libraries 44 (Fall 1986):177.

8. Thomas J. Waldhart, oI. Patterns of Interlibrary Loan in the
US.: A Review of Research,� Library & Information Science
Research 7 (July-September 1985):219.

9. Richard M. Dougherty, oThe Impact of Networking on
Library Management,� College & Research Libraries 39 (Janu-
ary 1978):16, 18.

10. Virginia Boucher, Interlibrary Loan Practices Handbook.
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1984), 114.

11. Four categories were used: academic, public, special,
governmental. Academic business, medical and law libraries
were considered academic; government medical libraries were
considered governmental.

12. Dougherty, 16.

13, Waldhart, 227.

14, Ibid., 221.

15. Acknowledgement goes to Pat Guyette, ILL Librarian at
Joyner Library, for supplying me with background operational
ILL information.

16, Waldhart, 222-223.

17. Patricia Glass Schuman, oLibrary Networks: a Means, Not an
End,� Library Journal (February 1, 1987):36.

18. Ibid., 37.

19. Paul W. Kittle, oMultitype Library Networks"Are They
Simply a Vehicle for ~Resource RapeT by ~Net Borrowers�,� Online
10 (July 1986):7.

20. McGinn, 178.

The Archives Committee requests that NCLA officers, sec-
tion chairpersons and committee chairpersons who possess
official records of the association that are not needed in the
performance of their duties send them to the association's
archives as soon as possible. The committee is in the process of
organizing old records and housing them in acid-free folders
and boxes. In the near future the records will be placed in the
custody of the State Archives. Current records will be retained
in a record center in the State LibraryTs stacks until they are
transferred to the State Archives or destroyed. Decisions con-
cerning retention and disposition of records will be based upon
aschedule that the Archives Committee will develop after solic-
iting the views of the Executive Board and knowledgeable
members of the archival profession. Records should be sent to:
Ms. Cheryl McLean, Documents Branch, North Carolina State
Library, 109 East Jones Street, Raleigh 27611. f |

\

Winter 1987"215

Starting A Church/Synagogue Library:
A Checklist

Janet L. Flowers

There are more church and synagogue librar-
ies in the United States than all academic, public,
and special libraries combined.! Therefore, librar-
ians in all types of positions may be asked to serve
or to guide a volunteer in church librarianship.

Where does one begin? What advice does one
give? Although I have been a church librarian for
a long time, I only recently realized how naive I
was when I accepted this task. As President of the
North Carolina Chapter of the Church and Syn-
agogue Library Association in 1986-1987, I talked
with beginning church librarians who were get-
ting libraries started and seasoned librarians who
were re-establishing or revitalizing them.

These individuals often spoke of the need for
crash courses in beginning church librarianship. I
have written this article to help meet that need.

Resources Available to Help

Even an experienced librarian may feel over-
whelmed by the complexities of managing any
small library. Remain calm and make use of the
following resources. These can be life-savers for
the professional or non-professional volunteer in
the church/synagogue library.

Join the Church and Synagogue Library Associa-
tion

The Church and Synagogue Library Associa-
tion is a national organization which has just
celebrated its twentieth anniversary. It supplies
timely and helpful information about how to
make church and synagogue libraries more effec-
tive. CSLA publishes a bi-monthly newsletter, full
of helpful tips and book reviews. In addition,
CSLA sponsors an annual conference with work-
shops, book exhibits, and visits to outstanding
libraries in the area. The conference is an excel-
lent opportunity to talk with others involved in
the same mission.T

Janet L. Flowers is Head of Acquisitions, Academic Affairs
Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina.

216"Winter 1987

Become Active in the North Carolina Chapter of
CSLA

In 1984, several North Carolina members of
CSLA formed a local chapter. Since that time, the
rapidly growing organization has presented six
excellent workshops, including such noteworthy
speakers as Doris Betts and Jane Belk Moncure.
NC-CSLA also publishes a newsletter for its
members.~ Participation in the chapter is a good
way to get help from others facing the same chal-
lenges.®
Obtain Guides to Providing Library Services

Today there are many more resources avail-
able to the neophyte than when I started. One of
the major publishers of these useful publications
is, of course, CSLA. There are twenty-two guides
available from this organization dealing with top-
ics ranging from classification to publicity to
standards.§ In addition, there are a number of
substantial monographs which deal with the full
range of responsibilities.�

Use the Following Checklist for Decision-
Making

The church librarian must attend to many
details when starting or revitalizing a library. This
checklist highlights the major decisions to make
and points to resources with useful information
for making and carrying out the decisions.

1. Write a Goals Statement for the Library

One goal will be to help church/synagogue
members understand their faith and grow spirit-
ually. The library can also help the church/syna-
gogue improve its programs in areas such as
mission, education, stewardship, religious educa-
tion, and evangelism. It can provide resources
which give background on theology, doctrines,
denominational history, and teaching methodolo-
gies.

Each congregation is unique and your goals
should reflect your local situation. What are you
hoping to accomplish? Who are you planning to
serve? Is the library for the parents of the chil-
dren who come to the day care center in your
educational wing? In what ways will you be serv-

ing? Careful consideration of these areas will help
you determine what your goals are. Write them
down!

2. Recruit a Library Committee

This group will have much work to do at the
beginning and as the library grows. Careful selec-
tion of the members is necessary. You will need to
look for volunteers with clerical, artistic, and
organizational skills. These skills will be needed
for processing the materials, for preparing bul-
letin boards, and for getting the work done. Of
course, you will want volunteers who are enthusi-
astic and dedicated, whatever their skills!®
3. Select a Location for the Library

Try to locate the library where there is a nat-
ural traffic flow so that church/synagogue mem-
bers cannot miss it. The library will also need an
adjacent work area for the processing of mate-
rials for the collection. If these features are not
possible, at least try to obtain a well-lighted room
which looks inviting.

4. Prepare a Budget and Seek Financial Sup-
port

The budget for a church or synagogue library
is usually very limited. You must be very careful,
especially as you begin a collection, to include the
invisible items which might not be quite as
obvious to the budget committee. In addition to
books, the library will need supplies (e.g., catalog
cards, book labels, promotional aids) and furni-
ture (e.g., card catalog, shelving). Be certain to
include these in your budget request.®
5. Develop Selection Policies

Selection policies indicate questions such as
who can make selection decisions, who must
approve purchases, and how to handle recom-
mendations not accepted.

Think carefully about the users you will be
serving. What are their interests, needs, and edu-
cational levels? What other resources are avail-
able to supply the needs identified? (One par-
ticularly thorny issue is the collection of fiction.
Should your library compete with the local public
library and if so, to what extent?) The policies
should state the types of material collected and
the criteria for the choice as well as the types of
material not collected and why not. In addition,
you should attempt to formulate an ideal compo-
sition of the collection, i.e., what per cent will be
devotional material or biography."®
6. Develop Ways to Identify Materials to Collect

There are many ways to find out about cur-
rent religious titles appropriate for the collection.
e Read your denominational publications for

references to appropriate materials.
® Write to religious publishers and request that

they put you on their mailing lists.

e Ask for recommendations from the church/
synagogue staff.

@ Visit other church/synagogue libraries in your
area and see what they have on their shelves.

@ Use a standard booklist to begin a core collec-
tion.

e@ Browse in bookstores looking for titles which
seem appropriate.

@ Attend NC-CSLA workshops and browse

through the displays from local religious book-
stores.

There are more church and
synagogue libraries in the
United States than all
academic, public, and special
libraries combined.

7. Establish a Purchase Process

After identifying the titles you wish to pur-
chase, prepare a method by which you will keep
track of your purchases. To find useful sources,
ask local librarians where they purchase mate-
rials for their collections. Many bookstores, in
addition to giving a discount, will allow church/
synagogue libraries to set up an account. You
should make careful written arrangements with
all of your sources including bookstores, publish-
ers, and wholesalers.
8. Decide What the Service Policies Will Be

Decide what hours the library will be open
and if there will be staff present. You will also
need to decide about circulation policies includ-
ing the borrowing period, renewal option, and
whether to charge fines, and, if so, how much.
9. Choose a Classification System

As the classification needs of your library will
depend directly upon the nature and size of your
collection, this is a decision which should not be
taken lightly. In general, however, for a collection
of this type, simplicity and adherence to an estab-
lished system (e.g., Dewey Decimal) is advisable.
Whatever you choose, continue to use it as a
standard when assigning classifications.
10. Determine the Subject Headings You Will
Use

Determine how extensive the subject head-
ings should be, based upon your usersT needs. It is,
of course, important to maintain a subject head-
ings list to ensure uniformity.�
11. Prepare a oProcessing Manual�

Prepare a manual which gives detailed
instructions regarding the physical processing of

Winter 1987"217

the materials. This includes matters such as
establishing ownership, typing the catalog cards,
preparing the book card and pocket, shelving
books, and filing cards. It should be a step by step
guide which a volunteer can easily follow.

12. Develop a Gifts Policy

Donated books can be arich source for build-
ing the collection quickly. There are, however, pit-
falls which you should avoid. One is the accept-
ance of conditions from the donor along with the
material. A second is offending the donor by your
decision to discard rather than add the gift. A
third is annoying the donor who wishes to receive
an evaluation for tax purposes.

You can manage these pitfalls through the
following practices. Always rely upon your selec-
tion policy when evaluating potential gifts. Know
what you want for the collection; refuse to add
inappropriate titles. Be certain that the donor
and you have a clear understanding regarding the
disposition of the materials. It is important to
determine the donorTs wishes regarding his gift. It
is also important to state the libraryTs position.
You should make it clear that you are unable to
evaluate the material because of the tax laws. On
the other hand, you should suggest an appraiser if
the gift is substantial.

To show appreciation, acknowledge the re-
ceipt of the gift promptly. In addition, keep care-
ful records of all donations, whether materials or
money. Honor the donor by using a book plate,
maintaining a donor list, announcing the gift in
the newsletter, or displaying gifts. In time, you can
help your congregation understand the library's
needs and the ways in which they can contribute
to its success.

13. Publicize What the Library Has to Offer

Your work has only begun when the library is
established. Then comes the exciting opportunity
to see your investment grow. There are many
ways the use of the library can be nurtured. These
include story hours, book reviews, visits to classes,
tours, bibliographies, and attractive bulletin
boards. There are many publications available
which make publicity easier.

Conclusion

One can easily see from the above list that
there are many decisions which must be made to
set up the church/synagogue library. On the other
hand, many aids"bibliographic information, guide-
books, and human resources"are available to
assist those willing to accept the challenge. This
checklist highlights the major decisions to make.
The references point to some resources helpful in
making and implementing those decisions.

218"Winter 1987

References

1. For a history of Jewish, Catholic and Protestant libraries
and religious library associations in the United States, see
Church and Synagogue Libraries edited by John F. Harvey
(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1980).

2. The address for the Church and Synagogue Library Associ-
ation is POB 19357, Portland, Oregon 97219. Contact that office
for information regarding membership and publications.

3. Several members of the North Carolina chapter attended
the twentieth annual conference, oCongregational Libraries:
Keystone of Ministry� in June 1987. They reported that it was
well organized, educational, and inspirational.

4. Some of the workshop topics thus far are storytelling, book
selection, archives, and cataloging of books and audio-visual
materials. The fall 1987 workshop will emphasize the beginning
steps in establishing a church/synagogue library, including pol-
icy statements and financial planning.

5. The 1987-88 treasurer for NC-CSLA is Helen Peacock. Her
address is POB 1023, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Contact her for
membership information.

6. The guides, which range in size from eight to sixty-four
pages, currently cost between two and five dollars. They are well
worth purchasing because they contain concise information
understandable to volunteers not trained as librarians.

7. Two more substantial monographs which are useful to
beginning church/synagogue librarians are How to Organize
Your Church Library and Resource Center by Mary L. Hammack
(Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1985) and The Church LibrarianTs
Handbook by Betty McMichael (Grand Rapids: Baker Book
House, 1984.)

8. For a helpful guide to recruiting and using volunteers, see
How to Mobilize Church Volunteers by Marlene Wilson (Minnea-
polis: Augsburg, 1983).

9. The CSLA guide, The ABCTs of Financing the Church and
Synagogue Library: Acquiring Funds, Budgeting, Cash Account-
ing by Claudia Hannaford, covers the basics in a clear manner.
(Bryn Mawr: Church and Synagogue Library Association, 1985).
10. To find out how to decide what materials to collect and
where to find them, consult Selecting Library Materials by
Arthur W. Swarthout (Bryn Mawr: Church and Synagogue
Library Association, 1986).

11. The Church LibrarianTs Handbook (cited earlier) de-
scribes the considerations in choosing a classification scheme. It
also contains an appendix which lists numbers selected from
the 18th edition of the Dewey Decimal System.

12. The Church LibrarianTs Handbook addresses the issue of
subject headings. Ms. McMichael also includes a list of subject

headings which she has found useful. a

North Carolina Libraries is published four
times a year by the North Carolina Library
Association. Subscription: $32 per year; $50
foreign countries. Single copy $10. Address
new subscriptions, renewals, and related cor-

respondence to Frances B. Bradburn, editor;
North Carolina Libraries, 2431 Crabtree Boule-
vard, Raleigh, N.C. 27604 or call (919) 733-
2864. (For membership information, see
address label on journal)

North Carolina Books

Robert Anthony, Compiler

Jill McCorkle. Tending to Virginia. Chapel Hill:
Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1987. 312 pp.
$15.95. ISBN 0-912697-65-2.

The complex network of familial relation-
ships in the time-honored, rural South enables
most folks with any local roots to claim kinship
with most everyone else there. This is especially
true for small communities, and the drawbacks
for the uninitiated can be disconcerting, if not
terribly embarrassing. Any parvenu (resident for
less than twenty-five years or so) who casts per-
sonal aspersions in front of witnesses will un-
doubtedly slur the character of someoneTs
cousin"imagined or otherwise"and thus make
his own life difficult for the next few years.

McCorkle draws upon this familial ethos in
her third book, Tending to Virginia, which delves
into the interpersonal relationships of several
families from Saxapaw, North Carolina, who de-
scend laterally from a common set of great-
grandparents. The modern-day protagonist of
this matriarchal search for self and family, Vir-
ginia Turner (named for the great-grandmother),
becomes insecure, lonely, and homesick while in
the doldrums of eighth-month pregnancy at age
twenty-eight (o ~You are about the biggest knock-
ed-up girl ITve ever seenT �). One particular day,
when her previously wed husband leaves the
house as usual, VirginiaTs mind and, finally, her
swollen body, begin to rove. Having been raised
within the boundaries of family tradition and
control and greatly attached to her grandmother
Emily (oGram�), Virginia goes ohome� for comfort.
She even contemplates leaving her husband
because he wants to move to Richmond away
from her family. Experiencing a bout of toxemia
in the heat, however, and later the effects of a
violent storm, she stays at GramTs small duplex,
surrounded by all sorts of female relations (first
cousin once removed, second cousin, mother,
grandmother, great-aunt) connected both by
blood and love. In this insular environment, one
or the other of these likable women always verges
on the slightly hysterical and two are half-senile
anyway, so conversation never lags.

As the women talk over past family history,
secrets emerge, delusions disappear, and impor-
tant self-concepts grow, alter, and foster each
other. Gram advises Virginia to oknow when to let
go alittle, let go and just leave it there behind you
and then go make yourself a plate of biscuits and
bleach them shirts of your husband's just as white
as they can get and then just let go a little.� By the
end of the book, illness and storm past, construc-
tive changes have taken place in several lives and
VirginiaTs discontent dissipates. Male characters,
though important to the women, remain inciden-
tal to the story.

While the thought-provoking, personal nature
of the narrative, abundance of dialogue, and
sparsity of plot as such make this a basically slow-
moving presentation, McCorkle as omniscient
author/narrator constantly enlivens the atmos-
phere with perceptive wit and gritty humor. Not
all attempts at cuteness prevail, but the comic
effects of eccentricity and ingenuousness remain.
The women, for instance, greet the senile remarks
of their elders with equanimity or wry amusement
(~True Confessions in the Twilight Zone�), so their
very lack of response adds to the humor. McCor-
kle also intersperses short, quick incomplete
sentences with lengthy, more ponderous run-on
sentences, and pairs incisive or off-the-wall
remarks with serious thought in order to vary the
style. The final achievement, then, demands and
rewards close attention.

Happy
New Year

Winter 1987"219

North Carolina Books

As a well-constructed and imaginatively con-
ceived work by a native North Carolinian recently
transplanted to Boston, Tending to Virginia
belongs in all North Carolina public libraries.
Lighter on plot than the omystery� novel July 7th
and more introspective than the coming-of-age
novel The Cheerleader, this serious and realistic
work reveals yet another expression of the
authorTs belief in the individual.

Rex E. Klett, Anson County Library

Barbara G. Hallowell, with illustrations by Aline
Hansens. Cabin, A Mountain Adventure. Boone:
Appalachian Consortium Press, 1986. 253 pp.
$9.95. ISBN 0-913239-42-9,

When her husband was transferred, Barbara
Hallowell and her family moved from urban New
Jersey to rural western North Carolina. To make
the move more palatable to the kids, they prom-
ised to buy a large old farmhouse with a mountain
view. When the real estate market didnTt offer
such a house, they settled for a comfortable fam-
ily home in town to be supplemented by a plot of
land in the nearby mountains. The forty-acre
farm they finally found came with an old log cabin
and a family and a history"the memory of the
Nelson family.

The cabin had been built by George Nelson, a
remarkable craftsman, in the early years of the
twentieth century. Gradually, as the Hallowells
learned more of the family and the sturdy old
cabin, the family and the cabin, rather than the
land, became their focus. With untiring energy the
Hallowells worked to find an architect or builder
who would share their dream of restoring the
cabin to its original condition, with minor modifi-
cations in deference to housing codes and such
o~Juxuries� as indoor plumbing. ;

Hallowell is the author of a nature handbook
and writes a weekly nature column with her hus-
band. Her interests, knowledge and sensibilities
show throughout the book. She is constantly con-
cerned about the preservation of small wild-
flowers and trees and, predictably, loses many of
these battles to insensitive front-loader tires, well
diggers, septic tank digging backhoes, and bull-
dozers. She is delighted with skinks and snakes
and frogs, but canTt keep the workmen from

smashing the life out of all the creatures they
encounter.

This book is, in part, the story of the conflict
of culture. The sensitive, environmentally con-
cerned, hurried easterner is defeated by the atti-
tudes of the mountain people. But Barbara

220"Winter 1987

Hallowell never loses, for she continues to love all
the insignificant small creatures and lovely plants
in their natural settings; and, as low as she must
feel from time to time from her setbacks, she
never stops appreciating the sunset, her family, or
even the people whose mountain ways she is try-
ing to understand.

The central theme of the book is the cabin
and the work that the family, friends, and hired
workmen do to clean up the grounds, dismantle
the cabin, reduce it to the great handhewed logs
that are its basic structure, prepare the founda-
tion, and rebuild it. Woven into this diary of days
and weeks of small and major tasks are stories
about the way the Nelsons lived in it which the
Hallowells learned from many visits with children,
grandchildren, and neighbors.

As Barbara and her husband celebrate the
finished cabin with the first extended overnight
stay, they are alone. The children are now in col-
lege and gone. Their project has so infused them
with respect for the people who first built and
lived in the cabin that they automatically adopt
simplicity as the right lifestyle. Their first meal
and all subsequent meals during the dark hours
are lighted only by the fire in the fireplace and one
candle.

The reader who appreciates this book will
probably want to read it twice, or three times.
There is a lot of wisdom to be gathered here"love
of the outdoors, appreciation for simple plea-
sures, satisfaction in hard work, and, above all,
Barbara HallowellTs unfailing optimistic vision.

David C. Taylor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Candace Flynt. Mother Love. New York: Farrar
Straus Giroux, 1987. 342 pp. $17.95. ISBN 0-374-
21374-7.

On Christmas Day in a cemetery near
Greensboro three sisters gather at their motherTs
grave. As is their ritual, one sister volunteers to
tell a story about Mother. Setting the tone for this
story and the ones that follow, Katherine, the old-
est, declares:

oWe're her daughters. If weTre going to

spend time remembering, we should

remember her for how she was. She was

a pain in the ass.�

The parent who inspired such strong feeling
emerges as a complex woman as the memories of
her daughters unfold in Candace FlyntTs novel,
Mother Love. Mother was beautiful, sensual, pas-
sionate, on occasion thoughtful and loving, but
also manipulative, unpredictable and cruel, an

alcoholic driven to self-destructive behavior. So
powerful a force was she in her daughtersT lives
that her hold on them continues after her death.
What had she meant in her last words to her
daughters? Had she really loved their father or
even her second husband, Max? What made her
seem to love and hate her children at the same
time?

In her third novel, author Candace Flynt
explores this love-hate relationship between a
mother and her daughters. The novel is a convinc-
ing psychological portrait which delves into the
conflicts these women face in their relationships
with each other and in their feelings about them-
selves. The point of view rotates among the three
sisters as the narration goes back in time and
then moves into the present.

In turn we learn more about all of these
women as they reminisce about the past and as
they make difficult choices and forge their own
identities in the present. Katherine, an older and
wiser version of Mother, must deal with her reluc-
tance to have children, fearing that she might
smother and eventually destroy them with too
much love. Though happily married, she is further
confronted with crisis when she finds herself fall-
ing in love with her literature professor and con-
sidering divorce. Just then, her sister Jude
abandons her and moves to Chapel Hill.

Jude, the spunky middle sister, is a teacher
coping with life as the divorced mother of two
toddlers. Faced with the loss of the secure world
she had sought in marriage, she seeks to find her
own independence.

Louise, the youngest sister, resents the close-
ness of her sisters and their interference in her
life, yet depends on them to make decisions for
her. Without their insistence she never would
have stayed in college, studied in Paris, or broken
up with Billy, her high school sweetheart. She
grows to have the confidence to make her own
decisions and to accept responsibility for them.

Mother Love is realistic in terms of its setting
in modern day Greensboro and Chapel Hill and its
character development. Women, especially those
with sisters, will identify with these contemporary
siblings. Most readers will find themselves sympa-
thetic to the characters and caught up in their
struggles. Particularly moving is the affirmation of
the sistersT love for their mother and for each
other in the final scene. The novel is also funny in
parts. One of the most humorous scenes involves
a mixer for singles in Chapel Hill known as the
oPeople Sampler.�

Candace Flynt is a skillful writer who pos-
sesses keen insight into human behavior and rela-

North Carolina Books

tionships. Her two earlier novels, Chasing Dad
and Sins of Omission, have contributed to recog-
nition of the Greensboro native as one of the
talented groups of contemporary North Carolina
writers. Mother Love further enhances this repu-
tation, and it deserves a place in the collections of
public and academic libraries.

Gloria Colvin, Duke University

Peter W. Hairston. The Cooleemee Plantation
and Its People.Lexington: Davidson County Com-
munity College, 1986. 154 pp. $29.95 plus $3.00
postage and tax. ISBN 0-89459-246-7.

A prolific writer of articles and reviews, Peter
Wilson Hairston, attorney, state representative,
and superior court judge, devotes his first book to
the subject he surely knows best"his family and
Cooleemee Plantation, his Davie County home.
Although Judge Hairston traces the history of his
family in The Cooleemee Plantation and Its
People from their origins in America to the pres-
ent day, the lives of the first Peter Wilson Hairston
as builder of the present plantation house and his
two wives, Columbia Lafayette Stuart and Fanny
McCoy Caldwell, are the heart of this attractive
volume. Establishing themselves in piedmont Vir-
ginia, the Hairston family expanded their exten-
sive landholdings into Stokes County, North
Carolina. In 1817 Peter Hairston bought Coolee-
mee, a plantation of 2500 acres on the Yadkin
River in what later became Davie County, from
Gen. Jesse A. Pearson whose father, Richmond
Pearson, had built up the plantation by consoli-
dating neighboring tracts of land. The plantation
remains in the Hairston family to the present day.

Although the claim that it was piedmont
North CarolinaTs largest plantation is open to
debate, Cooleemee is worthy of its designation as
a National Historic Landmark. The plantation
house is one of the architectual gems of the state.
Judge HairstonTs sentimental account of the his-
tory of the plantation as told by the lives of his
ancestors and their servants is an interesting
story and generally makes for good reading. To a
considerable extent the author allows the pro-
tagonists to tell their own story through the inclu-
sion of original letters and the Civil War diary of
Peter Wilson Hairston. This is an excellent device,
but the author admits in the preface that his
selection of original source materials depended
largely on what was legible and readily available.
Judge Hairston also fails to state and adhere to a
consistent editorial method for the transcriptions
of these original materials. Diary entries appear

Winter 1987"221

North Carolina Books

to be literal transcriptions in that spelling, capi-
talization, and punctuation are preserved as writ-
ten. This does not appear to be the case with most
of the letters. Although a comprehensive biblio-
graphy lists original source material from the
Southern Historical Collection at Chapel Hill and
Hairston family papers in private hands, the
author fails to cite in notes any sources for a text
liberally seasoned with family traditions or for
any of the original letters. These sins of omission
damage the credibility of the book as a historical
source.

An alphabetical roster of slaves published as
an appendix attempts to trace the lives of indi-
vidual slaves through their appearance on var-
ious slave lists. This is an important genealogical
tool for blacks having roots at Cooleemee, but the
book again neglects to mention the source of
these original records. Cooleemee Plantation
provides valuable information and engaging an-
ecdotes about certain black families with ties to
the plantation, but Hairston constricts his focus
on blacks to their interaction with the white fam-
ily. Although Hairston makes the interesting
observation that no former Hairston slave owned
land in Davie County until 1887, he attempts no
analysis of slavery at Cooleemee apart from his
assertation that the slaves were well treated.

The volume is amply illustrated with attrac-
tive and interesting black and white photographs,
and a brief but adequate index provides easy ref-
erence. A genealogical chart would have alle-
viated confusion for readers unfamiliar with the
complex network of Hairston family relation-
ships.

School libraries and libraries with genealogi-
cal collections will find The Cooleemee Planta-
tion and Its People a valuable addition. Copies
may be ordered from the Learning Resources
Center, Davidson County Community College,
Post Office Box 1287, Lexington, N.C. 27293-1287.

James O. Sorrell, North Carolina Division of Archives and His-
tory

Clyde Edgerton. Walking Across Egypt. Chapel
Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1987. 217 pp.
$14.95. ISBN 0-912697-51-2.

Clyde Edgerton has once again created a
novel sure to capture the hearts of Southern
readers. As surely as his first effort, Raney,
brought smiles and exclamations of recognition
for the characters and comfortable North Caro-
lina speech patterns, Walking Across Egypt
transports readers to the gentle, slow-moving
town of Listre, where Mattie Rigsbee and her

222"Winter 1987

neighbors and kin are folks we all knew back
home.

Seventy-eight-year-old Mattie is oslowing
down,� as she never misses an opportunity to
mention, although this is hardly evidenced by her
numerous church activities, cleaning efforts, and
the lovingly detailed country meals she throws
together three times a day. Mattie also finds time
for outings with her sister to the funeral parlor,
where they are served chocolate cake while they
attempt to select appropriate caskets for them-
selves, and for worrying endlessly about her
unmarried son and daughter, who she fears will
never produce any grandchildren to continue the
Rigsbee line. MattieTs one vice (to her mind) is her
daily habit of tuning in to her favorite soap opera
before washing her lunch dishes. When disaster
strikes one afternoon, as Mattie becomes lodged
in a chair with no bottom, she is less concerned
with getting herself out of the chair than she is
horrified at the thought of her neighbors discover-
ing her dirty dishes in the sink. When the dog-
catcher arrives to rescue Mattie from her pre-
dicament, life begins to get complicated at
MattieTs house. MattieTs determination to help the
dogcatcherTs nephew Wesley, currently in resi-
dence at the juvenile detention center, sets in
motion a series of events that appall MattieTs
children, shock her fellow parishioners at the
Free Will Baptist Church, but never shake MattieTs
resolution to minister to othe least of these my
brethren.� It is little wonder that Wesley hopes
fervently that Mattie is his long-lost grandmother.

Clyde EdgertonTs novels are not full of action;
nor are they teeming with emotion and drama.
The appeal of these small treasures lies in the
unaffected goodness, the wide-eyed innocence
and trust, the earnest, sincere day-to-day faith
displayed by characters so true and unexagger-
ated that one never for a moment feels that these
people are fictional. Walking Across Egypt is
impossible to read without a few quiet chuckles.
DonTt try to explain it to someone who has never
experienced Clyde Edgerton"but mention it to
another devotee, and enjoy sharing the delight.

Julie Coleman, Forsyth County Public Library

Charles G. Zug III. Turners and Burners: The
Folk Potters of North Carolina. (The Fred W.
Morrison Series in Southern Studies). Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1986. 450 pp.
$39.95. ISBN 0-8078-1704-X.

Charles G. (Terry) Zug III, associate professor
of folklore and English at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill, whose interest in North
Carolina pottery began in 1969, has been docu-
menting pottery traditions and their survival
since 1974. His publications include Five North
Carolina Folk Artists and The Traditional Pot-
tery of North Carolina.

For his most recent book, Turners and
Burners, Zug employed the highly rewarding
interdisciplinary research methodology typical of
a folklorist. He utilized not only numerous pub-
lished and manuscript sources, including genea-
logical and census records, but also traveled
across the state locating sites of early potteries
and recording both extant wares and shards in
waste dumps and old, discarded equipment. ZugTs
most valuable and interesting contribution, which
chronicle the traditions and fortunes of North
CarolinaTs potteries, are some eighty tape-
recorded interviews with the individual potters,
their families, and their descendants.

The accumulated material is divided into
three chapters dealing with history, technology,
and culture. In the first, Zug focuses on the early
highly decorated earthenware of the Moravians in
the Salem area, the salt-glazed stoneware of the
English potters in the eastern Piedmont, and the
tradition of alkaline glazes typical of the potters
of German origin, who settled in the western
Piedmont in Catawba County.

The chapter includes a list and genealogies of
families whose potteries remained active for
many decades. Two of the families, the Cravens
and the Coles, have sustained the family tradition
for nine generations. The key to the survival of the
traditional potter was his ability to adapt to
changing technology, taste, and marketing tech-
niques. Potteries operated by the Auman, Cole,
Owens, Teague, and Brown families still flourish
in the region, along with Burlon Craig, whom Zug
considers the last folk potter in the state.

The second chapter, on technology, concerns
materials and techniques"clays, turning, glazes,
and burning. The text is illustrated with diagrams
and photographs of shops, mills and kilns, wheels
and tools, and pots in glazing, firing, or finished
state. The variations in clay mixtures, equipment
used, and procedures seem unlimited. Burlon
Craig explains: oThere is [sic] no set rules. If you
come to think about it, thereTs no set rules to none
of this stuff when it comes to pottery ... You just
about have to work it out to your conditions the
way you want, the way it'll work best.�

In the last chapter, Zug brings together sev-
eral other aspects of the craft: education of the
folk potter, pottery as business, the various types
of pots and other wares produced. He explains

North Carolina Books

the forces that caused the decline of the folk tra-
dition after 1900, as well as the influences respon-
sible for its subsequent revival during the 1920s
and 1930s. Zug notes that while the folklorists
may lament the passing of old ways, the potters
had to develop a new tradition in order to survive.
In North Carolina, the pottery industry is alive
and successful because product, technology, and
marketing are deeply rooted in the old folk pot-
tery and have adjusted to contemporary Ameri-
can tastes and needs.

Turners and Burners will be an important
addition to the literature on North Carolina pot-
tery in academic and public libraries. Well organ-
ized and well researched, it is a lively and
eminently readable account of the craft and the
craftsmen. While there are no set rules for writing
a book on pottery, Terry Zug worked it out, like
Burlon Craig, turning and burning, the way it
worked best.

Anna Dvorak, North Carolina Museum of Art

Earl Black and Merle Black. Politics and Society
in the South. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer-
sity Press, 1987. 363 pp. $25.00. ISBN 0-674-
68958-5.

Twin brothers Earl and Merle Black both
teach political science, Earl at the University of
South Carolina at Columbia and Merle at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. With their
important new study of forces shaping contem-
porary politics in the American South, they right-
fully can be seen as the leading scholars in their
specialty. V. O. KeyTs Southern Politics in State
and Nation, since its publication in 1949, has
been widely recognized as the authoritative study
of the subject. The BlacksTs volume stands to take
its place as the standard guide to politics in the
South, much changed two generations post-Key.

Like Key, the present authors define the
South as the eleven former Confederate states.
KeyTs South was the oold politics,� basically one-
party, Democratic rule with racism accepted as
one of its conventions. Since mid-century, the
region has undergone a transformation with a
resurgent Republican party and a whole body of
newly enfranchised black voters. Yet, just as
things change, they stay the same. Both parties, to
have any hope of success, by necessity must main-
tain roots in the SouthTs conservative bedrock.
Statewide elections, on the whole, still serve to
determine which segment of the white middle
class will rule.

The authors write of oaltered race relations,

Winter 1987"223

North Carolina Books

rapid socioeconomic and demographic change,
and expansion of the electorate,� and conclude
that the South today is omore similar to the rest of
the nation than ever before in its history.� On the
other hand, they recognize that the effects of
northernization have not been complete. While
the migration of white northerners to the region
has been strong in a few counties, most areas
have remained resistant to the trend. This fact is
strikingly demonstated in a detailed map showing
percentage breakdowns by county. The maps,
based on census figures, polling results, and anal-
yses of election returns, are one of the bookTs most
attractive and useful features.

The chief problems with the study are style
and readability. In concocting their broad synthe-
sis, the authors too often overlooked the telling
detail or anecdote. Southerners have always had
an affinity for a good story. Practitioners of the
oold politics� recognized this and played to their
audiences with ovivid, picturesque, boisterous�
speeches and campaigns. The modern style is
otepid stuff indeed,� according to the authors,
who might well be subject to the same charge.
Nonetheless, as a resource and reference, their
book is unlikely to be surpassed, and academic
and larger public libraries will want to add it to
their collections.

Michael Hill, North Carolina Division of Archives and History

Other Publications of Interest

Fans of oThe Andy Griffith Show,� the enor-
mously popular CBS-TV series that appeared
from 1960 to 1968 and which continues to draw a
large audience when rebroadcast, will be delight-
ed with Mayberry, My Hometown: The Ultimate
Guidebook to AmericaTs Favorite TV Small
Town. Author Stephen J. Spignesi offers a 4,000-
entry encyclopedia of the show, identifying char-
acters, places, songs, episode titles, slang terms,
and other trivia relating to this fictional Tar Heel
town. Photographs, maps, a Mayberry quiz, and
the authorTs personal picks as the ten best epi-
sodes are several of the other features included.
Public libraries in particular will want to consider
adding this title to their collections. (Pierian
Press, P.O. Box 1808, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106.
$29.50. ISBN 0-87650-211-7).

Public libraries and libraries with North Caro-
liniana collections will also find useful A Direc-
tory to North CarolinaTs Natural Areas by
Charles E. Roe. Information on 108 natural areas
in the state is provided, with location, size, physi-
cal description, property owner, access routes,

224"Winter 1987

and current management given. The areas, di-
vided by region (mountain, piedmont, coastal
plain, and barrier islands and sounds), include
state parks, wildlife refuges, forests, wetlands,
islands, mountains, and other notable natural
habitats and ecosystems. (North Carolina Natural
Heritage Foundation, P.O. Box 11105, Raleigh,
N.C. 27604. $5.00).

The Society of North Carolina Archivists has
recently released Archival and Manuscript Re-
positories in North Carolina: A Directory, a
helpful guide to 125 institutions involved in the
preservation and use of archival and manuscripts
resources. Institutions surveyed include aca-
demic, public, and special libraries; public and
private manuscript repositories; local historical
societies and museums; and various miscellane-
ous agencies. For each institution, address, tele-
phone number, hours of operation, summary of
holdings, copying service availability, staff size,
and other data are given. Such information is use-
ful to patrons planning visits or correspondence
inquiries and makes the directory especially
appropriate for academic and public libraries.
(Society of North Carolina Archivists, P.O. Box 20448,
Raleigh, N.C. 27619. $10.00 for SNCA members,
$12.00 for non-members, plus $2.00 postage and
handling).

Two new titles in AmericaTs Four Hundredth
Anniversay CommitteeTs outstanding publication
series are Backgrounds and Preparations for
the Roanoke Voyages, 1584-1590 by John L.
Humber and Spain and the Roanoke Voyages by
Paul E. Hoffman. Both are attractive, well-written
accounts of special aspects of EnglandTs first sig-
nificant attempt to colonize North America and
would be appropriate in school, public, and aca-
demic libraries with North Carolina collections.
They can be ordered from the Historical Publica-
tions Section, Division of Archives and History,
109 East Jones Street, Raleigh,N.C. 27611. (Back-
grounds: $6.00, plus $1.50 postage and handling.
ISBN 0-86526-208-6; Spain: $5.00, plus $1.00 post-
age and handling. ISBN 0-86526-209-8). DI}

go for it!

use your library

NCLA Minutes

NCLA Conference:
Reports of Meetings

Report of the Documents Section meeting,
NCLA Biennial Conference, Oct. 30, 1987,
Winston-Salem, N.C.

Theme: State Documents Showcase

The meeting focused on the new North Carolina Documents
Depository Act (ch. 771, 1987 Session Laws) that was enacted in
August 1987. Pat Langelier, Chair of the Depository System
Committee, thanked Jane Williams, the State Librarian, for her
support in obtaining LSCA funds to conduct a study of the scope
of government publishing and a survey of the interest of libraries
in becoming depositories. Pat stated that the Depository Sys-
tems Committee would remain in operation as an unofficial
advisory committee and as a means to develop a continuing
education network, especially among school and public librar-
ians.

Jane Williams, the State Librarian, reported that the Div-
ision of State Library is currently defining the job duties and
other aspects of carrying out the law, including document deliv-
ery, transmission of documents in electronic format, establish-
ing contacts with state agencies, and duplicating documents for
distribution to depositories. No depositories have been desig-
nated yet, although libraries interested in applying for deposi-
tory status should write to David Bevan at the State Library.

The last speaker, Eileen McGrath (North Carolina Collec-
tion, UNC-CH), stated that state agencies publish more than
documents of interest only to themselves. She enumerated five
areas in which state agencies publish material of interest to the
public: business, education, family life, leisure activities, and
government activities.

Ridley Kessler, the Regional Depository Librarian, has been
appointed to a two-year term on the Depository Library Council
to the Public Printer. He encouraged us to bring our concerns
about GPO, the depository system, or other library-related Fed-
eral government matters to him to bring before the Depository
Library Council (DLC). The spring DLC meeting will be in
Charleston, S.C., and he would like to see a large turnout from
North Carolina.

Michael Cotter, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University.

Round Table on Ethnic Minority Concerns
Biennial Conference Summary

The programs sponsored by REMCo at the Biennial Confer-
ence in Winston-Salem were extremely successful and well
received by librarians attending the sessions.

Maya Angelou, speaker at the Opening Session on Wednes-
day, October 28, was enthusiastically received by a capacity
crowd. Her message dealing with the importance of Black litera-
ture was highlighted with poetry and song and spiced with
anecdotes of her life. The program was sponsored by REMCo,
the Round Table on the Status of Women in Librarianship, the
Public Library Section, and partially funded by the Library Ser-
vices and Construction Act.

On Thursday, October 29, REMCo sponsored a session
entitled oEthno-cultural Minorities: Developing Library Services
and Intercultural Communication Services.� The speakers for
the session were Beverly Lancaster, Coordinator of the English
as a Second Language Program (ESL), Winston-Salem/Forsyth
County Schools and Lee Krieger, Director of the N.C. Foreign
Language Center. Ms. Lancaster described the programs avail-
able to language minority students in the Forsyth County Public
Schools, and Mr. Krieger described the collections and services of
the N.C. Foreign Language Center. Both presentations provided
librarians with ideas and resources for serving minority lan-
guage populations.

Members of REMCo participated in several Talk Tables on
Friday, October 30. The Talk Tables provided participants the
opportunity to discuss specific library topics in a small group.
Sessions on oWooing Professional Minority Job Candidates,� oLi-
brary Service to Low Income Populations,� and oClosing the
Missing Link: African American Genealogy� were the subjects of
Talk Tables manned by REMCo members.

The 1987-89 Executive Board of REMCo was elected at the
business meeting of the group on October 28, 1987. The officers
are as follows:

Chair: Geneva B. Chavis
Dean, Learning Resources
Nash Technical College
Vice Chair/ _ Renee F. Stiff
Chair-Elect: | Documents Librarian
North Carolina Central University
Director: Linda Simmons-Henry
Circulation Librarian
St. AugustineTs College
Director of James Jarrell
Technical Acquisition Librarian
Services N.C. A&T State University

JMRT: oA Sample of NCLA�

The Junior Members Round Table presented a program on
Wednesday, October 28, at 3:30 p.m. aimed toward first time
conference attendees. Laura Osegueda, chairman-elect of
JMRT, presided over the program. Talks were made by Mary
McAfee, chairman of the Round Table on the Status of Women
in Librarianship, and Rebecca Taylor, chairman of the Chil-
drenTs Services Section. Information about programs and activi-
ties at the conference and how to become an active member of
NCLA was presented.

The JMRT/B&T Grassroots Grant was presented to Jill Greg-
ory, a NCCU student and librarian with Harnett County Schools.
The award, which consists of a plaque and a check for $250, was
presented by Melanie Collins of JMRT and Jane Matusak of The
Baker & Taylor Companies.

The JMRT Young Librarian Award was presented to Susan
Speer of ECU's Health Sciences Library by Judi Bugniazet. The
award recognizes a young librarian who is making outstanding

Winter 1987"225

NCLA Minutes

contributions to the library profession and includes a plaque

and a $25 check.
During the JMRT Business Meeting the officers for the

upcoming biennial were introduced:

Laura Osegueda, Chairman

Melanie Collins, Vice Chairman/Chairman-Elect
Gail Neely, Secretary

Dorothy Davis, Director of Information

Judi Bugniazet, Director of Programming

JMRT also had a booth at the conference and awarded a
oFriendly Booth Award� to COMEX.

College and University Section

The College and University Section program had as pro-
gram speaker Dr. Joanne R. Euster, director of libraries at
Rutgers and current president of the Association of College and
Research Libraries. She is highly regarded for her leadership in
the areas of collection development, improvement of programs
and services, management systems and personnel policy, and
public relations.

Dr. Euster spoke on research libraries, oCreative Leadership
in Academic Libraries: Everybody's Responsibility.� She stated at
the beginning that creative leadership is everybody's responsibil-
ity and emphasized the following points: the seriously perceived
image of leadership; stress and pressure in higher education;
library information and technology; and human expectation. As
librarians we must continue to meet faculty research needs for
traditional services. Research differs between leadership and
management. You can have management without leadership;
however, one must have management for leadership. Through-
out her discussion she shared three books for our consideration:
(1) The Closing of the American Mind by Bloom, (2) The Eco-
nomics of the Research Library by Cummings, and (3) The
Knowledge Executive by Cleveland.

Clarence Toomer

Reference and Adult Services Section

oDo We Serve Patrons or Customers?� Fred Goodman and
Matthew Lesko responded to that topic for a standing room only
audience during the RASS program on Thursday morning.

Fred Goodman, president and CEO of Porta Structures,
challenged the audience with the question, oWhat does market-
ing have to do with libraries?� His answer"it means the differ-
ence between our success and failure. According to Goodman,
librarians are in the people business as well as the information
business. And that means marketing. We've been guilty of selling
our services"trying to convince library users that they want
what we have; when marketing, creating services tailored to the
needs and desires of potential library users, would draw a larger
clientele. oGood-by patrons, hello customers!�

Matthew Lesko, the fast-paced and flamboyant president of
Information USA, exhorted reference librarians to shake off the
dust of tradition and exploit the universe of free, non-tradi-
tional sources that are no more than seven phone calls away."
oQuit buying books and increase the phone budget!� Mr. Lesko
repeatedly asked the audience, oWhy am I making money selling
what you can give away?� He insisted itTs because societyTs
winners are taking advantage of non-traditional access to
information. Mr. Lesko accused librarians of getting hung up on
process, ignoring people and their problems. His advice"oGet
out into the community.�

Ir ill
Ilene Nelson is

226"Winter 1987

Instructions for the Preparation
of Manuscripts

for North Carolina Libraries

1. North Carolina Libraries seeks to publish articles, book
reviews, and news of professional interest to librarians in
North Carolina. Articles need not be of a scholarly nature, but
they should address professional concerns of the library
community in the state.

2. Manuscripts should be directed to Frances B. Bradburn, Edi-
tor, North Carolina Libraries, Central Regional Education
Center, Gateway Plaza, 2431 Crabtree Boulevard, Raleigh,
N.C. 27604.

3. Manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate on plain white
paper measuring 8%� x 11�.

4, Manuscripts must be double-spaced (text, references, and
footnotes). Manuscripts should be typed on sixty-space lines,
twenty-five lines to a page. The beginnings of paragraphs
should be indented eight spaces. Lengthy quotes should be
avoided. When used, they should be indented on both mar-
gins.

5. The name, position, and professional address of the author
should appear in the bottom left-hand corner of a separate
title page.

6. Each page after the first should be numbered consecutively
at the top right-hand corner and carry the author's last name
at the upper left-hand corner.

7. Footnotes should appear at the end of the manuscript. The
editors will refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 13th edition.
The basic forms for books and journals are as follows:

Keyes Metcalf, Planning Academic and Research Li-
brary Buildings. (New York: McGraw, 1965), 416.

Susan K. Martin, oThe Care and Feeding of the MARC
Format,� American Libraries 10 (September 1979): 498.

8. Photographs will be accepted for consideration but cannot be
returned.

9. North Carolina Libraries is not copyrighted. Copyright rests
with the author. Upon receipt, a manuscript will be acknowl-
edged by the editor. Following review of a manuscript by at
least two jurors, a decision will be communicated to the wri-
ter. A definite publication date cannot be given since any
incoming manuscript will be added to a manuscript from
which articles are selected for each issue.

Issue deadlines are February 10, May 10, August 10, and
November 10.

NCLA Minutes

North Carolina Library Association
Minutes of the Executive Board
July 24, 1987

The Executive Board of the North Carolina Library Associa-
tion met on July 24, 1987 at 10:00 a.m. at the Pine Crest Inn in
Pinehurst, North Carolina. Board members present were Presi-
dent Pauline Myrick, Past president Leland Park, Rose Simon,
Dorothy Campbell, Nancy Fogarty, Jerry Thrasher, Arial Ste-
phens, Benjamin Speller, Rebecca Taylor, Elizabeth Smith, Mary
Avery, Waltrene Canada, Jean Amelang, April Wreath, Helen
Tugwell, Nancy Massey, Laura Osegueda, Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin
and Dale Gaddis. Committee chairpersons and other represen-
tatives present were Eunice Drum, Doris Anne Bradley, David
Fergusson, Howard McGinn, Nancy Bates, Judith Sutton, and
Cal Shepard. Also present were Barbara Baker, newly elected
vice-president/president-elect, Secretary of Cultural Resources
Patric Dorsey, and Jennifer Timmerman.

President Myrick welcomed everyone and acknowledged
the presence of newly chosen board members Barbara Baker,
Howard McGinn and Cal Shepard as the incoming first vice-
president/president-elect, incoming Association director, and in-
coming chair of the ChildrenTs Services Section, respectively.
After being recognized by President Myrick, Secretary of Cultur-
al Resources Patric Dorsey greeted the board and urged that
legislators be provided information regarding funds needed for
library services.

The minutes of the meeting of April 24, 1987 were approved
as presented by the secretary. In the minutes of the meeting of
April 25, 1987, the word osecond� was inserted in line 5 of page 3
to show reference to the position of second vice-president. The
minutes were then approved as corrected.

The treasurer's report for the period April 1, 1987 - June 30,
1987 was presented and reviewed by Nancy Fogarty, treasurer.

David Fergusson reported for the 1987 NCLA Biennial Con-
ference Committee. He urged that final information about pro-
grams be sent to him no later than this month.

Mrs. Myrick stated that all persons chosen to receive honor-
ary and life memberships have responded enthusiastically to the
associationTs invitation to accept the awards.

The report for North Carolina Libraries was given by How-
ard McGinn. He informed the board that topics and guest edi-
tors chosen for upcoming issues are as follows: Intellectual
Freedom, Gene Lanier"Fall 1987; School Libraries, Katherine
Cagle"Spring 1988; Genealogy, Maurice York"Summer 1988;
Marketing of Library Services, Howard McGinn"Fall 1988; Ref-
erence Services, Ilene Nelson"Winter 1989; Economics of
Librarianship, Larry Alford"Spring 1989; Public Libraries, Bob
Russell"Summer 1989. Also scheduled are the Conference
Issue, Winter 1987; Technology, Fall 1989; and the Conference
Issue, Winter 1989.

President Myrick called for committee reports.

Eunice Drum, chair of the Finance Committee, presented
the committeeTs report. Discussion followed concerning the
graduated dues structure recommended by the committee.

The meeting was adjourned for lunch at 12:00 noon and
reconvened at 1:20 p.m.

President Myrick called for continuation of the considera-
tion of the Finance CommitteeTs recommendations. Eunice
Drum presented and moved the acceptance of the following
revised recommendation: That the following biennial dues
structure, to become effective January 1, 1988, be submitted to
the membership for a mail vote prior to the October 1987 Con-
ference:

Type of Membership:
Fulltime Library School Students

(One biennium only) $ 15.00
Retired Librarians $ 20.00

Non-library Personnel
(Trustees, oFriends of Libraries� mem-

bers, non-salaried) $ 25.00
Library Personnel:

Earning up to $15,000 $ 25.00

Earning $15,001 to $25,000 $ 40.00

Earning $25,001 to $35,000 $ 50.00

Earning $35,001 and above $ 60.00

Institutional (Libraries and library/

education-related businesses ) $ 75.00
Contributing (Individuals, associations,
firms, etc., interested in the work of
NCLA) $100.00
Sections: One (1) included in basic dues
Each additional $ 7.00
Honorary and Life Members No dues

The said motion was voted upon and passed.
Eunice Drum then presented the following committee
recommendations regarding dues and budget:
1. That the current budget be amended to pay up to $2500
for the 1988 calendar year for accounting and clerical
assistance for the treasurer. ~
2. That effective immediately, the treasurer be instructed
to establish a reserve account of $10,000 for extraordinary
expenses, to be called oOperating Reserve,� and to be used
only by approval of the Executive Board.
3. That sections and round tables shall receive a flat
amount for each person who joins the section or round
table. This amount shall be approved by the membership.
Said amount shall be deducted from the memberTs dues,
with the remaining dues going to the association.
4. That for the next biennial budget the Finance Commit-
tee be instructed to create two separate budgets, one for
the administration of the association, and one for the
administration of the conference.
5. That the treasurer for the biennial conference be bonded
as an expense of the conference.
6. That Article II (Membership) of the by-laws be updated
to reflect current dues and dues distribution.
The said recommendations were then discussed. On motion of
Eunice Drum, seconded by Arial Stephens and passed, the board
accepted the following revised Recommendation No. 4: That for
the next biennial budget the Finance Committee be instructed
to create two separate budgets, one for the administration of
the association, and one for the administration of the confer-

Winter 1987"227

NCLA Minutes

ence, with a reserve conference fund of $20,000 from the pre-
vious conference. Upon motion of Nancy Massey, seconded by
Eunice Drum and passed by majority vote, Recommendations 1,
2, 3, 5 and 6 were accepted as presented.

Reporting for the Constitution, Codes & Handbook Revision
Committee, Chairperson Doris Anne Bradley stated that the
committeeTs charge was to add a goals section and eliminate the
office of second vice-president. She distributed copies of the
constitution and the bylaws marked to show changes recom-
mended by the committee and a summary sheet of the proposed
changes. She pointed out the insertions, changes and re-
numbered articles and sections. The duties of the directors were
discussed. Upon motion made by Jerry Thrasher, seconded by
Arial Stephens and passed, the committee was charged with
amending the constitution and bylaws to include a statement of
the duties of the associationTs two directors to read: Directors of
the association shall be co-chairpersons of the Membership
Committee and carry out all other duties assigned by the Presi-
dent of the Association.

President Myrick then charged the Constitution, Codes &
Handbook Revision Committee with the task of preparing the
updated information as approved by the Executive Board and
mailing copies to the membership thirty (30) days prior to the
NCLA Business Meeting scheduled to be held on October 30,
1987. The membership will vote during this meeting.

President Myrick distributed copies of the report on the
election of officers for the 1987-1989 biennium submitted by the
Nominating Committee chair, Mertys Bell. The officers are Bar-
bara Baker, first vice-president/president-elect; Ray A. Frankle,
second vice-president; Gloria Miller, secretary; Janet L. Freeman
and Howard F. McGinn, directors.

Reporting for the Literacy Committee, Chairperson Nancy
Bates presented the following charge and position statement
prepared by the committee in response to the associationTs
request:

NCLA LITERACY COMMITTEE CHARGE:

Identify ways in which North Carolina libraries can aid
in improving the stateTs literacy rate and suggest
approaches that can be taken by libraries to combat
adult illiteracy. Identify, promote and support contin-
uing education activities to increase librariesT aware-
ness of the problems of the adult illiterate in North
Carolina.

NCLA LITERACY POSITION AND POLICY STATE-
MENT:

The North Carolina Library Association joins with the
American Library Association and other organizations
in supporting the achievement of national literacy
through educational activities utilizing the historical
and cultural experience of libraries and librarians.

The statement was then favorably accepted by the board. Bates
then informed the board of the committeeTs plans for the 1987
conference. She requested additional funds to support the
planned activities. By vote of the board it was decided that an
additional allotment of two hundred dollars ($200) shall be
made to the Literacy Committee.

Reporting for the Membership Committee, Dr. Rose Simon
stated that a revised membership brochure will soon be ready
for use.

The report of the ALA Annual Conference of 1987 and
information packets prepared by Kieth Wright, NCLA/ALA
Councilor, were distributed.

Southeastern Library Association Representative Jerry
Thrasher informed the board that the theme chosen for the
SELA Biennial Conference scheduled to be held in Norfolk, Vir-
ginia, October 26-28, 1988 is oThe Creative Spirit: Writers, Words

228"Winter 1987

and Readers.� Thrasher stated that he will welcome volunteers
to help staff the SELA Membership table at the NCLA Confer-
ence.

President Myrick called for reports of sections. Rebecca Tay-
lor greeted the board on behalf of the ChildrenTs Services Section
and submitted a written report of recent activities. A report for
the College and University Section was received from Elizabeth
Smith, chair of the section. Mary Avery, chair of the Community
and Junior College Section, stated that plans for the sectionTs
program to be presented at the 1987 NCLA Biennial Conference
have been completed. Jean Amelang reported for the Reference
& Adult Services Section.

The report of the Documents Section was given by Waltrene
Canada, chairperson. President Myrick stated that it has been
suggested that the association consider using the stationery
design used by the Documents Section. The idea was discussed.
Leland Park moved that the proposed logo/letterhead be the
official one of NCLA and that all publications of the association
and sections be encouraged to use it when possible. The motion
was seconded by Benjamin Speller and passed.

Laura Osegueda, vice-chair/chair-elect of the Junior Mem-
bers Round Table, informed the board of the round tableTs plans
for the NCLA 1987 Biennial Conference.

Helen Tugwell, chair of the North Carolina Association of
School Librarians, announced that NCASL will return to Win-
ston-Salem for the October 26-28, 1988 conference. She stated
also that the Administrator of the Year is Jeffrey Albarty, prin-
cipal of Mocksville Elementary School. A new NCASL logo will
appear on a banner and on T-shirts during the 1987 NCLA
Biennial Conference.

The report of activities of the Public Library Section was
received from Nancy Massey, chair.

Reporting for the Resources and Technical Services Section,
Chairperson April Wreath reviewed plans for the sectionTs pro-
grams to be presented during the 1987 NCLA Biennial Confer-
ence.

Sylvia Sprinkle-Hamlin, chair of the Round Table on Ethnic
Minority Concerns in Librarianship, reported that a LSCA grant
of $2,500 has been received to support the program to be co-
sponsored during the 1987 NCLA Biennial Conference.

President Myrick informed the board that John F. Blair,
Publisher has proposed to donate to NCLA 40,000 volumes of
out-of-print books to be given away during the 1987 Biennial
Conference. She asked for ideas as to how this might be handled.
Barbara Baker volunteered to serve as chair of a committee to
work out plans for this project. David Fergusson volunteered to
serve on the committee.

Nancy Fogarty reminded the board that she had been asked
to find a management firm which would have interest in serving
the association. She then recommended that the association
hire Business Data. The recommendation was favorably ac-
cepted by the board.

President Myrick announced that the next meeting will be
held on October 27 in Winston-Salem. She expressed apprecia-
tion for the group's cooperation and for the many fine things
accomplished during this biennium.

There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned
at 2:30 p.m.

Dorothy W. Campbell, Secretary

Approved, October 27, 1987.

CHANGE YOUR MIND

CONSTITUTION
of the

NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

(Revised October 30, 1987)

ARTICLE I. NAME

This organization shall be called the North Carolina Library
Association.
ARTICLE II. PURPOSE

The purpose of the North Carolina Library Association shall
be to promote libraries, library and information services, and
librarianship; and to champion intellectual freedom and literacy
programs.

ARTICLE III.

GOALS

The Association shall pursue the following goals:

1,
2.

ARTICLE IV.
J

ARTICLE V,

To provide a forum for discussing library-related issues;
To promote research and publication related to library
and information science;

To provide opportunities for the professional growth of
library personnel;

To support both formal and informal networks of libraries
and librarians;

To identify and help resolve special concerns of minorities
and women in the profession.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership in the North Carolina Library Association
shall consist of five classes: individual membership, insti-
tutional membership, contributing membership, honorary
membership, and life membership. Only individual and
life members shall have voting privileges.

Individual. Any person who is or has been officially con-
nected with any library in a professional, nonprofessional,
or clerical capacity, or any member of a library's govern-
ing or advisory body, or any student in a school of library
science, may upon payment of dues, be entitled to indi-
vidual membership as stated by the Bylaws and will have
the right to vote.

Institutional. Any institution may become an institutional
member upon payment of dues.

Contributing. Any individual, firm or organization may,
upon payment of dues, be entitled to contributing mem-
bership as stated in the Bylaws.

Honorary. The Honorary and Life Membership Committee
may recommend to the Executive Board for honorary,
non-voting membership non-librarians who have made
unusual contributions to library services. Such nominees
may be elected by the Executive Board.

Life. The Honorary and Life Membership Committee may
recommend to the Executive Board for life membership,
with voting privileges, persons who are no longer actively
engaged in library work. Such nominees may be elected by
the Executive Board.

OFFICERS

The officers of the Association shall consist of a President; a
Vice-President, who shall be the President-elect; a Secretary; a
Treasurer; and two Directors-at-large.

ARTICLE VI.

ibs

ARTICLE VII.
ly

NCLA Constitution

EXECUTIVE BOARD

The officers of the Association, the past President, the
representative of the Association to the American Library
Association Council, the North Carolina member of the
Executive Board of the Southeastern Library Association,
the Editor of North Carolina Libraries, and the chairman
of each section and round table shall constitute the Exec-
utive Board. A parliamentarian may be appointed by the
President as a non-voting member.

Members of the Executive Board shall serve until their

successors take office.

The President of the Association shall be the Chairman of

the Executive Board.

Powers and Duties. The Executive Board shall have the

power:

a. To consider and develop plans for the general work of
the Association;

b. To appoint in case of a vacancy in any office a member
from the Association to fill the unexpired term until
the next regular election;

c. To transact the business of the Association within the
limits of a budget system.

Business of the Association may also be transacted by the

Executive Board through correspondence, provided that

the proposed action be submitted in writing by the Presi-

dent to the members of the Executive Board, and that it
be approved by a quorum of the Board.

The Executive Board shall act for the Association in
intervals between meetings, make arrangements for the
biennial meeting, and authorize the organization of sec-
tions or round tables by specialized interests within the
Association.

The Executive Board shall direct and provide for the pub-
lications of the Association and may have power to con-
tract for such publications as may seem desirable for
furthering the interests of the Association.
Representatives to the North Carolina Public Library
Certification Commission. The Executive Board shall
nominate any individual who has been selected by the
Public Library Section to be named by the Governor to
serve, with the chairman of the Public Library Section and
the chairman of the North Carolina Public Library Trus-
tees Association, as a member of the Public Library Certi-
fication Commission as required by the General Statutes
of North Carolina (G.S. 143B-68).

Quorum. A majority of the voting members of the Execu-
tive Board shall constitute a quorum.

FINANCES

The Executive Board shall approve all encumbrances
(any claims on property) and expenditures of Association
funds, but may delegate to the President authority to
approve encumbrances and expenditures.

The Executive Board shall administer the business affairs
of the Association, and it shall have power in the intervals
between meetings of the Association to act on all matters
on which a majority of the members reach agreement.
The finances of the Association shall be handled under a
budget system.

Funds shall be available to the President or his represen-
tative toward attending meetings to represent the Associa-
tion. These funds must be included in the budget and
approved by the Executive Board.

Funds shall be available to the Executive Board to admin-
ister the affairs of the Association.

No officer, committee, or member of the Association shall
receive any funds or incur any expense for the Associa-

Winter 1987"229

NCLA Constitution

tion not provided for in the Constitution unless autho-
rized in writing by the President; nor shall the Treasurer
or other authorized person make any payment except for
expenditures which have been so approved.

ARTICLE VIII. AFFILIATIONS

ie

ARTICLE IX.

it

ARTICLE X.

ly

ARTICLE XI.

1.

The North Carolina Library Association shall hold chap-
ter membership in the American Library Association and
shall elect a representative to the ALA Council as pro-
vided in the ALA Constitution and Bylaws.

The North Carolina Library Association shall be a contri-
buting member of the Southeastern Library Association
and shall elect its representative to the SELA Executive
Board as provided in the Constitution of the Southeastern
Library Association.

The Executive Board of the North Carolina Library Asso-
ciation shall be empowered to enter into other affiliations
as deemed beneficial to the Association.

SECTIONS AND ROUND TABLES

Sections and round tables of the Association may be
organized by application, signed by 100 voting members of
the Association, and approved by the Executive Board.
Each section shall represent a type of library or field of
activity clearly distinct from that of other sections.

A round table shall represent a field of librarianship not
within the scope of any single section.

The officers of the sections and round tables shall be
elected by the membership for the section or round table.
They shall be responsible for the program meetings and
any other business of the section or round table.

The President of the Association may appoint officers if
the section or round table fails to elect officers.

With the permission of the Executive Board, sections and
round tables may charge fees for their purposes. Funds
received will be earmarked and used at the discretion of
the officers of the section or round table.

The Executive Board may discontinue a section or round
table when in its opinion the usefulness of that section or
round table has ceased, except that in the case of a sec-
tion or round table that is still active the affirmative vote
of a majority of members is required prior to the Execu-
tive BoardTs action.

MEETINGS

There shall be a biennial meeting of the Association at
such place and time as shall have been decided upon by
the Executive Board.

Special meetings of the Association may be called by the
President, by a quorum of the Executive Board, or on
request of 50 members of the Association.

At least 30 daysT notice shall be given for special meetings,
and only business mentioned in the call shall be trans-
acted.

Meetings of the Executive Board shall be held upon the
call of the President, or at the request of a quorum of the
members of the Executive Board.

There shall be a minimum of four meetings of the Execu-
tive Board during the biennium.

Quorum. One hundred voting members, representing at
least 10 institutions, shall constitute a quorum of the
North Carolina Library Association.

AMENDMENTS

Amendments to the Constitution may be voted on only
when a quorum of the Association is present, and shall

230"Winter 1987

ARTICLE I.

require a two-thirds vote of the members present.

Notice of the proposed changes in the Constitution shall
be mailed to the membership at least 30 days prior to the
meeting at which a vote is to be taken on the proposed
changes.

PROVISO

The articles in this Constitution dealing with officers and
their duties shall take effect with the 1989-1991 biennium.

BYLAWS
OF THE
NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

(Revised October 30, 1987)

ELECTIONS

1. The President, with the approval of the Executive
Board, shall appoint a Committee on Nominations, which
shall include representatives of the various types of libraries
in the North Carolina Library Association, insofar as is
practical.

2. Officers. The Committee on Nominations shall
present, by November 1 of the year preceding the election,
the names of two candidates for each office to be filled:
Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer (every four years) and
two Directors-at-large. In case the previously elected Vice-
President is unable to assume the presidency, the Commit-
tee on Nominations shall present the names of two
candidates for the office of President.

3. American Library Association Council Member.
The NCLA representative to the ALA Council shall be
elected for a four-year term as provided in the ALA Consti-
tution and Bylaws. The Committee on Nominations shall
present for this office the names of two candidates who are
members of ALA and shall send to the American Library
Association the name of the duly elected representative.

4. Southeastern Library Association Executive Board
Member. The NCLA member of the Southeastern Library
Association Executive Board shall be elected for a four-year
term as provided in the Constitution of the Southeastern
Library Association. The Committee on Nominations shall
present for this office the names of two candidates who are
members of SELA and shall send to the Southeastern
Library Association the name of the duly elected represen-
tative.

5. The list of nominees shall be published in North
Carolina Libraries.

6. Any member wishing to be placed on the ballot for
any office shall obtain a minimum of 50 signatures of
NCLA members and submit them to the Chairman of the
Committee on Nominations by April 1 of the year of election.
The Treasurer will verify the 50 signatures and notify the
member that he will be placed on the ballot.

7. Consent of nominees shall be obtained.

8. A ballot containing spaces for write-in candidates
shall be mailed to voting members of the Association by
May 1 prior to the biennial meeting.

9. Ballots shall be marked and returned by June 1.

10. Candidates receiving the majority of votes shall be
declared elected and shall take office at the close of the
biennial meeting.

11. In case of a tie vote the successful candidate shall
be determined by lot.

12. Election results shall be announced in North Caro-
lina Libraries.

13. The term of office of all officers except the Treas-
urer shall commence at the adjournment of the biennial
meeting following their election, or if the biennial meeting
cannot be held, upon their election. The term of office of the
Treasurer shall commence at the end of the fiscal year fol-
lowing his election.

ARTICLE II. DUTIES OF OFFICERS

1. President. The President shall preside at all meet-
ings of the Association and of the Executive Board. He shall,
with the advice of the Executive Board, appoint the Editor
of North Carolina Libraries and all committee chairmen
and suggest other committee members. Committees shall be
appointed for special purposes and shall serve until the
purposes are achieved. The President may execute mort-
gages, bonds, contracts, or other instruments which the
Executive Board has authorized to be executed, except in
cases where the signing and execution thereof shall be
expressly delegated by the Executive Board or by the Con-
stitution, Bylaws, or by statute, to some other officer or
agent of the Association. In general he shall perform all
duties as may be prescribed by the Executive Board. The
President is an ex officio member of all committees except
the Committee on Nominations.

2. Vice-President/President-Elect. The Vice-President
serves as President-elect and presides in the absence of the
President. If it becomes necessary for the Vice-President to
complete the unexpired term of the President, he shall also
serve his own term as President. In the event of the Vice-
President becoming President during the unexpired term of
the elected President, the Executive Board shall appoint a
Vice-President to serve until the next regular election is
held.

3. Secretary. The Secretary shall keep a record of the
meetings of the Executive Board, the biennial meetings, and
any special meetings of the Association. The Secretary shall
be responsible for receipt and deposit in the Association
archives all correspondence, records, and archives not
needed for current use. In case of a vacancy, the Executive
Board shall appoint a Secretary to serve until the next regu-
lar election is held.

4. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall assist in the prepa-
ration of the budget and keep whatever records of the
Association the President and the Executive Board deem
necessary. He will collect and disburse all funds of the Asso-
ciation under the instructions of the Executive Board and
keep regular accounts, which at all times shall be open to
the inspection of all members of the Executive Board. He
shall handle and keep all membership records. He shall exe-
cute a bond in such sum as shall be set by the Executive
Board, the cost to be paid by the Association. He shall serve
as a member of the Finance Committee. He shall perform
such other duties and functions as may be prescribed by the
Executive Board. The term of office shall be four years. In
case of a vacancy, the Executive Board shall appoint a
Treasurer to serve until the next regular election is held.

5. Directors-at-large. The Directors shall serve as co-
chairmen of the Membership Committee and shall assume
such other duties as are assigned by the President. In case
of a vacancy, the Executive Board shall appoint a Director
to serve until the next regular election is held.

NCLA Constitution

Categories of membership shall include individual, institu-
tional, contributing, honorary, and life. Honorary and life
members are not assessed dues.

2. Each member is entitled to the choice of one sec-
tion or round table at no additional cost.

3. Association members may be members of more
than one section or round table by paying additional dues
for each additional section or round table.

4. The fiscal year and the membership year shall be
the calendar year.

5. Members whose dues are in arrears after April 1 of
the last year of the biennium shall be dropped from the
membership roll.

6. New memberships paid during the last quarter of
the fiscal year shall be credited to the following year.

7. Publications. All members of the North Carolina
Library Association shall receive the official periodical pub-
lication of the Association and any other publications that
may be so designated. Subscriptions to North Carolina
Libraries and single issues are available to non-members at
a rate recommended by the Editorial Board and approved
by the Executive Board.

9. No changes in the dues structure or policies regard-
ing membership shall be made without approval of the
membership by a mail vote. A majority of the votes cast
shall be required to make any such change. The Executive
Board or the membership at any duly constituted meeting
may initiate such procedure.

ARTICLE IV. SECTIONS AND ROUND TABLES

1. Sections and round tables must secure the approv-
al of the Executive Board before rnaking any declaration of
policy which involves the Association as a whole, before
soliciting or receiving funds, or before incurring any
expense on behalf of the Association.

2. The secretaries of the sections and round tables
shall submit copies of their important papers and reports to
the Association archives located in the North Carolina State
Library.

3. Sections and round tables shall adopt Bylaws
which meet the approval of the Executive Board of the
Association.

4. The chairmen of the sections and round tables shall
submit all bills to the Treasurer for payment from their
allocated funds. Bills in excess of allocated funds must have
the prior approval of the Executive Board.

ARTICLE V. AMENDMENTS

1. Amendments to the Bylaws may be voted on only
when a quorum is present and shall receive a majority vote
of the members present.

2. Notice of the proposed change in the Bylaws shall
be mailed to the membership at least 30 days prior to the
meeting at which a vote is taken on the proposed change.

ARTICLE VI. PARLIAMENTARY AUTHORITY

The latest edition of RobertTs Rules of Order, Newly
Revised, shall be the governing authority in any matter not
specifically covered by this Constitution and Bylaws.

ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP PROVISO

The articles in these Bylaws dealing with officers and their
duties shall take effect with the 1989-1991 biennium. al

1. Dues shall be collected on a biennial basis accord-
ing to a schedule recommended by the Executive Board.

Winter 1987"231

NCLA Officers

1987-1989

EXECUTIVE BOARD 1987-1989
October 30, 1987 - October 13, 1989

President

PATSY J. HANSEL

Assistant Director

Cumberland County Public
Library

P.O. Box 1720

Fayetteville, NC 28301

(919) 483-8600

First Vice-President/
President Elect

BARBARA A. BAKER

Durham Technical College

1637 Lawson Street

Durham, NC 27703

(919) 598-9218

Second Vice-President

RAY A. FRANKLE

J. Murry Atkins Library
University of NC at Charlotte
Charlotte, NC 28223

(704) 597-2221

Treasurer
NANCY CLARK FOGARTY
Head Ref. Librarian/

Jackson Library
University of NC at Greensboro
Greensboro, NC 27412

NCLA Communications:

P.O. Box 4266

Greensboro, NC 27404
(919) 334-5419

Secretary
GLORIA MILLER

Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools
800 Everett Place

Charlotte, NC 28205

(704) 331-9083

232"Winter 1987

Past President
PAULINE F. MYRICK
P.O. Box 307
Carthage, NC 28327
(919) 947-2763

ALA Councilor
KIETH WRIGHT
Dept. of Library Science &
Ed. Tech.
University of NC at Greensboro
Greensboro, NC 27412
(919) 334-5100

SELA Representative

JERRY THRASHER,

Director

Cumberland County Public
Library

P.O. Box 1720

Fayetteville, NC 28302

(919) 483-8600

Directors

JANET L. FREEMAN
Carlyle Campbell Library
Meredith College
Raleigh, NC 27607

(919) 829-8531

HOWARD F. McGINN

Division of State Library

NC Department of Cultural
Resources

109 East Jones Street

Raleigh, NC 27601

(919) 733-2570

Editor, North Carolina
Libraries

FRANCES BRADBURN

Central Regional Education
Center

2431 N. Boulevard, Gateway
Plaza

Raleigh, NC 27604

(919) 733-2864